Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Knowledge (XXG)

522: 2384: 1201: 44: 68: 1216: 1097:(PS), a chitinous cell wall structure that can only be formed during cytokinesis. The PS resembles in animals the process of extracellular matrix remodeling. When the AMR constricts, the PS begins to grow. Disrupting AMR misorients the PS, suggesting that both have a dependent role. Additionally, disrupting the PS also leads to disruptions in the AMR, suggesting both the actomyosin ring and primary septum have an interdependent relationship. 493:, and in the United States around the turn of the 20th century centrifuges were used for concentrating the yeast, turning yeast production into a major industrial process which simplified its distribution, reduced unit costs and contributed to the commercialization and commoditization of bread and beer. Fresh "cake yeast" became the standard leaven for bread bakers in much of the Western world during the early 20th century. 6502: 6921: 932: 1359:, which are thought to be one of the causes of senescence in yeast. The effects of dietary restriction may be the result of a decreased signaling in the TOR cellular pathway. This pathway modulates the cell's response to nutrients, and mutations that decrease TOR activity were found to increase CLS and RLS. This has also been shown to be the case in other animals. A yeast mutant lacking the genes 1143: 695: 1881:, and the resulting beers have a different flavor from the same beverage fermented with a lager yeast. "Fruity esters" may be formed if the yeast undergoes temperatures near 21 °C (70 °F), or if the fermentation temperature of the beverage fluctuates during the process. Lager yeast normally ferments at a temperature of approximately 5 °C (41 °F) or 278 k, where 2002: 1507:, the sac that contains the cells directly produced by a single meiosis, and these cells can mate with each other. The second reason is that haploid cells of one mating type, upon cell division, often produce cells of the opposite mating type with which they can mate. The relative rarity in nature of meiotic events that result from 1105:

formation of the actin-myosin ring, although this mechanism is unknown. It is suggested they help provide structural support for other necessary cytokinesis processes. After a bud emerges, the septin ring forms an hourglass. The septin hourglass and the myosin ring together are the beginning of the future division site.

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comparing the results to what was previously known. For example, the genes Par32, Ecm30, and Ubp15 had similar interaction profiles to genes involved in the Gap1-sorting module cellular process. Consistent with the results, these genes, when knocked out, disrupted that process, confirming that they are part of it.

1346:. The two most common methods of measuring aging in yeast are Replicative Life Span (RLS), which measures the number of times a cell divides, and Chronological Life Span (CLS), which measures how long a cell can survive in a non-dividing stasis state. Limiting the amount of glucose or amino acids in the 5089:

Tong AH, Lesage G, Bader GD, Ding H, Xu H, Xin X, Young J, Berriz GF, Brost RL, Chang M, Chen Y, Cheng X, Chua G, Friesen H, Goldberg DS, Haynes J, Humphries C, He G, Hussein S, Ke L, Krogan N, Li Z, Levinson JN, Lu H, Ménard P, Munyana C, Parsons AB, Ryan O, Tonikian R, Roberts T, Sdicu AM, Shapiro

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Costanzo M, Baryshnikova A, Bellay J, Kim Y, Spear ED, Sevier CS, Ding H, Koh JL, Toufighi K, Mostafavi S, Prinz J, St Onge RP, VanderSluis B, Makhnevych T, Vizeacoumar FJ, Alizadeh S, Bahr S, Brost RL, Chen Y, Cokol M, Deshpande R, Li Z, Lin ZY, Liang W, Marback M, Paw J, San Luis BJ, Shuteriqi E,

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could survive space travel, if protected inside rocks blasted by impact off one planet to land on another. Fobos-Grunt's mission ended unsuccessfully, however, when it failed to escape low Earth orbit. The spacecraft along with its instruments fell into the Pacific Ocean in an uncontrolled re-entry

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When the daughter emerges, the daughter is two-thirds the size of the mother. Throughout the process, the mother displays little to no change in size. The RAM pathway is activated in the daughter cell immediately after cytokinesis is complete. This pathway makes sure that the daughter has separated

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From this, 170,000 gene interactions were found and genes with similar interaction patterns were grouped together. Genes with similar genetic interaction profiles tend to be part of the same pathway or biological process. This information was used to construct a global network of gene interactions

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this is not true. Cytokinesis begins with the budding process in late G1 and is not completed until about halfway through the next cycle. The assembly of the spindle can happen before S phase has finished duplicating the chromosomes. Additionally, there is a lack of clearly defined G2 in between M

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of the cell was compared to the expected fitness. Expected fitness is determined from the sum of the results on fitness of single-gene knockouts for each compared gene. When there is a change in fitness from what is expected, the genes are presumed to interact with each other. This was tested by

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Proper coordination and correct positional assembly of the contractile ring depends on septins, which is the precursor to the septum ring. These GTPases assemble complexes with other proteins. The septins form a ring at the site where the bud will be created during late G1. They help promote the

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active dry yeast for the United States armed forces, which did not require refrigeration and had a longer shelf-life and better temperature tolerance than fresh yeast; it is still the standard yeast for US military recipes. The company created yeast that would rise twice as fast, cutting down on

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was developed in 1846. While the innovation is often popularly credited for using steam in baking ovens, leading to a different crust characteristic, it is notable for including procedures for high milling of grains (see Vienna grits), cracking them incrementally instead of mashing them with one

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in the human genome. Yeast genes are classified using gene symbols (such as Sch9) or systematic names. In the latter case the 16 chromosomes of yeast are represented by the letters A to P, then the gene is further classified by a sequence number on the left or right arm of the chromosome, and a

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is the main selective force maintaining meiosis in this organism. However, this finding is consistent with the alternative idea that the main selective force maintaining meiosis is enhanced recombinational repair of DNA damage, since this benefit is realized during each meiosis, whether or not

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The septin and AMR complex progress to form the primary septum consisting of glucans and other chitinous molecules sent by vesicles from the Golgi body. After AMR constriction is complete, two secondary septums are formed by glucans. How the AMR ring dissembles remains poorly unknown.

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is the main source of nutritional yeast, which is sold commercially as a food product. It is popular with vegans and vegetarians as an ingredient in cheese substitutes, or as a general food additive as a source of vitamins and minerals, especially amino acids and B-complex vitamins.

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Tong AH, van Dyk N, Wallace IM, Whitney JA, Weirauch MT, Zhong G, Zhu H, Houry WA, Brudno M, Ragibizadeh S, Papp B, Pál C, Roth FP, Giaever G, Nislow C, Troyanskaya OG, Bussey H, Bader GD, Gingras AC, Morris QD, Kim PM, Kaiser CA, Myers CL, Andrews BJ, Boone C (2010).

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When researchers look for an organism to use in their studies, they look for several traits. Among these are size, short generation time, accessibility, ease of manipulation, genetics, conservation of mechanisms, and potential economic benefit. The yeast species

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The AMR, which is attached to the cell membrane facing the cytosol, consists of actin and myosin II molecules that coordinate the cells to split. The ring is thought to play an important role in ingression of the plasma membrane as a contractile force.

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Mortimer, Robert K.; Romano, Patrizia; Suzzi, Giovanna; Polsinelli, Mario (December 1994). "Genome renewal: A new phenomenon revealed from a genetic study of 43 strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae derived from natural fermentation of grape musts".

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As of 2010 a model of genetic interactions is most comprehensive yet to be constructed, containing "the interaction profiles for ~75% of all genes in the Budding yeast". This model was made from 5.4 million two-gene comparisons in which a double

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in prevention (but not treatment) of traveler's diarrhoea and, at least as an adjunct medication, in treatment of acute diarrhoea in adults and children and of persistent diarrhoea in children. It may also reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis.

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to underwater aquatic plants. The yeast culture is, in general, maintained in plastic bottles, and typical systems provide one bubble every 3–7 seconds. Various approaches have been devised to allow proper absorption of the gas into the water.

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J, Sheikh B, Suter B, Wong SL, Zhang LV, Zhu H, Burd CG, Munro S, Sander C, Rine J, Greenblatt J, Peter M, Bretscher A, Bell G, Roth FP, Brown GW, Andrews B, Bussey H, Boone C (2004). "Global mapping of the yeast genetic interaction network".

1396:) formed by aged cells is the same as gametes formed by young cells, indicating that age-associated damage is removed by meiosis from aged mother cells. This observation suggests that during meiosis removal of age-associated damages leads to 1112:

Microtubules do not play as significant a role in cytokinesis compared to the AMR and septum. Disruption of microtubules did not significantly impair polarized growth. Thus, the AMR and septum formation are the major drivers of cytokinesis.

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in the human digestive system may be rather transient; for example, experiments show that in the case of oral administration to healthy individuals it is eliminated from the intestine within 5 days after the end of administration.

