Common toad - Knowledge (XXG)

1128:. Small, fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue while larger items are grabbed with the jaws. Having no teeth, it swallows food whole in a series of gulps. It does not recognise its prey as such but will try to consume any small, dark coloured, moving object it encounters at night. A research study showed that it would snap at a moving 1 cm (0.4 in) piece of black paper as if it were prey but would disregard a larger moving piece. Toads seem to use visual cues for feeding and can see their prey at low light intensities where humans are unable to discern anything. Periodically, the common toad sheds its skin. This comes away in tattered pieces and is then consumed. 4203: 1272: 1216: 1081: 1396:

and they had reached 95% of their expected adult size. Some females that were on a biennial breeding cycle carried on growing rapidly for a longer time. Adjusting for differences in temperature and the length of the growing season, the toads grew and matured at much the same rate from the four colder localities. These juveniles reached maturity after 1.09 years for males and 1.55 years for females. However, the young toads from lowland France grew faster and longer to a much greater size taking an average 1.77 years for males and 2.49 years for females before reaching maturity.

1288:

and hence of prowess. Nevertheless, fights occur in some instances. In a study at one pond where males outnumbered females by four or five to one, it was found that 38% of the males won the right to mate by defeating rivals in combat or by displacing other males already mounted on females. Male toads generally outnumber female toads at breeding ponds. A Swedish study found that female mortality was higher than that of males and that 41% of females did not come to the breeding pond in the spring and missed a year before reproducing again.

944: 1073: 1319:) but they are a darker colour, being blackish above and dark grey below. They can be distinguished from the tadpoles of other species by the fact that the mouth is the same width as the space between the eyes, and this is twice as large as the distance between the nostrils. Over the course of a few weeks their legs develop and their tail gradually gets reabsorbed. By twelve weeks of age they are miniature toads measuring about 1.5 cm (0.6 in) long and ready to leave the pond. 1563:, special tunnels have been constructed so that toads can cross under roads in safety. In other places, local wildlife groups run "toad patrols", carrying the amphibians across roads at busy crossing points in buckets. The toads start moving at dusk and for them to travel far, the temperature needs to remain above 5 °C (41 °F). On a warm wet night they may continue moving all night but if it cools down, they may stop earlier. An estimate was made of the significance of 1250: 1691: 1832: 1457:". This is because it has a wide distribution and is, over most of its range, a common species. It is not particularly threatened by habitat loss because it is adaptable and is found in deciduous and coniferous forests, scrubland, meadows, parks and gardens. It prefers damp areas with dense foliage. The major threats it faces include loss of habitat locally, the drainage of wetlands where it breeds, agricultural activities, pollution, and mortality on roads. 1735: 102: 654: 228: 1328: 42: 1374: 77: 1292: 4161: 1303:. The males are enthusiastic, will try to grasp fish or inanimate objects and often mount the backs of other males. Sometimes several toads form a heap, each male trying to grasp the female at the base. It is a stressful period and mortality is high among breeding toads. A successful male stays in amplexus for several days and, as the female lays a long, double string of small black 1353:. This slows growth rates and reduces stamina and fitness. Larger juveniles at metamorphosis always outgrow smaller ones that have been reared in more crowded ponds. Even when they have heavy worm burdens, large juveniles grow faster than smaller individuals with light worm burdens. After several months of heavy worm infection, some juveniles in a study were only half as heavy as 1531: 1064:. The common toad is found at altitudes of up to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) in the southern part of its range. It is largely found in forested areas with coniferous, deciduous and mixed woodland, especially in wet locations. It also inhabits open countryside, fields, copses, parks and gardens, and often occurs in dry areas well away from standing water. 1336: 1268:. They find their way to these by using a suite of orientation cues, including olfactory and magnetic cues, but also visual cues help guide their journeys. Toads experimentally moved elsewhere and fitted with tracking devices have been found to be able to locate their chosen breeding pond when the displacement exceeded three kilometres (two miles). 1395:

juveniles from different altitudes and latitudes, the specimens studied being from Norway, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and France. At first the growth rates for males and females was identical. By the time they became mature their growth rate had slowed down to about 21% of the initial rate

884:

The common toad can reach about 15 cm (6 in) in length. Females are normally stouter than males and southern specimens tend to be larger than northern ones. The head is broad with a wide mouth below the terminal snout which has two small nostrils. There are no teeth. The bulbous, protruding

1287:

The males arrive first and remain in the location for several weeks while the females only stay long enough to mate and spawn. Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female, male toads may settle disputes by means of the pitch of their voice. Croaking provides a reliable sign of body size

1538:

Many toads are killed by traffic while migrating to their breeding grounds. In Europe they have the highest rate of mortality from roadkill among amphibians. Many of the deaths take place on stretches of road where streams flow underneath showing that migration routes often follow water courses. In

1154:

When attacked, the common toad adopts a characteristic stance, inflating its body and standing with its hindquarters raised and its head lowered. Its chief means of defence lies in the foul tasting secretion that is produced by its paratoid glands and other glands on its skin. This contains a toxin

1521:

and reduced fitness as compared to nearby rural populations. The researchers demonstrated this by genetic analysis and by noting the greater number of physical abnormalities among urban as against rural tadpoles when raised in a controlled environment. It was considered that long term depletion in

1698:

The toad has long been considered to be an animal of ill omen or a connection to a spirit world. This may have its origins in the fact that it is at home both on land and in the water. It may cause repugnance because of its drab, wart-like skin, its slow movements and the way it emerges from some

1567:

in toad populations in the Netherlands. The number of females killed in the spring migration on a quiet country road (ten vehicles per hour) was compared with the number of strings of eggs laid in nearby fens. A 30% mortality rate was found, with the rate for deaths among males likely to be of a

1263:

in spring and there is a mass migration towards the breeding sites. The toads converge on certain ponds that they favour while avoiding other stretches of water that seem eminently suitable. Adults use the same location year after year and over 80% of males marked as juveniles have been found to

1091:

The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short shuffling jumps involving all four legs. It spends the day concealed in a lair that it has hollowed out under foliage or beneath a root or a stone where its colouring makes it inconspicuous. It emerges at dusk and may travel some

1730:

tells how an old woman, a supposed witch, cursed her landlord and all his possessions when he demanded the unpaid rent for her cottage. Soon afterwards, a large toad fell on his wife and caused her to collapse. The toad was thrown into the fire but escaped with severe burns. Meanwhile, the old

1366:

of various strengths. It was found that at certain concentrations, which were well above any normally found in the field, growth was increased and metamorphosis accelerated, but at others, there was no significant difference between the experimental tadpoles and controls. Nevertheless, certain

897:

on the first three fingers. He uses these to grasp the female when mating. The hind legs are short relative to other frogs' legs and the hind feet have long, unwebbed toes. There is no tail. The skin is dry and covered with small wart-like lumps. The colour is a fairly uniform shade of brown,

54: 2384:

Recuero E.; Canestrelli D.; Voeroes J.; Szabó, K.; Poyarkov, N. A.; Arntzen, J. W.; Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J.; Kidov A. A.; Cogălniceanu, D.; Caputo, F. P.; Nascetti, G.; Martínez-Solano, I. (2012). "Multilocus species tree analyses resolve the radiation of the widespread

1314:

hatch out after 10 days. At first they cling to the remains of the strings and feed on the jelly. They later attach themselves to the underside of the leaves of water weed before becoming free swimming. The tadpoles at first look similar to those of the common frog

893:. The head joins the body without a noticeable neck and there is no external vocal sac. The body is broad and squat and positioned close to the ground. The fore limbs are short with the toes of the fore feet turning inwards. At breeding time, the male develops 932:

Common toads can live for many years and have survived for fifty years in captivity. In the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years. Their age can be determined by counting the number of annual growth rings in the bones of their

811:) seems to have arisen more recently. It is believed that the range of the ancestral form extended into Asia but that isolation between the eastern and western species complexes occurred as a result of the development of the Central Asian Deserts during the 1307:, he fertilises them with his sperm. As the pair wander piggyback around the shallow edges of the pond, the gelatinous egg strings, which may contain 1,500 to 6,000 eggs and be 3 to 4.5 metres (10 to 15 ft) in length, get tangled in plant stalks. 621:

Although toads are usually solitary animals, in the breeding season, large numbers of toads converge on certain breeding ponds, where the males compete to mate with the females. Eggs are laid in gelatinous strings in the water and later hatch out into

1440:

over time as measured by sperm motility. This type of sperm senescence does not occur at a genetically fixed rate, but rather is influenced by environmental conditions that include availability of mating partners and temperature.

