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were segregated by sex, males on the east side, females on the west. Patients that required the most attention were placed in the outermost wards. As their situations improved, they would be subsequently moved further in towards the administration building. Once there, patients could engage in more social activities. Some examples include agricultural therapy, baseball, and holiday parties.
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trees and shrubs were selected for contrasting shapes, sizes, and leaf appearance. The overall intent was to create what was termed a “pastoral landscape”, and it was
Olmsted’s intent that this open landscape allow the public to see onto the property and the buildings themselves, and for the patients to clearly see the outer world during their walks on the grounds and through their windows.
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began to push for more funding and legislation aimed at creating mental health asylums across the United States. Dix travelled across both the United States and Europe, advocating for the importance of asylums and bringing the issue to the forefront of the
American consciousness. Perhaps her greatest
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In adherence to the
Kirkbride Plan, the Richardson Olmsted Campus (Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane) consists of a central administrative tower and five pavilions or wards progressively set back on each side, for eleven buildings total, all connected by short curved two-story corridors. Patients
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Kirkbride believed that in many cases, mental health problems could be treated as an acute issue. The asylum was intended to provide refuge from everyday life, and the environment a patient was in was just as important as the medical treatment they were receiving. Kirkbride placed a direct emphasis
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Now seen in a negative light by some, at the time mental health asylums were a revolutionary concept and a huge step forward in care for the mentally ill. Many asylums placed an emphasis not only on medical practices, but on architecture and design as well. Living at an asylum was not meant to only
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The
Preservation Coalition of Erie County (renamed "Preservation Buffalo Niagara" in October 2008) filed a lawsuit resulting in New York State establishing the Richardson Center Corporation in 2006 to rehabilitate the site and the State committing $ 100 million towards rehabilitation. Both former
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In New York City after returning from France, he became acquainted with
Frederick Law Olmsted. They were neighbors on Staten Island, had offices near one another on Broadway, and the two had similar artistic tastes. When Olmsted was invited to Buffalo in 1869 to design a park for the city, he met
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Ward corridors were to be at least 12 feet wide. Patient rooms were to be 11 feet deep by 9 feet wide, and would include just one single bed. Rooms were to be 16 feet high with wood floors and soundproofing. Kirkbride also called for the max number of patients to be around 250 (the
Buffalo State
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On this ground, Olmsted’s plan called for the planting of 150 trees, and up to 2000 shrubs. Except in the far southeast corner, the trees were spaced well apart and created an almost forest-like environment. Early photos suggest
Olmsted let trees that were already growing on the site remain. The
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In the mid-20th century, the
Buffalo State Hospital (Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane), saw an unmanageable influx of patients suffering from chronic issues. What was once a facility designed to cure acute illnesses, quickly became overcrowded. By 1940, a facility designed to hold around 600
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The
Kirkbride Plan also gave recommendations for the interior layout and size of an asylum. In Kirkbride’s own words, “Each ward should have in it a parlor, a dining room with a dumb waiter connected with it, a speaking tube/telephone leading to the kitchen, a corridor, single lodging rooms for
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Construction started in 1871, with the cornerstone being placed the following year in 1872. On
November 15, 1880, the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane admitted patients for the first time, although only the eastern wards had been completed (the western side would not be finished until 1895).
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By the 1900s, asylums gave way to “state hospitals”. This change in vernacular illustrated the shifting view on patient treatment and the overall declining stigma placed on mental health. More standard Kirkbride Plan asylums also gave way to the new "cottage plan" configuration. Instead of one
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The towers building remained open as office space until 1990. Afterwards, the Richardson-designed structure sat unoccupied and decaying for almost twenty years (further out wards had already been abandoned much earlier). In 2006, the Richardson Center Corporation, a non-profit dedicated to the
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Today, the Richardson Olmsted Campus is being converted, beginning with the now open Hotel Richardson within the Towers Building and two flanking buildings (about one-third of the Campus). The Hotel Richardson also includes Cafe Calvert, Bar Vaux, and their new restaurant Cucina. The remaining
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During the planning stages, the Richardson Center Corporation has used an active public process, aimed to help to inform the Master Plan during all phases of redevelopment for the Campus, including several public meetings. A Community Advisory Group includes representatives from the adjacent
518:. It has been the subject of a long-term preservation campaign. Nevertheless, three pavilions on the east side were demolished in the 1970s to make way for newer psychiatric facilities. In 1927, the northern farmlands were transferred back to the State for the development of what is today
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When it came to layout, the Kirkbride Plan prescribed a v-shaped grounds with one central administrative building. The Kirkbride Plan was also known as the “congregate plan” or “linear plan”. The plan is remarkable for being the first scientific architectural response to mental health care.
