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things and a supply of insects for food, American toads can live almost everywhere, ranging from forests to flat grassland. Females when caught are silent and easily tamed, adapting to terrarium life readily, while the smaller males are readily communicative. The smaller males do not adapt well to terrarium life and should be released after a few days of observation. Adult toads are mostly nocturnal, although juveniles are often abroad by day. When it rains, these toads will become active and can be observed eating robustly worms and insects leaving their burrows and walking in front of an opportunist toad. These toads are 'creatures of habit' once they have a certain area they prefer to live within... an acre of wooded forest with water in proximity for soaking, a home with cool ledges and window wells; they commonly seek cover in burrows, under boardwalks, flat stones, boards, logs, wood piles, or other cover. When cold weather comes, these toads dig backwards and bury themselves in the dirt of their summer homes, or they may choose another site in which to
543:. The call or voice of a breeding male is a high trill that lasts between 6–30 seconds and sounds similar to a ringing telephone. Males call for an average of 6-7 nights during their breeding period. Females show preference for call efforts (rate × duration), but not call frequency. They hibernate during the winter. The eastern American toad has spots that contain only one to two warts. It also has enlarged warts on the tibia or lower leg below the knee. While the belly is usually spotted, in some areas many are, and it is generally more so on the forward half (in some rare individuals there may be few or no spots). This subspecies of the American toad has no or very little markings on it. The spades on the back legs are blackish. Some toads of this subspecies have a more pervasive red and deep brown color, many with red warts on their bodies. Also eastern American toads have parotoid glands that are the same color as the surrounding skin. The glands don't usually have any patterning on them.
643: in), is generally a dark reddish color ranging to light red in some specimens in isolated populations. The spots on the back are reduced or absent, and when present they contain a few small red warts and a black ring around it like in the normal American toad. The warts are always darker than the skin of the toad. Some specimens have a white dorsal line in the middle of their backs. The ventral surface or belly is usually cream colored with a few dark spots in the breast area. This subspecies can be distinguished from the above-mentioned species in the same manner as for the eastern American toad. The southwestern portion of the Dwarf American toad's range overlaps with that of the
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537:) is a medium-sized toad usually ranging in size from 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in); the record length for an eastern American toad is 11.1 cm (4.4 in). The color and pattern is somewhat variable, especially for the females. Skin color can change depending on habitat colors, humidity, stress, and temperature. Color changes range from yellow to brown to black, from solid colors to speckled. Their breeding habits are very similar to
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667:. This subspecies of the American toad has been seen in the northern parts of Ontario where there are a few isolated populations. These northern dwarf toads mostly have the red coloring on the sides of their bodies and have an unusually high number of warts for the subspecies. Interbreeding with eastern American toads caused this subspecies to lose the red coloring on their backs.
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606:, and other small invertebrates. Some of these toads have been known to live over 30 years and currently a female specimen (over 13 centimeters long) is living healthily into her late 30s. Another female toad of 17 centimeters is known to have existed in Wisconsin from Washington Island on Lake Michigan.
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Tadpoles have several mechanisms to reduce predation. They avoid predators by swimming in very shallow water often with thick grass vegetation, and by swimming close together in schools during the day. Tadpoles also produce toxic chemicals in their skin that discourage some potential predators. Fish
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are recognizable by their skinny tails in relation to the size of their black bodies. They may advance to adulthood in 50–65 days. When metamorphosis is completed, the "toadlets" may stay in the water for a short period of time before they become mostly land based. Often entire groups of tadpoles
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American toads require a semi-permanent freshwater pond or pool with shallow water in which to breed, to gather their water supplies in times of drought or as a routine, and for their early development. They also require dense patches of vegetation, for cover and hunting grounds. Given these two
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stage at once and a begin a mass migration to higher ground. Toadlets usually migrate to shaded areas in mid range and upland forests bordering the marshes where they were bred. Toadlets can be observed eating microscopic bugs as fast as they can in the ground area they roam between various
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A. americanus eggs are bicolored. They are often a roughly equal mixture of a black or brown with white or cream. The eggs are deposited in two long ropes that have been recorded to transcend 60 m in length. Single egg diameter ranges from 0.1 cm to 0.2 cm.
558:. Also, Fowler's toads are very fast hoppers (bursts of 5–10 fast hops) in comparison to Eastern toads lethargic, casual hopping and walking locomotion. In the eastern American toad these crests almost never touch the parotoid glands, which secrete
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have been reported to die after consuming one tadpole; however, most fish quickly learn to avoid eating
American toad tadpoles. The tadpoles are also very small and they are a solid black color.