1486:. Both otter and frog seem to be extending their ranges to higher altitudes. The common toad cannot be legally sold or traded in the United Kingdom but there is a slow decline in toad numbers and it has therefore been declared a 1645:

contains enough similar toxin to cause serious symptoms (or even death) in animals, including humans. Clinical effects include severe irritation and pain to eyes, mouth, nose and throat, cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms,

641:. It is threatened by habitat loss, especially by drainage of its breeding sites, and some toads get killed on the roads as they make their annual migrations. It has long been associated in popular culture and literature with 1711:, it was thought to possess magical powers. Even ordinary people made use of dried toads, their bile, faeces and blood. In some areas, the finding of a toad in a house was considered evidence that a witch was present. In the 1241:) is unusual in that it can climb up water plants and move around on its muscular foot. It sometimes clings to the toe of a common toad and this is believed to be one of the means by which it disperses to new locations. 921:). The former is usually smaller and has a yellow band running down its back while the latter has a distinctive mottled pattern. The paratoid glands of both are parallel rather than slanting as in the common toad. The 1722:

investigated witchcraft in the region and searched the houses of suspected witches for dressed toads. He found none. These witches were reputed to use undomesticated toads as ingredients in their liniments and brews.

53: 1235:, attacks adult common toads. It lays its eggs on the toad's skin and when these hatch, the larvae crawl into the toad's nostrils and eat its flesh internally with lethal consequences. The European fingernail clam ( 1361:

caused a decrease in food intake and some died. Another study investigated whether the use of nitrogenous fertilisers affects the development of common toad tadpoles. The toadlets were kept in dilute solutions of

4072: 2078:

Dubois, Alain; Bour, Roger (2010). "The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus

885:

eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils. Just behind the eyes are two bulging regions, the paratoid glands, which are positioned obliquely. They contain a noxious substance,

1195:

have been observed to puncture the skin with their beak and then peck out the toad's liver, thus avoiding the toxin. The tadpoles also exude noxious substances which deter fish from eating them but not the

2281:

Garcia-Porta, J.; Litvinchuk, S. N.; Crochet, P. A.; Romano, A.; Lo-Valvo, M.; Lymberakis, P.; Carranza, S. (2012). "Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of the west-palearctic common toads

2043:

A General System of Nature,: Through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Systematically Divided Into Their Several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties (Volume 1)

2159: 1139:, Scotland, observed a common toad moving along the bottom of the lake at a depth of 324 feet (99 m). They were surprised to find that an air-breathing animal could survive in such a location. 963: 815:. The exact taxonomic relationships between these species remains unclear. A serological investigation into toad populations in Turkey undertaken in 2001 examined the blood serum proteins of 1753:

of the toad was considered poisonous and was known as "sweltered venom" and it was believed that it could spit or vomit poisonous fire. Toads were associated with devils and demons and in

1588:

and his colleagues in 1922, and they succeeded in identifying its structure about 20 years later. Meanwhile, other researchers succeeded in isolating the same compound (and its parent

1092:

distance in the dark while hunting. It is most active in wet weather. By morning it has returned to its base and may occupy the same place for several months. It is voracious and eats

1472:

There are parts of its range where the common toad seems to be in decline. In Spain, increased aridity and habitat loss have led to a diminution in numbers and it is regarded as "

3836:

Pettit, G. R.; Kamano, Y.; Drasar, P.; Inoue, M.; Knight, J. C. (1987). "Steroids and related natural products. 104. Bufadienolides. 36. Synthesis of bufalitoxin and bufotoxin".

1731:

witch's cottage had caught fire and she was badly burnt. By next day, both toad and witch had died, and it was found that the woman's burns exactly mirrored those of the toad.

969: 967: 964: 52: 968: 3316:

Goater, Cameron P.; Semlitsch, Raymond D.; Bernasconi, Marco V. (1993). "Effects of body size and parasite infection on the locomotory performance of juvenile toads,

4432: 749:. It is found in France, the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb and grows to a larger size and has a spinier skin than its more northern counterparts with which it 1016:), the common toad is the fourth most common amphibian in Europe. It is found throughout the continent with the exception of Iceland, the cold northern parts of 848:

were being uplifted, an event which isolated the populations in the Iberian Peninsula from those in the rest of Europe. The remaining European lineage split into

4494: 1969:

Agasyan, A.; Avisi, A.; Tuniyev, B.; Isailovic, J. C.; Lymberakis, P.; Andrén, C.; Cogalniceanu, D.; Wilkinson, J.; Ananjeva, N.; Üzüm, N.; et al. (2009).

4654: 4006: 1715:, the familiars were believed to be toads wearing elegant robes. These were herded by children who were being trained as witches. Between 1610 and 1612, the 966: 1408:

in various holes in the ground, sometimes in basements, often in droves with other amphibians. Rarely they spend the winter in flowing waters with the

4600: 4393: 4613: 4445: 2228:

Müller, L.; Hellmich, W. (1935). "Mitteilungenyüber die Herpetofauna der Iberischen Halbinsel. Über Salamandra salamandra almanzoris, n. ssp. und

1979: 51: 783:, a group of closely related species which cannot be clearly demarcated. Several modern species are believed to form an ancient group of related 614:. The toad is an inconspicuous animal as it usually lies hidden during the day. It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the 724:

have been recognized over the years. The Caucasian toad is found in the mountainous regions of the Caucasus and was at one time classified as

4664: 4128: 4099: 3989: 3959: 3927: 2838: 2649: 2468: 4669: 1373: 1132: 595: 943: 823:. It found that the differences between the two were not significant and that therefore the former should be synonymized with the latter. 3292: 3267: 2695: 965: 1662:. There is no known anti-venom. Treatment consists of supporting respiratory and cardiovascular functions, prevention of absorption and 1450: 638: 4587: 1704: 1611:

had succeeded in synthesizing the toad toxin constituents bufotalin, bufalitoxin and bufotoxin. The chemical formula of bufotoxin is C

2569: 1347:

at three to seven years old but there is great variability between populations. Juveniles are often parasitised by the lung nematode

4533: 4406: 1938: 1517:

It has been found that urban populations of common toad occupying small areas and isolated by development show a lower level of

618:

on which it feeds. It moves with a slow, ungainly walk or short jumps, and has greyish-brown skin covered with wart-like lumps.

1712: 1707:, for whom a coat-of-arms was invented emblazoned with three toads. It was known that the toad could poison people and, as the 689: 217: 3586: 1271: 4618: 4292: 4023: 2673: 1503: 4450: 3233: 4659: 4481: 4178: 902:

with the females being browner and the males greyer. The underside is a dirty white speckled with grey and black patches.

4193: 3979: 3949: 1631:, which, in small doses, increases the strength with which the heart muscle contracts; synthesized from foxglove plants ( 2064:

Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum

1822:", that when worn as a necklace or ring would warn the wearer of attempts to poison them. Shakespeare mentioned this in 826:

A study published in 2012 examined the phylogenetic relationships between the Eurasian and North African species in the

2345:(Anura, Bufonidae) populations in Southern Marmara (Manyas, Bahkesir) and Eastern Black Sea (Çamhhemşin, Rize) regions" 4315: 1080: 1299:

The males mount the females' backs, grasping them with their fore limbs under the armpits in a grip that is known as

4372: 3430:

Xu, Q.; Oldham, R. S. (1997). "Lethal and sublethal effects of nitrogen fertilizer ammonium nitrate on common toad (

2083:(Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)". 2719: 2062: 1719: 898:

olive-brown or greyish-brown, sometimes partly blotched or banded with a darker shade. The common toad tends to be

698: 2515: 2252: 2203: 4499: 4385: 1380: 929:) is also similar in appearance but it has a less rounded snout, damp smooth skin, and usually moves by leaping. 630:

into tiny toads. The juveniles emerge from the water and remain largely terrestrial for the rest of their lives.