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MATa and MATα come into contact. Ruderfer et al. pointed out that such contacts are frequent between closely related yeast cells for two reasons. The first is that cells of opposite mating type are present together in the same

1031:. Both mother and daughter cells can initiate bud formation before cell separation has occurred. In yeast cultures growing more slowly, cells lacking buds can be seen, and bud formation only occupies a part of the cell cycle. 2419:

strains capable of growth above 37 °C that are added to the food or feed chain in viable form must, as to be qualified presumably safe, show no resistance to antimycotic drugs used for treatment of yeast infections.

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has been shown to increase RLS and CLS in yeast as well as other organisms. At first, this was thought to increase RLS by up-regulating the sir2 enzyme; however, it was later discovered that this effect is independent of

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has been studied as a model organism to better understand aging and has contributed to the identification of more mammalian genes affecting aging than any other model organism. Some of the topics studied using yeast are

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are shown to be two of the best fermenting sugars. The ability of yeasts to use different sugars can differ depending on whether they are grown aerobically or anaerobically. Some strains cannot grow anaerobically on

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was found in the skin, oral cavity, oropharinx, duodenal mucosa, digestive tract, and vagina of healthy humans (one review found it to be reported for 6% of samples from human intestine). Some specialists consider

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Steinboeck F, Hubmann M, Bogusch A, Dorninger P, Lengheimer T, Heidenreich E (June 2010). "The relevance of oxidative stress and cytotoxic DNA lesions for spontaneous mutagenesis in non-replicating yeast cells".

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Goffeau A, Barrell BG, Bussey H, Davis RW, Dujon B, Feldmann H, Galibert F, Hoheisel JD, Jacq C, Johnston M, Louis EJ, Mewes HW, Murakami Y, Philippsen P, Tettelin H, Oliver SG (1996). "Life with 6000 genes".

362:, and may be useful as part of a panel of serological markers in differentiating between inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), their localization and severity. 2411:). Virulent strains, however, are capable of growing at least above 37 °C and often up to 39 °C (rarely up to 42 °C). Some industrial strains are also capable of growing above 37 °C. 2175:-induced vaginitis in women, who worked in bakeries themselves, were reported in scientific literature. Some cases were linked by researchers to the use of the yeast in home baking. Cases of infection of 3319:

Kaeberlein M, Powers RW, Steffen KK, Westman EA, Hu D, Dang N, Kerr EO, Kirkland KT, Fields S, Kennedy BK (2005). "Regulation of yeast replicative life span by TOR and Sch9 in response to nutrients".

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to kill foreign microorganisms in the body) and other abilities allowing the yeast to resist or influence immune response of the host body. Ability to form branching chains of cells, known as

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occurs only about once every 50,000 cell divisions. Thus, it appears that in nature, mating is likely most often between closely related yeast cells. Mating occurs when haploid cells of

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are equally virulent towards humans. Most environmental strains are not capable of growing at temperatures above 35 °C (i. e. at temperatures of living body of humans and other

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to form another generation of haploid cells or continue to exist as diploid cells. Mating has been exploited by biologists as a tool to combine genes, plasmids, or proteins at will.

4103: 2954: 660:. Under optimal conditions, yeast cells can double their population every 100 minutes. However, growth rates vary enormously between strains and between environments. Mean 1128:

During early anaphase the actomyosin ring and septum continues to develop in budding yeast, in fission yeast during metaphase-anaphase the actomyosin ring begins to develop

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Cytokinesis begins at G1 for budding yeast, while cytokinesis begins at G2 for fission yeast. Fission yeast "select" the midpoint, whereas budding yeast "select" a bud site

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would later create instant yeast in the 1970s, which has gained considerable use and market share at the expense of both fresh and dry yeast in their various applications.

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has recently been shown to have a tenfold increase in chronological lifespan under conditions of calorie restriction and is the largest increase achieved in any organism.

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Henriques, J. A. P.; Moustacchi, E. (1980). "Sensitivity to Photoaddition of Mono-And Bifunctional Furocoumarins of X-Ray Sensitive Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae".

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is considered generally safe. In clinical trials it was well tolerated by patients, and adverse effects rate was similar to that in control groups (i. e. groups with

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Shao, Yangyang; Lu, Ning; Wu, Zhenfang; Cai, Chen; Wang, Shanshan; Zhang, Ling-Li; Zhou, Fan; Xiao, Shijun; Liu, Lin; Zeng, Xiaofei; Zheng, Huajun (August 2018).

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is also sometimes said to be associated with virulence, though some research suggests that this trait may be common to both virulent and non-virulent strains of

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as a model for understanding the regulation of eukaryotic cells. A project underway to analyze the genetic interactions of all double-deletion mutants through

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is relevant to cell cycle studies because it divides asymmetrically by using a polarized cell to make two daughters with different fates and sizes. Similarly,

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and similar phenotypes. The giant single chromosome can support cell life, although this strain shows reduced growth across environments, competitiveness,

6273:"Effects of temperature, pH and sugar concentration on the growth parameters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. kudriavzevii and their interspecific hybrid" 1569:, compactly organized on 16 chromosomes. Only about 5,800 of these genes are believed to be functional. It is estimated at least 31% of yeast genes have 1691:

organized by function. This network can be used to predict the function of uncharacterized genes based on the functions of genes they are grouped with.

5679:"Immunogenic yeast-based fermentation product reduces allergic rhinitis-induced nasal congestion: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial" 6957: 1160: 716: 521: 5307: 2434:, invasive growth (i.e. growth with intrusion into the nutrient medium), ability to adhere to mammalian cells, ability to survive in the presence of 7385: 7191: 915:-based growth assay laid the foundation for the isolation, crystallization, and later structural determination of biotin. Most strains also require 1699:

Approaches that can be applied in many different fields of biological and medicinal science have been developed by yeast scientists. These include

7230: 5836:"Review of current methods for characterizing virulence and pathogenicity potential of industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains towards humans" 4780:

Birdsell, John A.; Wills, Christopher (2003). "The Evolutionary Origin and Maintenance of Sexual Recombination: A Review of Contemporary Models".

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Warringer J, Zörgö E, Cubillos FA, Zia A, Gjuvsland A, Simpson JT, Forsmark A, Durbin R, Omholt SW, Louis EJ, Liti G, Moses A, Blomberg A (2011).

2509: 2045: 1805: 6169:"Use of Paraffin-Embedded Tissue for Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a Baker's Lung Nodule by Fungal PCR and Nucleotide Sequencing" 3530:

Comparison of fermentative capacities of industrial baking and wild-type yeasts of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae in different sugar media

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Stefanini I, Dapporto L, Legras JL, Calabretta A, Di Paola M, De Filippo C, Viola R, Capretti P, Polsinelli M, Turillazzi S, Cavalieri D (2012).

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signaling cascade that is homologous to those found in humans. This feature has been exploited by biologists to investigate basic mechanisms of

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Teixeira, M. C.; Monteiro, P; Jain, P; Tenreiro, S; Fernandes, AR; Mira, NP; Alenquer, M; Freitas, AT; Oliveira, AL; Sá-Correia, I (Jan 2006).

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in bread and other baked goods. Historically, this use was closely linked to the brewing industry's use of yeast, as bakers took or bought the

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reproduces by mitosis as diploid cells when nutrients are abundant. However, when starved, these cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores.

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of the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the vagina of humans, while others believe that the species cannot be called a true

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is, to lesser or greater extent, useful for prevention or treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases. Moderate quality evidence has shown

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Budding yeast form a bud from the mother cell. This bud grows during the cell cycle and detaches; fission yeast divide by forming a cell wall

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strains) to cause invasive infection in humans without general problems with immunity, though such adverse effect is very rare relative to

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Warmflash, David; Ciftcioglu, Neva; Fox, George; McKay, David S.; Friedman, Louis; Betts, Bruce; Kirschvink, Joseph (November 5–7, 2007).

636:. The rate at which the mitotic cell cycle progresses often differs substantially between haploid and diploid cells. Under conditions of 489:

led to more advanced methods of culturing pure strains. In 1879, Great Britain introduced specialized growing vats for the production of

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The yeast can be seen as a component of the thin white film on the skins of some dark-colored fruits such as plums; it exists among the

2614:"Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in Crohn's disease are associated with disease severity but not NOD2/CARD15 mutations" 457:

In the 19th century, bread bakers obtained their yeast from beer brewers, and this led to sweet-fermented breads such as the Imperial "

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Living interplanetary flight experiment (LIFE): An experiment on the survivalability of microorganisms during interplanetary travel

1777:. As of March 2017, 6 of the 16 chromosomes have been synthesized and tested. No significant fitness defects have been found. 1653:) is located on the left arm of chromosome 4; it is the 102nd ORF from the centromere and codes from the Watson strand of the DNA. 7471: 7318: 1246: 5630:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii supplementation and eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection" 1875:

and rise to the top of the fermentation vessel. Top-fermenting yeasts are fermented at higher temperatures than the lager yeast

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In nature, yeast cells are found primarily on ripe fruits such as grapes (before maturation, grapes are almost free of yeasts).

