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society to laugh at. This policy was not generally criticised during its time. Groups of people even saw this act as a positive one, as these "natural" comedians were not typically able to have a job or earn any sort of living on their own. The second group, artificial fools, is what most people in modern times imagine when they hear the word "jester": someone who comes up with witty and original jokes in order to entertain a royal court. The main difference between the two groups is that a natural fool's comedy is not done intentionally while an artificial fool's is.
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1000:, where the court jester is a character used for insight and advice on the part of the monarch, taking advantage of his licence to mock and speak freely to dispense frank observations and highlight the folly of his monarch. This presents a clashing irony as a greater man could dispense the same advice and find himself being detained in the dungeons or even executed. Only as the lowliest member of the court can the jester be the monarch's most useful adviser.
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1015:, and jesters of the time, but their characteristics are greatly heightened for theatrical effect. The "groundlings" (theatre-goers who were too poor to pay for seats and thus stood on the 'ground' in the front by the stage) that frequented the Globe Theatre were more likely to be drawn to these Shakespearean fools. However they were also favoured by the nobility. Most notably,
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806:("Kester the Jester") as the State Jester for England, the first since Muckle John 355 years previously. However, following an objection by the National Guild of Jesters, English Heritage accepted they were not authorised to grant such a title. Roder was succeeded as "Heritage Jester" by Pete Cooper ("Peterkin the Fool").
524:. During his lifetime Armstrong was given great honours at court. He was eventually thrown out of the King's employment when he over-reached and insulted too many influential people. Even after his disgrace, books telling of his jests were sold in London streets. He held some influence at court still in the reign of
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There are two major groups when it comes to defining fools: artificial fools and natural fools. Natural fools consisted of people who were deemed "mentally defective," or as having a "deficiency in their education, experience or innate capacity for understanding," and stood as someone for the rest of
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they are called an "ouwoer". They all perform a cabaret speech in dialect, during which many current issues are reviewed. Often there are local situations and celebrities from local and regional politics who are mocked, ridiculed and insulted. The "Tonpraoter" or "Buuttereedner" may be considered
1065:
is someone who provides amusement through inappropriate appearance or behaviour. Originally the term was used to describe a ridiculous but amusing person. The term is now frequently used in a derogatory sense to describe someone considered foolish, or someone displaying inappropriately vulgar,
660:
Scholar David
Carlyon has cast doubt on the "daring political jester", calling historical tales "apocryphal", and concluding that "popular culture embraces a sentimental image of the clown; writers reproduce that sentimentality in the jester, and academics in the Trickster", but it "falters as
972:. The tarot depiction of the Fool includes a man (or less often, a woman) holding a white rose in one hand and a small bundle of possessions in the other with a dog or cat at their heels. The fool is in the act of unknowingly walking off the edge of a cliff, precipice, or other high place.
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Jester's privilege is the ability and right of a jester to talk and mock freely without being punished. As an acknowledgement of this right, the court jester had symbols denoting their status and protection under the law. The crown
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926:). They entertained mostly through dancing and storytelling, and were at times counted on for strategic advice. By the 16th century they fought alongside their lord in battle in addition to their other duties.
442:. Jesters would ride in front of their troops, provoke or mock the enemy, and even serve as messengers. They played an important part in raising their own army's spirits by singing songs and reciting stories.
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134:. Jesters were also traveling performers who entertained common folk at fairs and town markets, and the discipline continues into the modern day, where jesters perform at historical-themed events.
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bumbling or ridiculous behaviour which is a source of general amusement. The term originates from the old
Italian "buffare", meaning to puff out one's cheeks that also applies to
228:. These terms described entertainers who differed in their skills and performances but who all shared many similarities in their role as comedic performers for their audiences.
1717:
1011:. Shakespearean fools are usually clever peasants or commoners that use their wits to outdo people of higher social standing. In this sense, they are very similar to the real
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188:. Much of the entertainment was performed in a comic style. Many jesters made contemporary jokes in word or song about people or events well known to their audiences.
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in his famous diary does call
Killigrew "The King's fool and jester, with the power to mock and revile even the most prominent without penalty" (12 February 1668).
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585:, he calls himself a court jester, and, later in the text, he explicitly invokes the jester's privilege when saying that monks should break their chastity vows.