4297: 4008:

Popular romances of the West of England; or, the drolls, traditions, and superstitions of Old Cornwall, Volume 2

2799: 1638: 1608: 1487: 3660:

Santos, X.; Llorente, G. A.; Montori, A.; Carretero, M. A.; Franch, M.; Garriga, N.; Richter-Boix, A. (2007).

4631: 1868: 1215: 101: 4219: 3727:

Gelder, J. J. (1973). "A quantitative approach to the mortality resulting from traffic in a population of

4320: 2485: 1212:. These usually avoid the noxious secretion by puncturing the tadpole's skin and sucking out its juices. 4520: 2913:

Petkeviciute, R.; Stunzenas, V.; Staneviciute, G. (2004). "Cytogenetic and sequence comparison of adult

1585: 196: 1942:

described the emergence of the common toad from hibernation as one of the most moving signs of spring.

4538: 4341: 4266: 3740: 3540: 3443: 3380: 3329: 3160: 2871: 2398: 2295: 1597: 800: 741: 736: 606:. It is one of a group of closely related animals that are descended from a common ancestral line of 3661: 830:

group and indicated a long evolutionary history for the group. Nine to thirteen million years ago,

1772: 1716: 1663: 914: 869: 837: 697:. It later became apparent that this genus should be divided, and in 1768, the Austrian naturalist 66: 3807: 3764: 3688: 3642: 3506: 3467: 3412: 3396: 3345: 3215: 3176: 3129: 3020: 2942: 2895: 2750: 2366: 2140: 1993: 1970: 1633: 1354: 1231: 1221: 1197: 769:

and its colour tends to be blotched rather than uniform. It is now considered to be a synonym of

240: 96: 4525: 1522:

numbers and habitat fragmentation can reduce population persistence in such urban environments.

1249: 1072: 633:

The common toad seems to be in decline in part of its range, but overall is listed as being of "

4437: 4574: 4473: 4328: 4124: 4095: 3985: 3955: 3923: 3799: 3756: 3568: 3459: 3404: 3241: 3121: 3079: 3061: 3012: 2934: 2887: 2834: 2645: 2464: 2424: 2321: 1882: 1518: 1482: 1237: 899: 840:

from south Azerbaijan and Iran, split from the main lineage. Further divisions occurred with

3845: 3791: 3748: 3680: 3632: 3558: 3548: 3498: 3451: 3388: 3337: 3207: 3168: 3113: 3069: 3051: 3004: 2973: 2926: 2879: 2781: 2742: 2611: 2414: 2406: 2356: 2311: 2303: 2132: 2092: 1988: 1887: 1831: 1477: 1458: 1363: 1358: 1349: 1037: 762: 603: 4463: 3040:"Magnetic orientation of the Common Toad: establishing an arena approach for adult anurans" 1367:

unusual swimming patterns and a few deformities were found among the experimental animals.

4507: 2960:

Reading, C. J.; Loman, J.; Madsen, T. (1991). "Breeding pond fidelity in the common toad,

2917:(Digenea: Gorgoderidae) from the three-spined stickleback with larvae from two bivalves". 2577: 1873: 1743: 1708: 1548: 1473: 1344: 1265: 906: 861: 780: 611: 4257: 4165: 3194:

Davies, N. B.; Halliday, T. R. (1979). "Competitive mate searching in male common toads,

3744: 3662:"Evaluating factors affecting amphibian mortality on roads: the case of the common toad 3637: 3616: 3544: 3447: 3384: 3333: 3164: 2875: 2402: 2299: 1734: 4380: 4367: 4116: 3563: 3528: 3074: 3039: 2977: 2047: 1824: 1690: 1675: 1577: 1556: 1507: 1466: 832: 812: 792: 766: 750: 227: 2733:

Ewart, J. P. (1987). "Neuroethology of releasing mechanisms: Prey-catching in toads".

2067:(in Latin). Viennae: Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern. pp. i–ii + 1–215, plates 1–5. 41: 4674: 4648: 4458: 3211: 3147:

Davies, N. B.; Halliday, T. R. (1978). "Deep croaks and fighting assessment in toads

2768:

Larsen, Lis Olesen; Pedersen, Jan Nyholm (1981). "The snapping response of the toad,

2754: 2037: 1933: 1755: 1659: 1552: 1511: 1495: 1480:

mountain range is facing predation by otters and increased competition from the frog

1454: 1392: 1304: 684: 634: 627: 449: 394: 213: 86: 81: 3811: 3768: 3646: 3471: 3416: 3219: 3133: 3024: 2946: 2899: 2370: 2144: 2012: 653: 4579: 4565: 4411: 4207: 3863: 3692: 3594: 3180: 2598:

Hemelaar, A. S. M.; van Gelder, J. J. (1979). "Annual growth rings in phalanges of

2184:

Martens, R (1925). "Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der Familie der Leposterniden".

1890:

toad and in the book he composes a ditty in his own praise which starts like this:

1839: 1651: 1188: 934: 678: 615: 4333: 4271: 4031: 3553: 3245: 2041: 626:. After several months of growth and development, these sprout limbs and undergo 4486: 4419: 4279: 4251: 3894: 2541: 2410: 2307: 1877: 1760: 1700: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1276: 1260: 1160: 1143: 1105: 1084: 1017: 1009: 1001: 993: 954: 922: 894: 857: 591: 4184: 4160: 4046: 3234:"Studies conducted at Lund University on amphibian research recently published" 1327: 3684: 2930: 2746: 2361: 2340: 2096: 1437: 1205: 717: 642: 599: 4242: 3803: 3795: 3485:

Hemelaar, Agnes (1988). "Age, growth and other population characteristics of

3065: 3016: 2602:(Anura, Amphibia) from the Netherlands and their use for age determination". 693:

in 1758. In this work, he placed all the frogs and toads in the single genus

4592: 4354: 2785: 2615: 1819: 1679: 1671: 1647: 1642: 1593: 1581: 1499: 1461:, an infectious disease of amphibians, has been reported in common toads in 1291: 1209: 1201: 1142:

The annual life cycle of the common toad is divided into three periods: the

1136: 1121: 1093: 890: 886: 710: 163: 143: 113: 3782:

Chen, K. K.; Jensen, H.; Chen, A. L. (April 1932). "Action of Bufotoxins".

3760: 3572: 3408: 3083: 2938: 2891: 2428: 2325: 3463: 3455: 3125: 3056: 2995:

L.) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wanderung zu den Laichgewässern".

2833:(in Polish). Vol. 2: Płazy. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 4559: 4236: 1863: 1835: 1727: 1667: 1655: 1564: 1300: 1280: 1253: 1164: 1033: 976: 845: 133: 17: 3849: 2419: 2316: 1530: 4626: 4605: 4512: 4398: 4307: 3752: 3510: 3400: 3392: 3349: 3117: 3008: 2883: 2136: 1775: 1739: 1628: 1589: 1544: 1540: 1425: 1384: 1335: 1311: 1156: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1029: 980: 905:

Other species with which the common toad could be confused include the

623: 587: 583: 4424: 4284: 3529:"Post-meiotic intra-testicular sperm senescence in a wild vertebrate" 3172: 1818:

It was also believed that there was a jewel inside a toad's head, a "

1750: 1560: 1491: 1117: 1101: 1045: 950: 729: 123: 4213: 3502: 3341: 1163:

seem to be unaffected by it. Other predators of adult toads include

4359: 3527:

Hettyey, A.; Vági, B.; Penn, D. J.; Hoi, H.; Wagner, R. H. (2012).

