2761:
416:...the kilnmaster had to make sure that the temperature inside the kiln stayed at a level that caused the clay to shimmer with the colour of molten gold or silver. He also had to know when to quench the kiln with water so as to produce the surface glaze. To anonymous labourers fell the less skilled stages of brick production: mixing clay and water, driving oxen over the mixture to trample it into a thick paste, scooping the paste into standardised wooden frames (to produce a brick roughly 42 cm long, 20 cm wide, and 10 cm thick), smoothing the surfaces with a wire-strung bow, removing them from the frames, printing the fronts and backs with stamps that indicated where the bricks came from and who made them, loading the kilns with fuel (likelier wood than coal), stacking the bricks in the kiln, removing them to cool while the kilns were still hot, and bundling them into pallets for transportation. It was hot, filthy work.
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524:
179:
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838:, and stirred with water to form a homogenous blend. Next, the tempers and binding agents are added in a ratio, roughly one part straw to five parts earth to reduce weight and reinforce the brick by helping reduce shrinkage. However, additional clay could be added to reduce the need for straw, which would prevent the likelihood of insects deteriorating the organic material of the bricks, subsequently weakening the structure. These ingredients are thoroughly mixed together by hand or by treading and are then left to ferment for about a day.
2705:
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777:
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978:
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601:
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1034:. Sheet metal or boards are used to route the airflow through the brick lattice so that fresh air flows first through the recently burned bricks, heating the air, then through the active burning zone. The air continues through the green brick zone (pre-heating and drying the bricks), and finally out the chimney, where the rising gases create suction that pulls air through the system. The reuse of heated air yields savings in fuel cost.
61:
1719:
2598:
851:
1172:, and are typically pale grey. They are made from a dry, small aggregate concrete which is formed in steel moulds by vibration and compaction in either an "egglayer" or static machine. The finished blocks are cured, rather than fired, using low-pressure steam. Concrete bricks and blocks are manufactured in a wide range of shapes, sizes and face treatments – a number of which simulate the appearance of clay bricks.
443:
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73:
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432:
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317:
49:
361:, finally emerges in the third century BC, when baked bricks of regular shape began to be employed for vaulting underground tombs. Hollow brick tomb chambers rose in popularity as builders were forced to adapt due to a lack of readily available wood or stone. The oldest extant brick building above ground is possibly
958:
holes reduces the volume of clay needed, and hence the cost. Hollow bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and have different thermal properties from solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened by drying for 20 to 40 hours at 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F) before being fired. The heat for drying is often
957:
to create a long cable of material of the desired width and depth. This mass is then cut into bricks of the desired length by a wall of wires. Most structural bricks are made by this method as it produces hard, dense bricks, and suitable dies can produce perforations as well. The introduction of such
841:
The mix is then kneaded with water and molded into rectangular prisms of a desired size. Bricks are lined up and left to dry in the sun for three days on both sides. After the six days, the bricks continue drying until required for use. Typically, longer drying times are preferred, but the average is
2116:
In the United States, bricks have been used for both buildings and pavement. Examples of brick use in buildings can be seen in colonial era buildings and other notable structures around the country. Bricks have been used in paving roads and sidewalks especially during the late 19th century and early
2007:
Blocks have a much greater range of sizes. Standard co-ordinating sizes in length and height (in mm) include 400Ă—200, 450Ă—150, 450Ă—200, 450Ă—225, 450Ă—300, 600Ă—150, 600Ă—200, and 600Ă—225; depths (work size, mm) include 60, 75, 90, 100, 115, 140, 150, 190, 200, 225, and 250. They are usable across this
1992:
Some brickmakers create innovative sizes and shapes for bricks used for plastering (and therefore not visible on the inside of the building) where their inherent mechanical properties are more important than their visual ones. These bricks are usually slightly larger, but not as large as blocks and
1018:
In operation, new green bricks, along with roofing bricks, are stacked at one end of the brick pile. Historically, a stack of unfired bricks covered for protection from the weather was called a "hack". Cooled finished bricks are removed from the other end for transport to their destinations. In the
1446:
For efficient handling and laying, bricks must be small enough and light enough to be picked up by the bricklayer using one hand (leaving the other hand free for the trowel). Bricks are usually laid flat, and as a result, the effective limit on the width of a brick is set by the distance which can
1037:
As with the rail process, the BTK process is continuous. A half-dozen labourers working around the clock can fire approximately 15,000–25,000 bricks a day. Unlike the rail process, in the BTK process the bricks do not move. Instead, the locations at which the bricks are loaded, fired, and unloaded
1175:
Concrete bricks are available in many colours and as an engineering brick made with sulfate-resisting
Portland cement or equivalent. When made with adequate amount of cement they are suitable for harsh environments such as wet conditions and retaining walls. They are made to standards BS 6073, EN
1057:
The colour of fired clay bricks is influenced by the chemical and mineral content of the raw materials, the firing temperature, and the atmosphere in the kiln. For example, pink bricks are the result of a high iron content, white or yellow bricks have a higher lime content. Most bricks burn to
1480:
A bigger brick makes for a thicker (and thus more insulating) wall. Historically, this meant that bigger bricks were necessary in colder climates (see for instance the slightly larger size of the
Russian brick in table below), while a smaller brick was adequate, and more economical, in warmer
1014:
An oval or circular trench is dug, 6–9 metres (20–30 ft) wide, 2–2.5 metres (6 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in) deep, and 100–150 metres (330–490 ft) in circumference. A tall exhaust chimney is constructed in the centre. Half or more of the trench is filled with "green"
660:
would become the world's largest brick manufacturing region, with 130 brickyards lining the shores of the Hudson River from
Mechanicsville to Haverstraw and employing 8,000 people. At its peak, about 1 billion bricks were produced a year, with many being sent to New York City for use in its
1980:
inches which eases the calculation of the number of bricks in a given wall. The 2:1 ratio of modular bricks means that when they turn corners, a 1/2 running bond is formed without needing to cut the brick down or fill the gap with a cut brick; and the height of modular bricks means that a
2252:
2133:, were paved with bricks. Today, there are only about 20 blocks of brick-paved streets remaining (totalling less than 0.5 percent of all the streets in the city limits). Much like in Grand Rapids, municipalities across the United States began replacing brick streets with inexpensive
699:, UK, the use of improved masonry for the construction of tall structures up to 18 storeys high was made viable. However, the use of brick has largely remained restricted to small to medium-sized buildings, as steel and concrete remain superior materials for high-rise construction.
858:
Fired bricks are baked in a kiln which makes them durable. Modern, fired, clay bricks are formed in one of three processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded. Depending on the country, either the extruded or soft mud method is the most common, since they are the most economical.
1447:
conveniently be spanned between the thumb and fingers of one hand, normally about 100 mm (4 in). In most cases, the length of a brick is twice its width plus the width of a mortar joint, about 200 mm (8 in) or slightly more. This allows bricks to be laid
842:
eight to nine days spanning from initial stages to its application in structures. Unfired bricks could be made in the spring months and left to dry over the summer for use in the autumn. Mudbricks are commonly employed in arid environments to allow for adequate air drying.
1138:, lime, and gypsum (known as the FaL-G process) are common in South Asia. Calcium-silicate bricks are also manufactured in Canada and the United States, and meet the criteria set forth in ASTM C73 – 10 Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick).
293:
region, conforming to the 1:2:4, thickness, width, and length ratio. As the Indus civilization began its decline at the start of the second millennium BC, Harappans migrated east, spreading their knowledge of brickmaking technology. This led to the rise of cities like
2008:
range as they are lighter than clay bricks. The density of solid clay bricks is around 2000 kg/m: this is reduced by frogging, hollow bricks, and so on, but aerated autoclaved concrete, even as a solid brick, can have densities in the range of 450–850 kg/m.
1125:
need careful handling to avoid damage to brick and bricklayer. The bricks can be made in a variety of colours; white, black, buff, and grey-blues are common, and pastel shades can be achieved. This type of brick is common in Sweden as well as Russia and other
2760:
2241:, which helps hold the masonry together during earthquakes, has been used to replace unreinforced bricks in many buildings. Retrofitting older unreinforced masonry structures has been mandated in many jurisdictions. However, similar to steel corrosion in
941:
Dry-pressed bricks – The dry-press method is similar to the soft-mud moulded method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix, so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force in pressing and the longer firing time make this method more
238:
Between 5000 and 4500 BC, Mesopotamia had discovered fired brick. The standard brick sizes in
Mesopotamia followed a general rule: the width of the dried or burned brick would be twice its thickness, and its length would be double its width.
2291:
in its accessibility guide for sidewalks and crosswalks. The Brick
Industry Association maintains standards for making brick more accessible for disabled people, with proper and regular maintenance being necessary to keep brick accessible.
205:, meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried (usually in the sun) until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at
933:
Moulded bricks – These bricks start with raw clay, preferably in a mix with 25–30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel moulds with a
645:, England, in 1855, patented a brick-making machine that was capable of producing up to 25,000 bricks daily with minimal supervision. His mechanical apparatus soon achieved widespread attention after it was adopted for use by the
368:
By the end of the third century BC in China, both hollow and small bricks were available for use in building walls and ceilings. Fired bricks were first mass-produced during the construction of the tomb of China's first
Emperor,
352:
According to Lukas Nickel, the use of ceramic pieces for protecting and decorating floors and walls dates back at various cultural sites to 3000-2000 BC and perhaps even before, but these elements should be rather qualified as
1058:
various red hues; as the temperature is increased the colour moves through dark red, purple, and then to brown or grey at around 1,300 °C (2,370 °F). The names of bricks may reflect their origin and colour, such as
2550:
4981:
632:
The transition from the traditional method of production known as hand-moulding to a mechanised form of mass-production slowly took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. The first brick-making machine was
624:
and the rise in factory building in
England. For reasons of speed and economy, bricks were increasingly preferred as building material to stone, even in areas where the stone was readily available. It was at this time in
381:(25 AD-220 AD). Up until the Middle Ages, buildings in Central Asia were typically built with unbaked bricks. It was only starting in the ninth century CE when buildings were entirely constructed using fired bricks.
2724:
2462:
1489:, too small for the colder climate of Gdansk, it was notorious for being a chilly and drafty residence. Nowadays this is no longer an issue, as modern walls typically incorporate specialised insulation materials.
1492:
The correct brick for a job can be selected from a choice of colour, surface texture, density, weight, absorption, and pore structure, thermal characteristics, thermal and moisture movement, and fire resistance.
2530:
1176:
771-3 or ASTM C55. Concrete bricks contract or shrink so they need movement joints every 5 to 6 metres, but are similar to other bricks of similar density in thermal and sound resistance and fire resistance.
2744:
2245:, rebar rusting will compromise the structural integrity of reinforced brick and ultimately limit the expected lifetime, so there is a trade-off between earthquake safety and longevity to a certain extent.
2236:
revealed the weaknesses of unreinforced brick masonry in earthquake-prone areas. During seismic events, the mortar cracks and crumbles, so that the bricks are no longer held together. Brick masonry with
2140:
In
Northwest Europe, bricks have been used in construction for centuries. Until recently, almost all houses were built almost entirely from bricks. Although many houses are now built using a mixture of
489:, stamping the bricks with the seal of the legion. The Romans used brick for walls, arches, forts, aqueducts, etc. Notable mentions of Roman brick structures are the Herculaneum gate of Pompeii and the
2041:), varying according to the use to which the brick are to be put. In England clay bricks can have strengths of up to 100 MPa, although a common house brick is likely to show a range of 20–40 MPa.
1019:
middle, the brick workers create a firing zone by dropping fuel (coal, wood, oil, debris, etc.) through access holes in the roof above the trench. The constant source of fuel maybe grown on the
357:. For the longest time builders relied on wood, mud and rammed earth, while fired brick and mudbrick played no structural role in architecture. Proper brick construction, for erecting walls and
124:
is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of clay or concrete, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight blocks) are made from
4966:
1293:– a type of hard, dense, brick used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed. Further classified as type A and type B based on their compressive strength
641:'Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine' was patented in 1853. Bradley & Craven went on to be a dominant manufacturer of brickmaking machinery. Henry Clayton, employed at the Atlas Works in
550:
elements into brick building. Identifiable attributes included a low-pitched hipped or flat roof, symmetrical facade, round arch entrances and windows, columns and pilasters, and more.
2704:
2427:
1193:
are made mostly from slightly moistened local soils compressed with a mechanical hydraulic press or manual lever press. A small amount of a cement binder may be added, resulting in a
2345:
377:
were paved with an estimated 230,000 bricks, with the majority measuring 28x14x7 cm, following a 4:2:1 ratio. The use of fired bricks in
Chinese city walls first appeared in the
2557:
2443:
4426:
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2372:
3952:
Tintner, Johannes; Roth, Kimberly; Ottner, Franz; Syrová-Anýžová, Zuzana; Žabičková, Ivana; Wriessnig, Karin; Meingast, Roland; Feiglstorfer, Hubert (20 March 2020).
2392:
3536:
2030:
The term "frog" can refer to the indentation or the implement used to make it. Modern brickmakers usually use plastic frogs but in the past they were made of wood.
580:
of bricks and other construction equipment remained prohibitively expensive until the development of modern transportation infrastructure, with the construction of
4400:
3471:
1077:, which is a glaze material into which the bricks are dipped. Subsequent reheating in the kiln fuses the slip into a glazed surface integral with the brick base.
2411:
3927:
2333:
773:
Four basic types of brick are un-fired, fired, chemically set bricks, and compressed earth blocks. Each type is manufactured differently for various purposes.
561:, for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von DĂĽren, who was also active at
1845:
inches (64 mm) more recently. In the United
Kingdom, the usual size of a modern brick (from 1965) is 215 mm Ă— 102.5 mm Ă— 65 mm (
512:) flourished in places that lacked indigenous sources of rocks. Examples of this architectural style can be found in modern-day Denmark, Germany, Poland, and
1353:– type of handmade brick which was used for the majority of building work in London and South East England until the growth in the use of machine-made bricks
4161:
1101:
Calcium-silicate bricks are also called sandlime or flintlime bricks, depending on their ingredients. Rather than being made with clay they are made with
2514:
2645:
2251:
2209:
is one founded in the late 19th or early 20th century. The term is used to refer to such institutions collectively to distinguish them from the older
616:
and built in the 1980s) the coating of hard-fired clay bricks forms a compression-resistant element together with the fill of non-reinforced concrete.
4017:
Brick structures, how to build them ; practical reference data on materials, design, and construction methods employed in brick construction ...
3011:
2220:
was noted for his extensive use of red bricks in his buildings and for using natural shapes like spirals, radial geometry and curves in his designs.
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108:, but is now also used informally to denote units made of other materials or other chemically cured construction blocks. Bricks can be joined using
2613:
866:
are the raw ingredients in the recipe for a fired brick. They are the product of thousands of years of decomposition and erosion of rocks, such as
4971:
2283:
compliant, but states that sidewalks must not have surface variances of greater than one inch. Due to the accessibility challenges of bricks, the
2280:
2117:
20th century. The introduction of asphalt and concrete reduced the use of brick for paving, but they are still sometimes installed as a method of
4247:
2669:
6440:
5189:
5134:
4577:
4216:
4198:
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1015:(unfired) bricks which are stacked in an open lattice pattern to allow airflow. The lattice is capped with a roofing layer of finished brick.
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4452:
4042:
3700:
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2629:
1011:
The other major kiln type is the Bull's Trench Kiln (BTK), based on a design developed by British engineer W. Bull in the late 19th century.
629:
that bright red brick was chosen for construction to make the buildings more visible in the heavy fog and to help prevent traffic accidents.
1105:
binding the silicate material. The raw materials for calcium-silicate bricks include lime mixed in a proportion of about 1 to 10 with sand,
5019:
4073:
819:, or dung. Since these bricks are made up of natural materials and only require heat from the Sun to bake, mudbricks have a relatively low
2688:
874:, leading to a material that has properties of being highly chemically stable and inert. Within the clays and shales are the materials of
2969:
1085:
Chemically set bricks are not fired but may have the curing process accelerated by the application of heat and pressure in an autoclave.
277:
In the middle of the third millennium BC, there was a rise in monumental baked brick architecture in Indus cities. Examples included the
2581:
539:
4335:
2537:
1217:
There are thousands of types of bricks that are named for their use, size, forming method, origin, quality, texture, and/or materials.
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2498:
1813:
In England, the length and width of the common brick remained fairly constant from 1625 when the size was regulated by statute at 9 x
2486:
2228:
Starting in the 20th century, the use of brickwork declined in some areas due to concerns about earthquakes. Earthquakes such as the
477:, adopted the use of fired bricks. By the early first century CE, standardised fired bricks were being heavily produced in Rome. The
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for three to fourteen hours to speed the chemical hardening. The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform, although the sharp
1117:. The materials are mixed and left until the lime is completely hydrated; the mixture is then pressed into moulds and cured in an
6399:
4289:
1906:
In the United States, modern standard bricks are specified for various uses; The most commonly used is the modular brick has the
830:
The ingredients are first harvested and added together, with clay content ranging from 30% to 70%. The mixture is broken up with
2565:
178:
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Michigan | Success Stories | Preserve America | Office of the Secretary of Transportation | U.S. Department of Transportation
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2027:(containing a pattern of large holes removing more than 25% of the brick's volume). Blocks may be solid, cellular or hollow.