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The next year in 1890, the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane changed its name to the Buffalo State Hospital. That same year, New York passed new legislation establishing mental health treatment as the state's responsibility. A facility built for around 600, soon became overcrowded.
399:. The City of Buffalo promised to supply the future asylum with 100 years of free drinking water, and its location in a rural setting close to a bustling downtown was ideal for the Kirkbride Plan. Kirkbride had called for a patient population of around 300, but Buffalo physician Dr.
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sprawling asylum building, the cottage plan consisted of numerous out-buildings that each focused on one specific thing (tuberculosis building, surgery building, etc.). It is during this time that a collection of out-buildings are constructed at the Richardson Olmsted Campus.
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On January 25, 2013, Phase I plans were announced to redevelop one third of the Campus into Hotel Henry Urban Resort Conference Center, 100 Acres: The Kitchens at Hotel Henry and the Buffalo Architecture Center, both within the Towers Building and two flanking buildings.
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627:, this bill would have set aside ten million acres of federal land for the construction of mental health facilities. Dix may have been unsuccessful, but her efforts directly correlated to the construction of 32 mental health hospitals across the United States.
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503:, a successful lawyer (and later Lieutenant Governor of New York), who asked Olmsted to recommend an architect to design a new house for Dorsheimer. Olmsted recommended Richardson, and the house he designed for Dorsheimer still stands at 438 Delaware Avenue.
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Future plans for the site include the construction of a new museum in Buffalo's cultural corridor, known as the Lipsey Architecture Center Buffalo. The museum will focus on the city's rich architectural history and collection of now-preserved buildings.
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was hired to conduct regular patrols and prevent and deter further crime at the complex. On March 5, 2008, stabilization began with the most severely damaged buildings, including the roof and down-spouts. Stabilization was completed in 2012.
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As of summer 2023, planning continues for the construction of the Lipsey Architecture Center Buffalo at the Richardson Olmsted Campus. The proposed cultural institution will focus on Western New York's rich architectural history.
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impact mental health issues, but to cure them. Before this movement, the mentally ill were often housed in almshouses and jails, and were often subjected to archaic practices like bloodletting, isolation, and restraintment.
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Recently, the LACB opened two exhibits on the ground floor of the Hotel Richardson. One with a focus on general Buffalo architecture, and one that provides a brief history of the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane.
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Dorsheimer would later chair the ten member committee assigned to select the asylum’s architect. Based on Dorsheimer’s experience with him, he directed the committee in its meeting of May 1870, to hire Richardson.
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In the early 1960s, three male wards are demolished to make room for a modern rehabilitation center. The Strozzi Building was completed in 1964, essentially marking the final decline of the original asylum.
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In March 2023, Douglas Development Corporation re-opened the hotel under the new name Hotel Richardson. The hotel has a total of 88 rooms, and is walking distance from numerous Buffalo museums like the
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454:. This decreased the campus's size from 203 acres, to around 100. Six years later in 1933, part of the Olmsted-designed green space (known as the South Lawn), was paved over to create a parking lot.
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Park in Brooklyn. However, before they were implemented, the plans were lost and the partnership broke up. Olmsted then created another plan, and a partial record of which still exists today.
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Nichol's request was approved, and towns across Western New York began to enter bids to become the home of the new asylum. Buffalo was chosen from a group of possible locations that included
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This first phase of redevelopment was completed in 2016. Hotel Henry and the 100 Acres opened in May 2017. In 2020, due to the stress of the global COVID-19 pandemic, Hotel Henry closed.
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437:), and William W. Carlin finished the project. Certain elements changed, but the new architects attempted to emulate Richardson's distinct style for the remainder of the asylum.