2115:

Birstein, V. J.; Mazin, A. L. (1982). "Chromosomal polymorphism of

1830: 1764: 1733: 1689: 1529: 1462: 1429: 1334: 1326: 1290: 1270: 1248: 1214: 1180: 1125: 1079: 1071: 1061: 1044:

in Siberia and its southerly range includes parts of northwestern

1025: 1021: 784: 652: 572: 49: 3784:

Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

2261:

Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6

2232:, n. ssp., zwei neue Amphibienrassen aus der Sierra de Gredos". 2017:

Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5

1192: 1184: 1172: 1097: 765:, a mountain range in central Spain. It has exceptionally large 607: 579: 173: 153: 4346: 4217: 2991:

Jungfer, Wolfgang (1943). "Beiträge zur Biologie der Erdkröte (

1778:

gave instructions on using a toad in the concoction of spells:

1020:, Ireland and a number of Mediterranean islands. These include 2804: 2576:. The Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust. Archived from 1768: 1310:

The strings of eggs absorb water and swell in size, and small

1176: 1168: 1113: 1109: 1060:. A closely related variant lives in eastern Asia including 1200:. Aquatic invertebrates that feed on toad tadpoles include 3593:. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust. Archived from 3363:

Goater, C. P.; Ward, P. I. (1992). "Negative effects of

3100:

Sinsch, Ulrich (1987). "Orientation behaviour of toads (

1876:. This has been dramatized by several authors including 860:. Very occasionally the common toad hybridizes with the 3706: 2772:, towards prey dummies at very low light intensities". 1391:

A comparison was made between the growth rate of newly

582:

found throughout most of Europe (with the exception of

4172: 3816:

Wieland and Alles isolated bufotoxin from the skin of

3617:"Loss of genetic diversity and fitness in Common Toad 3436:

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

2486:"Toads of the world: first, (some) toads of the north" 1866:

is one of the main characters in the children's novel

4191: 2854:

Strijbosch, H. (1980). "Mortality in a population of

709:. The toads in this genus are included in the family 844:

splitting off about five million years ago when the

4549: 4226: 1510:, but during the 1990s, it became more abundant in 3981:Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia 3951:Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia 2997:Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 4053:. The museum of science, art and human perception 1494:, it is considered to be a "Rare Species" in the 787:from preglacial times. These are the spiny toad ( 3367:(Nematoda) on the growth and survival of toads ( 3920:Pagan Channel Islands: Europe's Hidden Heritage 1892: 1845: 1784: 1159:and is enough to deter many predators although 561:, or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the 3984:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 20–21. 3522: 3520: 3095: 3093: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2050:. Lackington, Allen, and Co. pp. 648–649. 1650:and seizures, increased salivation, vomiting, 3943: 3941: 3939: 2463:. Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 73–74. 2461:Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe 856:less than three million years ago during the 8: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3293:"Common toad (Bufo bufo) - British Reptiles" 3268:"Common toad (Bufo bufo) - British Reptiles" 2824: 2822: 2696:"Common toad (Bufo bufo) - British Reptiles" 1994:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T54596A11159939.en 1383:Tadpole development over a two-week period, 58:Common toad calls, recorded in Radnor, Wales 3615:Hitchings, S. P.; Beebee, T. J. C. (1998). 2642:The Observer's Book of British Wild Animals 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2339:Tosunoğlua, Murat; Taskavak, Ertan (2001). 4214: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2110: 2108: 2106: 226: 75: 40: 31: 3954:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 7. 3636: 3621:populations isolated by inimical habitat" 3562: 3552: 3489:from different latitudes and altitudes". 3073: 3055: 3038:Landler, Lukas; Gollmann, Günter (2011). 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2418: 2360: 2315: 1992: 1627:. Its physical effects resemble those of 1146:, the time of mating and feeding period. 676:The common toad was first given the name 3973: 3971: 2459:Arnold, Nicholas; Denys Ovenden (2002). 2006: 2004: 1853:Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, 1087:eating adult common toad, Czech Republic 4198: 1980:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1950: 1857:Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. 1637:), digoxin is used in the treatment of 1453:considers the common toad as being of " 1076:A common toad adopts a defensive stance 939: 253: 3709:. Toad watch: Helping toads to survive 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1580:and skin of the common toad is called 1331:Tadpoles, some with hind legs, Germany 1264:return to the pond at which they were 3104:) displaced from the breeding site". 2644:. Frederick Warne. pp. 213–217. 2391:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2288:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2119:: Karyotype and C-banding pattern of 1767:as a toad when he poured poison into 7: 4632:967CCA7F-43E7-40F9-B0BA-571DB3F20210 4386:77277517-b91f-4f54-878e-37c6ec7c7b56 3673:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 2676:. Surrey Amphibian and Reptile Group 2341:"A serological investigation of the 2263:. American Museum of Natural History 2019:. American Museum of Natural History 1682:may prove useful in its management. 1534:Tunnel under road for toads, Germany 1133:remotely operated underwater vehicle 701:placed the common toad in the genus 4655:IUCN Red List least concern species 4047:"Frogs: Frog myths across cultures" 3638:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1998.11030269.x 3106:Journal of Comparative Physiology A 2800:"Experts' 'important' find in loch" 2389:species group (Anura, Bufonidae)". 1808:Boil thou first i' the charmed pot. 1703:, the toad was associated with the 1451:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1179:. Birds that feed on toads include 1048:in the northern mountain ranges of 889:, which is used to deter potential 745:. The spiny toad was classified as 639:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4071:Shakespeare, William (1599–1600). 4022:Shakespeare, William (1605–1606). 2978:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03811.x 1923:But none of them know half as much 1904:But never a name went down to fame 657:Skeleton showing shoulder girdle; 25: 2550:Reptiles and Amphibians of the UK 2158:Kuzmin, Sergius L. (2008-09-19). 1742:showing a witch feeding her toad 1641:. The skin of the South American 1469:and may affect some populations. 4201: 4159: 1939:Some Thoughts on the Common Toad 1896:The world has held great heroes, 1780: 1576:The main substance found in the 1372: 1040:. Its easterly range extends to 961: 942: 100: 3625:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2251:Frost, Darrel R. (2013-01-09). 2011:Frost, Darrel R. (2011-01-31). 1919:Know all there is to be knowed. 1849:Sweet are the uses of adversity 1792:In the poison'd entrails throw. 690:10th edition of Systema Naturae 4179:BBC Nature on the Common Toad. 4147:Secker and Warburg 1950 p. 202 2829:Juszczyk, Włodzimierz (1987). 2604:Netherlands Journal of Zoology 2121:B. b. verrucosissima 1800:Days and nights has thirty-one 1504:Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 1: 2735:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1900:As history books have showed; 1804:Swelter'd venom sleeping got, 1259:The common toad emerges from 1131:In 2007, researchers using a 807:). The European common toad ( 4665:Amphibians described in 1758 4077:, Act II, Scene I" 4028:, Act IV, Scene I" 3922:. Robert Hale. p. 118. 3838:Journal of Organic Chemistry 3554:10.1371/journal.pone.0050820 3244:. 2010-12-21. Archived from 3212:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90070-8 1788:Round about the cauldron go; 1699:dark hole. In Europe in the 602:, and in a small portion of 4670:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4030:. Poets.org. Archived from 2411:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.008 2308:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.019 1908:Compared with that of Toad! 1886:. Mr. Toad is a conceited, 1796:Toad, that under cold stone 1771:'s ear. The First Witch in 1584:. It was first isolated by 4691: 3978:Burns, William E. (2003). 3948:Burns, William E. (2003). 3868:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2349:Italian Journal of Zoology 1666:to monitor the condition. 699:Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti 598:), in the western part of 4115:Grahame, Kenneth (1908). 4090:Grahame, Kenneth (1908). 3685:10.32800/abc.2007.30.0097 2931:10.1017/S0031182004006109 2747:10.1017/S0140525X00023128 2720:"AmphibiaWeb - Bufo bufo" 2540:Fairchild, G. J. (2003). 2362:10.1080/11250000109356402 2097:10.11646/zootaxa.2447.1.1 1357:. Their parasite-induced 854:Bufo verrucosissimus 817:Bufo verrucosissimus 683:by the Swedish biologist 310:Müller and Hellmich, 1935 246: 239: 235:Range map of common toad 234: 225: 202: 195: 97:Scientific classification 95: 73: 64: 48: 39: 34: 3796:10.3181/00379727-29-6141 3666:, near a breeding place" 2061:Laurenti, J. N. (1768). 1927:As intelligent Mr. Toad! 1915:The clever men at Oxford 1694:The Devil's coat of arms 1639:congestive heart failure 1609:Arizona State University 1607:By 1986, researchers at 1488:Biodiversity Action Plan 1476:". A population in the 1343:The common toad reaches 1219:Infected with larvae of 988:Distribution and habitat 753:. It is now accepted as 4121:The Wind in the Willows 4092:The Wind in the Willows 2858:resulting from the fly 2786:10.1163/156853882X00248 2616:10.1163/002829680X00069 1869:The Wind in the Willows 1720:Alonso de Salazar Frías 1150:Predators and parasites 1068:Behaviour and lifecycle 761:, is restricted to the 739:and is now accepted as 4011:. Hotten. p. 105. 3918:Peddle, S. V. (2007). 3491:Journal of Herpetology 2640:Stokeo, W. J. (1980). 1931: 1861: 1843: 1812: 1746: 1695: 1535: 1496:Bashkortostan Republic 1340: 1332: 1323:Development and growth 1296: 1284: 1256: 1226: 1088: 1077: 673: 532:Guérin-Méneville, 1838 481:Bufo vulgaris cinereus 267:Bufo (Bufo) grediscola 59: 4521:Paleobiology Database 4045:Wanner, Noel (2011). 4005:Hunt, Robert (1865). 3456:10.1007/s002449900188 3057:10.1186/1742-9994-8-6 2230:Bufo bufo gredosicola 1987:: e.T54596A11159939. 