2015:(less than 25% perforations by volume, although the brick may be "frogged," having indentations on one of the longer faces),
1407:
734:
4205:. Brick Industry Association. Technical Note 9A, Specifications for and Classification of Brick. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
2049:
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2314:
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6371:
5608:
5499:
5144:
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2229:
1465:, bricks laid crossways. The headers tie the wall together over its width. In fact, this wall is built in a variation of
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6190:
5715:
5578:
4986:
3511:
605:
523:
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765:
684:, built in 1896 in Chicago, required exceptionally thick walls to maintain the structural integrity of its 17 storeys.
345:. These bricks were made of red clay, fired on all sides to above 600 °C, and used as flooring for houses. By the
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5987:
5184:
3812:
3147:
2786:
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where the successive layers of stretchers are displaced horizontally from each other by half a brick length. In true
1243:
Dry-pressed – similar to soft mud method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix and is compressed with great force.
5275:
4731:
4605:
4570:
4311:
4232:
2276:
2233:
310:
2434:
146:, have a history older than fired bricks, and have an additional ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw.
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405:
290:
1442:
Comparison of typical brick sizes of assorted countries with isometric projections and dimensions in millimetres
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in a structure which increases stability and strength (for an example, see the illustration of bricks laid in
664:
The demand for high office building construction at the turn of the 20th century led to a much greater use of
116:
in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region, and are produced in bulk quantities.
1329:- a soft brick made near Chicago, Illinois with a range of colors, like buff yellow, salmon pink, or deep red
1066:
may be performed to change the colour of bricks to blend-in areas of brickwork with the surrounding masonry.
504:, after being introduced there from Northwestern Italy. An independent style of brick architecture, known as
4741:
2076:
2065:
Bricks are a versatile building material, able to participate in a wide variety of applications, including:
2058:
1396:
1051:
776:
723:
638:
125:
4223:
bia.org. Technical Note 10, Dimensioning and Estimating Brick Masonry (pdf file) Retrieved 8 November 2016.
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Town, Hainan, China. This operation produces a pallet containing 42 bricks, approximately every 30 seconds.
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5479:
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Extruded – made by being forced through an opening in a steel die, with a very consistent size and shape.
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1185:
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730:
31:
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and other materials, many houses are skinned with a layer of bricks on the outside for aesthetic appeal.
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The Mechanics Magazine and Journal of Engineering, Agricultural Machinery, Manufactures and Shipbuilding
3334:"The historical process of the masonry city walls construction in China during 1st to 17th centuries AD"
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1986:
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3628:"General information on the history of the brick | Scotland's Brick and Tile Manufacturing Industry"
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1831:), but the depth has varied from about two inches (51 mm) or smaller in earlier times to about
938:
press. The shaped clay is then fired at 900–1,000 °C (1,650–1,830 °F) to achieve strength.
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2837: – Roman construction technique using horizontal courses of tuff blocks alternated with bricks
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2238:
2122:
1210:
954:
543:
509:
349:(3300 BC), fired bricks were being used to pave roads and as building foundations at Chengtoushan.
3770:
3577:"Italian Renaissance Revival Style 1890 - 1930 | PHMC > Pennsylvania Architectural Field Guide"
3233:
2019:(containing a pattern of small holes through the brick, removing no more than 25% of the volume),
600:
235:, Jordan Valley. These structures were made up of the first bricks with dimension 400x150x100 mm.
225:
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The compressive strength of bricks produced in the United States ranges from about 7 to 103
2023:(containing a pattern of holes removing more than 20% of the volume, but closed on one face), or
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The First Hundred Years: the Early History of Bradley & Craven, Limited, Wakefield, England
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also constructed air-dried mudbrick structures between 7000 and 3300 BC and later the ancient
132:
4094:"Masonry in the Context of Sustainable Buildings: A Review of the Brick Role in Architecture"
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1004:, rails, or kiln cars, which achieves a more consistent brick product. The bricks often have
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5755:
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A slightly larger brick requires less mortar and handling (fewer bricks), which reduces cost
1332:
1296:
824:
609:
162:
109:
2196:, especially in the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Belgium and the Netherlands.
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6274:
6185:
6175:
6145:
6135:
6120:
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5864:
5854:
5785:
5401:
5104:
4940:
4696:
4660:
4650:
4220:
4202:
4077:
2973:
2816:
2359:
2217:
2118:
1265:
Keyed – indentations in at least one face and end to be used with rendering and plastering
1074:
1005:
917:
905:
875:
820:
566:
501:
374:
60:
3318:
Lukas Nickel: Bricks in Ancient China and the Question of Early Cross-Asian Interaction,
3067:
3042:
3349:
3219:
3177:
2213:
institutions, and refers to the use of bricks, as opposed to stone, in their buildings.
309:
By 604 BC, bricks were the construction materials for architectural wonders such as the
96:
is a type of construction material used to build walls, pavements and other elements in
6284:
6246:
6215:
6195:
6180:
5992:
5874:
5416:
5344:
5215:
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5149:
5139:
5031:
4887:
4816:
4645:
4620:
3988:
3954:"Straw in Clay Bricks and Plasters—Can We Use Its Molecular Decay for Dating Purposes?"
3953:
3837:
3368:
3333:
2852:
2810:
2751:
2142:
1982:
1772:
1227:
Wire-cut – cut to size after extrusion with a tensioned wire which may leave drag marks
1102:
657:
577:
531:
527:
470:
436:
362:
183:
3896:
2202:
are used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed.
442:
6419:
6294:
6251:
6200:
6140:
6105:
6072:
5939:
5889:
5879:
5780:
5710:
5700:
5593:
5563:
5452:
5411:
5329:
5205:
5039:
4950:
4852:
4806:
4786:
4610:
4156:
4151:
3912:
3881:"Mud Bricks and the Process of Construction in the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant"
3424:
3125:
3076:
2834:
2828:
2383:
2296:
2185:
2110:
2034:
2003:
More complex interior cavities allow improved insulation, while maintaining strength.
1796:
1310:
1131:
972:
816:
466:
459:
451:
400:
395:
386:
370:
321:
4307:
3661:. Basel, Boston & Berlin: Birkhäuser – Publishers for Architecture. p. 55.
3393:"The Diffusion of Fired Bricks in Hellenistic Europe: A Similarity Network Analysis"
2880:
1251:
Common or building – A brick not intended to be visible, used for internal structure
1130:
countries, especially in houses built or renovated in the 1970s. A version known as
850:
815:
and stone, combined with tempers and binding agents such as chopped straw, grasses,
6319:
6309:
6210:
6165:
6125:
6115:
6110:
6067:
5949:
5944:
5869:
5795:
5765:
5657:
5638:
5568:
5406:
5314:
5056:
4882:
4836:
4770:
4586:
3485:
2858:
2126:
1724:
981:
929:
Three main methods are used for shaping the raw materials into bricks to be fired:
669:
613:
517:
505:
486:
478:
474:
447:
409:
391:
342:
338:
255:
251:
190:
77:
65:
4015:
2813: – Form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture
1026:
The advantage of the BTK design is a much greater energy efficiency compared with
3690:
3358:
3290:
3263:
458:, Germany, built with fired bricks in the fourth century as an audience hall for
6289:
5934:
5924:
5899:
5824:
5735:
5683:
5633:
5438:
5370:
5339:
4791:
4726:
2822:
2795: – Use of glazed tiles alternating with plain brick for decorative purposes
2731:
2541:
2351:
2288:
2173:
1486:
1477:, the perpendicular lines of the stretcher courses are in line with each other.
1385:
1362:
1338:
1271:
Thin – brick with normal height and length but thin width to be used as a veneer
1127:
712:
513:
426:
378:
295:
3164:
Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2005), "Uncovering the keys to the Lost Indus Cities",
1457:, at the head of this article). The wall is built using alternating courses of
553:
A clear distinction between the two styles only developed at the transition to
6279:
6155:
6028:
5964:
5929:
5909:
5790:
5760:
5730:
5670:
5618:
5270:
4945:
4872:
4701:
4686:
3970:
3408:
2792:
2604:
2521:
2449:
2181:
2161:
2149:
2080:
2054:
1482:
1304:
1282:
1157:
1031:
1027:
993:
959:
935:
911:
831:
688:
677:
650:
282:
278:
271:
243:
218:
206:
113:
4119:
3979:
3904:
3457:
3416:
3117:
2936:
6150:
5997:
5884:
5844:
5834:
5829:
5720:
5588:
5583:
5433:
5352:
5309:
5260:
5250:
5245:
5235:
4929:
4925:
4892:
4877:
4857:
4753:
4706:
4615:
4339:
4290:"Rogelio Salmona, Colombian Architect Who Transformed Cities, Is Dead at 78"
4266:
4137:
Engineering materials science: properties, uses, degradation and remediation
3857:
3749:
3552:"Discover Brick Gothic architecture on the European route | DW | 01.06.2010"
3392:
2715:
2676:
2320:
2188:
resistance, refractoriness under load, high melting point, and satisfactory
2169:
2099:
1828:
1532:
1496:
1449:
1118:
1114:
1001:
867:
665:
642:
194:
158:
3997:
3716:
3377:
3185:
2572:
2279:
does not specify which materials a sidewalk must be made of in order to be
558:
72:
3041:
Fiala, Jan; Mikolas, Milan; Fiala Junior, Jan; Krejsova, Katerina (2019).