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may contaminate intravascular catheters through hands of medical personnel involved in administering probiotic preparations of

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Ruderfer DM, Pratt SC, Seidel HS, Kruglyak L (2006). "Population genomic analysis of outcrossing and recombination in yeast".

3955:"Relationship of actin and tubulin distribution to bud growth in wild-type and morphogenetic-mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae" 2412: 1164: 720: 632:

form of the fungus. The diploid cells (the preferential 'form' of yeast) similarly undergo a simple lifecycle of mitosis and

7235: 4269:"Life span extension by calorie restriction depends on Rim15 and transcription factors downstream of Ras/PKA, Tor, and Sch9" 2383: 1550:

database is maintained by the Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS). Further information is located at the

6346: 5461:"Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention and therapy of gastrointestinal disorders" 4688:"The RAD52 gene is required for homothallic interconversion of mating types and spontaneous mitotic recombination in yeast" 4318: 7481: 7256: 6950: 4606: 2016: 1536: 2716: 2660: 2167:-induced vaginal infection were intimate partners of bakers, and the strain was found to be the same that their partners 4966:

Stamm S, Smith CW, Lührmann R. "Yeast Nomenclature Systematic Open Reading Frame (ORF) and Other Genetic Designations".

2720: 2126:. Despite widespread use of this microorganism at home and in industry, contact with it very rarely leads to infection. 2060:

reduces risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea both in adults and in children and to reduce risk of adverse effects of

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Hennequin, C.; Cauffman-Lacroix, C.; Jobert, A.; Viard, J.P.; Ricour, C.; Jacquemin, J.L.; Berche, P. (February 2000).

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Other traits that are usually believed to be associated with virulence are: ability to produce certain enzymes such as

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as treatment in such patients. Others suggest only that caution must be exercised with its use in risk group patients.

6695: 4870:"The YEASTRACT database: a tool for the analysis of transcription regulatory associations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" 2349: 300: 705: 5515:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea" 5338: 6218:"Update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 5" 5786: 4588: 4439:"Pathologic Replication-Independent Endogenous DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair Defect in Chronological Aging Yeast" 2694: 1711:. Other resources, include a gene deletion library including ~4,700 viable haploid single gene deletion strains. A 1008: 988: 684: 3138:

Zörgö E, Chwialkowska K, Gjuvsland AB, Garré E, Sunnerhagen P, Liti G, Blomberg A, Omholt SW, Warringer J (2013).

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or top-cropping yeast. It is so called because during the fermentation process its hydrophobic surface causes the

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forms a bud which can grow throughout its cell cycle and later leaves its mother cell when mitosis has completed.

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The ability to grow at elevated temperatures is an important factor for strain's virulence but not the sole one.

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analysis will take this research one step further. The goal is to form a functional map of the cell's processes.

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genome sequence and a set of deletion mutants covering 90% of the yeast genome has further enhanced the power of

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is small with a short generation time (doubling time 1.25–2 hours at 30 °C or 86 °F) and can be easily

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or those with central vascular catheters are at special risk. Some researchers have recommended avoiding use of

6943: 6893: 6883: 3476:"The consequences of rare sexual reproduction by means of selfing in an otherwise clonally reproducing species" 2528: 1484: 1292: 4592: 3239: 1742:

The yeast genome is highly accessible to manipulation, hence it is an excellent model for genome engineering.

1355:. Over-expression of the genes sir2 and fob1 has been shown to increase RLS by preventing the accumulation of 2013:

about non-boulardii (CBS 5926) strains, such as CNCM I-3856: might be a good idea to search the EMA database.

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such as apurinic/apyrimidinic sites and double-strand breaks. Also in non-replicating cells the ability to

1408: 1024: 577: 5315: 2270:). Intravascular catheters, antibiotic therapy and compromised immunity are major predisposing factors for 1780:

All 16 chromosomes can be fused into one single chromosome by successive end-to-end chromosome fusions and

7431: 7092: 7045: 6863: 6061: 2475: 2364: 2260: 2203:(i. e. gets into the bloodstream or other normally sterile body fluid or into a deep site tissue, such as 1808:, which would have completed a three-year interplanetary round-trip in a small capsule aboard the Russian 1723: 501: 482:

pass; as well as better processes for growing and harvesting top-fermenting yeasts, known as press-yeast.

6066:"Rare opportunistic (non-Candida, non-Criptococcus) Yeast Bloodstream Infections in Patients with Cancer" 1324:

research is a strong economic driver, at least initially, as a result of its established use in industry.

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spp.) can harbor yeast cells from autumn to spring and transmit them to their progeny. The intestine of

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Anoop, Valar; Rotaru, Sever; Shwed, Philip S.; Tayabali, Azam F.; Arvanitakis, George (July 20, 2015).

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Moyad MA (2008). "Brewer's/baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and preventive medicine: Part II".

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in recognition of the impact craft beer brewing has had on the state economy and the state's identity.

1646:(ORF) on that arm, starting from the centromere. The coding sequence is on the Crick strand of the DNA. 3757:"Cytokinesis in Budding Yeast: the Relationship between Actomyosin Ring Function and Septum Formation" 1200: 1068:

For many cells, M phase does not happen until S phase is complete. However, for entry into mitosis in

7377: 7323: 7284: 7183: 7152: 7031: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6853: 5290: 5227: 5099: 5045: 4826: 4699: 4610: 4596: 4403: 4349: 4018: 3568: 3557:"Identification and Characterization of a Novel Biotin Biosynthesis Gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" 3487: 3383: 3328: 3092: 3033: 2533: 2367:

from a lung of a man employed in baking business, and examination of the tissue revealed presence of

1650: 1397: 968:), which show primitive aspects of sex differentiation. As in many other eukaryotes, mating leads to 668: 629: 7446: 7441: 7059: 7038: 6858: 6665: 6655: 6612: 6394: 6373: 5840: 2062: 1855: 1339: 1004: 764: 653: 5748: 5398: 1682:

for each combination of the genes studied was performed. The effect of the double knockout on the

6526: 6142: 5963: 5708: 5659: 5544: 5281: 5259: 5123: 4850: 4762: 4567: 4097: 4044: 3734: 3453: 3352: 2725: 2665: 2216: 1868: 1643: 1642:, a translation termination factor) is located on the right arm of chromosome 2 and is the 134th 1570: 1487:

during meiosis and mitosis is needed for repair of the different damages caused by these agents.

359: 323: 129: 62: 4063: 3906:"Cell cycle-regulated trafficking of Chs2 controls actomyosin ring stability during cytokinesis" 1314:

shares the complex internal cell structure of plants and animals without the high percentage of

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is a highly annotated and cross-referenced database for yeast researchers. Another important

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Lahue, Caitlin; Madden, Anne A.; Dunn, Robert R.; Smukowski Heil, Caiti (11 November 2020).

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by flying them through interplanetary space. The experiment would have tested one aspect of

1700: 1215: 756: 661: 420: 291: 201: 6272: 5749:"Emergence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a human pathogen. Implications for biotechnology" 2829: 7451: 6925: 6822: 6680: 6551: 6350: 2730: 2704: 2670: 1926: 1499: 1090: 955: 109: 6060:

Chitasombat, Maria; Kofteridis, Diamantis; Jiang, Ying; Tarrand, Jeffrey; Lewis, Russel;

2249:

invasive infection cases found all patients to have at least one predisposing condition.

5231: 5103: 5049: 4830: 4703: 4407: 4353: 4022: 3572: 3491: 3387: 3332: 3096: 3037: 2219:(involve multiple organs). Such conditions are life-threatening. More than 30% cases of 2015:

Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

1753:

genome from scratch that is more stable than the wild type. In the synthetic genome all

7372: 7178: 7070: 6967: 6817: 6720: 6690: 6637: 6476: 6461: 6418: 6387: 6244: 6217: 6090: 6065: 5908: 5883: 5605: 5576: 5485: 5460: 5175: 5142: 5066: 5033: 4943: 4918: 4894: 4869: 4758: 4663: 4638: 4465: 4438: 4370: 4337: 4295: 4268: 4244: 4217: 4186: 4161: 3979: 3954: 3930: 3905: 3881: 3846: 3822: 3798:"Biphasic targeting and cleavage furrow ingression directed by the tail of a myosin-II" 3797: 3681: 3656: 3597: 3556: 3543: 3542:

Two Distinct Pathways for Trehalose Assimilation in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

3508: 3475: 3404: 3371: 3296: 3269: 3166: 3139: 3115: 3080: 3056: 3021: 2905: 2878: 2638: 2613: 2396: 2255:

may enter the bloodstream or get to other deep sites of the body by translocation from

1980: 1864: 1315: 1260: 510: 375: 278: 6367: 6291: 6193: 6168: 5767: 4722: 4687: 4514: 4489: 4007:"Comparative Analysis of Cytokinesis in Budding Yeast, Fission Yeast and Animal Cells" 3215: 3190: 2994: 2977: 2612:

Walker LJ, Aldhous MC, Drummond HE, Smith BR, Nimmo ER, Arnott ID, Satsangi J (2004).

