473:
1851:
2180:
2190:
151:(WVGS). The earliest occupation of this site has a radiocarbon date of 1170/1275 CE and the later occupation has a radiocarbon date of 1651/1680 CE. These two Fort Ancient occupations consisted of two villages that nearly overlapped and contained over forty houses. The later village, where Dr. McMichael performed the majority of his excavations, has also been called the Downstream village.
1858:
167:
embedded in them which suggests that warfare and non-local raids were occurring in this region. Many individuals at the
Buffalo Village were buried with grave goods such as marine shell gorgets and pendants, pottery vessels, turtle shell cups and various other tools and ornaments. Some of these grave
190:
Maize, squash, and beans were grown in gardens around the village. Fort
Ancient people were known to gather wilds nuts such as walnuts and hazelnuts and wild fruits like plums and cherries. People at the Buffalo Village utilized their location on the river and were able to hunt for fish and mussels.
154:
Excavations of the
Downstream village at this site found fire basins, hearths, earth ovens, refuse pits and storage pits. The Native Americans of this site lived in large, rectangular houses with rounded corners. The Buffalo site houses surrounded a central plaza within the log palisades. The houses
230:
and his family and turned into farmland. Various development projects in and around Putnam County, West
Virginia have led to the continued discovery of Native American remains and materials. There is currently a historical marker located along Route 62 near Buffalo, West Virginia that gives a short
217:
local stream mussel shell was used for tools and jewelry. Animal bone and shell attached to prepared tree limbs were also used for hoes in their gardens. Animal bone was shaped for use as tools. These included awls, punches, fish hooks, bone needles and hide scrapers. Their jewelry included beads,
158:
During the excavations of the
Buffalo Village site, 562 human burials were found, all but one of which were found at the Downstream village. Most people were buried in the floors of houses, while others were buried throughout the village in simple burial pits. One individual was placed in a
2219:
404:
2059:
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1934:
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1964:
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2004:
1994:
1954:
1879:
1788:
2144:
2124:
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2014:
1979:
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1889:
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2129:
2114:
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2009:
1989:
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2160:
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2109:
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2019:
1999:
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2139:
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163:, indicating possible importance. Studies performed by James Metress found that, of the burial population, 41% were male and 59% were female. Thirteen of the individuals buried were found with non-local
2183:
1801:
1774:
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They also supplemented their diets by hunting with bows and arrows. White-tailed deer, black bears, squirrels and wild turkey are among the animals hunted and consumed by these Fort
Ancient people.
472:
1679:
1750:
705:
2165:
1840:
1830:
611:
2224:
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hair pins, pendants, tinklers and shell gorgets. These were also made of both bone and shell. Gourds from their garden and turtle shell were used for ceremonial rattles.
2234:
194:
The remains of small, domesticated dogs were located at this site. They were most likely used to help with hunting, protecting the village and, occasionally, for food.
727:
419:
392:
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120:
cultures of this region. Buffalo
Village was the site of one of the first systematic archaeological projects performed in West Virginia and it was added to the
205:(46CB40), Buffalo (46PU31) and Rolf Lee (46Ms51) sites are suspected to be the same population rotating to each location dependent upon resource depletion.
2193:
1724:
1353:
1423:
1213:
698:
1318:
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region. The earlier village yielded no pottery made with legs nor lizard effigy on the rims nor exotic crafted artifacts. Although, the pottery was
329:
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1113:
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1123:
1103:
1328:
105:
1797:
691:
253:
121:
36:
1709:
1684:
1664:
1098:
581:
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Guilday(1971); McMichael (1963); 46PU31; Buffalo Site; Clover; UGA-304; 270; 120; AD 1680; AD 1651; 299; Broyles 1976:5, Hemmings 1985
1458:
1238:
1063:
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288:
104:
in the United States. This site sits atop a high terrace on the eastern bank of the
Kanawha River and was once home to a variety of
168:
goods were made of
European brass and copper which are materials that were likely traded with the Native Americans of this region.
148:
1203:
1704:
1669:
1634:
1473:
1343:
1193:
1148:
155:
were most often twenty feet wide by thirty feet long and the fire basins and fire hearths were usually found within the home.
1614:
1408:
1383:
1303:
995:
739:
109:
2214:
528:
378:
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The found buffalo mask and exotic marine shell gorgets give evidence of contact with the Late
Mississippian culture. This
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1168:
442:
97:
1714:
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1323:
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posed certain pressures regarding the fur trade that led to the abandonment of these sites. The introduction of
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1283:
1253:
812:
1766:
139:
diseases may have been a possible factor as well, but the bigger details are largely unknown by researchers.