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From 1835 to 1841, he opened his own practice in Philadelphia that focused on neurological and psychosurgical practices. In October 1840, he was named Superintendent of the
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This plan shows the southeast corner of the front of the asylum, that is, the land south of the administrative (towers) building to Forest Avenue and everything east to
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The man selected to design the Buffalo State Asylum in May 1870, was Henry Hobson Richardson. Although born on a plantation near New Orleans, he was an 1858 graduate of
885:: Flickr album of sketches and drawings for the grounds of the Buffalo State Hospital, fully digitized courtesy of the Frederick Law Olmsted National Park Service Site.
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Fireproofing was also important to Kirkbride’s plan. Every building connector was to have stone floors, and iron doors on one side that could be closed to avert fire.
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patients, a dormitory with no less than 4 beds, one or two larger patient rooms for those requiring an attendant, a clothes room, a bathroom, and a wash/sink room.”
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family, and was the great-great-grandson of Joseph Kirkbride, who was one of the original settlers in Pennsylvania in 1682. At 18, he began his formal education at
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patients had seen their patient population balloon to almost 4,000. In 1963, the then-modern Strozzi Building was constructed on campus to address these concerns.
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in Connecticut. While undoubtedly influenced by the treatment of the mentally ill in Europe, some historians believe that asylums in America grew out of the
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The remainder of the western wards were finished in 1895. Patients were now segregated by sex, with women in the western wings and men in the eastern wings.
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introduced a bill for additional mental health asylums to be built in New York State, with one dedicated to servicing the western portion of the state.
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Architectural plans and drawings, and internal records from the Buffalo State Hospital are found in several places. Most are offline and undigitized.
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neighborhoods, business districts, cultural institutions, Buffalo Psychiatric Center, SUNY Buffalo State, and historic preservation groups.
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In 1889, New York State approved funding for the remainder of the asylum to be constructed. H.H. Richardson had died in 1886, so architects
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In 1983 a portion of a ground floor hallway and one hospital room were prepared to appear as a maternity ward and used as a location for
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Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane with Some Remarks on Insanity and Its Treatment
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The Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane, the largest commission of Richardson's career, marked the advent of his characteristic
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and obtained his surgeon's degree in 1832. Post-education, he became a resident physician at The Quaker Asylum at Frankfurt.
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Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States (University of Minnesota Press, 2007) 127-139.
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The 100 acre farm that existed on site and was once used for agricultural therapy was sold by New York State in 1927 to
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On April 10, 2010, a fire occurred. The cause of the fire was under investigation. Damage was estimated at $ 200,000.
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Architectural plans and drawings are in the H.H. Richardson Collection in the Houghton Library at Harvard University.
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1032:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane (State Lunatic Asylum)"
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The need to create livable places to house the mentally ill became apparent by the mid-19th century. Reformers like
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in the late 1800s, incorporating a system of treatment for people with mental illness developed by Dr. Thomas Story
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The first hospital to focus solely on mental health opened in 1773 in Williamsburg, Virginia and was known as the
495:(School of Fine Arts) in Paris. Afterwards, he started working as a draftsman in an architectural firm in France.
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was the approach to mental health care created by Thomas Story Kirkbride, and highlighted in his work, On the
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are in the New York State Archives in Albany, N.Y. They are undigitized and subject to privacy restrictions.
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on fresh air, sunlight, and exercise, and believed they were directly involved in treating mental illness.
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In 1918, Richardson's iconic towers that were covered in clay-tile roofing, were re-covered in copper.
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Patient records from 1881 to 1975 are in the collection of the New York State Archives in Albany, NY.
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buildings have been stabilized by the Richardson Center Corporation, with a plan by new developer
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preservation of the campus, gained control of the property and completed initial stabilization.
1335:"Governor Cuomo Announces First Phase of Redevelopment of Richardson Olmsted Campus In Buffalo"
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in 1865, a renewed focus on the construction of mental health facilities swept across America.
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1189:, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 22 January 2004, Sommer, M., Retrieved 15 January 2014.
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Archives: Architecture: A towering masterpiece: H.H. Richardson's Buffalo State Hospital
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that stands near the property’s fence line along Forest Avenue. Until 2019, an original
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672:(AMSAII). From 1862 to 1870, he served as secretary, and then president of the AMSAII.
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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1014:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Buffalo State Hospital"
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Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
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Currently, the building is being restored by Douglas Development Corporation.
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Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane
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1076:, Buffalo, NY, March/April 2000, Kowsky, F.R., Retrieved 15 December 2013.