1834: 1737: 1693: 1686:Cultural significance 1533: 1490:priority species. In 1338: 1330: 1294: 1274: 1252: 1218: 1083: 1075: 1006:Pelophylax esculentus 656: 596:Mediterranean islands 307:Bufo bufo gredosicola 270:Dubois and Bour, 2010 262:Dubois and Bour, 2010 57: 4660:Amphibians of Europe 4381:Fauna Europaea (new) 4173:Amphibians of Europe 4145:Shooting an Elephant 3044:Frontiers in Zoology 2831:Płazy i gady krajowe 2542:"Common Toad – 2162:Bufo verrucosissimus 1880:who called his play 1295:Egg strings, Belgium 1014:Lissotriton vulgaris 801:Japanese common toad 742:Bufo verrucosissimus 726:B. b. verrucosissima 529:Rana (Bufo) vulgaris 27:Species of amphibian 3850:10.1021/jo00392a014 3745:1973Oecol..13...93V 3545:2012PLoSO...750820H 3448:1997ArECT..32..298X 3385:1992Oecol..89..161G 3334:1993Oikos..66..129G 3165:1978Natur.274..683D 2876:1980Oecol..45..285S 2672:Daniel Winchester. 2403:2012MolPE..62...71R 2300:2012MolPE..63..113G 2286:species complex)". 1664:electrocardiography 915:European green toad 870:European green toad 833:Bufo eichwaldi 757:. The Gredos toad, 67:Conservation status 3753:10.1007/BF00379622 3393:10.1007/bf00317213 3118:10.1007/BF00605013 3009:10.1007/BF00421679 2966:Journal of Zoology 2884:10.1007/BF00346472 2860:Lucilia bufonivora 2570:"The common toad ( 2488:. Tetrapod zoology 2234:Zool. Anz. Leipzig 2137:10.1007/BF00133292 1844: 1838:as illustrated by 1747: 1717:Spanish inquisitor 1696: 1634:Digitalis purpurea 1536: 1500:Tatarstan Republic 1341: 1333: 1297: 1285: 1257: 1232:Lucilia bufonivora 1227: 1222:Lucilia bufonivora 1198:great crested newt 1089: 1078: 900:sexually dimorphic 842:Bufo spinosus 821:Bufo spinosus 797:B. verrucosissimus 771:Bufo spinosus 728:. It has a larger 713:, the true toads. 674: 60: 4642: 4641: 4220:Taxon identifiers 4130:978-0-674-03447-1 4101:978-0-674-03447-1 4051:The Exploratorium 3991:978-0-313-32142-9 3961:978-0-313-32142-9 3929:978-0-7090-8248-4 3844:(16): 3573–3578. 3291:Trust, Woodland. 3266:Trust, Woodland. 3242:HighBeam Research 3159:(5672): 683–685. 2840:978-83-01-05696-4 2808:. BBC. 2007-05-05 2774:Amphibia-Reptilia 2694:Trust, Woodland. 2651:978-0-7232-1503-5 2470:978-0-00-219964-3 1883:Toad of Toad Hall 1816: 1815: 1519:genetic diversity 1483:Pelophylax perezi 1428:intra-testicular 1355:control juveniles 1238:Sphaerium corneum 1229:A parasitic fly, 970: 838:described species 759:B. b. gredosicola 732:and differs from 610:and which form a 551: 550: 541: 533: 525: 517: 509: 497: 485: 477: 469: 461: 453: 446:Bufo tuberculosus 442: 434: 426: 414: 406: 398: 391:Bufo ferruginosus 387: 379: 371: 363: 355: 343: 331: 319: 311: 303: 295: 287: 279: 271: 263: 90: 55: 16:(Redirected from 4682: 4635: 4634: 4622: 4621: 4609: 4608: 4596: 4595: 4583: 4582: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4542: 4541: 4529: 4528: 4516: 4515: 4503: 4502: 4490: 4489: 4487:NHMSYS0000080159 4477: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4454: 4453: 4441: 4440: 4428: 4427: 4415: 4414: 4402: 4401: 4389: 4388: 4376: 4375: 4363: 4362: 4350: 4349: 4337: 4336: 4324: 4323: 4311: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4288: 4287: 4275: 4274: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4164:Data related to 4163: 4148: 4143:Orwell, George 4141: 4135: 4134: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3945: 3934: 3933: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3891: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3670: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3640: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3556: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3365:Rhabdias bufonis 3360: 3354: 3353: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3206:(4): 1253–1267. 3200:Animal Behaviour 3191: 3185: 3184: 3173:10.1038/274683a0 3144: 3138: 3137: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3059: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3003:(1–3): 117–157. 2988: 2982: 2981: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2669: 2656: 2655: 2637: 2620: 2619: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2512: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2456: 2433: 2432: 2422: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2364: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2319: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2112: 2101: 2100: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2046:. Translated by 2034: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1966: 1781: 1709:witch's familiar 1586:Heinrich Wieland 1478:Sierra de Gredos 1459:Chytridiomycosis 1420:Sperm senescence 1376: 1364:ammonium nitrate 1350:Rhabdias bufonis 1339:Tadpole close-up 1038:Balearic Islands 972: 971: 946: 763:Sierra de Gredos 672: 668: 664: 660: 604:Northwest Africa 539: 531: 523: 515: 507: 495: 483: 475: 467: 465:Bufo ventricosus 460:Bonnaterre, 1789 459: 457:Bufo ventricosus 448: 440: 432: 424: 412: 404: 393: 386:Steenstrup, 1846 385: 377: 369: 361: 353: 341: 329: 317: 315:Bufo carbunculus 309: 301: 293: 285: 277: 269: 261: 259:Bufo (Bufo) bufo 230: 208: 105: 104: 84: 79: 78: 56: 44: 32: 21: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4630: 4625: 4617: 4612: 4604: 4599: 4591: 4586: 4578: 4573: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4545: 4537: 4532: 4524: 4519: 4511: 4508:Observation.org 4506: 4498: 4493: 4485: 4480: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4457: 4449: 4444: 4436: 4431: 4423: 4418: 4410: 4405: 4397: 4392: 4384: 4379: 4371: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4345: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4319: 4314: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4291: 4283: 4278: 4270: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4222: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4192: 4183:Information at 4177:Information at 4171:Information at 4156: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4054: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3881: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3600: 3598: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3526: 3525: 3518: 3503:10.2307/1564332 3484: 3483: 3479: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3342:10.2307/3545205 3315: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3251: 3249: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3037: 3036: 3032: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2811: 2809: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2659: 2652: 2639: 2638: 2623: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2500: 2491: 2489: 2484:Naish, Darren. 2483: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2458: 2457: 2436: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2186:Senckenbergiana 2183: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2114: 2113: 2104: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2038:von Linné, Carl 2036: 2035: 2031: 2022: 2020: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1968: 1967: 1952: 1948: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888:anthropomorphic 1874:Kenneth Grahame 1860: 1855: 1851: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1688: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1574: 1568:similar order. 1549:the Netherlands 1539:some places in 1528: 1474:near threatened 1447: 1422: 1402: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1325: 1317:Rana temporaria 1247: 1152: 1124:and even small 1070: 998:Rana temporaria 990: 983: 973: 962: 957: 947: 927:Rana temporaria 907:natterjack toad 882: 862:natterjack toad 781:species complex 767:paratoid glands 737:morphologically 670: 666: 662: 659:1: suprascapula 658: 651: 612:species complex 547: 544: 433:Schneider, 1799 383:Bufo commutatus 362:Schneider, 1799 318:Bonaparte, 1835 286:Latreille, 1801 252: 251: 221: 210: 204: 191: 99: 91: 80: 76: 69: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4688: 4686: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4623: 4610: 4597: 4584: 4571: 4555: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4530: 4517: 4504: 4491: 4478: 4468: 4455: 4442: 4429: 4416: 4403: 4390: 4377: 4368:Fauna Europaea 4364: 4351: 4338: 4325: 4312: 4302: 4289: 4276: 4263: 4248: 4232: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4211: 4210: 4188: 4187: 4185:Astolinto form 4181: 4175: 4169: 4168:at Wikispecies 4155: 4154:External links 4152: 4150: 4149: 4136: 4129: 4107: 4100: 4082: 4075:As you like it 4063: 4037: 4034:on 2007-01-10. 4014: 3997: 3990: 3967: 3960: 3935: 3928: 3910: 3879: 3855: 3828: 3774: 3719: 3698: 3652: 3631:(3): 269–283. 3607: 3587:"Common Toad: 3578: 3539:(12): e50820. 3516: 3497:(4): 369–388. 