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1453:
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1403:
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93:
51:
571:
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1815:
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1463:
1358:
1025:
990:
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921:
647:
258:
1258:
672:
1153:
1005:
877:
180:
667:
1644:
940:
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842:
807:
787:
652:
533:
2189:
502:
492:
1729:
1541:
1273:
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1128:
975:
911:
892:
827:
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754:
591:
847:
566:
310:
227:
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The Buffalo Fort Ancient tradition site is of a phase with several likeness to the sites of the
452:
447:
147:
Archaeological excavations were performed between 1963 and 1965 by Dr. Edward McMichael of the
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1556:
1263:
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782:
714:
632:
601:
596:
284:
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872:
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797:
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113:
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and Fort Ancient region of West Virginia, was abandoned. It is a possibility that nearby
330:"Locality information for Faunmap locality Buffalo Village, WV -- Illinois State Museum"
231:
description of the Buffalo Indian Village Site and the excavations that occurred there.
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1118:
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970:
882:
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72:
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772:
749:
637:
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101:
403:
201:. As with Clover, the type site was excavated by the Geological Survey of 1963. The
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2220:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
356:
127:
At some point between the years 1640 and 1730, most of the territory between the
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1173:
1163:
1048:
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202:
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370:
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1393:
1308:
1223:
1133:
683:
128:
1398:
1228:
497:
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1597:
1561:
1511:
1373:
1158:
132:
1604:
1088:
965:
887:
950:
662:
136:
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National Register of Historic Places in Putnam County, West Virginia
1694:
248:
1654:
281:
Early Native Americans in West Virginia The Fort Ancient Culture
1770:
687:
374:
2184:
Category:National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
175:
or Chiefly Warfare Cult is similar to that of eastern
2153:
1865:
1831:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1808:
1570:
1502:
1034:
763:
552:
516:
480:
433:
78:
65:
57:
47:
213:As with other phases within the contemporaneous
420:List of archaeological periods (North America)
226:In the early 1800's this area was obtained by
187:and of late found to be worked with corn cob.
1782:
699:
386:
8:
149:West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey
2194:Portal:National Register of Historic Places
1789:
1775:
1767:
706:
692:
684:
393:
379:
371:
2225:Geography of Putnam County, West Virginia
1798:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1214:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
37:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2235:Native American history of West Virginia
240:
92:is an archaeological site located near
249:"National Register Information System"
20:
283:. Charleston, SC: The History Press.
7:
304:
302:
300:
274:
272:
270:
268:
254:National Register of Historic Places
122:National Register of Historic Places
1685:Norse colonization of North America
14:
2188:
2179:
2178:
1856:
1849:
471:
402:
1705:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
67:
1:
529:Feurt Mounds and Village Site
357:"Buffalo Indian Village Site"
1670:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1620:Eastern Agricultural Complex
98:Putnam County, West Virginia
18:United States historic place
2166:National Historic Landmarks
1054:Bandelier National Monument
928:List of Mississippian sites
715:Pre-Columbian North America
524:Buffalo Indian Village Site
90:Buffalo Indian Village Site
29:Buffalo Indian Village Site
2251:
1474:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1079:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
788:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
309:Martin, Leslie A. (1936).
2174:
1847:
1743:
1715:Three Sisters agriculture
721:
625:
607:Ronald Watson Gravel site
469:
415:
66:NRHP reference
43:
34:
27:
23:
1254:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
813:Buttermilk Creek complex
355:Chambers Jr., S. Allen.
1454:Town Creek Indian Mound
1424:Sierra de San Francisco
1279:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
463:SunWatch Indian Village
311:"The Buffalo Site 1936"
279:Spencer, Darla (2016).
108:villages including the
1821:Keeper of the Register
1109:Coso Rock Art District
996:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
899:List of Hopewell sites
488:Alligator Effigy Mound
52:Buffalo, West Virginia
1836:National Park Service
1816:Contributing property
1517:Arlington Springs Man
1359:Portsmouth Earthworks
648:Mississippian culture
259:National Park Service
222:Buffalo Village today
143:Archaeological record
61:52 acres (21 ha)
2215:Fort Ancient culture
1725:Transoceanic contact
1615:Container Revolution
1189:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1154:Etowah Indian Mounds
409:Fort Ancient culture
1645:Green Corn Ceremony
1459:Turkey River Mounds
1249:Lake Jackson Mounds
1069:Blue Spring Shelter
653:Monongahela culture
534:Hardin Village site
1730:Underwater panther
1404:Rosenstock Village
1274:Marmes Rockshelter
1259:L'Anse aux Meadows
336:on August 20, 2011
209:Material tradition
2202:
2201:
1826:Historic district
1764:
1763:
1756:Pre-Columbian era
1557:Spirit Cave mummy
1354:Plum Bayou Mounds
1264:Lynch Quarry Site
783:Ancient Beringian
681:
680:
673:Springwells phase
633:Bone Stone Graves
602:Madisonville site
597:Lower Shawneetown
572:Cleek–McCabe site
443:Fort Ancient site
315:Martin Collection
261:. March 13, 2009.