2159:

can cause infection in humans. Studies show that it causes 0.45–1.06% of the cases of

1376:

over successive generations and ultimately die. However, when a mother cell undergoes

270:

since ancient times. It is believed to have been originally isolated from the skin of

7420: 6756: 6602: 6592: 5712: 3738: 3580: 2690: 2629: 2563: 2431: 1785: 1774: 1679: 1532: 1412: 1381: 1372:

Mother cells give rise to progeny buds by mitotic divisions, but undergo replicative

1347: 1300: 486: 463: 461:" roll, which in general lacked the sourness created by the acidification typical of 446: 378: 343: 139: 6935: 6184: 6146: 6114: 5967: 5935: 5663: 5548: 5420: 5369: 5263: 5215: 5127: 4854: 4766: 4338:"Gametogenesis eliminates age-induced cellular damage and resets life span in yeast" 4048: 3620: 3457: 3356: 7364: 7350: 7144: 6982: 6868: 6786: 6766: 6751: 6741: 6725: 6705: 6627: 6536: 6012: 4505: 3471: 3247: 3206: 1770: 1458: 1272: 1073:

and S. Thus, there is a lack of extensive regulation present in higher eukaryotes.

931: 916: 628:

and growth, and under conditions of high stress will, in general, die. This is the

551: 497: 478: 286: 5899: 5577:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients" 4934: 4571: 3079:

Stefanini I, Dapporto L, Berná L, Polsinelli M, Turillazzi S, Cavalieri D (2016).

2823: 2774: 2392: 4838: 4415: 4285: 4234: 4118: 3672: 3286: 3156: 2929: 1925:

is used in baking; the carbon dioxide generated by the fermentation is used as a

1784:

deletions. The single-chromosome and wild-type yeast cells have nearly identical

1281:

divides with meiosis, allowing it to be a candidate for sexual genetics research.

7261: 7204: 7124: 7002: 6700: 6617: 6607: 6486: 6446: 6426: 6343: 5158: 4789: 4322: 4079: 3642:

Morgan, David (2007). The Cell Cycle: Principles of Control. Sinauer Associates.

2256: 2227:

invasive infections, however, are much rarer than invasive infections caused by

2176: 1893:

is a beer spoiler which can cause secondary fermentations in packaged products.

1834: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1508: 1495: 1480: 1142: 1039: 996: 981: 831: 694: 633: 458: 178: 6081: 5197: 4976: 4654: 4177: 667:

In the wild, recessive deleterious mutations accumulate during long periods of

6746: 6466: 5951: 5695: 5678: 5239: 4031: 4006: 3499: 2895: 2483: 2439: 2427: 2238: 1781: 1766: 1754: 1416: 1343: 1250: 1028: 881: 869: 784: 505: 347: 327: 308: 275: 259: 99: 7115: 6234: 5595: 5476: 5247: 5166: 4455: 3872: 3863: 3588: 17: 7165: 7065: 6597: 6471: 6451: 6436: 5854: 5835: 5395:"Designates Saccharomyces cerevisiae as official microbe of State of Oregon" 5111: 5057: 4361: 3921: 3531: 3340: 3105: 3046: 2523: 2408: 2296: 2140: 2123: 2040: 1938: 1562: 1551: 1454: 1307: 1057: 992: 885: 859: 839: 792: 776: 79: 6299: 6253: 6202: 6138: 6099: 6036: 5959: 5917: 5863: 5704: 5655: 5614: 5540: 5494: 5255: 5184: 5119: 5075: 4903: 4672: 4563: 4474: 4423: 4379: 4304: 4253: 4195: 4040: 3939: 3890: 3831: 3782: 3730: 3690: 3606: 3517: 3413: 3348: 3305: 3175: 3124: 3065: 3003: 2914: 2759: 2647: 2001: 1829:

on January 15, 2012. The next planned exposure mission in deep space using

1535:

on April 24, 1996. Since then, regular updates have been maintained at the

6130: 4952: 4846: 4731: 4712: 4595:. In Strathern, Jeffrey N.; Jones, Elizabeth W.; Broach, James R. (eds.). 4523: 3988: 3813: 3449: 3441: 3224: 1574:

letter showing which of the two DNA strands contains its coding sequence.

7398: 7344: 7243: 7109: 6971: 6781: 6776: 6715: 6675: 4885: 3970: 2463: 2341: 2337: 2300: 2278: 2242: 2092: 1813: 1812:

spacecraft, launched in late 2011. The goal was to test whether selected

1543: 1446: 1240: 835: 824: 816: 796: 557: 397:

comes from Latin and means "of beer". Other names for the organism are:

319: 296: 3395: 3022:"Role of social wasps in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ecology and evolution" 1618:

sequence number of the gene/ORF on this arm, starting at the centromere

7390: 7196: 6761: 6632: 6355: 3773: 3756: 2879:"History and Domestication of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Bread Baking" 2487: 2471: 2467: 2180: 2080: 1389: 1377: 1167: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1020: 977: 973: 893: 877: 847: 843: 820: 808: 801: 780: 772: 768: 672: 645: 625: 617: 613: 312: 267: 7209: 5646: 5629: 5531: 5514: 1483:, and show reduced meiotic recombination. These findings suggest that 1467:

is required for both meiotic recombination and mitotic recombination.

1449:

defective in genes essential for meiotic and mitotic recombination in

7403: 7248: 6802: 6660: 4639:"The Role of Radiation (rad) Genes in Meiotic Recombination in Yeast" 3722: 3709:

Wloka, Carsten (2012). "Mechanisms of cytokinesis in budding yeast".

2345: 2263: 2212: 1897: 1789: 1762: 1639: 1528: 1420: 1393: 1373: 1094: 908: 873: 865: 851: 788: 657: 649: 390: 335: 263: 255: 89: 7086: 6011:

Enache-Angoulvant, Adela; Hennequin, Christophe (December 1, 2005).

1531:

to be completely sequenced. The genome sequence was released to the

1093:(AMR) constriction and the second event is formation of the primary 7170: 6028: 4555: 2066:

eradication therapy. There is some evidence to support efficacy of

1941:); today, brewing and baking yeast strains are somewhat different. 322:

important in human biology were first discovered by studying their

7025: 6807: 6571: 6566: 6546: 6410: 5459:

Kelesidis, Theodoros; Pothoulakis, Chralabos (November 11, 2011).

2443: 2382: 2208: 2204: 2049:

is industrially manufactured and used clinically as a medication.

1504: 1472: 1462: 1400:. However, the nature of these damages remains to be established. 1291:

allowing for either the addition of new genes or deletion through

1214: 1199: 1027:, all the cells have buds, since bud formation occupies the whole 943: 930: 641: 594: 520: 430: 402: 271: 251: 6119:

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

5788:

Final Screening Assessment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain F53

4162:"Replicative and chronological aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" 7297: 7157: 6771: 6587: 6561: 6556: 6521: 6115:"Possible Role of Catheters in Saccharomyces boulardii Fungemia" 5143:"The Yeast Deletion Collection: A Decade of Functional Genomics" 1930: 1825: 1602:

chromosome on which the gene is located (chromosome 1 = A etc.)

1566: 1366: 1352: 1238:

are both well studied; these two species diverged approximately

1000: 897: 889: 827: 812: 7090: 6939: 6383: 5882:

Hallen-Adams, Heather E.; Suhr, Mallory J. (November 1, 2016).

4267:

Wei M, Fabrizio P, Hu J, Ge H, Cheng C, Li L, Longo VD (2008).

6541: 6431: 6338: 6330: 2559: 2285:

cultures for dietary or therapeutic reasons, including use of

1995: 1972: 1934: 1749:) aims to build an entirely designer, customizable, synthetic 1419:

endogenous double-strand breaks declines during chronological

1136: 1060:

use asymmetric division for self-renewal and differentiation.

688: 581:

hybrids. Stefanini et al. (2016) showed that the intestine of

539: 346:

present, which are involved in particular secretory pathways.

234: 210: 6310:

Regulation and variation of subunits of RNA polymerase II in

6167:

Ren, Ping; Sridhar, Sundara; Chaturvedi, Vishnu (June 2004).

3140:"Ancient evolutionary trade-offs between yeast ploidy states" 2683: 2332:

Systemic infection usually occurs in patients who have their

1626:

whether the coding sequence is on the Watson or Crick strand

467:. However, beer brewers slowly switched from top-fermenting ( 972:, i.e. production of novel combinations of chromosomes. Two 299:. It is the microorganism which causes many common types of 3270:"Trait variation in yeast is defined by population history" 2266:

or through contamination of intravascular catheters (e. g.

