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forcibly move residents out. Purported evidence cited in support of this theory included the fact that even though the fire took place on a public holiday when many residents were home, the death toll remained relatively low. Others have dismissed this theory as "wild talk". These people argued that because the fire would have created a huge burden on the government to deal with the social fallout resulting from this event, it would not have made sense for the government to start this fire.
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structures rather than the temporary shelters that characterize urban kampongs. Traffic congestion in the city also delayed the brigade's response to any fire. Residents distrusted the fire service, which was notorious for pilfering from fire sites. They also associated the fire service negatively with re-development. Thus, people began sabotaging the fire brigade's job and belatedly inform them about fires, which diminished their effectiveness in putting out kampong fires.
387:, two junk shops, two tyre shops, three timber yards and three workshops. In addition, 2,800 homes were destroyed, leaving 15,694 people homeless. Given that the homeless people managed to escape with very few of their belongings, and their livestock such as chickens and pigs were destroyed in the fire, the fire also significantly damaged the local economy. The overall material damage caused by the fire is estimated at
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478:, St. Michael and Tiong Bahru. Approximately 6,000 victims were eventually relocated in this first phase of resettlement, dubbed "Operation Shift". On 4 June 1961, ten days after the disaster, the victims of the fire began relocating from the temporary relief shelters to their new one- or two-room flats. By 10 June, all victims had moved out of temporary shelters.
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redevelopment were half-hearted in nature, and the challenges of obtaining the necessary land for redevelopment eventually stalled these programmes. In addition, the general kampong population did not buy into such resettlement plans as they did not consider such emergency housing to be any different from the wooden housing that they are accustomed to.
213:, Singapore on 25 May 1961. This fire resulted in 4 deaths and injured another 54. It also destroyed more than 2,800 houses around the Bukit Ho Swee area, leaving around 16,000 people homeless. The cause of this conflagration was never established. The Bukit Ho Swee fire was the biggest outbreak of fire in Singapore's history.
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testimonies. After this report, there was no further coverage of the investigation into the cause of the fire. In addition to arson, other speculated causes of the Bukit Ho Swee fire include a gangster fight gone wrong and fire from a cooking stove. The cause of the fire has remained a mystery to the present day.
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was too low. The congested layout of the housing settlements around the area and the presence of curious on-lookers hampered the movements of the firefighters and slowed down the process of evacuation and cordoning of the affected area. Further complicating the firefighters' mission was the fact that
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Nevertheless, the Bukit Ho Swee fire was a major political victory for the governing PAP. The sheer speed of construction at Bukit Ho Swee, with 3.5 housing units completed per day, demonstrated to the population that the party was able to deliver. The political capital it gained as a result enabled
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At 3:30 pm on 25 May 1961, a fire started in the neighbouring
Kampong Tiong Bahru. Favourable wind conditions, the presence of flammable construction materials used by kampong residents to construct their attap houses and the presence of oil and petrol in homes caused the fire to spread quickly. The
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Despite the ever-present threat of fire, the firefighting team in
Singapore was ill-prepared to deal with the threat. The firefighting force only had 25 officers, 37 subordinate officers and 370 firefighters to fight fires in the whole of Singapore. They were equipped to deal with fires in permanent
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The PAP leveraged on the Bukit Ho Swee fire and the subsequent emergency construction of public housing for its political purposes. It used photographs of the newly completed public housing flats to showcase the progress of
Singapore, demonstrating to both locals and the international community how
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The lack of a clear conclusion has led to speculation by some that the fire was started by the newly minted local government, led by the PAP. It was suggested that because the government faced difficulties in persuading residents to move out from their kampongs, it deliberately started this fire to
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to support
Singapore's industrialization process. However, urban kampongs had to be cleared to free up land for the construction of public housing units. Yet, the high rents, small size and acute shortage of Singapore Improvement Trust flats meant that they were not popular with residents of urban
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However, not all of the victims were willing or able to move into government-built flats, and instead chose to move into undamaged houses in the original kampong. A squatter settlement, a bit smaller than the original kampong, thus remained in the locality. In 1968, the new settlement caught fire
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In the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire, the government gave priority to plans to relocate victims to permanent flats, as it deemed conditions at relief centres unsanitary. It announced a resettlement plan the day after the fire, and it promised to rehouse all the victims of the fire within a
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which could draw water from sources such as wells and ponds and could safely navigate through narrow kampong roads. Volunteer firefighting squads, consisting of kampong residents and aided by the fire brigade and political parties governing the area, were formed. These squads were credited with
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Official sources largely do not refer to the unresolved cause of the fire and archival materials regarding the Bukit Ho Swee fire in government archives are difficult for researchers to access. Interviewees regarding the fire were wary about speculating on the reason of the fire, and distanced
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had questioned 2 residents living near the epicenter of the fire. By early June, the
Department had questioned over 10 eyewitnesses regarding the fire. On 9 June, the police had arrested a suspect, but he was subsequently released due to the lack of concrete evidence supporting the eyewitness
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Such incidents of kampong fires provided opportunities for the government to rehouse kampong residents and redevelop the land. In the aftermath of these fires, the
Singapore Improvement Trust often rehoused some victims in its flats as a form of emergency housing. However, these attempts at
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The fire was a pivotal point in
Singapore's contemporary history. The scale of the destruction sparked an emergency project to swiftly construct accommodation and resettle the people affected by the disaster. This first public housing project, led by the newly formed
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year. During a special sitting of the
Legislative Assembly, the government passed a motion to acquire the entire Bukit Ho Swee area to construct low-cost housing for the victims. In the meantime, a portion of the victims were resettled in recently completed flats in
334:, up until Havelock Road. This area, the most densely populated and developed area of the whole kampong, was where the fire inflicted the most significant damage. The fire spread to the Delta Circus area, where Ganges Avenue was sufficiently wide enough to act as a
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kampongs. Many residents chose to remain in urban kampongs, which made kampong relocations politically difficult. Relocations often had to be done under police escort; the city ultimately had to retract its demolition policy in 1955 and designated some kampongs as "
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The Bukit Ho Swee fire peaked around 8 pm; by then, 22 fire engines had been deployed. The fire was eventually extinguished around Delta Circle at around 10pm. Even after the flames were extinguished, the debris continued smouldering for much of the night.