17:
6343:
6338:
6170:
5919:
5914:
5775:
5740:
5688:
5678:
5324:
5299:
5124:
4862:
4361:
3108:
3091:
2735:
2418:
2210:
2189:
2130:
1279:
Chemically resistant – bricks made with resistance to chemical reactions
1165:
796:
790:
673:
562:
263:
247:
214:
202:
143:
27:
Block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction
4110:
4093:
3652:
Wiskemann, Barbara (2005). "Prefabrication". In Deplazes, Andrea (ed.).
2299:, have taken steps to remove brick sidewalks from certain areas such as
1073:, in which salt is added during the burning process, or by the use of a
1008:, ash, and organic matter added, which accelerates the burning process.
1000:, in which the bricks are fired as they move slowly through the kiln on
431:
337:
The earliest fired bricks appeared in Neolithic China around 4400 BC at
6241:
6225:
6052:
5894:
5745:
5255:
5230:
4716:
4625:
4434:
Coomands, Thomas; VanRoyen, Harry, eds. (2008), "Novii Monasterii, 7",
4165:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 518.
2986:
2477:
2473:
2355:
2324:
2095:
1676:
1604:
1580:
1410: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1268:
Paving – brick intended to be in ground contact as a walkway or roadway
1135:
1020:
950:
899:
871:
737: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
696:
589:
299:
286:
259:
232:
97:
2125:. For example, in the early 1900s, most of the streets in the city of
1254:
Face – A brick used on exterior surfaces to present a clean appearance
1093:
135:, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since
6348:
6018:
5428:
5391:
4935:
4915:
4801:
4736:
4711:
4600:
2916:
2771:
2767:
2738:
region, the "Foraine" brick has kept the same large and flat format.
2695:
2453:
2402:
2363:
2165:
2090:
1985:
matches the height of three modular running courses, or one standard
1748:
1700:
1106:
985:
893:
883:
812:
634:
626:
570:
303:
210:
2881:"Interlocking bricks & Compressed stablized earth bricks - CSEB"
1257:
Hollow – not solid, the holes are less than 25% of the brick volume
1069:
An impervious and ornamental surface may be laid on brick either by
945:
Extruded bricks – For extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10–15%
3199:
316:
4982:
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
4897:
4765:
4721:
4366:
3210:
3043:"History and Evolution of Full Bricks of Other European Countries"
2505:
2153:
2048:
1652:
1628:
1556:
1495:
1437:
1204:
1151:
1122:
1110:
1092:
1045:
976:
946:
863:
849:
775:
764:
599:
581:
522:
455:
441:
430:
398:
techniques then in use. Using the 17th-century encyclopaedic text
315:
186:
177:
71:
59:
5067:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
4997:
4362:"Desarrollo inmobiliario en Xoco: relato de ciudades enfrentadas"
3332:
Xue, Q.; Jin, X.; Cheng, Y.; Yang, X.; Jia, X.; Zhou, Y. (2019).
30:
This article is about the building material. For other uses, see
5028:
4092:
Almssad, Asaad; Almusaed, Amjad; Homod, Raad Z. (January 2022).
2588:
997:
879:
835:
808:
804:
800:
585:
482:
354:
325:
231:
Mudbrick structures, dating to c. 7,200 BC have been located in
105:
48:
5001:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4443:
Das, Saikia Mimi; Das, Bhargab Mohan; Das, Madan Mohan (2010),
620:
Production of bricks increased massively with the onset of the
270:
was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities like
112:, adhesives or by interlocking. Bricks are usually produced at
5859:
4058:
Life in the Victorian Brickyards of Flintshire and Denbigshire
2339:
A block of Bricks manufactured in Nepal to build Ancient Stupa
1379:
706:
637:
by Richard A. Ver Valen of Haverstraw, New York, in 1852. The
4389:, Bibliothèque de la Casa de Velazquez, 2 (in French), Madrid
3012:"Mud-brick Village Survived 7,200 Years in the Jordan Valley"
1341:– a hard light coloured brick originally from the Netherlands
680:
construction severely limited the size of the building – the
4550:
4509:; chap. 3: Bricks and tiles. London: Longman; pp. 28–42
4150:
2849: – Building block system using compressed wood shavings
2801: – Archaeological term for baked clay building material
2075:
The fireproofing of structural-steel members in the form of
4499:
Rudimentary Treatise on the Manufacture of Bricks and Tiles
4436:
Medieval Brick Architecture in Flanders and Northern Europe
3655:
Constructing Architecture: Materials, Processes, Structures
2855: – Concrete masonry unit with a durable, slick surface
1481:
regions. A notable illustration of this correlation is the
1235:
Machine-moulded – clay is forced into moulds using pressure
656:
At the end of the 19th century, the Hudson River region of
306:, where there was an enormous demand for kiln-made bricks.
289:. There was a uniformity to the brick sizes throughout the
4967:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
4539:
1213:, shows different types of brickwork and stone foundations
996:, bricks are usually fired in a continuously fired tunnel
131:
Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest
4533:
3295:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 33–35.
3268:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 30–31.
2843: – Use of bricks of different colours for decoration
165:
to hold the bricks together to make a durable structure.
4463:
Clay Bricks and Roof Tiles, Manufacturing and Properties
3440:
Materials science in construction : an introduction
3201:
Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley rise and decline
3047:
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
2831: – Masonry pattern used in Roman and medieval times
1952: inches (194 Ă— 92 Ă— 57 mm). With the standard
949:(stiff extrusion) or 20–25% water (soft extrusion) in a
3292:
Water Civilization: From Yangtze to Khmer Civilizations
3265:
Water Civilization: From Yangtze to Khmer Civilizations
1505:
Face brick ("house brick") sizes, (alphabetical order)
1260:
Perforated – holes greater than 25% of the brick volume
4408:
Campbell, James W.; Pryce, Will, photographer (2003),
2405:, Germany, erected 1468–1488, looking up at the towers
1316:
Ceramic glazed – fire bricks with a decorative glazing
1232:
Moulded – shaped in moulds rather than being extruded
1097:
Swedish Mexitegel is a sand-lime or lime-cement brick.
546:
spread to northern Europe, leading to the adoption of
3885:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
3486:"Roman Brick Stamps: Auxiliary and Legionary Bricks"
2825: – Combination of Roman construction techniques
2807: – List of bricklaying terms and their meanings
2433:
Decorative pattern made of strongly fired bricks in
1889:
of 225 by 112.5 by 75 millimetres (9 in Ă—
500:
the use of bricks in construction became popular in
313:, where glazed fired bricks were put into practice.
197:
is one of the largest brick structures in the world.
6357:
6328:
6234:
6051:
6011:
5973:
5815:
5804:
5656:
5543:
5460:
5451:
5379:
5284:
5198:
5080:
5047:
5038:
4959:
4908:
4845:
4779:
4669:
4593:
4139:. Chichester, U.K.: Horwood Pub., 2004. 194. Print.
1335:– a light yellow brick made in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
41:
4336:"San Francisco Will Say So Long to Brick Sidewalk"
2976:. Wikis.ifporient.org. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
2558:St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi
1903: in Ă— 3 in), for a ratio of 6:3:2.
1113:, or crushed siliceous rock together with mineral
485:, and built large brick structures throughout the
4014:Stoddard, Ralph Perkins; Carver, William (1946).
3092:"The Appearance of Bricks in Ancient Mesopotamia"
1873: in), which, with a nominal 10 millimetres (
1376:Optimal dimensions, characteristics, and strength
1365:– a long, flat brick typically used by the Romans
1238:Handmade – clay is forced into moulds by a person
769:Brick making at the beginning of the 20th century
534:in Poland – the largest brick castle in the world
2861: – Manufacturer of bricks, pavers and pipes
2287:recommends against the use of bricks as well as
4387:Brique et architecture dans l'Espagne médiévale
3813:"Monadnock Building: The Last Brick Skyscraper"
414:
3391:Ă–stborn, Per; Gerding, Henrik (1 March 2015).