647:. The latter species is distinguished by the presence of a dark lateral stripe as well as a deep "valley" between its prominent cranial crests. It eats mainly spiders, worms and small insects.
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is a mild poison in comparison to that of other poisonous toads and frogs, but it can irritate human eyes and mucous membranes and is dangerous to smaller animals (such as dogs) when ingested.
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siblings rarely mate. These toads likely recognize and actively avoid close kins as mates. Advertisement vocalizations by males appear to serve as cues by which females recognize their kin.
554:. Fowler's toad can be especially difficult to identify in comparison to the eastern American toad but one difference is that it never has a spotted belly and both cranial crests touch the
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in the area where they overlap, but the cranial crests in the
American toad do not join to form a raised "boss" (bump) like they do in the Canadian toad. Its range also overlaps with the
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Toads display breeding site fidelity, as do many other amphibians. Individuals that return to natal ponds to breed will likely encounter siblings as potential mates. Although
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Pauly, G. B.; Hillis, D. M.; Cannatella, D. C. (November 2004). "The
History of a Nearctic Colonization: Molecular Phylogenetics and Biogeography of the Nearctic Toads (
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parasite infestation among tadpoles, possibly mediated by faster development of tadpoles in these aquatic environments than in nurseries with leaves of native
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1139:(2022). "The effects of novel leaf litter deposition on competitive, predator-prey and host-parasite interactions of American toad larvae".
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vegetation; they are also known to eat ants, spiders, slugs and worms. Studies have shown that they have a mutualistic relationship with
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Newly metamorphosed
American Toad (~5mm) at confluence of Keay Brook, Berwick, ME and the Salmon Falls River.
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The
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Approximately one week into adult cycle, shown in comparison to an adult female human hand
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1086:"Species Profile: American Toad (Bufo [Anaxyrus] americanus) | SREL Herpetology"
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Vigil, Stacey; Mengak, Michael (October 2006). "American Toad (Bufo americanus)".
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Eastern
American toad, seen from behind, shows characteristic markings and "warts"
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A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America
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algae, which makes tadpoles develop faster than normal. Leaf litter from
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1423:"Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species"
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Other species that may be confused with the eastern
American toad are
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1046:"A Survey of Gravid Snakes at Several Sites in Southern Wisconsin"
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AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation.
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Amphibian
Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
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355:). Recent taxonomic treatments place this species in the genus
1199:"University of Notre Dame: Yellow perch predation on tadpoles"
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Review: The Amphibian Tree of Life, by Frost, D.R. et al.
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A closeup of an Eastern American toad seen in Tennessee.
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Eastern American toad showing bare ground camouflage in
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Eastern American toad showing ground leaf camouflage in
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Photograph and audio recording of male American toad
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609:The eastern American toad may be confused with the
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423:in the larval nursery can increase the burden of
1109:Tumlison, Renn; Trauth, Stanley E. (July 2006).
2006:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
1498:"Kin recognition and incest avoidance in toads"
1472:Frog Toad Newt and Salamander Species of Canada
916:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T54570A56843565.en
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1496:Waldman, B; Rice, JE; Honeycutt, RL (1992).
891:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015).
329:. It is divided into three subspecies: the
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1429:. Regents of the University of California
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803:American toad eating its skin as it sheds
1549:United States Department of Agriculture
1551:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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1118:Herpetological Conservation and Biology
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980:. American Museum of Natural History
736:Closeup of the Eastern American toad
459:land bridge, presumably by means of
451:and other North American species of
2016:Taxa named by John Edwards Holbrook
1976:IUCN Red List least concern species
1175:"ADW: Bufo americanus: Information"
902:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
760:Front view of Eastern American toad
663:) is a rare Canadian subspecies of
447:Based on DNA sequence comparisons,
2001:Fauna of the Eastern United States
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815:American toad chirp - mating call
1177:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
1044:Kapfer, Joshua M. (2010-03-01).
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839:5 year old female American toad.
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1991:Amphibians of the United States
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481:in their overlapping ranges.
58:Jacques-Cartier National Park
2011:Amphibians described in 1836
1306:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
30:Not to be confused with the
1450:WSFS Natural History Series
1374:Sullivan, Brian K. (1992).
1327:Sullivan, Brian K. (1992).
533:The eastern American toad (
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1981:NatureServe secure species
1283:, Natural Resources Canada
1161:10.1007/s10452-021-09893-y
1063:10.17161/randa.v17i1.16058
827:American toad feeding time
791:), North Dumfries, Ontario
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1050:Reptiles & Amphibians
968:Frost, Darrel R. (2015).