86:
85:
2242:
2192:
2182:
2181:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1700:Projectile point
1537:Leanderthal Lady
1464:Upward Sun River
1439:Stallings Island
1429:Shell ring sites
1379:Recapture Canyon
1294:Moorehead Circle
1139:El Fin del Mundo
1124:Cueva de la Olla
930:
917:Maritime Archaic
901:
731:
708:
701:
694:
685:
475:
407:
406:
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388:
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365:
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332:. Archived from
325:
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263:
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133:Iroquois Nations
82:January 25, 1971
69:
21:
2250:
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2241:
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2204:
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2170:
2149:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1804:
1795:
1765:
1760:
1751:Genetic history
1739:
1593:Ceremonial pipe
1566:
1547:Minnesota Woman
1504:
1498:
1319:Ocmulgee Mounds
1299:Morrison Mounds
1244:Kolomoki Mounds
1234:Kimball Village
1094:Candelaria Cave
1036:
1030:
1011:Suwannee Valley
946:Old Cordilleran
926:
897:
765:
759:
725:
717:
712:
682:
677:
621:
612:Sand Ridge site
587:Hahn Field site
554:
548:
512:
476:
467:
458:State Line site
435:
429:
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369:
368:
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308:
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291:
278:
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266:
247:
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224:
211:
161:stone box grave
145:
114:Middle Woodland
106:Native American
39:
30:
19:
12:
11:
5:
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2012:
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1841:Property types
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1697:
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1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:Mound Builders
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Medicine wheel
1657:
1652:
1650:Horned Serpent
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
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1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
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1389:Roberts Island
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Old Stone Fort
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1289:Moaning Cavern
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:Kincaid Mounds
1236:
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1226:
1221:
1216:
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1206:
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1161:
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1119:Cuarenta Casas
1116:
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1096:
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1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:Bluefish Caves
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1035:Archaeological
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1029:
1028:
1023:
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833:Caloosahatchee
830:
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818:Caborn-Welborn
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
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769:
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764:Archaeological
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668:Owasco culture
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629:Related topics
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539:Leo Petroglyph
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425:Mound Builders
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367:
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361:SAH Archipedia
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199:Clover complex
185:shell-tempered
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1802:West Virginia
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1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Falcon dancer
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:Miscellaneous
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:Melbourne Man
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:La Brea Woman
1530:
1528:
1527:Kennewick Man
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
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1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
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1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Serpent Mound
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Pueblo Bonito
1367:
1365:
1364:Poverty Point
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Pinson Mounds
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Painted Bluff
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
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1277:
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1257:
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1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Horr's Island
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
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1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Effigy Mounds
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Crystal River
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
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1090:
1087:
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1077:
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1070:
1067:
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1062:
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1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1026:Weeden Island
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:Safety Harbor
989:
987:
984:
982:
981:Poverty Point
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Paleo-Indians
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
929:
925:
924:
923:
922:Mississippian
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
900:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
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871:
869:
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861:
859:
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854:
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836:
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826:
824:
821:
819:
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814:
811:
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799:
796:
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791:
789:
786:
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779:
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768:
762:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
730:
729:
724:
723:
720:
716:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
689:
686:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
638:Bone Mound II
636:
634:
631:
628:
627:
624:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
582:Fox Farm site
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
557:
551:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
519:
515:
509:
508:Serpent Mound
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
483:
479:
474:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
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444:
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440:
438:
432:
426:
423:
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417:
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405:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
376:
373:
362:
358:
351:
348:
340:September 17,
335:
331:
324:
321:
316:
312:
305:
303:
301:
297:
292:
290:9781467118514
286:
282:
275:
273:
271:
269:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:
244:
241:
234:
232:
229:
221:
219:
216:
215:'tradition',
208:
206:
204:
200:
195:
192:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:Southern Cult
169:
166:
162:
156:
152:
150:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Kanawha River
99:
95:
91:
81:
79:Added to NRHP
77:
74:
71:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
26:
22:
16:
1735:Water glyphs
1690:Oasisamerica
1680:N.A.G.P.R.A.