2789: – Lightweight, precast building material
2072:Bearing and non-bearing sound proof partitions
687:Following pioneering work in the 1950s at the
5013:
4571:
4177:"Brick sizes, variations and standardisation"
4087:
4085:
2069:Structural walls, exterior and interior walls
1307:or refractory – highly heat-resistant bricks
542:as the stylistic changes associated with the
8:
4479:Plumbridge, Andrew; Meulenkamp, Wim (2000),
4425:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4330:
4328:
2949:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2819: – Ancient Roman brickwork construction
4447:, New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited,
4360:Alejandro Porcel Arraut (16 October 2018).
3535:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3397:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
2107:Outdoor steps, brick walks and paved floors
1371:– a type of construction brick from England
5812:
5457:
5044:
5020:
5006:
4998:
4578:
4564:
4556:
4551:International Brick Collectors Association
4399:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4069:Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency,
3470:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3090:Hasson Hnaihen, Kadim (18 December 2019).
2754:(France) was built using "Foraine" bricks.
2710:The largest brick warehouse in the world,
1299:– a type of engineering brick from England
68:with bricks of various shades and lengths.
4109:
3987:
3969:
3367:
3357:
3209:
3198:Khan, Aurangzeb; Lemmen, Carsten (2013),
3107:
3066:
2492:A typical brick house in the Netherlands.
1426:Learn how and when to remove this message
1156:A concrete brick-making assembly line in
753:Learn how and when to remove this message
408:outlined the brick production process of
4977:Mason Contractors Association of America
4031:Punmia, B.C.; Jain, Ashok Kumar (2003),
2417:Eastern gable of church of St. James in
1503:
854:Raw bricks sun-drying before being fired
4972:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
3788:"Brick collectors of the Hudson Valley"
3512:"The History of Bricks and Brickmaking"
2872:
2310:
649:for brick-making at their factory near
394:described the brick making process and
390:, published in 1103 at the time of the
4418:
4392:
4308:"ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)"
4131:
4129:
3786:Falkenstein, Michelle (28 June 2022).
3602:"Schloss Schwerin | Welterbe Schwerin"
3528:
3463:
2942:
780:Fired and unfired brick making process
373:. The floors of the three pits of the
161:, and may be laid in various kinds of
38:
6116:Median / Central reservation
4149:Burton, Joseph & William (1911).
4135:McArthur, Hugh, and Duncan Spalding.
4009:
4007:
3856:Emery, Virginia L. (27 August 2009).
3851:
3849:
3847:
3314:
3312:
2156:industries are often used for lining
2000:Their ribbed exterior aids plastering
1485:in Gdansk; built in 1571 of imported
1359:– a type of decorative brick in India
1038:gradually rotate through the trench.
689:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
104:denotes a unit primarily composed of
7:
3926:Downton, Paul; Clarke, Dick (2020).
3879:Homsher, Robert S. (November 2012).
3678:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3036:
3034:
3032:
2910:
2908:
2538:Parish of San Sebastián Mártir, Xoco
2184:. This type of brick must have good
1408:adding citations to reliable sources
735:adding citations to reliable sources
64:A wall constructed in glazed-headed
3178:10.1038/scientificamerican0105-24sp
2303:in order to improve accessibility.
1220:Categorized by manufacture method:
953:. This mixture is forced through a
328:displays 12th-century craftsmanship
6034:Risk compensation (road transport)
4529:Brick in 20th-Century Architecture
4481:Brickwork. Architecture and Design
4262:"Bricks come back to city streets"
3739:by Bradley & Craven Ltd (1963)
3322:, Vol. 70 (2015), pp. 49-62 (50f.)
1962:inch mortar joint, this gives the
1322:Bricks named for place of origin:
224:Mudbrick construction was used at
142:. Air-dried bricks, also known as
25:
4060:, p34. 2003, Gwasg Carreg Gwalch.
3897:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.368.0001
3840:. De Hoop:Steenwerve Brickfields.
3442:. Sturges, John. Abingdon, Oxon.
2011:Bricks may also be classified as
1859: in Ă— 4 in Ă—
1195:stabilised compressed earth block
100:construction. Properly, the term
80:laid with alternating courses of
6400:Glossary of road transport terms
4517:, London: H. Greville Montgomery
4288:Romero, Simon (6 October 2007).
2915:W., Beamish, A. Donovan (1990).
2759:
2743:
2723:
2703:
2687:
2668:
2656:
2651:Porotherm style clay block brick
2644:
2628:
2612:
2596:
2580:
2564:
2549:
2529:
2513:
2497:
2485:
2461:
2442:
2426:
2410:
2391:
2371:
2344:
2332:
2313:
2250:
2230:San Francisco earthquake of 1906
1993:offer the following advantages:
1883: in) mortar joint, forms a
1789:
1765:
1741:
1717:
1693:
1669:
1645:
1621:
1597:
1573:
1549:
1525:
1384:
1168:are usually termed as blocks or
711:
47:
4822:Non-explosive demolition agents
4260:Schwartz, Emma (31 July 2003).
3862:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
3510:2fm.pl; BrickArchitecture.com.
3438:Ash, Ahmed (20 November 2014).
2805:Glossary of British bricklaying
2571:Virgilio Barco Public Library,
2520:A typical Dutch farmhouse near
2504:A 19th-century brick church in
2295:Some US jurisdictions, such as
1395:needs additional citations for
811:and other earth materials like
722:needs additional citations for
693:Building Research Establishment
465:Early civilisations around the
201:The earliest bricks were dried
153:and numerous patterns known as
4037:, Firewall Media, p. 33,
3632:www.scottishbrickhistory.co.uk
3550:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
3232:Gupta, Sunil (May–June 1998).
3068:10.1088/1757-899x/603/3/032097
2987:"Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük"
2712:Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse
2285:Federal Highway Administration
2192:. There is a large refractory
2121:or as a decorative surface in
1347:– a type of construction brick
795:Unfired bricks, also known as
1:
6441:Soil-based building materials
6382:Pavement performance modeling
6372:International roughness index
4540:Brick Development Association
4445:Elements of Civil Engineering
3695:. Random House. p. 435.
2675:Brick made as a byproduct of
2263:1906 San Francisco earthquake
902:(clay) – 20% to 30% by weight
896:(sand) – 50% to 60% by weight
889:One proposed optimal mix is:
799:, are made from a mixture of
647:South Eastern Railway Company
341:, a walled settlement of the
136:
6377:Present serviceability index
6171:Sidewalk / Pavement
5716:Diamond grinding of pavement
4987:Worshipful Company of Masons
4515:History of English Brickwork
3359:10.1371/journal.pone.0214119
2991:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1461:, bricks laid longways, and
606:National Museum of Roman Art
538:This style evolved into the
6349:Underpass / Tunnel
6344:Overpass / Flyover
6098:High-occupancy vehicle lane
5988:Driving under the influence
5062:Freeway / Motorway
4461:Kornmann, M.; CTTB (2007),
4071:Brick Kiln Units (PDF file)
3234:"History of Brick in India"
2787:Autoclaved aerated concrete
1777:215 Ă— 102.5 Ă— 65
6457:
5276:Highway systems by country
4534:Brick Industry Association
4312:United States Access Board
3138:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996)
2277:United States Access Board
2234:1933 Long Beach earthquake
1804:7.6 Ă— 3.6 Ă— 2.2
1780:8.5 Ă— 4.0 Ă— 2.6
1756:9.8 Ă— 4.7 Ă— 2.4
1732:8.7 Ă— 4.2 Ă— 2.9
1708:9.8 Ă— 4.7 Ă— 2.6
1684:9.4 Ă— 4.5 Ă— 2.5
1660:8.3 Ă— 3.9 Ă— 2.4
1636:9.0 Ă— 4.2 Ă— 2.7
1612:9.4 Ă— 4.5 Ă— 2.8
1588:9.0 Ă— 4.3 Ă— 2.1
1564:9.4 Ă— 6.1 Ă— 2.1
1540:9.1 Ă— 4.3 Ă— 3.0
1183:
1145:
1062:and Cambridgeshire White.
970:
788:
435:Brick relief sculpture by
424:
311:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
279:Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro
174:Middle East and South Asia
29:
6395:
6387:Granular base equivalency
6206:Traffic signal preemption
5614:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
5520:Single-point urban (SPUI)
4812:Lewis (lifting appliance)
4412:, London & New York:
4385:Aragus, Philippe (2003),
3971:10.3390/molecules25061419
3409:10.1007/s10816-014-9229-4
3289:Yoshinori Yasuda (2012).
3262:Yoshinori Yasuda (2012).
3096:Athens Journal of History
2918:Village-level brickmaking
2799:Ceramic building material
2619:Brick sidewalk paving in
2137:by the mid-20th century.