1745:

The international Synthetic Yeast Genome Project (Sc2.0 or

593:

cells by providing environmental conditions prompting cell

228: 213: 6013:"Invasive Saccharomyces Infection: A Comprehensive Review" 4490:"Life cycle of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae" 3657:"Mechanics and regulation of cytokinesis in budding yeast" 3191:"Life cycle of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae" 2801:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 378. 2052:

Several clinical and experimental studies have shown that

872:, which is assimilated as a dihydrogen phosphate ion, and 3555:

Wu, Hong; Ito, Kiyoshi; Shimoi, Hitoshi (November 2005).

222: 6379: 4064:"Mating-Type Control of DNA Repair and Recombination in 2375:

is supposed to be the source of infection in this case.

1490:

Ruderfer et al. (2006) analyzed the ancestry of natural

1342:, as well as in genes and cellular pathways involved in 5628:

Szajewska, H.; Horvath, A.; Kolodziej, M. (June 2015).

5397:. Oregon State Legislature. 29 May 2013. Archived from 4637:

Game JC, Zamb TJ, Braun RJ, Resnick M, Roth RM (1980).

1863:

is used in brewing beer, when it is sometimes called a

1019:

Growth in yeast is synchronized with the growth of the

2311:

infections and is more likely (in comparison to other

1983:

approaches followed by aquaculturists for providing CO

258:

microorganisms). The species has been instrumental in

6271:

Arroyo-López FN, Orlić S, Querol A, Barrio E (2009).

6006: 6004: 4160:

Longo VD, Shadel GS, Kaeberlein M, Kennedy B (2012).

2852:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 1263:

because it scores favorably on a number of criteria.

976:

yeast cells of opposite mating type can mate to form

225: 207: 204: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5289:. Workshop on the Exploration of Phobos and Deimos. 3847:"Septin Organization and Functions in Budding Yeast" 3544:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC404389/

219: 7334: 7099: 6836: 6795: 6734: 6646: 6580: 6509: 6417: 5936:"Epidemiology of Invasive Mycoses in North America" 5934:Pfaller, Michael; Diekema, Daniel (February 2010). 5884:"Fungi in the healthy human gastrointestinal tract" 4968:

Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing: Theory and Protocols

4321:. University of Southern California. Archived from 2955:"You can thank wasps for your bread, beer and wine" 2223:invasive infections lead to death even if treated. 2088:fungemia has been reported during clinical trials. 216: 4120:Yeasts in Food: Beneficial and Detrimental aspects 4074:. Contemporary Cancer Research. pp. 107–124. 4070:. In Nickoloff, Jac A.; Hoekstra, Merl F. (eds.). 2741: 2739: 900:, are also required for good growth of the yeast. 862:, so extracellular protein cannot be metabolized. 485:Refinements in microbiology following the work of 5302: 5300: 4437:Pongpanich M, Patchsung M, Mutirangura A (2018). 4102:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3621:http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2007/nelson_andr/ 1719:used to purify protein from yeast cell extracts. 1511:is inconsistent with the idea that production of 1471:mutants have increased sensitivity to killing by 903:Concerning organic requirements, most strains of 675:: this purging has been termed "genome renewal". 3845:Glomb, Oliver; Gronemeyer, Thomas (2016-11-03). 1318:that can confound research in higher eukaryotes. 823:, since they lack the ability to reduce them to 549:Queens of social wasps overwintering as adults ( 385:(σάκχαρον) being the combining form "sugar" and 6344:Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences 5877: 5875: 5873: 5747:Murphy, Alan; Kavanagh, Kevin (June 15, 1999). 5216:"Creating a functional single-chromosome yeast" 2934:. P. Blakiston's son & Company. p. 420 2281:were caused by intentional ingestion of living 1800:Among other microorganisms, a sample of living 1085:Two interdependent events drive cytokinesis in 880:ion or as organic sulfur compounds such as the 612:Two forms of yeast cells can survive and grow: 546:is not airborne, it requires a vector to move. 406:, though other species are also used in brewing 342:is currently the only yeast cell known to have 6216:Ricci, Antonia; et al. (March 14, 2017). 6055: 6053: 5781: 5779: 5777: 4811: 4809: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4000: 3998: 3081:"Social wasps are a Saccharomyces mating nest" 2505:Flora of Door County, Wisconsin § Hybrid yeast 6951: 6395: 5513:Szajewska, H.; Kolodziej, M. (October 2015). 5508: 5506: 5504: 4216:Kaeberlein M, Burtner CR, Kennedy BK (2007). 3015: 3013: 2846:Marx, Jean & Litchfield, John H. (1989). 1441:bear on the adaptive function of meiosis and 8: 6339:Yeast Resource Center Public Data Repository 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5026: 5024: 5022: 3661:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 2828:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1839:List of microorganisms tested in outer space 1245:, and are significant tools in the study of 1081:Actomyosin ring and primary septum formation 538:can also be found year-round in the bark of 274:. It is one of the most intensively studied 5141:Giaever, Guri; Nislow, Corey (2014-06-01). 4917:Botstein D, Chervitz SA, Cherry JM (1997). 4537: 4535: 4533: 4062:Nickoloff, Jac A.; Haber, James E. (2011). 3851:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2779:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2143:because it originates in food. Presence of 1576: 884:methionine and cysteine. Some metals, like 723:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 652:, which can subsequently mate. This is the 381:and means "sugar-mould" or "sugar-fungus", 231: 7087: 6958: 6944: 6936: 6402: 6388: 6380: 5929: 5927: 5742: 5634:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 5519:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 3750: 3748: 3650: 3648: 1885:becomes dormant. A variant yeast known as 838:, and nitrogen bases as nitrogen sources. 664:lifespan is about 26 cell divisions. 42: 31: 6243: 6233: 6192: 6089: 5907: 5853: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5694: 5645: 5604: 5594: 5530: 5484: 5370:"Controlling Diastaticus in your Brewery" 5174: 5065: 4975: 4942: 4893: 4721: 4711: 4662: 4583: 4581: 4513: 4464: 4454: 4369: 4294: 4284: 4243: 4233: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4185: 4030: 3978: 3929: 3880: 3862: 3821: 3772: 3680: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3596: 3532:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298930/ 3507: 3403: 3372:"Lessons on longevity from budding yeast" 3295: 3285: 3214: 3165: 3155: 3114: 3104: 3055: 3045: 2993: 2904: 2894: 2797:Kristiansen, B.; Ratledge, Colin (2001). 2637: 1715:used to study protein localisation and a 1183:Learn how and when to remove this message 743:Learn how and when to remove this message 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5465:Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 3704: 3702: 3700: 2091:In clinical practice, however, cases of 1649:YDL102W (aka POL3 encoding a subunit of 1578:Systematic gene names for Baker's yeast 1411:increase leading to the accumulation of 1299:as a haploid simplifies the creation of 1223:Numbered ticks are 11 micrometers apart. 589:strains, both among themselves and with 441:This species is also the main source of 5275: 5273: 4632: 4630: 4117:Boekhout, T.; Robert, V., eds. (2003). 2723:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 2663:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 2579: 2551: 2046:Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii 1967:Owing to the high cost of commercial CO 1806:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment 1738:Synthetic yeast chromosomes and genomes 1561:genome is composed of about 12,156,677 1388:is reset. The replicative potential of 5794:. Government of Canada. January 2017. 5198:"Special Issue Synthetic Yeast Genome" 4319:"10-Fold Life Span Extension Reported" 4095: 3561:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2163:. In some cases, women suffering from 600:The optimum temperature for growth of 4593:"DNA repair and mutagenesis in yeast" 2233:even in patients weakened by cancer. 2151:Under certain circumstances, such as 1594:the Y indicates this is a yeast gene 1427:Meiosis, recombination and DNA repair 1403:During starvation of non-replicating 620:. The haploid cells undergo a simple 354:are found in 60–70% of patients with 7: 7285:c1fda538-a8f8-4eaf-adc2-e910034eae2e 5575:McFarland, Lynne V. (May 14, 2010). 4880:(Database issue). England: D446–51. 4218:"Recent developments in yeast aging" 3474:; Lyttle, David N. (December 2011). 2928:Marshall, Charles, ed. (June 1912). 1979:by yeast is one of the most popular 1747:Saccharomyces cerevisiae version 2.0 1734:genome to determine their function. 1610:left or right arm of the chromosome 1165:adding citations to reliable sources 721:adding citations to reliable sources 307:cells are round to ovoid, 5–10 5308:"Projects: LIFE Experiment: Phobos" 5204:, 10 March 2017 Vol 355, Issue 6329 4970:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 605–7. 4598:The Molecular Biology of the Yeast 2307:causes about 40% cases of invasive 1295:. Furthermore, the ability to grow 1046:to divide into two daughter cells. 671:of diploids, and are purged during 4759:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1980.tb03746.x 2493:Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii 2299:for treatment of certain forms of 2043:in humans and animals. The strain 1933:or yeast-filled foam from brewing 1209:differential interference contrast 604:is 30–35 °C (86–95 °F). 25: 6292:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.035 5582:World Journal of Gastroenterology 5421:"CO2 Injection: The Yeast Method" 5034:"The genetic landscape of a cell" 3238:Friedman, Nir (January 3, 2011). 2976:Mortimer R, Polsinelli M (1999). 2348:) or certain medical procedures ( 1089:. The first event is contractile 942:with a cellular bulging called a 326:in yeast; these proteins include 6920: 6919: 6500: 6173:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 5940:Critical Reviews in Microbiology 5337:Anatoly Zak (1 September 2008). 4336:Unal E, Kinde B, Amon A (2011). 3581:10.1128/AEM.71.11.6845-6855.2005 2630:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02392.x 2191:Invasive and systemic infections 2000: 1937:from the brewers (producing the 1479:and the DNA cross-linking agent 1141: 876:, which can be assimilated as a 854:are, however, not readily used. 693: 525:Yeast colonies on an agar plate. 200: 66: 6319:(Ph.D.). University of Toronto. 6185:10.1128/JCM.42.6.2840-2842.2004 5756:Enzyme and Microbial Technology 4747:Photochemistry and Photobiology 4686:Malone RE, Esposito RE (1980). 4005:Balasubramanian, Mohan (2004). 2415:(as of 2017) requires that all 1453:cause increased sensitivity to 1152:needs additional citations for 4506:10.1128/MMBR.52.4.536-553.1988 4123:. Behr's Verlag. p. 322. 3480:Theoretical Population Biology 3207:10.1128/MMBR.52.4.536-553.1988 2978:"On the origins of wine yeast" 2413:European Food Safety Authority 2379:Virulence of different strains 1658:Gene function and interactions 1117:Differences from fission yeast 923:is prototrophic for vitamins. 311:in diameter. It reproduces by 1: 5900:10.1080/21505594.2016.1247140 5768:10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00086-1 4935:10.1126/science.277.5330.1259 4607:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 3240:"The Friedman Lab Chronicles" 2995:10.1016/S0923-2508(99)80036-9 2849:A Revolution in biotechnology 2822:Eben Norton Horsford (1875). 2773:Eben Norton Horsford (1875). 2589:Yeast. Molecular and Cell bio 2084:or no treatment). No case of 1816:could survive a few years in 1695:Other tools in yeast research 1357:extrachromosomal rDNA circles 987:The mating pathway employs a 919:for full growth. In general, 6017:Clinical Infectious Diseases 4839:10.1126/science.274.5287.546 4692:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 4605:. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: 4602:: Life Cycle and Inheritance 4416:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.03.006 4286:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040013 4235:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030084 3673:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.12.010 3287:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002111 3244:Growing yeasts (Robotically) 3157:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003388 3085:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3026:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2319:therapeutic administration. 2245:. A comprehensive review of 2120:opportunistic human pathogen 2105:S. cerevisiae var. boulardii 2099:are reported. Patients with 2097:S. cerevisiae var. boulardii 2086:S. cerevisiae var. boulardii 2076:S. cerevisiae var. boulardii 2068:S. cerevisiae var. boulardii 2058:S. cerevisiae var. boulardii 2054:S. cerevisiae var. boulardii 1638:YBR134C (aka SUP45 encoding 960:Yeast has two mating types, 868:also have a requirement for 640:, diploid cells can undergo 358:and 10–15% of patients with 5159:10.1534/genetics.114.161620 4919:"Yeast as a model organism" 4790:10.1007/978-1-4757-5190-1_2 4591:; Kunz, Bernard A. (1981). 4080:10.1007/978-1-59259-095-7_5 3761:Cell Structure and Function 2359:A case was reported when a 2350:bone marrow transplantation 2122:, though of relatively low 1773:genes are moved to a novel 1769:are replaced with UAA, and 1494:strains and concluded that 1333:For more than five decades 1267:As a single-cell organism, 787:. However, growth on other 648:and producing four haploid 7503: 6082:10.1016/j.jinf.2011.11.002 4977:10.1002/9783527636778.app1 4178:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.002 2684: 2171:. As of 1999, no cases of 1948: 1915: 1853: 1845:In commercial applications 1792:production and viability. 1481:8-methoxypsoralen-plus-UVA 989:G protein-coupled receptor 953: 685:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 682: 429:, in connection to making 6978: 6917: 6671:Chorleywood bread process 6498: 6307:Jansma, David B. (1999). 5952:10.3109/10408410903241444 5696:10.1007/s12325-009-0057-y 5240:10.1038/s41586-018-0382-x 4032:10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.022 3619:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3500:10.1016/j.tpb.2011.08.004 2896:10.3389/fgene.2020.584718 1878:Saccharomyces pastorianus 1713:GFP fusion strain library 1622: 1614: 1606: 1598: 1590: 1585: 1527:was the first eukaryotic 1437:Evidence from studies of 1231:Schizosaccharomyces pombe 830:. They can also use most 334:, and protein-processing 168: 161: 63:Scientific classification 61: 50: 41: 34: 7427:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 7131:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 7101:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6361:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6312:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6235:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4663 5596:10.3748/wjg.v16.i18.2202 5477:10.1177/1756283X11428502 5344:Air & Space Magazine 4655:10.1093/genetics/94.1.51 4456:10.3389/fgene.2018.00501 4066:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3864:10.3389/fcell.2016.00123 2982:Research in Microbiology 2953:Young, Ed (2012-07-30). 