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throughout
English royal history employed entertainers and most had professional fools, sometimes called "licensed fools". Entertainment included
548:" because he was short of stature. One of his jests was to be presented hidden in a giant pie from which he would leap out. Hudson fought on the
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appointed Russel Erwood (aka Erwyd le Fol) as the official resident jester of the town and its people, a post that had been vacant since 1295.
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Jesters could also give bad news to the King that no one else would dare deliver. In 1340, when the French fleet was destroyed at the
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A Day in a
Working Life: 300 Trades and Professions through History [3 volumes]: 300 Trades and Professions through History
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were paid for their jests, and the tables of the wealthy were generally open to them for the sake of the amusement they afforded.
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795:. 1480–1560), whose jokes were usually related to political matters, and who later became a historical symbol for Poles.
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In ancient times, other cultures, such as the Aztecs and the
Chinese, also employed cultural equivalents to the jester.
2372:
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852:, often with deformities, were employed as buffoons to entertain the king and his family, especially the children. In
1070:. Having swelled their cheeks they would slap them to expel the air and produce a noise which amused the spectators.
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did not come into use until the mid-16th century, during Tudor times. This modern term derives from the older form
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476:
672:'s jester told him the English sailors "don't even have the guts to jump into the water like our brave French".
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1322:
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Swain, Barbara. "Fools and Folly During the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance" Columbia University Press, 1932.
723:, travelling groups of jesters performed plays featuring stylised characters in a form of theatre called the
1993:
Notes and
Queries: A Medium of Inter-Communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc
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did not reinstate the tradition of the court jester, but he did greatly patronise the theatre and proto-
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Costume (Jester Hat), ca. 1890-1920, in the Staten Island
Historical Society Online Collection Database
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Encyclopædia
Britannica; or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Volume 4
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What 14th-16th century jesters wore and carried, as seen in illustrations and museum collections.
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Billington, Sandra. "A Social History of the Fool", The Harvester Press, 1984. ISBN 0-7108-0610-8
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394:, "to bleat like a sheep", and hence, to speak sillily. Others have suggested a connection with
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746:. In France the tradition of the court jester ended with the abolition of the monarchy in the
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Jesters entertained with a wide variety of skills: principal among them were song, music, and
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History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books | Modern International and American history
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used jest in many of his criticisms against the Catholic Church. In the introduction to his
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this person is called a "tonpraoter" or "sauwelaar", and is actually in or on a barrel. In
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2130:"The Role of Fool was a Staple in Medieval Culture... In Some of the Most Unexpected Ways"
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and jesters were featured in Shakespeare's plays, and the company's expert on jesting was
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2938:
2051:
899:, the Papal court in Rome had a court jester, similar to the secular courts of the time.
370:, because they, so to speak, carried their jesting to market, even into the very depth (
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Pauli Diaconi excerpta ex libris Pompeii Festi de significatione verborum, liber II,
1936:
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Foolish Clothing: Depictions of Jesters and Fools in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
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3144:
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Fools and Jesters in Literature, Art, and History: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook
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Ethical consensus and the truth of laughter: the structure of moral transformations
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may have proved vital to the cultivation of the fool character in his many plays.
2892:
2777:"Bristol juggler to become North Wales town's first official jester in 700 years"
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like a modern-day court jester. He holds a mirror to make us aware of our times (
427:. Fool Societies, or groups of nomadic entertainers, were often hired to perform
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The Works of Shakespeare ....: Twelfth night; or, What you will, ed. by M. Luce
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Joel Gibson. (2006, September 23). Disgraced court jester no laughing matter.
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952:, which means "bag of wind" or bellows or that which contains air or breath.
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to that role in 1999. Bogdanoff was later embroiled in a financial scandal.
888:. There are other paintings by Velázquez that include court dwarves such as
830:
817:
is a folkloric hero dating back to medieval times and ruling each year over
537:
181:
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eras, jesters are often thought to have worn brightly coloured clothes and
17:
3094:
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3007:
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2373:"This official town jester can balance a flaming barbecue on his head..!"