1753:250 Ă— 120 Ă— 62
1729:222 Ă— 106 Ă— 73
1705:250 Ă— 120 Ă— 65
1681:240 Ă— 115 Ă— 63
1657:210 Ă— 100 Ă— 60
1633:228 Ă— 107 Ă— 69
1609:240 Ă— 115 Ă— 71
1585:228 Ă— 108 Ă— 54
1561:240 Ă— 155 Ă— 53
1537:230 Ă— 110 Ă— 76
46:
6367:Pavement condition index
6093:High-occupancy toll lane
6088:Contraflow lane reversal
6063:Barrier transfer machine
4201:29 December 2016 at the
3606:www.welterbe-schwerin.de
2847:Stockade Building System
2637:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1801:194 Ă— 92 Ă— 57
1369:Staffordshire blue brick
1275:Specialized use bricks:
1050:Yellow London Stocks at
984:brickmaker at kiln near
920:– less than 1% by weight
886:), and decomposed rock.
639:Bradley & Craven Ltd
213:region and in southeast
157:, collectively known as
5221:Express-collector setup
4505:Hudson, Kenneth (1972)
4483:, London: Seven Dials,
4162:Encyclopædia Britannica
4034:Basic Civil Engineering
3838:"The History of Bricks"
3152:Encyclopædia Britannica
3059:2019MS&E..603c2097F
2967:IFP Orient – Tell Aswad
2899:"Bricks that interlock"
2766:The old brick house at
2663:Moulding bricks, Poland
2544:, was completed in 1663
2456:, Spain, (14th century)
2061:, is paved with bricks.
2059:Natchitoches, Louisiana
2053:Front Street along the
1285:– acid resistant bricks
1191:Compressed earth blocks
1180:Compressed earth blocks
1089:Calcium-silicate bricks
676:. The use of brick for
672:, and later, steel and
661:construction industry.
384:The carpenter's manual
126:expanded clay aggregate
6405:Road types by features
6300:Raised pavement marker
6267:Constant-slope barrier
6191:Traffic directionality
6181:Street running railway
5604:Protected intersection
4497:Dobson, E. A. (1850),
4438:, Koksijde: Ten Duinen
4410:Brick: a World History
4020:New York: McGraw-Hill.
3689:Peter Ackroyd (2001).
3148:History of brickmaking
2694:Fired, clay bricks in
2452:brick church tower in
2382:on Hadrian's Villa in
2062:
2037:(1,000 to 15,000
1501:
1443:
1214:
1186:Compressed earth block
1161:
1098:
1054:
989:
855:
781:
770:
703:Methods of manufacture
617:
535:
462:
439:
418:
329:
198:
89:
69:
32:Brick (disambiguation)
6262:Concrete step barrier
5599:Offset T-intersection
4546:Think Brick Australia
3817:www.amusingplanet.com
3516:brickarchitecture.com
2730:Medieval heir to the
2556:Decorative bricks in
2437:Castle (14th century)
2261:A panorama after the
2052:
1499:
1441:
1208:
1170:concrete masonry unit
1155:
1148:Concrete masonry unit
1134:, manufactured using
1096:
1081:Chemically set bricks
1049:
980:
853:
779:
768:
622:Industrial Revolution
603:
526:
445:
434:
319:
285:, and the granary of
281:, the fire altars of
181:
76:An old brick wall in
75:
63:
6305:Road surface marking
6003:Single-vehicle crash
5726:Full depth recycling
5624:Seagull intersection
4636:Massive precut stone
4631:Post-tensioned stone
4501:, London: John Weale
4076:16 June 2007 at the
3775:. 1859. p. 361.
3692:London the Biography
3581:www.phmc.state.pa.us
3109:10.30958/ajhis.6-1-4
2972:26 July 2011 at the
2841:Polychrome brickwork
2480:were erected in 1514
2216:Colombian architect
2207:red brick university
2123:pedestrian precincts
2104:Porches and terraces
1827:x 3 inches (but see
1404:improve this article
1327:Chicago common brick
1247:Categorized by use:
1042:Influences on colour
731:improve this article
555:Baroque architecture
228:, from c. 7,400 BC.
6131:Pedestrian crossing
5694:Reinforced concrete
5530:Three-level diamond
5241:Two-lane expressway
5226:Farm-to-market road
4832:Stonemason's hammer
4797:Ceramic tile cutter
4414:Thames & Hudson
4219:11 May 2017 at the
4111:10.3390/su142214734
3490:www.romancoins.info
3350:2019PLoSO..1414119X
3241:ARCHITECTURE+DESIGN
3220:2013arXiv1303.1426K
3166:Scientific American
2468:Brick sculpting on
2243:reinforced concrete
2239:steel reinforcement
1506:
1313:– a vitrified brick
1211:Beacon Hill, Boston
1164:Bricks formed from
908:– 2 to 5% by weight
544:Italian Renaissance
510:Gothic architecture
379:Eastern Han dynasty
365:, dated to 523 AD.
149:Bricks are laid in
6431:Building materials
6161:Runaway truck ramp
5983:Driver's education
5771:Rubberized asphalt
5706:Crocodile cracking
5629:Split intersection
5397:Hierarchy of roads
5358:Single carriageway
4513:Lloyd, N. (1925),
4507:Building Materials
4294:The New York Times
4056:Connolly, Andrew.
3792:www.timesunion.com
2635:Brick sidewalk in
2472:, Thornbury, near
2200:Engineering bricks
2063:
1964:nominal dimensions
1516:Imperial (inches)
1504:
1502:
1471:English cross bond
1444:
1357:Nanak Shahi bricks
1351:London stock brick
1215:
1162:
1099:
1060:London stock brick
1055:
990:
856:
782:
771:
682:Monadnock Building
618:
536:
491:baths of Caracalla
463:
440:
330:
199:
133:building materials
90:
70:
6413:
6412:
6221:Wide outside lane
6047:
6046:
6024:Automotive safety
5905:Road slipperiness
5652:
5651:
5500:Diverging diamond
5447:
5446:
5363:Single-track road
5305:Bicycle boulevard
4995:
4994:
4921:Hardstone carving
4868:Polygonal masonry
4692:Decorative stones
4472:978-2-9517765-6-2
4454:978-81-203-4097-8
4044:978-81-7008-403-7
3702:978-0-09-942258-7
3668:978-3-7643-7313-9
2182:refractory bricks
2083:, enclosures and
1908:actual dimensions
1811:
1810:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1345:Fareham red brick
763:
762:
755:
540:Brick Renaissance
498:Early Middle Ages
320:The brickwork of
58:
57:
16:(Redirected from
6448:
6257:Cat's eye (road)
6078:Complete streets
5850:Dead Man's Curve
5813:
5751:Pavement milling
5666:Asphalt concrete
5609:Quadrant roadway
5550:
5472:
5458:
5424:Street hierarchy
5072:Elevated highway
5045:
5022:
5015:
5008:
4999:
4827:Plug and feather
4677:Artificial stone
4580:
4573:
4566:
4557:
4518:
4502:
4493:
4475:
4465:, Paris: Lasim,
4457:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4416:
4404:
4398:
4390:
4372:
4371:
4367:Nexos (magazine)
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4230:
4224:
4212:
4206:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4154:
4146:
4140:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4089:
4080:
4067:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3973:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3853:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3717:"US Patent 9082"
3713:
3707:
3706:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3660:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3547:
3541:
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3534:
3526:
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3507:
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3500:
3498:
3496:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3469:
3461:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3361:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3243:. pp. 74–78
3238:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3161:
3155:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3111:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2983:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2940:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2763:
2747:
2727:
2707:
2691:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2632:
2621:Portland, Oregon
2616:
2600:
2584:
2568:
2553:
2533:
2517:
2501:
2489:
2470:Thornbury Castle
2465:
2446:
2430:
2414:
2395:
2380:opus reticulatum
2375:
2348:
2336:
2317:
2254:
2160:, in particular
2135:asphalt concrete
2089:Foundations for
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1923:
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1918:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
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1699:
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1696:
1675:
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1672:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1507:
1500:Faces of a brick
1431:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1388:
1380:
1333:Cream City brick
1052:Waterloo station
914:– ≤ 7% by weight
882:), free silica (
825:carbon footprint
758:
751:
747:
744:
738:
715:
707:
481:operated mobile
469:, including the
347:Qujialing period
141:
138:
51:
39:
21:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6391:
6359:
6353:
6324:
6315:Traffic barrier
6275:F-Shape barrier
6230:
6186:Traffic calming
6146:Reversible lane
6136:Pedestrian zone
6121:Motorcycle lane
6083:Contraflow lane
6055:time allocation
6054:
6043:
6039:Underride guard
6007:
5969:
5855:Expansion joint
5817:
5807:
5800:
5786:Stamped asphalt
5648:
5579:Continuous flow
5552:
5548:
5547:
5539:
5473:
5469:grade-separated
5466:
5465:
5443:
5402:Private highway
5375:
5280:
5194:
5076:
5034:
5026:
4996:
4991:
4955:
4904:
4841:
4775:
4697:Dimension stone
4665:
4589:
4584:
4525:
4512:
4496:
4491:
4478:
4473:
4460:
4455:
4442:
4433:
4417:
4407:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4379:Further reading
4376:
4375:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4238:. crammix.co.za
4231:
4227:
4221:Wayback Machine
4213:
4209:
4203:Wayback Machine
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4134:
4127:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4078:Wayback Machine
4068:
4064:
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4025:
4013:
4012:
4005:
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3873:
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3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3750:"Henry Clayton"
3748:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3669:
3658:
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3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3626:
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3621:
3611:
3609:
3600:
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3595:
3585:
3583:
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3509:
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3504:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3462:
3450:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3344:(3): e0214119.