3477: 3442:(3): 298–303. 3422: 3379:(2): 161–165. 3355: 3328:(1): 129–136. 3308: 3297:Woodland Trust 3283: 3272:Woodland Trust 3258: 3238:Science Letter 3225: 3186: 3139: 3112:(5): 715–727. 3089: 3030: 2983: 2972:(2): 201–211. 2952: 2925:(6): 771–778. 2915:Phyllodistomum 2905: 2870:(2): 285–286. 2846: 2839: 2818: 2791: 2780:(4): 321–327. 2760: 2741:(3): 337–405. 2725: 2711: 2700:Woodland Trust 2686: 2657: 2650: 2621: 2610:(1): 129–135. 2590: 2561: 2532: 2520:: Common toad" 2498: 2476: 2469: 2434: 2376: 2355:(2): 165–168. 2331: 2294:(1): 113–130. 2273: 2243: 2220: 2195: 2176: 2150: 2102: 2070: 2053: 2048:William Turton 2029: 2000: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1912: 1893: 1846: 1825:As You Like It 1814: 1813: 1785: 1713:Basque Country 1687: 1684: 1676:cholestyramine 1660:hallucinations 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1602:Bufo japonicus 1578:parotoid gland 1573: 1570: 1557:Northern Italy 1527: 1524: 1508:Irkutsk Oblast 1467:United Kingdom 1446: 1443: 1421: 1418: 1401: 1398: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1324: 1321: 1246: 1243: 1206:diving beetles 1151: 1148: 1069: 1066: 989: 986: 985: 984: 974: 960: 958: 948: 941: 881: 878: 850:Bufo bufo 828:Bufo bufo 813:Middle Miocene 809:Bufo bufo 793:Caucasian toad 747:B. b. spinosus 671:4: procoracoid 650: 647: 578:"toad"), is a 549: 548: 546: 545: 543: 542: 540:Linnaeus, 1758 534: 526: 518: 516:Laurenti, 1768 510: 498: 486: 478: 470: 468:Laurenti, 1768 462: 454: 443: 435: 427: 415: 407: 399: 388: 380: 372: 364: 356: 344: 332: 320: 312: 304: 299:Bufo bufo bufo 296: 288: 280: 272: 264: 255: 249: 248: 247: 244: 243: 237: 236: 232: 231: 223: 222: 211: 200: 199: 193: 192: 185: 183: 179: 178: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 93: 92: 74: 71: 70: 65: 62: 61: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4687: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4079:. Anvari.org. 4078: 4076: 4067: 4064: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3900: 3899:Textfiles.com 3896: 3895:"Toad toxins" 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3679:(1): 97–104. 3678: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3611: 3608: 3597:on 2011-09-05 3596: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434:) tadpoles". 3433: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3248:on 2013-05-13 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999:(in German). 2998: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2675: 2674:"Common Toad" 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2580:on 2008-11-21 2579: 2575: 2573: 2565: 2562: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2533: 2522:. AmphibiaWeb 2521: 2519: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2274: 2262: 2258: 2257:Daudin, 1803" 2256: 2255:Bufo spinosus 2247: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2221: 2210:. AmphibiaWeb 2209: 2207: 2206:Bufo spinosus 2199: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2166:. AmphibiaWeb 2165: 2163: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1936:in his essay 1935: 1934:George Orwell 1929: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773:Shakespeare's 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1756:Paradise Lost 1752: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1598:Japanese toad 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:Great Britain 1550: 1546: 1542: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1512:Moscow Oblast 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:least concern 1452: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404:Common toads 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393:metamorphosed 1386: 1381: 1375: 1368: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1337: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1210:water boatmen 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1189:birds of prey 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:domestic cats 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 987: 982: 978: 959: 956: 952: 945: 940: 938: 936: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911:Bufo calamita 908: 903: 901: 896: 892: 888: 879: 877: 875: 871: 867: 866:Bufo calamita 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 836:, a recently 835: 834: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 779:is part of a 778: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755:Bufo spinosus 752: 748: 744: 743: 738: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 691: 686: 685:Carl Linnaeus 682: 680: 655: 648: 646: 644: 640: 636: 635:least concern 631: 629: 628:metamorphosis 625: 619: 617: 616:invertebrates 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 574: 570: 569: 564: 560: 559:European toad 556: 538: 535: 530: 527: 522: 519: 514: 513:Bufo vulgaris 511: 508:Lessona, 1877 506: 505:obtusirostris 502: 501:Bufo vulgaris 499: 496:Lessona, 1877 494: 490: 489:Bufo vulgaris 487: 484:Lataste, 1880 482: 479: 474: 473:Bufo vinearum 471: 466: 463: 458: 455: 451: 447: 444: 441:Rivière, 1886 439: 438:Bufo spelaeus 436: 431: 428: 425:Lataste, 1880 423: 419: 416: 411: 410:Bufo palmarum 408: 403: 400: 396: 392: 389: 384: 381: 378:Günther, 1859 376: 375:Bufo communis 373: 368: 367:Bufo communis 365: 360: 359:Bufo cinereus 357: 352: 348: 347:Bufo cinereus 345: 340: 336: 335:Bufo cinereus 333: 328: 324: 323:Bufo cinereus 321: 316: 313: 308: 305: 300: 297: 292: 289: 284: 283:Bufo Rouselei 281: 276: 275:Bufo Roeselii 273: 268: 265: 260: 257: 256: 254: 245: 242: 238: 233: 229: 224: 219: 215: 209: 207: 201: 198: 197:Binomial name 194: 190: 189: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 103: 98: 94: 88: 83: 82:Least Concern 72: 68: 63: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4550: 4227: 4189: 4144: 4139: 4120: 4117:"Chapter 10" 4110: 4091: 4085: 4074: 4066: 4055:. Retrieved 4050: 4040: 4032:the original 4025: 4017: 4007: 4000: 3980: 3950: 3919: 3913: 3902:. Retrieved 3898: 3871:. Retrieved 3867: 3858: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3822:B. bufo bufo 3821: 3817: 3815: 3790:(907): 907. 3787: 3783: 3777: 3739:(1): 93–95. 3736: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3711:. Retrieved 3707:"What we do" 3701: 3676: 3672: 3663: 3655: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3610: 3599:. Retrieved 3595:the original 3588: 3581: 3536: 3532: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3300:. Retrieved 3296: 3286: 3275:. Retrieved 3271: 3261: 3250:. Retrieved 3246:the original 3237: 3228: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2922: 2919:Parasitology 2918: 2914: 2908: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2830: 2810:. Retrieved 2803: 2794: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2714: 2703:. Retrieved 2699: 2689: 2678:. Retrieved 2641: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2582:. Retrieved 2578:the original 2571: 2564: 2553:. Retrieved 2549: 2543: 2535: 2524:. Retrieved 2517: 2490:. Retrieved 2479: 2460: 2420:10261/143470 2397:(1): 71–86. 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2317:10261/113807 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2265:. Retrieved 2260: 2254: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2212:. Retrieved 2205: 2198: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2168:. Retrieved 2161: 2153: 2131:(2): 93–98. 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2063: 2056: 2042: 2032: 2021:. Retrieved 2016: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1937: 1932: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1881: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1840:Paul Bransom 1823: 1817: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1754: 1748: 1725: 1697: 1652:hyperkalemia 1632: 1606: 1601: 1575: 1537: 1516: 1481: 1471: 1448: 1445:Conservation 1433: 1426:post-meiotic 1423: 1410:common frogs 1403: 1400:Winter sleep 1390: 1348: 1342: 1316: 1309: 1298: 1286: 1258: 1245:Reproduction 1236: 1230: 1228: 1220: 1161:grass snakes 1153: 1144:winter sleep 1141: 1130: 1106:caterpillars 1090: 1013: 1005: 997: 991: 931: 926: 919:Bufo viridis 918: 910: 904: 895:nuptial pads 883: 874:Bufo viridis 873: 865: 853: 849: 841: 831: 827: 825: 820: 816: 808: 805:B. japonicus 804: 796: 788: 776: 775: 770: 758: 754: 746: 740: 733: 725: 721: 715: 706: 705:, naming it 702: 694: 688: 677: 675: 632: 620: 575: 567: 566: 562: 558: 554: 552: 536: 528: 524:Gistel, 1868 521:Pegaeus bufo 520: 512: 504: 500: 493:acutirostris 492: 488: 480: 476:Lesson, 1841 472: 464: 456: 445: 437: 429: 421: 417: 413:Cuvier, 1829 409: 405:Schinz, 1833 402:Bufo minutus 401: 390: 382: 374: 366: 358: 350: 346: 338: 334: 326: 322: 314: 306: 298: 294:Schinz, 1833 291:Bufo alpinus 290: 282: 278:Daudin, 1802 274: 266: 258: 205: 203: 188:B. bufo 187: 186: 174: 35:Common toad 29: 4420:iNaturalist 4280:AmphibiaWeb 4252:Wikispecies 4123:. Methuen. 