1640:Folsom point
1630:Effigy mound
1610:Clovis point
1578:Aridoamerica
1479:Wickiup Hill
1434:Spiro Mounds
1414:Salmon Ruins
1409:Russell Cave
1204:Helen Blazes
1199:Grimes Point
1179:Fort Juelson
1169:Fort Ancient
1144:El Vallecito
1104:Chaco Canyon
1044:Angel Mounds
1006:Steed-Kisker
956:Paleo-Arctic
878:Glacial Kame
863:Fort Ancient
755:Post-Classic
726:
658:Oliver phase
643:Cole culture
562:Buckner site
553:Madisonville
523:
503:Gartner site
493:Baldwin site
360:
350:
338:. Retrieved
334:the original
323:
314:
280:
252:
243:
225:
214:
212:
196:
193:
189:
170:
157:
153:
146:
126:
118:Fort Ancient
100:, along the
89:
87:
48:Nearest city
15:
2154:Other lists
1720:Thunderbird
1588:Black drink
1552:Peñon woman
1489:Winterville
1469:Velda Mound
1449:Taos Pueblo
1344:Parkin Park
1329:Orwell site
1314:Nodena site
1209:Holly Bluff
1184:Four Mounds
1174:Fort Center
1099:Casa Grande
1049:Anzick site
941:Monongahela
868:Fort Walton
843:Coles Creek
808:Belle Glade
793:Anishinaabe
617:Turpin site
592:Larkin site
577:Clover site
544:Hobson site
517:Feurt Focus
129:Ohio Valley
2209:Categories
2060:Pocahontas
2025:Monongalia
1935:Greenbrier
1665:Metallurgy
1625:Eden point
1522:Buhl Woman
1394:Rock Eagle
1384:River Styx
1309:Mummy Cave
1304:Moundville
1284:Mesa Verde
1269:Marksville
1016:Tchefuncte
976:Plaquemine
912:Las Palmas
828:Calf Creek
823:Cades Pond
567:Clay Mound
481:Baum Focus
235:References
228:Joab Early
179:and north
165:arrowheads
2055:Pleasants
2050:Pendleton
1965:Jefferson
1940:Hampshire
1915:Doddridge
1710:Stickball
1399:Rock Hawk
1229:Key Marco
1021:Troyville
1001:St. Johns
986:Red Ocher
745:Formative
498:Baum Site
453:Kemp site
448:Hine site
177:Tennessee
124:in 1971.
2080:Randolph
2040:Nicholas
2005:McDowell
1995:Marshall
1955:Harrison
1880:Berkeley
1866:Lists by
1598:Chanunpa
1583:Ballgame
1562:Vero man
1512:Anzick-1
1484:Windover
1444:SunWatch
1374:Rassawek
1194:Glenwood
1084:Brewster
936:Mogollon
907:La Jolla
893:Hopewell
853:Deptford
766:cultures
434:Anderson
137:European
73:71000883
2161:Bridges
2145:Wyoming
2125:Webster
2095:Summers
2085:Ritchie
2075:Raleigh
2065:Preston
2015:Mineral
1980:Lincoln
1970:Kanawha
1960:Jackson
1945:Hancock
1920:Fayette
1905:Calhoun
1890:Braxton
1875:Barbour
1747:Related
1605:Chunkey
1505:remains
1494:Wupatki
1334:Paquime
1224:Huápoca
1089:Cahokia
1059:Bastian
966:Patayan
888:Hohokam
873:Fremont
848:ComondĂş
803:Baytown
798:Avonlea
778:Alachua
750:Classic
740:Archaic
728:Periods
181:Georgia
110:Archaic
94:Buffalo
2130:Wetzel
2115:Upshur
2105:Tucker
2100:Taylor
2070:Putnam
2035:Morgan
2030:Monroe
2010:Mercer
1990:Marion
1925:Gilmer
1900:Cabell
1895:Brooke
1868:county
1809:Topics
1164:Folsom
1129:Cutler
1064:Benson
951:Oneota
883:Glades
858:Folsom
838:Clovis
735:Lithic
663:Oneota
287:
203:Clover
2120:Wayne
2110:Tyler
2090:Roane
2020:Mingo
2000:Mason
1985:Logan
1975:Lewis
1950:Hardy
1930:Grant
1885:Boone
1695:Piasa
1503:Human
1134:Eaker
1037:sites
971:Plano
773:Adena
555:Focus
436:Focus
2140:Wood
2135:Wirt
2045:Ohio
1910:Clay
1655:Kiva
342:2010
285:ISBN
116:and
88:The
58:Area
1800:in
1159:Eva
68:No.
2211::
359:.
313:.
299:^
267:^
257:.
251:.
112:,
96:,
1790:e
1783:t
1776:v
707:e
700:t
693:v
394:e
387:t
380:v
363:.
344:.
317:.
293:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.