1810:
1623:
1549:
1424:
1303:(b. 1981), known as Erwyd le Fol, is the 2nd official resident jester of
1099:
932:
was the first royal court to appoint a court jester in the 20th century;
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825:
time, mocking politicians and public figures of power and authority with
822:
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209:
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1165:, eventually elevated to gentleman courtier of the Royal Household and
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834:
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712:
623: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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who was very popular and loyal. Jeffrey Hudson had the title of "Royal
529:
127:
84:
1615:
is the only person at a 1514 royal ball troubled by the news that the
994:
The jester can be symbolic of common sense and of honesty, notably in
3002:
2620:
The fools of Shakespeare: an ... - Frederick B. Warde - Google Boeken
1978:
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1145:(1479–1536), court jester of Kings Louis XII and Francis I of France
2912: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
556:. A third jester associated with Charles I was called Muckle John.
3170:
2396:
Janusz Pelc; Paulina Buchwald-Pelcowa; Barbara Otwinowska (1989).
1800:
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was a buffoon, though others have since objected to this account.
102:
80:
1682:
1091:
169:
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780:, 1493. Two jesters are depicted in the centre of the picture.
153:
pattern. Their modern counterparts usually mimic this costume.
2400:(in Polish). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Lubelskie. pp. 425–438.
2315:
Carlyon, D. (2002). "The Trickster as Academic Comfort Food".
1723:
Woodcut of a jester, by Heinrich Vogtherr the Younger, c. 1540
1019:
was a great admirer of the popular actor who portrayed fools,
592:
173:
2225:
The Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works of Henry Thomas Buckle
1479:
a 16th ct. collection of portraits copied by Jacques de Boucq
573:) mirrored the royal crown and sceptre wielded by a monarch.
280:
274:
2541:"Tonga royal decree appointing JD Bogdanoff as court jester"
903:
dismissed the court Jester, and no later Pope employed one.
358:
because they were dirty fellows, covered with spots of mud (
314:
There are various theories about the origin of the term. In
2837:
The Spirituality of Comedy: comic heroism in a tragic world
1277:, a medieval flatulist who lived in twelfth-century England
505:
the jester is described as "wise enough to play the fool".
475:
wrote his plays and performed with his theatre company the
330:
from the proper name, suggesting that buffoons were called
289:
2240:"Medieval Jesters – And their Parallels in Modern America"
364:) from walking. Another writer suggests a derivation from
2939:
Fooling Around the World (A history of the court jester)
2343:"Welsh town appoints first official jester in 700 years"
1681:
jester participating in the Garebeg Moeloed procession,
1117:
they are named "buuttereedner" or "buutteredner" and in
57:
Mr. Arthur Price, selected as "The Court Jester" at the
2851:
Fools Are Everywhere: The Court Jester Around the World
2155:"What It Was Really Like To Be A Court Jester - Grunge"
2105:"What It Was Really Like To Be A Court Jester - Grunge"
2080:
Fools Are Everywhere: The Court Jester Around the World
1078:
Today, the jester is portrayed in different formats of
880:. Mari Bárbola can also be seen in a later portrait of
1290:(b. 1955), court jester and financial advisor to King
2668:. Archibald Constable and Company. 1823. p. 780.
2398:
Jan Kochanowski 1584-1984: epoka, twórczość, recepcja
1399:
Pomni – protagonist in the adult animated web series
1109:, cabaret performances in local dialect are held. In
298:
703:
In the 18th century, jesters had died out except in
286:
283:
277:
271:
3163:
3082:
3041:
2990:
268:
208:, originally from French meaning 'storyteller' or '
126:, was a member of the household of a nobleman or a
90:
76:
66:
45:
2691:Home Kalender Nieuws Zoekertjes Albums Copyright.
243:"Balatro" redirects here. For the video game, see
2282:, Morality and the meaning of life, vol. 4,
692:entertainments, especially favouring the work of
696:. Though Killigrew was not officially a jester,
2878:The Fool : His Social and Literary History
1833:, California jester-themed entertainment troupe
1943:. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 114–115.
1007:is a recurring character type in the works of
948:The root of the word "fool" is from the Latin
582:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
2970:
2880:(out of print) (1935 + subsequent reprints):
2681:Vol.III, London (1847), Charles Knight, p.918
1915:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 89–93.