3331:
3330:
3326:
3320:Arts Asiatiques
3317:
3310:
3303:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3040:
3039:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2974:Wayback Machine
2963:
2962:
2958:
2941:
2929:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2817:Opus latericium
2782:
2775:
2764:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2728:
2719:
2708:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2673:
2664:
2661:
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2649:
2640:
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2624:
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2601:
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2585:
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2569:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2534:
2525:
2518:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2476:, England. The
2466:
2457:
2447:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2415:
2406:
2396:
2387:
2376:
2367:
2360:Pergamon Museum
2349:
2340:
2337:
2328:
2318:
2309:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2226:
2218:Rogelio Salmona
2178:chromomagnesite
2164:bricks such as
2143:concrete blocks
2119:traffic calming
2047:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
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1930:
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1814:
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1718:
1716:
1694:
1692:
1670:
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1622:
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1598:
1596:
1574:
1572:
1550:
1548:
1526:
1524:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1401:
1389:
1378:
1203:
1188:
1182:
1150:
1144:
1142:Concrete bricks
1091:
1083:
1044:
992:In many modern
975:
969:
927:
925:Shaping methods
876:aluminosilicate
848:
821:embodied energy
793:
787:
759:
748:
742:
739:
728:
716:
705:
598:
567:Schwerin Castle
502:Northern Europe
429:
423:
375:terracotta army
371:Qin Shi Huangdi
335:
246:inhabitants of
209:, in the upper
176:
171:
139:
54:
53:A single brick.
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6454:
6452:
6444:
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6332:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6285:Jersey barrier
6282:
6277:
6272:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6216:Unused highway
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6196:Traffic island
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
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6118:
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6095:
6090:
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6065:
6059:
6057:
6049:
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6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5993:Drowsy driving
5990:
5985:
5979:
5977:
5971:
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5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
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5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5875:Level crossing
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
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5827:
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5668:
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5660:
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5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
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5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:Channelization
5571:
5566:
5561:
5559:3-way junction
5555:
5553:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5461:
5455:
5453:Road junctions
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5417:business route
5414:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5347:
5345:Primitive road
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5216:County highway
5213:
5211:Collector road
5208:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5185:United Kingdom
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5120:Czech Republic
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5049:Limited-access
5042:
5036:
5035:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4621:Letter cutting
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4523:External links
4521:
4520:
4519:
4510:
4503:
4494:
4489:
4476:
4471:
4458:
4453:
4440:
4431:
4405:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4352:
4324:
4299:
4280:
4252:
4240:
4225:
4207:
4189:
4168:
4157:Chisholm, Hugh
4141:
4125:
4098:Sustainability
4081:
4062:
4049:
4043:
4023:
4003:
3944:
3918:
3871:
3843:
3829:
3804:
3778:
3762:
3741:
3729:
3708:
3701:
3681:
3667:
3644:
3619:
3593:
3568:
3542:
3502:
3477:
3448:
3430:
3403:(1): 306–344.
3383:
3324:
3308:
3301:
3281:
3274:
3254:
3224:
3190:
3156:
3140:
3131:
3082:
3028:
3003:
2978:
2956:
2927:
2904:
2890:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2853:Surfaced block
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2811:Opus africanum
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2752:Albi Cathedral
2749:
2742:
2740:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2603:A brick kiln,
2602:
2595:
2593:
2587:FES Building,
2586:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2536:Baroque brick
2535:
2528:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2421:(14th century)
2416:
2409:
2407:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2272:
2269:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2225:
2222:
2194:brick industry
2148:Bricks in the
2114:
2113:
2111:Swimming pools
2108:
2105:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2073:
2070:
2046:
2043:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1983:soldier course
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1773:United Kingdom
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1434:
1433:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1202:
1199:
1184:Main article:
1181:
1178:
1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1132:fly ash bricks
1090:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1043:
1040:
968:
965:
964:
963:
962:from the kiln.
943:
939:
926:
923:
922:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
847:
844:
789:Main article:
786:
783:
761:
760:
719:
717:
710:
704:
701:
658:New York State
597:
596:Industrial era
594:
578:bulk transport
576:Long-distance
573:(FĂĽrstenhof).
532:Teutonic Order
528:Malbork Castle
471:Ancient Greeks
437:Walter Ritchie
425:Main article:
422:
419:
401:Tiangong Kaiwu
363:Songyue Pagoda
334:
331:
266:. Ceramic, or
184:Jetavanaramaya
175:
172:
170:
167:
140: 4000 BC
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6453:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6295:Noise barrier
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Cable barrier
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6201:Traffic lanes
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:Refuge island
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:Living street
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6073:Climbing lane
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6050:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5975:Human factors
5972:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Traffic light
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:Oversize load
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5880:Manhole cover
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:Crushed stone
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5594:Michigan left
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5546:Intersections
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5495:Directional T
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:special route
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:Frontage road
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Arterial road
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5190:United States
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:Types of road
5037:
5033:
5030:
5023:
5018:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:Organizations
4958:
4952:
4951:Machicolation
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Diamond blade
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Angle grinder
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4536:United States
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4490:1-84188-039-6
4486:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4370:(in Spanish).
4369:
4368:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4281:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4152:"Brick"
4145:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4104:(22): 14734.
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3685:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3449:9781135138417
3445:
3441:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3302:9784431541103
3298:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3275:9784431541103
3271:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3255:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:(3): 032097.
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2928:3-528-02051-2
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2885:Buildup Nepal
2882:
2876:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:Opus vittatum
2833:
2830:
2829:Opus spicatum
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2681:Normanby – UK
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2524:, Netherlands
2523:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2386:(2nd century)
2385:
2384:Tivoli, Italy
2381:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2301:Market Street
2298:
2297:San Francisco
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:Accessibility
2270:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:thermal shock
2183:
2179:
2176:and neutral (
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1965:
1909:
1904:
1888:
1887:
1830:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:United States
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1393:This section
1391:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:This wall in
1207:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:Brick tinting
1061:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
983:
979:
974:
973:Hoffmann kiln
966:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:
932:
931:
930:
924:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
852:
845:
843:
839:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
784:
778:
774:
767:
757:
754:
746:
736:
732:
726:
725:
720:This section
718:
714:
709:
708:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
628:
623:
615:
612:(designed by
611:
610:MĂ©rida, Spain
607:
602:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
533:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Roman legions
476:
472:
468:
467:Mediterranean
461:
460:Constantine I
457:
453:
452:Aula Palatina
449:
444:
438:
433:
428:
420:
417:
413:
411:
407:
406:Timothy Brook
403:
402:
397:
393:
389:
388:
387:Yingzao Fashi
382:
380:
376:
372:
366:
364:
360:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
332:
327:
323:
322:Shebeli Tower
318:
314:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
234:
229:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
196:
192:
188:
185:
180:
173:
168:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
134:
129:
127:
123:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
87:
83:
79:
74:
67:
62:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6320:Traffic cone
6310:Rumble strip
6211:Truck bypass
6166:Shared space
6126:Passing lane
6111:Managed lane
6068:Bicycle lane
5950:Washboarding
5945:Traffic sign
5870:Hairpin turn
5639:Texas U-turn
5569:Box junction
5463:Interchanges
5407:Route number
5315:Country lane
5057:Bike freeway
4883:Tuckpointing
4837:Straightedge
4771:Stone veneer
4681:
4587:Stonemasonry
4514:
4506:
4498:
4480:
4462:
4444:
4435:
4409:
4386:
4365:
4355:
4343:. Retrieved
4315:. Retrieved
4302:
4293:
4283:
4271:. Retrieved
4265:
4255:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4210:
4192:
4180:. Retrieved
4171:
4160:
4144:
4136:
4101:
4097:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4033:
4026:
4016:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3935:. Retrieved
3931:
3921:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3865:
3861:
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3816:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3791:
3781:
3771:
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3744:
3736:
3732:
3722:26 September
3720:. Retrieved
3711:
3691:
3684:
3654:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3605:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3580:
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3555:
3545:
3519:. Retrieved
3515:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3489:
3480:
3439:
3433:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3319:
3291:
3284:
3264:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3240:
3227:
3200:
3193:
3172:(1): 24–33,
3169:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3134:
3102:(1): 73–96.