772:Side view of camouflaged
625:The dwarf American toad (
493:Eastern American toad in
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787:Eastern American toad (
517:Darien Lakes State Park
506:Darien Lakes State Park
1558:Animal Diversity Web:
1298:Conant, Roger (1975).
1279:June 18, 2009, at the
574:. Their diet includes
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1948:Paleobiology Database
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938:"Anaxyrus americanus"
909:: e.T54570A56843565.
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1996:Amphibians of Canada
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671:Inbreeding avoidance
27:Species of amphibian
1655:Anaxyrus-americanus
1629:Anaxyrus_americanus
1585:Anaxyrus americanus
1515:10.1093/icb/32.1.18
1153:2022AqEco..56...59D
972:Anaxyrus americanus
895:Anaxyrus americanus
868:European green toad
748:Young American toad
681:Anaxyrus americanus
621:Dwarf American toad
478:Anaxyrus woodhousii
449:Anaxyrus americanus
339:dwarf American toad
314:Anaxyrus americanus
226:Anaxyrus americanus
67:Conservation status
1004:2013-04-04 at the
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1577:Taxon identifiers
1421:Lannoo, Michael.
1235:(11): 2517–2535.
974:(Holbrook, 1836)"
457:Isthmus of Panama
433:swamp loosestrife
429:black huckleberry
321:found throughout
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615:southern toad
612:
611:Canadian toad
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217:Binomial name
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114:
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83:
82:Least Concern
72:
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443:Biogeography
437:
417:autumn olive
415:plants like
408:Chlorogonium
406:
401:
394:
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1790:NatureServe
1741:iNaturalist
1637:AmphibiaWeb
1609:Wikispecies
1427:Amphibiaweb
1137:Jessica Hua
1029:23 December
1019:"Bufonidae"
984:23 December
943:NatureServe
922:19 November
661:A. a. copei
388:Tadpole of
361:instead of
353:A. a. copei
261:A. a. copei
242:Subspecies
107:NatureServe
1970:Categories
1386:(1): 1–7.
1339:(1): 1–7.
1207:2011-04-01
1181:2011-04-01
1095:2024-04-24
879:References
600:centipedes
584:earthworms
526:Detail of
467:Subspecies
400:reach the
1887:Q24248632
1508:: 18–30.
1478:17 August
1400:0045-8511
1353:0045-8511
1257:198155461
1228:Evolution
1072:2332-4961
580:mealworms
572:hibernate
564:Bufotoxin
560:bufotoxin
473:hybridize
425:trematode
279:Range of
202:Species:
184:Bufonidae
140:Kingdom:
134:Eukaryota
32:cane toad
1986:Anaxyrus
1927:11037189
1881:Wikidata
1795:2.102753
1594:Wikidata
1502:Am. Zool
1277:Archived
1249:15612295
1124:: 51–55.
1002:Archived
950:17 April
945:Explorer
857:See also
576:crickets
453:Anaxyrus
413:invasive
397:tadpoles
380:Tadpoles
358:Anaxyrus
288:Synonyms
234:Holbrook
195:Anaxyrus
180:Family:
164:Amphibia
154:Chordata
150:Phylum:
144:Animalia
130:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
1914:5217021
1720:2422872
1694:1019159
1600:Q694496
1542:USDA –
1534:at the
1408:1446530
1361:1446530
1149:Bibcode
687:Gallery
638:⁄
592:spiders
461:rafting
402:toadlet
337:), the
236:, 1836)
190:Genus:
170:Order:
160:Class:
105: (
103:Secure
85: (
1953:133747
1940:173473
1860:133747
1847:889326
1821:201611
1759:773511
1707:BUFOAM
1668:759868
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677:incest
323:Canada
1922:IRMNG
1779:NAS:
1772:54570
1746:64968
1681:66LTT
1433:8 May
1404:JSTOR
1357:JSTOR
1253:S2CID
1202:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
604:moths
596:slugs
475:with
174:Anura
1935:ITIS
1909:GBIF
1901:NNYD
1829:ODNR
1808:8389
1803:NCBI
1767:IUCN
1754:ITIS
1733:1947
1728:GISD
1715:GBIF
1702:EPPO
1663:BOLD
1538:site
1480:2013
1435:2019
1396:ISSN
1384:1992
1349:ISSN
1337:1992
1308:ISBN
1245:PMID
1225:)".
1223:Bufo
1068:ISSN
1031:2015
986:2015
952:2024
924:2021
907:2015
655:The
588:ants
495:Ohio
371:Eggs
364:Bufo
319:toad
307:The
1896:CoL
1689:EoL
1676:CoL
1650:ASW
1642:100
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