1711:Jester-doll made by Olina Ventsel (1938–2007)
1546:Queen Henrietta Maria with Sir Jeffrey Hudson
1391:Dimentio - antagonist in the 2007 video game
8:
2679:The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge
1441:Portrait of the Ferrara Court Jester Gonella
1383:Nights - protagonist in the 1996 video game
1040:"Buffoon" redirects here. For the film, see
352:, and supposes buffoons to have been called
1941:The Fool: His Social & Literary History
1355:– court jester to the king of the fairies,
1161:. 1524–1567), African court jester of King
540:. Charles I later employed a jester called
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
337:
331:
325:
324:. An old scholiast derives the common word
319:
306:
256:
2977:
2963:
2955:
2752:"Conwy jester to take new job 'seriously'"
1533:, engraving by Francis Delaram, c. 1615/24
1492:Jester Knight Christoph by Hans Wertinger,
1023:. For Shakespeare himself, however, actor
51:
2924:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
639:Learn how and when to remove this message
2082:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1459:Anonymous German engraving, 16th century
768:
305:) was a professional jester or buffoon.
1900:
1412:
1205:(fl. 1589 – fl. 1627), court jester of
438:Jesters were also occasionally used as
2858:Fools and Jesters at the English Court
2447:
2436:
2271:
2269:
1913:Fools and Jesters at the English Court
42:
2073:
2071:
1646:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
1367:Jack Point – a 'strolling jester' in
1236:(1713–1778), the Laird of Udny's Fool
1196:(c. 1540–1591), court jester of King
910:from the 13th to 18th centuries, the
890:Prince Balthasar Charles With a Dwarf
7:
2421:Jan Zygmunt Jakubowski, ed. (1959).
2032:Hor. Ep. i. 15. 31. (cited by Allen)
1906:
1904:
1880:, comedic sidekick in Javanese tales
1869:– the staff often carried by jesters
1584:Hinric Hasenberger, the Court Jester
1321:Rigoletto – eponymous jester to the
1244:Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine
621:adding citations to reliable sources
318:, Balatro is used as a proper name:
130:employed to entertain guests during
2927:. London: John Murray. p. 183.
2896:. Greenwood Publishing Group, USA.
2516:"Jester completes 100-mile tribute"
985:King Lear and the Fool in the Storm
196:The modern use of the English word
2643:. Foolsforhire.com. Archived from
1187:(died 1560), court jester of King
25:
2853:," Chicago University Press, 2001
2718:"Tongan court jester faces trial"
2569:"Tongan court jester faces trial"
2492:"Jesters get serious in name row"
2466:"Jesters joust for historic role"
1494:1515 (Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid)
1242:, 18th century, jester of Prince
1227:(1619–c. 1682), "court dwarf" of
1074:Carnival and medieval reenactment
2907:
2211:. Methuen & Company Limited.
1774:
1751:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1690:
1671:
1653:
1630:
1595:
1576:
1569:The Woman, the Fool and His Cat,
1557:
1538:
1519:
1499:
1484:
1471:Caricature of a court jester of
1464:
1452:
1433:
1415:
1174:(c. 1543–1558), natural fool of
1102:. During the Burgundian and the
787:'s most famous court jester was
729:. A version of this passed into
597:
264:
212:'. Other earlier terms included
2353:from the original on 2018-10-11
2317:The Journal of American Culture
2128:sheldon, Natasha (2018-09-19).
936:, the King of Tonga, appointed
886:Juan Bautista Martinez del Mazo
608:needs additional citations for
2890:Janik, Vicki K. (ed.) (1998).
2490:Griffiths, Emma (2004-12-23).
2228:. Longmans, Green and Company.
2006:Sat ii. 8. 21 (cited by Allen)
1981:Sat. i. 2. 2. (cited by Allen)
1638:"Keying Up" – The Court Jester
1510:on the far right and probably
841:, is the symbol of his power.
1:
2811:, The Harvester Press, 1984.
2594:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2431:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
2222:Buckle, Henry Thomas (1872).
2205:Shakespeare, William (1906).
2178:Westfahl, Gary (2015-04-21).
2041:Gell. i. 15. (cited by Allen)
1744:Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen
1698:The Court Jester of Tabbyland
1151:(c. 1480–1560), Polish jester
920:, attended the feudal lords (
536:had a Scottish jester called
36:Court jester (disambiguation)
27:Medieval European entertainer
2839:1996 Transaction Publishers
2809:A Social History of the Fool
2783:. 2015-07-19. Archived from
2617:Warde, Frederick B. (1913).
1428:manuscript, c. 1470 (detail)
1311:replacing the jester of 1295
1218:(died 1672), jester of King
589:Natural and artificial fools
2860:, Sutton Publishing, 1998.
2153:Kelly, Debra (2020-12-26).
2103:Kelly, Debra (2020-12-26).