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Requesting Information About Patients from the Buffalo Psychiatric Center
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Annual Report of the Board of Visitors of the Buffalo Psychiatric Center
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that stand directly in front of the administrative building and a huge
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style. When emulated by later architects, this style is referred to as
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The last patients were moved out of the original asylum wards in 1974.
403:(who was overseeing the project), increased that number to about 600.
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1933:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
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Annual Reports of the Board of Managers of the Buffalo State Asylum
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State Lunatic Asylum, 400 Forest Avenue, Buffalo, Erie County, NY
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In 2013, the South Lawn landscape on the property was completed.
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Mount Massive Asylum, the main setting for the 2013 horror game
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1349:"Next phase of development taking shape at Richardson complex"
1246:"Reuse Timeline > Learn > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
1200:"Stabilization > Learn > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
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1310:"Community > Support > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
973:. National Park Service. September 18, 2007. Archived from
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are often credited with developing this form of treatment.
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Plans for the asylum grounds were created in about 1870 by
1285:"South Lawn > Learn > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
1112:"Henry Hobson Richardson Drawings: Buffalo State Hospital"
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and brick hospital buildings were designed in 1870 in the
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National Register of Historic Places in Buffalo, New York
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Richardsonian Romanesque architecture in New York (state)
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with some of the city’s leading citizens. Among them was
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in 1986. The site was designed by the American architect
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Buffalo Psychiatric Center Patient Case files, 1920-1975
1087:"History > Learn > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
844:, in 1885 while committed to the Buffalo State Asylum.
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Today, all that remains of Olmsted’s plantings are two
418:, and the grounds were designed by landscape architect
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Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
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Buffalo State Hospital patient case files, 1920-1975
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Buffalo State Hospital patient case files, 1881-1920
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Buffalo State Hospital Patient Case Files, 1881-1920
864:, was modeled after the Richardson Olmsted Complex.
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Perimeter fencing and lighting were installed and a
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Buffalo State Hospital, Richardson Olmsted Complex,
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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1429:"Outlast 2 In Development for PS4, Xbox One and PC"
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1566:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
840:Lizzie D. Cottier surreptitiously wrote a novel,
855:, was shown recovering from internal injuries.
2877:National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
1958:National Register of Historic Places portal
903:are online courtesy of the Library of Congress
883:Job #612, New York State Asylum for the Insane
851:, where the character Roy Hobbs, as played by
2872:Buildings and structures in Buffalo, New York
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1994:
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1225:"Repairs underway at H.H. Richardson complex"
1183:Hoyt proposes civic panel for Richardson site
989:"Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)"
638:Thomas Story Kirkbride and the Kirkbride Plan
619:contribution to the effort, was the proposed
191:Cornerstone placed in 1872. Finished in 1895.
8:
649:on July 31, 1809. Kirkbride was born into a
575:also stood in front of the east wing of the
344:in concert with the famed landscape team of
621:Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane
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2001:
1987:
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1164:. New York State Office of Mental Health.
1142:. New York State Office of Mental Health.
971:National Historic Landmark summary listing
799:In 2021, Douglas Development Corporation (
783:Hotel Henry Urban Resort Conference Center
31:
2892:Psychiatric hospitals in New York (state)
1506:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1271:"Flames break out at closed psych center"
160:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
961:
959:
795:Douglas Development and Hotel Richardson
583:Mental Health Treatment in Early America
2912:1870 establishments in New York (state)
2629:Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital
928:
623:(1854). Later struck down by President
2714:Fergus Falls Regional Treatment Center
2684:Eastern Michigan Asylum for the Insane
2527:Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital
940:"National Register Information System"
934:
932:
715:Asylum increased this number to 600).
1427:Russell, Brandon (October 25, 2014).
1403:"Lizzie Cottier and her missing baby"
461:In 1973, the Asylum was added to the
56:Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane,
7:
2862:Hospital buildings completed in 1870
945:National Register of Historic Places
666:Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane
463:National Register of Historic Places
2837:Callan Park Hospital for the Insane
2557:Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital
1471:", 8 photos, 8 data pages
919:: Policies and procedures explained
897:: 1909-1917 are online in full text
891:: 1885 and 1887 online in full text
1921:National Historic Preservation Act
1465:Historic American Buildings Survey
823:Lipsey Architecture Center Buffalo
25:
2887:Henry Hobson Richardson buildings
2867:Architecture of Buffalo, New York
2796:Eastern Washington State Hospital
2755:Central State Hospital (Kentucky)
2588:Central State Hospital (Virginia)
2709:Cherokee Mental Health Institute
2609:Central State Hospital (Indiana)
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1963:
1962:
1951:
877:Henry Hobson Richardson drawings
868:Plans, Drawings, Images, Records
541:, the partners who had designed
471:In 1986, it was designated as a
306:
292:
280:
40:
1012:T. Robins Brown (August 1972).