3099:
3095:
3085:
3050:
3046:
3019:. Retrieved
3015:
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:
2981:
2959:
2917:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2859:Wienerberger
2399:Frauenkirche
2294:
2289:cobblestones
2274:
2227:
2215:
2205:In the UK a
2204:
2198:
2147:
2139:
2127:Grand Rapids
2115:
2064:
2057:in historic
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1991:
1963:
1907:
1905:
1884:
1812:
1725:South Africa
1491:
1479:
1475:English bond
1474:
1470:
1467:English bond
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:English bond
1454:
1448:
1445:
1422:
1416:January 2022
1413:
1402:Please help
1397:verification
1394:
1321:
1274:
1246:
1219:
1216:
1194:
1189:
1174:
1163:
1100:
1084:
1071:salt glazing
1068:
1063:
1056:
1036:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1010:
991:
928:
888:
861:
857:
840:
829:
794:
772:
749:
743:January 2022
740:
729:Please help
724:verification
721:
686:
670:wrought iron
663:
655:
631:
619:
614:Rafael Moneo
575:
552:
537:
518:East Prussia
508:(similar to
506:brick Gothic
495:
487:Roman Empire
464:
415:
410:Ming dynasty
404:, historian
399:
392:Song dynasty
385:
383:
367:
351:
343:Daxi culture
339:Chengtoushan
336:
308:
291:Indus Valley
276:
267:
256:Mohenjo-daro
252:Indus Valley
241:
237:
230:
223:
200:
191:Anuradhapura
182:The ancient
154:
150:
148:
130:
120:
118:
101:
93:
91:
85:
81:
78:English bond
66:Flemish bond
36:
6358:Performance
6290:Kassel kerb
6247:Botts' dots
6235:Demarcation
5935:Storm drain
5900:Road debris
5825:Aquaplaning
5818:environment
5806:Road safety
5684:Cobblestone
5634:Superstreet
5439:Winter road
5387:Concurrency
5380:Other terms
5371:Sunken lane
5340:Main street
5285:Local roads
4792:Bush hammer
4727:Lime mortar
4606:Rustication
3964:(6): 1419.
3937:11 December
3928:"Mud brick"
3858:"Mud-Brick"
3755:17 December
3608:(in German)
2964:(in French)
2823:Opus mixtum
2732:Roman brick
2542:Mexico City
2352:Ishtar Gate
2321:Chile house
2224:Limitations
2085:fire towers
2081:party walls
1966:of 8 x 4 x
1513:Metric (mm)
1487:Dutch brick
1363:Roman brick
1339:Dutch brick
1291:Engineering
1128:post-Soviet
1032:scove kilns
846:Fired brick
548:Renaissance
514:Kaliningrad
496:During the
427:Roman brick
296:Pataliputra
283:Kaalibangan
268:fired brick
244:South Asian
6420:Categories
6360:indicators
6329:Structures
6280:Guard rail
6156:Road verge
6029:Seat belts
5965:Snowsquall
5930:Speed bump
5910:Road train
5731:Glassphalt
5671:Bioasphalt
5644:Turnaround
5619:Roundabout
5549:(at-grade)
5515:Roundabout
5480:Cloverleaf
5335:Green lane
5271:Trunk road
5199:Main roads
5082:By country
4946:Stone wall
4873:Repointing
4846:Techniques
4702:Fieldstone
4687:Cast stone
4641:Monumental
3822:28 January
3586:4 December
3561:30 January
3521:5 December
3495:30 January
3247:4 December
3021:30 January
2996:30 January
2921:. Vieweg.
2867:References
2605:Tamil Nadu
2591:, Colombia
2575:, Colombia
2522:Wageningen
2162:refractory
2150:metallurgy
2100:fireplaces
2055:Cane River
2017:perforated
1807:3.5:1.6:1
1783:3.3:1.5:1
1711:3.8:1.8:1
1687:3.8:1.8:1
1663:3.5:1.6:1
1639:3.3:1.6:1
1615:3.4:1.6:1
1567:4.5:2.9:1
1483:Green Gate
1459:stretchers
1297:Accrington
1283:Acid brick
1158:Guilinyang
1115:colourants
1109:, crushed
994:brickworks
971:See also:
960:waste heat
942:expensive.
912:Iron oxide
678:skyscraper
651:Folkestone
272:Kalibangan
254:cities of
226:Çatalhöyük
219:Diyarbakir
207:Tell Aswad
114:brickworks
86:stretchers
18:Buff brick
6151:Road diet
6053:Space and
5998:Road rage
5885:Oil spill
5845:Crosswind
5835:Black ice
5830:Avalanche
5756:Permeable
5589:Jughandle
5584:Hook turn
5490:Free-flow
5434:Toll road
5353:Side road
5310:Boulevard
5266:Super two
5261:Ring road
5236:Link road
5135:Hong Kong
5090:Australia
5032:hierarchy
4941:Sculpture
4930:Footstone
4926:Headstone
4893:Brickwork
4878:Scabbling
4858:Flushwork
4754:Sandstone
4732:Limestone
4707:Flagstone
4670:Materials
4651:Sculpture
4616:Dry stone
4345:11 August
4340:Next City
4317:11 August
4267:USA Today
4120:2071-1050
3980:1420-3049
3958:Molecules
3913:164826274
3905:0003-097X
3466:cite book
3458:896794727
3425:254606236
3417:1573-7764
3211:1303.1426
3126:214024042
3118:2407-9677
3077:203996304
2945:cite book
2937:472930436
2716:Liverpool
2677:ironstone
2508:, Finland
2366:, Germany
2327:, Germany
2077:firewalls
1938: Ă—
1924: Ă—
1886:unit size
1829:brick tax
1533:Australia
1119:autoclave
1002:conveyors
936:hydraulic
868:pegmatite
862:Clay and
817:tree bark
643:Middlesex
450:Basilica
217:close to
203:mudbricks
195:Sri Lanka
159:brickwork
144:mudbricks
6339:Causeway
6176:Shoulder
6012:Vehicles
5960:Whiteout
5920:Rockfall
5915:Roadkill
5840:Bleeding
5816:Road and
5776:Sealcoat
5701:Corduroy
5689:Concrete
5679:Chipseal
5658:Surfaces
5510:Raindrop
5325:Driveway
5320:Dead end
5300:Backroad
5251:2+2 road
5246:2+1 road
5170:Portugal
5160:Pakistan
4909:Products
4863:Knapping
4656:Slipform
4421:citation
4395:citation
4235:Maxilite
4233:Crammix
4217:Archived
4199:Archived
4182:28 April
4074:Archived
3998:32244982
3932:YourHome
3891:: 1–27.
3673:Archived
3531:cite web
3378:30901369
3338:PLOS ONE
3186:12840948
2970:Archived
2780:See also
2736:Toulouse
2478:chimneys
2232:and the
2211:Oxbridge
2190:porosity
2174:chamotte
2170:magnesia
2158:furnaces
2131:Michigan
2096:Chimneys
2021:cellular
1989:course.
1759:4.1:2:1
1735:3:1.4:1
1591:4.3:2:1
1543:3:1.4:1
1510:Standard
1166:concrete
1021:woodlots
918:Magnesia
797:mudbrick
791:Mudbrick
785:Mudbrick
691:and the
674:concrete
635:patented
590:railways
563:Schwerin
516:(former
300:Kausambi
264:Mehrgarh
248:Mehrgarh
215:Anatolia
6436:Masonry
6242:Bollard
6226:Woonerf
5955:Washout
5895:Pothole
5808:factors
5796:Texture
5766:Plastic
5746:Macadam
5535:Trumpet
5485:Diamond
5256:Parkway
5231:Highway
5145:Ireland
5125:Germany
5115:Croatia
5095:Belgium
4853:Flaming
4717:Granite
4661:Snecked
4626:Masonry
4611:Carving
4159:(ed.).
3989:7144354
3797:28 June
3637:16 June
3612:16 June
3369:6430406
3346:Bibcode
3216:Bibcode
3055:Bibcode
3016:Haaretz
2793:Banna'i
2734:in the
2698:, China
2679:mining
2607:, India
2474:Bristol
2450:Mudéjar
2358:in the
2356:Babylon
2325:Hamburg
2307:Gallery
1975:⁄
1957:⁄
1947:⁄
1933:⁄
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