1959:Online Etymology Dictionary
1475:, Duke of Burgundy, in the
1422:Illumination from a French
1122:successors of the jesters.
520:, employed a jester called
407:English royal court jesters
3238:
2739:Sydney Morning Herald, The
1506:Family of Henry VIII with
1402:The Amazing Digital Circus
1129:
1046:
1039:
242:
29:
3207:Entertainment occupations
2921:, ed. (1870). "Balatro".
1588:David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
1571:1641–1645 (private coll.)
1362:A Midsummer Night's Dream
1229:Henrietta Maria of France
882:princess Margarita Teresa
860:two dwarfs are included:
559:
160:, but many also employed
50:
2985:Humor and wit characters
2826:A History of Court Fools
1911:Soutworth, John (1998).
1514:on the far left, c. 1545
448:employed a jester named
2371:Day, Liz (2015-08-08).
2329:10.1111/1542-734X.00003
2078:Otto, Beatrice (2001).
2056:Encyclopædia Britannica
1378:The Yeomen of the Guard
1340:– dead court jester in
774:Festival of the Archers
528:and estates of land in
32:Jester (disambiguation)
2423:Przegląd humanistyczny
1826:Foolishness for Christ
1816:Fool (stock character)
991:
864:, a female dwarf from
781:
656:Political significance
512:, had a jester called
477:Lord Chamberlain's Men
396:
390:
388:may be connected with
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
346:derives the word from
338:
332:
326:
320:
307:
257:
2641:"History of the Fool"
1791:Basil Fool for Christ
1685:(Indonesia), c. 1920s
1642:William Merritt Chase
1189:Henry VIII of England
1061:In a similar vein, a
983:
772:
753:In 2015, the town of
491:, author of the book
463:During the reigns of
446:Henry VIII of England
440:psychological warfare
2849:Otto, Beatrice K., "
1873:Master of the Revels
1852:Joker (playing card)
1369:Gilbert and Sullivan
1275:Roulandus le Fartere
1240:Perkeo of Heidelberg
1203:Mathurine de Vallois
1163:John III of Portugal
1080:medieval reenactment
874:Nicolasito Portusato
617:improve this article
518:James VI of Scotland
510:Mary, Queen of Scots
245:Balatro (video game)
30:For other uses, see
3217:Medieval performers
3105:Hershel of Ostropol
2807:Billington, Sandra
1740:Early Netherlandish
1342:William Shakespeare
1292:Taufa'ahau Tupou IV
1255:and jester to King
1216:Archibald Armstrong
1207:Henry III of France
1198:Henry III of France
1167:Knight of St. James
1009:William Shakespeare
968:" is a card of the
934:Taufa'ahau Tupou IV
837:, his "bauble", or
778:Master of Frankfurt
522:Archibald Armstrong
495:. In Shakespeare's
473:William Shakespeare
456:was entertained by
376:) of the shambles (
3222:Jungian archetypes
3181:Shakespearean fool
2856:Southworth, John,
2693:"Wat is carnaval?"
2598:www.etymonline.com
2284:Peeters Publishers
2276:Hub Zwart (1996),
2134:History Collection
1762:, Germany, in 2015
1665:Friends in Council
1661:John Dawson Watson
1386:Nights into Dreams
1282:Modern-day jesters
1270:Philip IV of Spain
1262:Don Diego de Acedo
1257:Philip IV of Spain
1249:Sebastian de Morra
1220:James I of England
1211:Henry IV of France
1155:João de Sá Panasco
1005:Shakespearean fool
992:
897:Renaissance Papacy
782:
726:commedia dell'arte
560:Jester's privilege
479:(later called the
469:James I of England
184:), and performing
3194:
3193:
3150:Till Eulenspiegel
2446:Missing or empty
2407:978-83-222-0473-3
2293:978-90-390-0412-8
2246:. 13 January 2019
2191:978-1-61069-403-2
2089:978-0-226-64091-4
1847:Joker (character)
1821:Fool's literature
1742:artist (possibly
1394:Super Paper Mario
1359:in Shakespeare's
1316:Fictional jesters
1180:Mary I of England
1098:performance, and
1084:Renaissance fairs
1017:Queen Elizabeth I
916:, a kind of male
815:Till Eulenspiegel
748:French Revolution
736:in the form of a
649:
648:
641:
554:English Civil War
379:barathrum macelli
339:Servilius Balatro
321:Servilius Balatro
108:
107:
59:Pageant of Empire
16:(Redirected from
3229:
3164:Related subjects
3059:Dănilă Prepeleac
2979:
2972:
2965:
2956:
2928:
2911:
2910:
2833:Hyers, M. Conrad
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2773:
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2637:
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2630:
2628:
2627:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:. 11 August 2003
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2543:. Archived from
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2487:
2481:
2480:
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2255:
2254:
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2236:
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2166:
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2093:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
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2048:
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2033:
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2024:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1908:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1755:
1736:Laughing Jester,
1732:
1720:
1708:
1694:
1675:
1657:
1634:
1599:
1580:
1561:
1542:
1523:
1503:
1488:
1477:Recueil d'Arras,
1468:
1456:
1437:
1419:
1057:Slapstick comedy
844:In 17th century
827:political satire
800:English Heritage
694:Thomas Killigrew
676:End of tradition
668:by the English,
644:
637:
633:
630:
624:
601:
593:
516:. Her son, King
493:Foole upon Foole
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
341:
335:
329:
323:
310:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
260:
114:, also known as
55:
43:
21:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3159:
3140:Pedro Urdemales
3078:
3037:
3028:Mulla Do-Piyaza
2986:
2983:
2935:
2917:
2908:
2804:
2799:
2790:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2770:
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2723:
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2716:
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2711:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
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2659:
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2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
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2623:
2616:
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2611:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
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2539:
2538:
2534:
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2523:
2514:
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2509:
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2473:
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2463:
2459:
2445:
2435:
2420:
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2395:
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2356:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2286:, p. 156,
2275:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1733:
1724:
1721:
1712:
1709:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1635:
1626:
1600:
1591:
1581:
1572:
1562:
1553:
1543:
1534:
1524:
1515:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1473:Philip the Good
1469:
1460:
1457:
1448:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1318:
1288:Jesse Bogdonoff
1284:
1139:
1134:
1132:List of jesters
1128:
1126:Notable jesters
1076:
1059:
1049:Goofball comedy
1045:
1038:
1033:
1021:Richard Tarlton
978:
958:
946:
884:in mourning by
767:
765:Other countries
678:
666:Battle of Sluys
658:
645:
634:
628:
625:
614:
602:
591:
569:) and sceptre (
562:
534:Anne of Denmark
452:. His daughter
425:physical comedy
409:
400:, a busy-body.
299:
267:
263:
248:
241:
234:
194:
91:Descendant arts
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3199:
3198:
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3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3155:Wonderful Fool
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Onufry Zagłoba
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
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2994:
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2967:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2934:
2933:External links
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:Smith, William
2905:
2888:
2874:Welsford, Enid
2871:
2868:
2854:
2847:
2830:
2819:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2768:
2743:
2730:
2709:
2697:Fen Vlaanderen
2683:
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2657:
2632:
2609:
2585:
2560:
2532:
2507:
2482:
2457:
2413:
2406:
2388:
2363:
2334:
2323:(1–2): 14–18.
2307:
2298:
2292:
2265:
2256:
2231:
2214:
2197:
2190:
2170:
2145:
2120:
2095:
2088:
2067:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2008:
1999:
1983:
1971:
1946:
1937:Welsford, Enid
1928:
1921:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Itinerant poet
1839:
1834:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
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1629:
1627:
1601:
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1592:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1565:Jacob Jordaens
1563:
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1421:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1365:
1350:
1335:
1329:'s 1851 opera
1327:Giuseppe Verdi
1323:Duke of Mantua
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1298:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1268:and jester to
1259:
1251:, (died 1649)
1246:
1237:
1231:
1225:Jeffrey Hudson
1222:
1213:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1176:Catherine Parr
1169:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1130:Main article:
1127:
1124:
1075:
1072:
1042:Buffoon (film)
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
977:
974:
957:
954:
945:
942:
766:
763:
743:Punch and Judy
734:folk tradition
677:
674:
657:
654:
647:
646:
605:
603:
596:
590:
587:
561:
558:
542:Jeffrey Hudson
408:
405:
240:
235:
233:
230:
193:
190:
147:eccentric hats
139:post-classical
106:
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92:
88:
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56:
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26:
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3156:
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3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Ivan Turbincă
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
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3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2914:public domain
2906:
2903:
2902:0-313-29785-1
2899:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2886:1-299-14274-5
2883:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:0-7509-1773-3
2863:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:1-56000-218-2
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:0-7108-0610-8
2814:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2787:on 2015-08-18
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2647:on 2008-10-11
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2550:on 2012-11-06
2546:
2542:
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2533:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2425:(in Polish).