605:Hartford Retreat for the Insane
169:U.S. National Historic Landmark
2750:Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum
1874:Federated States of Micronesia
1520:Architectural style categories
1049:Accompanying three photographs
657:. In 1831, he enrolled at the
217:
1:
2907:Hospitals established in 1870
2791:Eastern Oregon State Hospital
2634:Mount Pleasant State Hospital
29:Building in Buffalo, New York
2593:Spring Grove Hospital Center
1401:Murphy, Dan (October 2022).
813:Burchfield Penney Art Center
529:Olmsted and Landscape Design
2669:Independence State Hospital
2614:Jacksonville State Hospital
2537:Hudson River State Hospital
2475:Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge
2024:Adult / children facilities
1382:. Buffalo, N.Y.: Courier Co
1376:Cottier, Lizzie D. (1885).
2938:
2522:Northampton State Hospital
1926:Historic Preservation Fund
1905:American Legation, Morocco
1467:(HABS) No. NY-5606, "
1314:www.richardson-olmsted.com
1289:www.richardson-olmsted.com
1250:www.richardson-olmsted.com
1204:www.richardson-olmsted.com
1091:www.richardson-olmsted.com
901:Photographs of the complex
659:University of Pennsylvania
577:Buffalo Psychiatric Center
491:. From there attended the
473:National Historic Landmark
338:National Historic Landmark
152:Richardson Olmsted Complex
2654:Osawatomie State Hospital
2512:Harrisburg State Hospital
2507:New Jersey State Hospital
2072:
1946:
1867:Lists by associated state
1126:"New York State Archives"
655:The College of New Jersey
647:Morrisville, Pennsylvania
630:At the conclusion of the
603:in Philadelphia, and the
368:to complete restoration.
322:Richardson Olmsted Campus
249:
216:NRHP reference
175:
166:
157:
150:
146:
48:
39:
35:Richardson Olmsted Campus
2897:Kirkbride Plan hospitals
2801:Mendocino State Hospital
2699:Northern Michigan Asylum
2664:Winnebago State Hospital
2639:St. Peter State Hospital
2624:Wisconsin State Hospital
2562:Worcester State Hospital
1848:Northern Mariana Islands
967:"Buffalo State Hospital"
516:Richardsonian Romanesque
452:Buffalo State University
313:Under renovation in 2008
210:Richardsonian Romanesque
206:Architectural style
2765:Arkansas State Hospital
2694:Clarinda State Hospital
2689:Kankakee State Hospital
2679:Columbus State Hospital
2583:St. Elizabeths Hospital
2542:Danville State Hospital
2480:Richard Snowden Andrews
1030:Caroline Pitts (n.d.).
744:New York State Assembly
416:Henry Hobson Richardson
342:Henry Hobson Richardson
200:Henry Hobson Richardson
141:Henry Hobson Richardson
2770:Terrell State Hospital
2735:Jackson State Hospital
2730:Western State Hospital
2567:Danvers State Hospital
2547:Buffalo State Hospital
2532:Dixmont State Hospital
2517:Taunton State Hospital
2424:Thomas Story Kirkbride
1843:Minor Outlying Islands
1826:Lists by insular areas
1540:Keeper of the Register
817:Buffalo History Museum
809:Buffalo AKG Art Museum
643:Thomas Story Kirkbride
593:Eastern State Hospital
121:42.92861°N 78.881972°W
18:Buffalo State Hospital
2816:Patton State Hospital
2811:Oregon State Hospital
2786:Agnews State Hospital
2740:Austin State Hospital
2704:Nevada State Hospital
2674:Athens Lunatic Asylum
2659:Topeka State Hospital
2619:Dayton State Hospital
2552:Warren State Hospital
2130:Children's facilities
2017:psychiatric hospitals
1545:National Park Service
1525:Contributing property
992:(Searchable database)
950:National Park Service
752:Buffalo State College
535:Frederick Law Olmsted
520:Buffalo State College
435:Edward Brodhead Green
420:Frederick Law Olmsted
346:Frederick Law Olmsted
299:South elevation, 2017
287:South elevation, 1965
183:93 acres (38 ha)
2832:Nova Scotia Hospital
2649:Elgin State Hospital
1900:District of Columbia
1337:. State of New York.