4094:. Methuen. 3864:"Bufotoxin" 3818:B. vulgaris 3619:(Bufo bufo) 2013:"Bufonidae" 1878:A. A. Milne 1761:John Milton 1726:An English 1701:Middle Ages 1596:) from the 1414:green frogs 1277:mating ball 1261:hibernation 1175:, and even 1085:Grass snake 1018:Scandinavia 1010:smooth newt 1002:edible frog 994:common frog 955:Oxfordshire 923:common frog 880:Description 858:Pleistocene 789:B. spinosus 751:intergrades 667:3: clavicle 594:, and some 592:Scandinavia 590:, parts of 555:common toad 430:Bufo rubeta 418:Bufo rubeta 370:Bruch, 1862 302:Poche, 1912 4649:Categories 4566:Q109525973 4057:2012-08-23 3904:2012-05-26 3873:2012-05-26 3713:2012-04-30 3601:2012-05-04 3302:2023-03-21 3277:2023-03-21 3252:2012-04-18 2812:2014-07-31 2705:2023-03-11 2680:2012-05-03 2584:2012-05-04 2555:2012-03-16 2526:2012-05-04 2492:2012-06-23 2267:2013-01-24 2214:2012-09-17 2192:: 170–171. 2170:2012-09-17 2023:2012-08-24 1946:References 1506:, and the 1438:senescence 1436:undergoes 1279:(multiple 1135:to survey 1122:earthworms 1008:) and the 992:After the 975:In a pond 949:Swimming, 913:) and the 799:) and the 718:subspecies 663:2: scapula 643:witchcraft 600:North Asia 354:Koch, 1872 342:Koch, 1872 330:Koch, 1872 4551:Rana bufo 4298:Bufo-bufo 4272:Bufo_bufo 4258:Bufo bufo 4228:Bufo bufo 4166:Bufo bufo 3804:1535-3699 3733:Oecologia 3729:Bufo bufo 3664:Bufo bufo 3589:Bufo bufo 3487:Bufo bufo 3432:Bufo bufo 3373:Oecologia 3369:Bufo bufo 3318:Bufo bufo 3196:Bufo bufo 3149:Bufo bufo 3102:Bufo bufo 3066:1742-9994 3017:0720-213X 2993:Bufo bufo 2962:Bufo bufo 2864:Oecologia 2856:Bufo bufo 2770:Bufo bufo 2755:144997714 2600:Bufo bufo 2572:Bufo bufo 2544:Bufo bufo 2518:Bufo bufo 2387:Bufo bufo 2343:Bufo bufo 2284:Bufo bufo 2117:Bufo bufo 1973:Bufo bufo 1820:toadstone 1763:depicted 1744:familiars 1728:folk tale 1680:lidocaine 1672:phenytoin 1648:paralysis 1643:cane toad 1594:bufotalin 1582:bufotoxin 1572:Bufotoxin 1202:dragonfly 1165:hedgehogs 1137:Loch Ness 935:phalanges 891:predators 887:bufotoxin 868:) or the 711:Bufonidae 707:Bufo bufo 637:" in the 568:Bufo bufo 537:Rana Bufo 422:robustior 206:Bufo bufo 182:Species: 164:Bufonidae 120:Kingdom: 114:Eukaryota 18:Bufo bufo 4560:Wikidata 4438:10193774 4305:BioLib: 4237:Wikidata 3812:87161465 3769:22706445 3761:28307986 3647:85117769 3573:23226542 3533:PLOS ONE 3472:35907368 3417:12236487 3409:28312868 3220:54259148 3134:26102029 3084:21418651 3050:(1): 6. 3025:46354366 2947:13313062 2939:15648700 2900:32817424 2892:28309542 2429:21964513 2371:83966131 2326:22214922 2240:: 49–57. 2145:37853177 2125:Genetica 2091:: 1–52. 2040:(1806). 1864:Mr. Toad 1836:Mr. Toad 1668:Atropine 1656:cyanosis 1565:roadkill 1526:Roadkill 1465:and the 1359:anorexia 1345:maturity 1312:tadpoles 1301:amplexus 1281:amplexus 1254:Amplexus 1225:, Poland 1204:larvae, 1094:woodlice 1036:and the 1034:Sardinia 977:Burgwald 846:Pyrenees 716:Various 649:Taxonomy 624:tadpoles 327:hybridus 241:Synonyms 214:Linnaeus 160:Family: 144:Amphibia 134:Chordata 130:Phylum: 124:Animalia 110:Domain: 87:IUCN 3.1 4627:ZooBank 4619:1103349 4606:8415029 4539:1350162 4399:5217160 4243:Q146375 4026:Macbeth 3741:Bibcode 3693:4570914 3564:3513296 3541:Bibcode 3511:1564332 3464:9096079 3444:Bibcode 3401:4219866 3381:Bibcode 3350:3545205 3330:Bibcode 3181:4222519 3161:Bibcode 3126:3119823 3075:3072941 2872:Bibcode 2399:Bibcode 2296:Bibcode 2085:Zootaxa 1776:Macbeth 1740:woodcut 1629:digoxin 1590:steroid 1545:Belgium 1541:Germany 1434:B. bufo 1385:Germany 1266:spawned 1157:bufagin 1155:called 1118:spiders 1102:beetles 1058:Tunisia 1054:Algeria 1050:Morocco 1042:Irkutsk 1030:Corsica 1000:), the 981:Germany 791:), the 777:B. bufo 734:B. bufo 722:B. bufo 687:in the 588:Iceland 584:Ireland 571:, from 170:Genus: 150:Order: 140:Class: 85: ( 4526:387464 4451:173480 4425:326296 4373:177878 4360:BUFOBU 4347:333310 4321:101499 4194:Portal 4127: 4098: 3988: 3958: 3926: 3810: 3802: 3767: 3759: 3691: 3645: 3571: 3561: 3509: 3470: 3462: 3415: 3407: 3399: 3348: 3240:. via 3218: 3179: 3153:Nature 3132: 3124: 3082: 3072: 3064: 3023: 3015: 2945: 2937: 2898: 2890: 2837: 2753: 2648: 2467: 2427: 2369: 2324: 2143: 1842:, 1913 1751:saliva 1561:Poland 1502:, the 1498:, the 1492:Russia 1406:winter 1181:herons 1046:Africa 951:Otmoor 730:genome 452:, 1826 397:, 1826 339:medius 4593:10882 4588:EUNIS 4580:4RDKJ 4534:WoRMS 4471:NAS: 4464:54596 4433:IRMNG 4208:Frogs 3808:S2CID 3786:. 7. 3765:S2CID 3689:S2CID 3669:(PDF) 3643:S2CID 3507:JSTOR 3468:S2CID 3413:S2CID 3397:JSTOR 3346:JSTOR 3322:Oikos 3216:S2CID 3177:S2CID 3130:S2CID 3021:S2CID 2943:S2CID 2896:S2CID 2751:S2CID 2367:S2CID 2141:S2CID 1872:, by 1765:Satan 1738:1579 1705:Devil 1463:Spain 1430:sperm 1193:Crows 1185:crows 1110:flies 1098:slugs 1062:Japan 1026:Crete 1022:Malta 608:toads 573:Latin 503:var. 491:var. 450:Risso 420:var. 395:Risso 351:minor 337:var. 325:var. 154:Anura 4675:Bufo 4614:ITIS 4601:GBIF 4500:8384 4495:NCBI 4459:IUCN 4446:ITIS 4412:1952 4407:GISD 4394:GBIF 4355:EPPO 4334:NP2D 4316:BOLD 4125:ISBN 4096:ISBN 3986:ISBN 3956:ISBN 3924:ISBN 3800:ISSN 3757:PMID 3731:L". 3569:PMID 3460:PMID 3405:PMID 3371:)". 3122:PMID 3080:PMID 3062:ISSN 3013:ISSN 2935:PMID 2888:PMID 2835:ISBN 2646:ISBN 2465:ISBN 2425:PMID 2322:PMID 2089:2447 2081:Bufo 1985:2009 1749:The 1678:and 1658:and 1559:and 1449:The 1424:The 1412:and 1305:eggs 1275:The 1208:and 1187:and 1173:mink 1169:rats 1126:mice 1114:ants 1056:and 852:and 819:and 785:taxa 703:Bufo 695:Rana 681:bufo 679:Rana 580:Toad 576:bufo 563:toad 553:The 349:var. 250:List 218:1758 175:Bufo 4575:CoL 4513:442 4482:NBN 4342:EoL 4329:CoL 4308:322 4293:ASW 4285:127 4267:ADW 3846:doi 3820:or 3792:doi 3749:doi 3681:doi 3633:doi 3559:PMC 3549:doi 3499:doi 3452:doi 3389:doi 3338:doi 3320:". 3208:doi 3198:". 3169:doi 3157:274 3151:". 3114:doi 3110:161 3070:PMC 3052:doi 3005:doi 2974:doi 2970:225 2964:". 2927:doi 2923:129 2880:doi 2862:". 2805:BBC 2782:doi 2743:doi 2612:doi 2415:hdl 2407:doi 2357:doi 2312:hdl 2304:doi 2238:112 2133:doi 2123:". 2093:doi 1989:doi 1769:Eve 1604:. 1543:, 1432:of 876:). 720:of 4651:: 4629:: 4616:: 4603:: 4590:: 4577:: 4562:: 4536:: 4523:: 4510:: 4497:: 4484:: 4474:47 4461:: 4448:: 4435:: 4422:: 4409:: 4396:: 4383:: 4370:: 4357:: 4344:: 4331:: 4318:: 4295:: 4282:: 4269:: 4254:: 4239:: 4119:. 4049:. 3970:^ 3938:^ 3897:. 3882:^ 3866:. 3842:52 3840:. 3814:. 3806:. 3798:. 3788:29 3763:. 3755:. 3747:. 3737:13 3735:. 3687:. 3677:30 3675:. 3671:. 3641:. 3629:11 3627:. 3623:. 3567:. 3557:. 3547:. 3535:. 3531:. 3519:^ 3505:. 3495:22 3493:. 3466:. 3458:. 3450:. 3440:32 3438:. 3411:. 3403:. 3395:. 3387:. 3377:89 3375:. 3344:. 3336:. 3326:16 3324:. 3295:. 3270:. 3236:. 3214:. 3204:27 3202:. 3175:. 3167:. 3155:. 3128:. 3120:. 3108:. 3092:^ 3078:. 3068:. 3060:. 3046:. 3042:. 3019:. 3011:. 3001:40 2968:. 2941:. 2933:. 2921:. 2894:. 2886:. 2878:. 2868:45 2866:. 2821:^ 2802:. 2776:. 2749:. 2739:10 2737:. 2698:. 2660:^ 2624:^ 2608:30 2606:. 2574:)" 2548:. 2501:^ 2437:^ 2423:. 2413:. 2405:. 2395:62 2393:. 2365:. 2353:68 2351:. 2347:. 2320:. 2310:. 2302:. 2292:63 2290:. 2259:. 2236:. 2188:. 2139:. 2129:59 2127:. 2105:^ 2087:. 2015:. 2003:^ 1983:. 1977:. 1953:^ 1828:: 1759:, 1674:, 1670:, 1654:, 1625:10 1617:60 1613:40 1600:, 1592:, 1555:, 1551:, 1547:, 1514:. 1416:. 1283:). 1191:. 1183:, 1171:, 1167:, 1120:, 1116:, 1112:, 1108:, 1104:, 1100:, 1096:, 1052:, 1032:, 1028:, 1024:, 979:, 953:, 937:. 773:. 669:, 665:, 661:, 645:. 586:, 557:, 216:, 4196:: 4133:. 4104:. 4073:" 4060:. 4024:" 3994:. 3964:. 3932:. 3907:. 3876:. 3852:. 3848:: 3824:. 3794:: 3771:. 3751:: 3743:: 3716:. 3695:. 3683:: 3649:. 3635:: 3604:. 3591:" 3575:. 3551:: 3543:: 3537:7 3513:. 3501:: 3474:. 3454:: 3446:: 3419:. 3391:: 3383:: 3352:. 3340:: 3332:: 3305:. 3280:. 3255:. 3222:. 3210:: 3183:. 3171:: 3163:: 3136:. 3116:: 3086:. 3054:: 3048:8 3027:. 3007:: 2980:. 2976:: 2949:. 2929:: 2902:. 2882:: 2874:: 2843:. 2815:. 2788:. 2784:: 2778:2 2757:. 2745:: 2722:. 2708:. 2683:. 2654:. 2618:. 2614:: 2587:. 2558:. 2546:" 2529:. 2516:" 2495:. 2473:. 2431:. 2417:: 2409:: 2401:: 2373:. 2359:: 2328:. 2314:: 2306:: 2298:: 2282:( 2270:. 2253:" 2217:. 2208:" 2204:" 2190:7 2173:. 2164:" 2160:" 2147:. 2135:: 2099:. 2095:: 2026:. 1997:. 1991:: 1975:" 1971:" 1623:O 1621:4 1619:N 1615:H 1315:( 1012:( 1004:( 996:( 925:( 917:( 909:( 872:( 864:( 803:( 795:( 565:( 220:) 212:( 89:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index