2587:Feldmann, Horst (2010). 2529:BolA-like protein family 2512:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2460:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2448:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2405:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2389:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2369:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2268:central venous catheters 2253:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2197:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2157:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2128:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2116:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2037:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1956:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1887:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1883:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1861:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1662:The availability of the 1293:homologous recombination 1220:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1044:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 936:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 679:Nutritional requirements 597:and spores germination. 471:) to bottom-fermenting ( 195:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 172:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 36:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 7472:Fungi described in 1883 6372:genome assembly in the 6062:Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios 5349:Smithsonian Institution 5112:10.1126/science.1091317 5058:10.1126/science.1180823 4362:10.1126/science.1204349 4082:(inactive 2024-09-07). 3922:10.1091/mbc.e04-12-1090 3904:VerPlank, Lynn (2005). 3341:10.1126/science.1115535 3106:10.1073/pnas.1516453113 3047:10.1073/pnas.1208362109 2700:A Greek–English Lexicon 2498:Saccharomyces boulardii 2480:mannan oligosaccharides 2373:dry baking yeast powder 2336:due to severe illness ( 2317:Saccharomyces boulardii 2305:Saccharomyces boulardii 2288:Saccharomyces boulardii 2161:yeast-induced vaginitis 1672:synthetic genetic array 1477:Methyl methanesulfonate 1409:reactive oxygen species 819:source, but cannot use 567:, a social wasp, hosts 7457:Yeasts used in brewing 6280:Int. J. Food Microbiol 2825:Report on Vienna bread 2776:Report on Vienna bread 2476:Guinness Yeast Extract 2400: 2011:is missing information 1992:Direct use in medicine 1906:official state microbe 1824:, the hypothesis that 1724:yeast deletion project 1722:Stanford University's 1459:DNA damaging chemicals 1224: 1212: 1133:In biological research 1042:enables budding yeast 980:cells that can either 951: 526: 6131:10.1007/s100960050003 5855:10.1093/femsyr/fov057 5312:The Planetary Society 4825:(5287): 546, 563–67. 4713:10.1073/pnas.77.1.503 4488:Herskowitz I (1988). 4072:DNA Damage and Repair 3814:10.1083/jcb.201005134 3442:10.1002/yea.320101203 3370:Kaeberlein M (2010). 3189:Herskowitz I (1988). 2883:Frontiers in Genetics 2691:Liddell, Henry George 2519:Auto-brewery syndrome 2386: 2277:A number of cases of 1854:Further information: 1765:are removed, all UAG 1730:of every gene in the 1516:out-crossing occurs. 1461:. For instance, gene 1329:In the study of aging 1218: 1203: 970:genetic recombination 934: 585:favors the mating of 524: 7482:Fungi in cultivation 7336:Mycoderma cerevisiae 6070:Journal of Infection 5291:Ames Research Center 4782:Evolutionary Biology 3971:10.1083/jcb.98.3.934 2965:on November 2, 2021. 2534:Yeast promoter atlas 2334:immunity compromised 2274:invasive infection. 2135:to be a part of the 2101:compromised immunity 1804:was included in the 1705:protein interactions 1651:DNA polymerase delta 1554:curated repository. 1500:opposite mating type 1485:recombination repair 1241:600 to 300 1161:improve this article 807:All strains can use 779:and fail to grow on 717:improve this section 669:asexual reproduction 415:Top-fermenting yeast 7039:Medicago truncatula 6374:UCSC Genome Browser 5841:FEMS Yeast Research 5232:2018Natur.560..331S 5104:2004Sci...303..808T 5050:2010Sci...327..425C 4831:1996Sci...274..546G 4784:. pp. 27–138. 4704:1980PNAS...77..503M 4408:2010MRFMM.688...47S 4354:2011Sci...332.1554U 4023:2004CBio...14.R806B 3573:2005ApEnM..71.6845W 3492:2011TPBio..80..317M 3396:10.1038/nature08981 3388:2010Natur.464..513K 3333:2005Sci...310.1193K 3097:2016PNAS..113.2247S 3038:2012PNAS..10913398S 2959:National Geographic 2799:Basic biotechnology 2591:. Wiley-Blackwell. 2403:Not all strains of 2295:which is used as a 2201:invasive infections 2118:is proven to be an 2063:Helicobacter pylori 1856:Yeast in winemaking 1759:repetitive elements 1579: 1340:calorie restriction 1259:has developed as a 1005:signal transduction 999:, and three-tiered 571:strains as well as 56:electron micrograph 6527:Calcium propanoate 6349:2006-08-23 at the 5677:Moyad, MA (2009). 5339:"Mission Possible" 5002:"YeastDeletionWeb" 4886:10.1093/nar/gkj013 3774:10.1247/csf.26.529 3755:Bi, Erfei (2002). 3655:Bi, Erfei (2017). 2726:A Latin Dictionary 2666:A Latin Dictionary 2618:Clin. Exp. Immunol 2401: 2365:surgically excised 2237:causes 1% to 3.6% 2074:Administration of 1971:cylinder systems, 1802:S. cerevisiae 1732:S. cerevisiae 1728:knockout mutations 1668:S. cerevisiae 1664:S. cerevisiae 1644:open reading frame 1583:Example gene name 1577: 1548:S. cerevisiae 1225: 1213: 952: 856:S. cerevisiae 761:S. cerevisiae 527: 360:ulcerative colitis 352:S. cerevisiae 332:signaling proteins 305:S. cerevisiae 250:) is a species of 154:S. cerevisiae 130:Saccharomycetaceae 7414: 7413: 7306:Open Tree of Life 7093:Taxon identifiers 7084: 7083: 6933: 6932: 6849:Brand name breads 6686:Maillard reaction 6532:Dough conditioner 6023:(11): 1559–1568. 5801:978-0-660-07394-1 5647:10.1111/apt.13214 5640:(12): 1237–1245. 5589:(18): 2202–2222. 5532:10.1111/apt.13344 5226:(7718): 331–335. 4929:(5330): 1259–60. 4874:Nucleic Acids Res 4799:978-1-4419-3385-0 4620:978-0-87969-139-4 4589:Haynes, Robert H. 4348:(6037): 1554–57. 4130:978-3-86022-961-3 4089:978-1-59259-095-7 3953:Adams, A (1984). 3567:(11): 6845–6855. 3327:(5751): 1193–96. 3032:(33): 13398–403. 2863:978-0-521-32749-7 2808:978-0-521-77917-3 2438:(that is used by 2436:hydrogen peroxide 2354:abdominal surgery 2344:, other forms of 2153:degraded immunity 2137:normal microbiota 2034: 2033: 1951:Nutritional yeast 1945:Nutritional yeast 1900:legislature made 1896:In May 2013, the 1630: 1629: 1520:Genome sequencing 1513:genetic variation 1251:repair mechanisms 1243:million years ago 1193: 1192: 1185: 858:does not excrete 753: 752: 745: 583:Polistes dominula 564:Polistes dominula 443:nutritional yeast 191: 190: 120:Saccharomycetales 16:(Redirected from 7494: 7462:Leavening agents 7437:Digestive system 7407: 7406: 7394: 7393: 7381: 7380: 7368: 7367: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7327: 7326: 7314: 7313: 7301: 7300: 7288: 7287: 7278: 7277: 7265: 7264: 7262:NBNSYS0000016740 7252: 7251: 7239: 7238: 7226: 7225: 7213: 7212: 7200: 7199: 7187: 7186: 7174: 7173: 7161: 7160: 7148: 7147: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7088: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6937: 6923: 6922: 6894:Sourdough breads 6884:Pakistani breads 6828:History of bread 6813:Baker percentage 6711:Sponge and dough 6504: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6381: 6320: 6318: 6303: 6277: 6258: 6257: 6247: 6237: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6179:(6): 2840–2842. 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6093: 6064:(January 2012). 6057: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6008: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5911: 5879: 5868: 5867: 5857: 5831: 5806: 5805: 5793: 5783: 5772: 5771: 5753: 5744: 5717: 5716: 5698: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5649: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5598: 5572: 5553: 5552: 5534: 5510: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5456: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5401:on 30 April 2021 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5318:on 16 March 2011 5314:. Archived from 5304: 5295: 5294: 5288: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5211: 5205: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5098:(5659): 808–13. 5086: 5080: 5079: 5069: 5044:(5964): 425–31. 5028: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5004:. Archived from 4998: 4992: 4991: 4979: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4897: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4725: 4715: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4539: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4468: 4458: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4288: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4247: 4237: 4213: 4200: 4199: 4189: 4157: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4034: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3982: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3933: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3866: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3825: 3796:Fang, X (2010). 3793: 3787: 3786: 3776: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3723:10.1002/cm.21046 3706: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3652: 3643: 3640: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3382:(7288): 513–19. 3367: 3361: 3360: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3289: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3218: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3169: 3159: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3118: 3108: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3059: 3049: 3017: 3008: 3007: 2997: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2961:. Archived from 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2898: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2743: 2734: 2714: 2708: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2641: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2584: 2567: 2556: 2371:. Inhalation of 2230:Candida albicans 2187:are also known. 2111:A human pathogen 2029: 2026: 2020: 2004: 1996: 1701:yeast two-hybrid 1580: 1364: 1363: 1244: 1188: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1145: 1137: 748: 741: 737: 734: 728: 697: 689: 292:Escherichia coli 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 174: 71: 70: 46: 32: 27:Species of yeast 21: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7402: 7397: 7389: 7384: 7376: 7371: 7363: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7330: 7322: 7317: 7309: 7304: 7296: 7291: 7283: 7281: 7273: 7268: 7260: 7255: 7247: 7242: 7234: 7229: 7221: 7216: 7208: 7203: 7195: 7190: 7182: 7177: 7169: 7164: 7156: 7151: 7143: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7095: 7085: 7080: 6974: 6968:model organisms 6964: 6934: 6929: 6913: 6844:American breads 6832: 6823:Bread in Europe 6791: 6730: 6648: 6642: 6638:Weighing scales 6576: 6552:Leavening agent 6505: 6496: 6413: 6408: 6351:Wayback Machine 6334:Genome Database 6327: 6316: 6306: 6286:(2–3): 120–27. 6275: 6270: 6267: 6265:Further reading 6262: 6261: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6010: 6009: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5933: 5932: 5925: 5881: 5880: 5871: 5833: 5832: 5809: 5802: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5775: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5720: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5574: 5573: 5556: 5512: 5511: 5502: 5458: 5457: 5438: 5429: 5427: 5425:www.thekrib.com 5419: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5374:www.chaibio.com 5368: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5286: 5279: 5278: 5271: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5196: 5192: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5030: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4815: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4636: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4541: 4540: 4531: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4215: 4214: 4203: 4159: 4158: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4094: 4090: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4017:(18): R806–18. 4004: 4003: 3996: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3910:Mol. Biol. Cell 3903: 3902: 3898: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3708: 3707: 3698: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3436:(12): 1543–52. 3426: 3425: 3421: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3280:(6): e1002111. 3267: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3150:(3): e1003388. 