737:Preservation Efforts
493:Ecole des Beaux-Arts
408:Medina red sandstone
126:42.92861; -78.881972
68:The Richardson Hotel
2806:Napa State Hospital
2644:Anna State Hospital
2202:Research facilities
2171:Forensic facilities
336:, was designated a
242:Designated NHL
117: /
89:444 Forest Avenue,
73:General information
2760:Broughton Hospital
2405:The Kirkbride Plan
2315:New York Inebriate
2280:Letchworth Village
2270:Hudson River State
2265:Hudson River Psych
2230:Blackwell's Island
2041:Greater Binghamton
836:In Popular Culture
632:American Civil War
512:Romanesque Revival
501:William Dorsheimer
389:Lockport, New York
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2493:Notable buildings
2488:
2487:
2460:Nathaniel Bradlee
2371:
2370:
2223:Closed facilities
1976:
1975:
1530:Historic district
1231:on March 6, 2008.
689:The Enlightenment
545:in Manhattan and
393:Batavia, New York
380:In 1865, Senator
274:
273:
262:Other information
229:Significant dates
91:Buffalo, New York
65:Alternative names
16:(Redirected from
2929:
2825:Outside the U.S.
2497:
2416:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2330:Western New York
2178:Central New York
2162:Western New York
2084:Adult facilities
2078:
2031:Capital District
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1879:Marshall Islands
1499:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1461:
1460:
1458:Official website
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1379:The Right Spirit
1373:
1367:
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1364:
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1281:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1227:. Archived from
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1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1196:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1158:
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1151:
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1023:
1018:
1006:
1004:
1002:
993:
985:
979:
978:
963:
954:
953:
936:
842:The Right Spirit
756:Muriel A. Howard
565:Swamp White Oaks
397:Warsaw, New York
382:Asher P. Nichols
310:
296:
284:
237:January 12, 1973
219:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
44:
32:
21:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2841:
2820:
2774:
2718:
2597:
2571:
2484:
2465:John G. Haskell
2455:Elbridge Boyden
2438:
2426:
2407:
2402:
2372:
2367:
2344:
2218:
2209:Nathan S. Kline
2197:
2166:
2125:
2079:
2070:
2019:
2007:
1977:
1972:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1909:
1888:
1862:
1821:
1554:
1508:
1503:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
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1399:
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1383:
1375:
1374:
1370:
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1347:
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1328:
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1269:
1268:
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1244:
1243:
1236:
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1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1198:
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1193:
1181:
1177:
1160:
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1155:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1000:
998:
991:
987:
986:
982:
977:on May 2, 2008.
965:
964:
957:
952:. July 9, 2010.