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2352:
2348:
2347:NY Daily News
2344:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
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2215:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2198:
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2187:
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2156:
2149:
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2124:
2121:
2110:
2106:
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2096:
2091:
2085:
2081:
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2072:
2068:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:. Bell. 1868.
1995:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1922:0-7509-1773-3
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
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1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Clown society
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Cap and bells
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1782:Comedy portal
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
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1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1663:(1832–1892),
1662:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:Polish jester
1610:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1555:
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1390:
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1348:
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1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:Russel Erwood
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
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1250:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:Jamie Fleeman
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
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1168:
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3115:İncili Çavuş
3054:Cilibi Moise
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2808:
2789:. Retrieved
2785:the original
2781:Bristol Post
2780:
2771:
2760:. Retrieved
2758:. 2015-07-16
2755:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2720:. 2003-08-11
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2649:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2635:
2624:. Retrieved
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2545:the original
2535:
2524:. Retrieved
2522:. 2006-08-09
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2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2472:. 2004-08-08
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1545:
1531:Will Sommers
1508:Will Sommers
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1445:Jean Fouquet
1440:
1423:
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1360:
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1185:Will Sommers
1090:, including
1077:
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1060:
1031:Modern usage
1025:Robert Armin
1002:
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413:royal courts
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186:magic tricks
158:storytelling
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3120:Josef Švejk
3110:Hitar Petar
3033:Tenali Rama
2998:Bakor Patel
2822:Doran, John
2377:walesonline
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1862:Madame d'Or
1831:Fools Guild
1609:Jan Matejko
1373:Savoy Opera
1309:North Wales
1266:court dwarf
1253:court dwarf
944:As a symbol
901:Pope Pius V
895:During the
858:Las Meninas
833:), and his
804:Nigel Roder
759:North Wales
682:Restoration
661:analysis".
465:Elizabeth I
178:stereotypes
143:Renaissance
137:During the
132:royal court
71:Entertainer
3201:Categories
3023:Miya Fuski
3018:Hum Jayega
3013:Gopal Bhar
2802:References
2791:2016-10-14
2762:2016-10-14
2724:2023-10-17
2703:2014-01-23
2651:2011-12-24
2626:2011-12-24
2603:2017-03-30
2579:2009-10-29
2554:2009-10-29
2526:2012-07-11
2501:2012-07-11
2476:2010-05-06
2429:. Warsaw:
2382:2016-10-14
2357:2016-10-14
2250:2022-02-18
2164:2022-10-16
2159:Grunge.com
2139:2022-10-16
2114:2022-10-16
2109:Grunge.com
2061:2012-06-07
1964:28 October
1760:Weingarten
1746:), c. 1500
1529:'s jester
1527:Henry VIII
1512:Jane Foole
1172:Jane Foole
1137:Historical
1047:See also:
976:In fiction
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802:appointed
690:music hall
686:Charles II
680:After the
481:King's Men
458:Jane Foole
429:acrobatics
355:balatrones
333:balatrones
308:Balatrones
238:Balatrones
168:, telling
162:acrobatics
18:Buffoonery
3186:Wise fool
3130:Nasreddin
3100:Hanswurst
2305:Swain 1–2
1896:Footnotes
1889:Trickster
1884:Skomorokh
1878:Punakawan
1857:King Momo
1837:Harlequin
1758:ester in
1679:Susuhunan
1332:Rigoletto
1143:Triboulet
1100:carnivals
997:King Lear
854:Velázquez
831:Zeitgeist
538:Tom Durie
526:Charles I
373:barathrum
367:barathrum
302:-lah-troh
192:Etymology
182:imitation
172:(such as
3090:Abu Abed
3042:Romanian
3008:Gonu Jha
2756:BBC News
2573:BBC News
2520:BBC News
2496:BBC News
2470:BBC News
2351:Archived
2052:"Jester"
2017:sub voce
1955:"Jester"
1939:(1935).
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1768:See also
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966:The Fool
956:In Tarot
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336:because
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1115:Limburg
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850:dwarves
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258:balatro
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