3137: 3136: 3132: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3019: 3018: 3011: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2731:Perseus Project 2715: 2711: 2705:Perseus Project 2681: 2677: 2671:Perseus Project 2659: 2655: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2570: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2456: 2381: 2193: 2169:used for baking 2113: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2014: 2005: 1994: 1986: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1963:Uses in aquaria 1953: 1947: 1927:leavening agent 1920: 1914: 1874: 1871:to adhere to CO 1858: 1852: 1847: 1798: 1740: 1717:TAP tag library 1709:tetrad analysis 1697: 1660: 1540:Genome Database 1522: 1429: 1361: 1360: 1331: 1239: 1222: 1198: 1189: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1158: 1146: 1135: 1119: 1091:actomyosin ring 1083: 1066: 1037: 1017: 1009:desensitization 958: 956:Mating of yeast 946:in response to 929: 804:and trehalose. 749: 738: 732: 729: 714: 698: 687: 681: 610: 532: 519: 455: 389:(μύκης) being " 374:" derives from 368: 356:Crohn's disease 344:Berkeley bodies 279:model organisms 254:(single-celled 203: 199: 187: 176: 170: 157: 110:Saccharomycetes 65: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7500: 7498: 7490: 7489: 7487:Fungus species 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7419: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7395: 7382: 7369: 7356: 7340: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7315: 7302: 7289: 7279: 7266: 7253: 7240: 7227: 7214: 7201: 7188: 7175: 7162: 7149: 7136: 7121: 7105: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6940: 6931: 6930: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6864:British breads 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6818:Bread and salt 6815: 6810: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6726:Vienna process 6723: 6721:Straight dough 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6691:No-knead bread 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6462:Sandwich bread 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6364: 6353: 6341: 6336: 6326: 6325:External links 6323: 6322: 6321: 6304: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6208: 6159: 6105: 6049: 6029:10.1086/497832 5980: 5923: 5894:(3): 352–358. 5869: 5807: 5800: 5773: 5762:(7): 551–557. 5718: 5689:(8): 795–804. 5669: 5620: 5554: 5525:(7): 793–801. 5500: 5471:(2): 111–125. 5436: 5412: 5386: 5361: 5329: 5296: 5269: 5206: 5190: 5153:(2): 451–465. 5133: 5081: 5018: 4993: 4986: 4958: 4909: 4860: 4805: 4798: 4772: 4737: 4678: 4626: 4619: 4577: 4556:10.1038/ng1859 4550:(9): 1077–81. 4529: 4494:Microbiol. Rev 4480: 4429: 4402:(1–2): 47–52. 4385: 4328: 4325:on 2016-03-04. 4310: 4259: 4201: 4143: 4129: 4109: 4088: 4054: 3994: 3965:(3): 934–945. 3945: 3916:(5): 2529–43. 3896: 3837: 3808:(7): 1333–50. 3788: 3744: 3717:(10): 710–26. 3696: 3644: 3624: 3612: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3463: 3419: 3362: 3311: 3260: 3230: 3195:Microbiol. Rev 3181: 3130: 3091:(8): 2247–51. 3071: 3009: 2988:(3): 199–204. 2968: 2945: 2920: 2869: 2862: 2838: 2814: 2807: 2789: 2765: 2735: 2709: 2675: 2653: 2604: 2598:978-3527326099 2597: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2568: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2507: 2502: 2490: 2455: 2452: 2397:Czech Republic 2380: 2377: 2215:) that can go 2195:Occasionally 2192: 2189: 2112: 2109: 2032: 2031: 2008: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1974: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1949:Main article: 1946: 1943: 1916:Main article: 1913: 1910: 1872: 1865:top-fermenting 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1797: 1794: 1786:transcriptomes 1739: 1736: 1696: 1693: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1521: 1518: 1428: 1425: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1316:non-coding DNA 1304: 1282: 1276: 1261:model organism 1197: 1196:Model organism 1194: 1191: 1190: 1149: 1147: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1082: 1079: 1065: 1062: 1036: 1033: 1016: 1013: 954:Main article: 928: 925: 751: 750: 701: 699: 692: 680: 677: 609: 606: 531: 528: 518: 515: 479:Vienna Process 474:S. pastorianus 454: 451: 439: 438: 433: 424: 417: 412: 407: 403:Brewer's yeast 367: 364: 244:brewer's yeast 189: 188: 177: 166: 165: 159: 158: 151: 149: 145: 144: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 59: 58: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7499: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7432:Fungal models 7430: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7126: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7015: 7014:Fission yeast 7012: 7010: 7009:Budding yeast 7007: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6996:Chlamydomonas 6993: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6956: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6928: 6927: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6879:Indian breads 6877: 6875: 6874:French breads 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837:List articles 6835: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6757:Bread pudding 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6647:Processes and 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6603:Dough scraper 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6593:Bread machine 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6517:Baker's yeast 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6332:Saccharomyces 6329: 6328: 6324: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6228:(3): e04663. 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6160: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5848:(6): fov057. 5847: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5330: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5008:on 2012-09-29 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4987:9783527636778 4983: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4753:(6): 557–63. 4752: 4748: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4698:(1): 503–07. 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4600:Saccharomyces 4599: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4500:(4): 536–53. 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4279:(1): 139–49. 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4228:(5): 655–60. 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4011:Curr. Biology 4008: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3767:(6): 529–37. 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3486:(4): 317–22. 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472:Masel, Joanna 3467: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201:(4): 536–53. 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2695:Scott, Robert 2692: 2688: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624:(3): 490–96. 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432:phospholipase 2429: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2417:S. cerevisiae 2414: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2329:to patients. 2328: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2313:S. cerevisiae 2310: 2309:Saccharomyces 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:S. cerevisiae 2291:(a strain of 2290: 2289: 2284: 2283:S. cerevisiae 2280: 2275: 2273: 2272:S. cerevisiae 2269: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2247:S. cerevisiae 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235:S. cerevisiae 2232: 2231: 2226: 2225:S. cerevisiae 2222: 2221:S. cerevisiae 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2185:S. cerevisiae 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173:S. cerevisiae 2170: 2166: 2165:S. cerevisiae 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2145:S. cerevisiae 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133:S. cerevisiae 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2039:is used as a 2038: 2028: 2018: 2012: 2009:This article 2007: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1982: 1978: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:S. cerevisiae 1919: 1918:Baker's yeast 1911: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1902:S. cerevisiae 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831:S. cerevisiae 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1775:neochromosome 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:S. cerevisiae 1748: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703:for studying 1702: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680:gene knockout 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559:S. cerevisiae 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1538:Saccharomyces 1534: 1533:public domain 1530: 1526: 1525:S. cerevisiae 1519: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:S. cerevisiae 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:S. cerevisiae 1448: 1444: 1443:recombination 1440: 1439:S. cerevisiae 1435: 1433: 1432:S. cerevisiae 1426: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405:S. cerevisiae 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:gametogenesis 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1348:growth medium 1345: 1341: 1336: 1335:S. cerevisiae 1328: 1323: 1322:S. cerevisiae 1320: 1317: 1313: 1312:S. cerevisiae 1309: 1305: 1302: 1301:gene knockout 1298: 1297:S. cerevisiae 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:S. cerevisiae 1283: 1280: 1279:S. cerevisiae 1277: 1274: 1270: 1269:S. cerevisiae 1266: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1257:S. cerevisiae 1254: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1237: 1236:S. cerevisiae 1233: 1232: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1206: 1205:S. cerevisiae 1202: 1195: 1187: 1184: 1176: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1150:This section 1148: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:S. cerevisiae 1080: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1070:S. cerevisiae 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1054:S. cerevisiae 1051: 1049: 1048:S. cerevisiae 1045: 1041: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 957: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 926: 924: 922: 921:S. cerevisiae 918: 914: 913:S. cerevisiae 910: 906: 905:S. cerevisiae 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 798: 794: 791:is variable. 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 747: 744: 736: 726: 722: 718: 712: 711: 707: 702:This section 700: 696: 691: 690: 686: 678: 676: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 607: 605: 603: 602:S. cerevisiae 598: 596: 592: 588: 587:S. cerevisiae 584: 580: 579: 574: 573:S. cerevisiae 570: 569:S. cerevisiae 566: 565: 560: 559: 554: 553: 547: 545: 544:S. cerevisiae 541: 537: 536:S. cerevisiae 529: 523: 516: 514: 512: 509:baking time. 507: 503: 502:Fleischmann's 499: 494: 492: 491:S. cerevisiae 488: 487:Louis Pasteur 483: 480: 477:) yeast. The 476: 475: 470: 469:S. cerevisiae 466: 465: 464:Lactobacillus 460: 452: 450: 448: 447:yeast extract 444: 437: 436:Budding yeast 434: 432: 428: 425: 423: 422: 421:Baker's yeast 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 405: 404: 400: 399: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377: 373: 372:Saccharomyces 365: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 340:S. cerevisiae 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295:as the model 294: 293: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 248:baker's yeast 245: 239: 197: 196: 186: 183: 180: 175: 173: 167: 164: 163:Binomial name 160: 156: 155: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 141:Saccharomyces 138: 135: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 121: 118: 115: 114: 111: 108: 105: 104: 101: 98: 95: 94: 91: 88: 85: 84: 81: 78: 75: 74: 69: 64: 60: 57: 53: 52:S. cerevisiae 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 30: 19: 18:Budding yeast 7477:Edible fungi 7335: 7100: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7018: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6983:Lambda phage 6924: 6909:Toast dishes 6904:Swiss breads 6899:Sweet breads 6889:Quick breads 6854:Bread dishes 6767:French toast 6752:Bread pakora 6742:Bread crumbs 6368: 6360: 6331: 6313: 6309: 6283: 6279: 6225: 6222:EFSA Journal 6221: 6211: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6150:. 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Cell Biol 3958: 3948: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3764: 3760: 3714: 3711:Cytoskeleton 3710: 3664: 3660: 3615: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3483: 3479: 3466: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3252:. Retrieved 3248:Nir Friedman 3243: 3233: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3029: 3025: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2963:the original 2958: 2948: 2936:. 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