938:
937:
930:
926:
870:
838:
825:
797:
785:
739:
685:moral treatment
640:
625:Franklin Pierce
601:Friend’s Asylum
597:McLean Hospital
585:
531:
489:Harvard College
485:
431:Green and Wicks
378:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
311:
302:
301:
300:
297:
289:
288:
285:
267:Number of rooms
171:
162:
153:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
81:Used as a hotel
59:
57:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2933:
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2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
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2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
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2874:
2869:
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2782:
2780:
2776:
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2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Bryce Hospital
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2732:
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2711:
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2237:
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2226:
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2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2214:New York State
2211:
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2203:
2199:
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2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
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2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
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2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
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1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1858:Virgin Islands
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1833:American Samoa
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:South Carolina
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:North Carolina
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
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1704:
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1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1559:Lists by state
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1550:Property types
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
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1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1494:
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1462:
1451:
1450:External links
1448:
1446:
1445:
1419:
1393:
1368:
1357:. June 4, 2019
1340:
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1301:
1276:
1262:
1234:
1216:
1191:
1175:
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1131:
1117:
1103:
1078:
1062:
1053:
1010:This includes
980:
955:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
914:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
869:
866:
853:Robert Redford
837:
834:
824:
821:
796:
793:
784:
781:
738:
735:
697:Philippe Pinel
677:Kirkbride Plan
639:
636:
609:Jacksonian Era
584:
581:
554:Elmwood Avenue
530:
527:
484:
481:
412:Kirkbride Plan
377:
374:
358:Kirkbride Plan
312:
305:
304:
303:
298:
291:
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286:
279:
278:
277:
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272:
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268:
264:
263:
259:
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148:
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138:
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101:
95:
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87:
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62:
61:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
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2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
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2809:
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2799:
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2738:
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2731:
2728:
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2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
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2700:
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2640:
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2627:
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2505:
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2498:
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2491:
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2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Levi Scofield
2468:
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2286:
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2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Harlem Valley
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Central Islip
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
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2207:
2206:
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2200:
2194:
2191:
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2186:
2184:
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2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
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2160:
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2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Mohawk Valley
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
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1912:
1906:
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1898:
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1834:
1831:
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1824:
1818:
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1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:West Virginia
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
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1790:
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1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:New Hampshire
1710:
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1703:
1700:
1698:
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1693:
1690:
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1683:
1680:
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1675:
1673:
1672:Massachusetts
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1449:
1434:
1433:TechnoBuffalo
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1772:South Dakota
1762:Rhode Island
1757:Pennsylvania
1737:North Dakota
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2340:Willowbrook
2285:Long Island
2235:Bloomington
2066:South Beach
1893:Other areas
1853:Puerto Rico
1687:Mississippi
1602:Connecticut
849:The Natural
599:in Boston,
124: /
99:Coordinates
60:Hotel Henry
2856:Categories
2779:West Coast
2443:Architects
2419:Physicians
2358:Interpines
2350:Sanatorium
2300:Middletown
2275:Kings Park
2188:Mid-Hudson
1802:Washington
1722:New Mexico
1717:New Jersey
1592:California
1319:August 22,
1294:August 22,
1255:August 22,
1209:August 22,
1096:August 22,
924:References
754:President
579:property.
406:The large
109:42°55′43″N
2500:Northeast
2431:Advocates
2295:Matteawan
2290:Manhattan
2245:Dannemora
2193:Rochester
2111:Manhattan
2106:Kingsboro
2101:Creedmoor
2056:Rochester
2046:Hutchings
1812:Wisconsin
1777:Tennessee
1682:Minnesota
1657:Louisiana
1148:122346707
569:White Ash
354:Kirkbride
257:2006-2023
254:Renovated
196:Architect
137:Named for
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2310:New York
2305:Mohansic
2250:Edgewood
2157:Sagamore
2152:Rockland
2142:Brooklyn
2121:Rockland
2014:New York
1968:Category
1797:Virginia
1747:Oklahoma
1727:New York
1702:Nebraska
1692:Missouri
1677:Michigan
1667:Maryland
1652:Kentucky
1632:Illinois
1607:Delaware
1597:Colorado
1587:Arkansas
1438:June 11,
1361:June 11,
1170:82286416
1040:April 1,
1022:April 1,
1001:April 1,
748:Sam Hoyt
547:Prospect
330:New York
223:73001186
86:Location
2602:Midwest
2335:Willard
2255:Gowanda
2116:Pilgrim
2096:Buffalo
1914:Related
1817:Wyoming
1792:Vermont
1697:Montana
1637:Indiana
1617:Georgia
1612:Florida
1582:Arizona
1572:Alabama
861:Outlast
746:Member
376:History
326:Buffalo
2412:People
2363:Loomis
2147:Queens
2036:Elmira
1752:Oregon
1707:Nevada
1647:Kansas
1622:Hawaii
1577:Alaska
1513:Topics
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1046:, and
815:, and
651:Quaker
395:, and
78:Status
2723:South
2325:Utica
2183:Kirby
2137:Bronx
2091:Bronx
2010:State
1884:Palau
1782:Texas
1662:Maine
1627:Idaho
1035:(PDF)
1017:(PDF)
1008:Note:
188:Built
93:14222
1838:Guam
1787:Utah
1742:Ohio
1642:Iowa
1440:2019
1414:2024
1388:2024
1363:2019
1354:WKBW
1321:2016
1296:2016
1257:2016
1211:2016
1166:OCLC
1144:OCLC
1098:2016
1042:2016
1024:2016
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909:and
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