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contributed $ 25,000 to this fund. Members of the general population such as taxi drivers, barbers and trishaw riders also made their donations. In total, the fund collected $ 1,586,422.16, of which $ 1.4 million had been passed on to the victims by 1961.
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also helped to raise funds and prepared meals for the victims of the Bukit Ho Swee fire. This relief effort was later described by the Social
Welfare Department as "the greatest challenge ever to be met in its fifteen-year-old span of existence".
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personnel were also called in to assist the police with maintaining order. In total, around 180 firemen, 20 officers and 22 fire engines were deployed to fight the fire, while nearly 1,000 army personnel were deployed to aid in crowd-control.
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themselves from directly alleging arson, preferring to accept "due process of the law over the words between neighbours". Rumours about the causes of the Bukit Ho Swee fire remain a sensitive topic for decades. However, the death of
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aired a documentary about the Bukit Ho Swee fire as part of its "Days of
Disaster" documentary series on pivotal disasters in Singapore history. The hour-long episode, which first aired on 8 February 2015, used techniques such as
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Two days after the fire, the Bukit Ho Swee Fire National Relief Fund Committee was established by the government to collect the donations on behalf of the victims of the fire. The committee, headed by Minister for Labour and Law
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the party-led government to rebuild other "black areas", kampongs which are similar to the one in Bukit Ho Swee. By 1965, the Housing Development Board successfully accommodated 23% of the population in its housing estates.
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public holiday, many members of the firefighting and police force had to be recalled to their duties through radio broadcasts from 5 pm onwards. The problem was made worse by the fact that many of the firefighters were
591:. The 29-episode drama revolved around the themes of neighbourliness and social danger, depicting a love story juxtaposed against a society where gangsters harass the socially-marginalised residents of the village.
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Despite the scale of the fire, only four people were killed. However, the scale of destruction was massive as the fire guttered an area of approximately 100 acres. This included a school, a
245:, this created a huge demand for wooden housing built illegally on the fringes of the city-centre by contractors who sought to profit from the situation. As such, during the 1950s, urban
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Even before the fire was extinguished, rumours of arson were already spreading rapidly. Some eyewitnesses reportedly saw "young Chinese men" throwing flaming torches onto the roof of an
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The government then built the first five blocks of 768 flats in 9 months. During the next four years, over 8,000 flats were built and those who lost their homes were able to return.
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was declared by the government shortly after the disaster. The schools in the area became temporary relief centres for approximately 8000 victims of the fire. Due to widespread
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Singapore had transformed a place filled with dangerous settlements into a modern development that could provide immaculate and safe housing for its people.
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and in nearby Kampong Tiong Bahru. Kampong Bukit Ho Swee itself had experienced a massive fire on 8 August 1934 when fires destroyed 500 houses in the area.
257:(PAP) as "an insanitary, congested and dangerous squatter area", saw its population increase drastically from 2,772 people in 1948 to 19,017 people in 1957.
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456:, collected donations from both the government sources and the general public. The government itself contributed $ 250,000 to this fund, while the
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for cooking. As such, major fires often broke out in kampongs. Prior to the Bukit Ho Swee fire, fires had already broken out in Kampong
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The blaze also had a significant social impact. Of the victims of the fire, over half were younger than 15 years of age. The
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A massive charity effort, led by the Social Welfare Department, began after the inferno. Organisations ranging from the
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1203:"Book Review: Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore by Loh Kah Seng"
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The Bukit Ho Swee fire became the subject of works by several Singaporean artists such as Koeh Sia Yong in the 1960s.
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Firefighters faced many challenges in their attempts to contain the inferno. Initially, the water pressure from the
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processing plants and mills in Bukit Ho Swee had also caught on fire and exploded, causing toxic chemicals such as
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1262:"Notes from Book Event "Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore""
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350:-Muslims who had taken leave to celebrate the festival. An hour later, the fledgling local military forces and
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There were many fire hazards lurking within kampongs. These included improperly disposed rubbish, burning of
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even commented that "The word 'homeless' is inadequate to describe the seriousness of this fire disaster".
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again, rendering 3,000 people homeless. Most of the fire's victims were rehoused within a day.
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2 million. The scale of the disaster made this conflagration the worst in Singapore's history.
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set up a clinic in one of the relief centres in the area. Inmates of Changi, Pulau Senang and
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539:(IPS) study in 2015 found that 70.7% of more than 1,500 people surveyed know of this event.
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that prevented the fire from engulfing the government-built housing flats at Delta Estate.
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in 2006 brought the debate over the cause of the Bukit Ho Swee fire to the public sphere.
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Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore
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broadcaster, used the Bukit Ho Swee fire as a backdrop to its 2002 television series
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became commonplace on the Singaporean landscape. One such kampong is located in
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Around 16,000 people homeless; relocation of affected families to new houses
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Bukit Ho Swee in 2006. From left to right: Hendersonville Housing Estate,
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inferno soon engulfed the kampongs situated along Beo Lane, including
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Meanwhile, the British colonial government in Singapore, through the
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in the area. Access to the temporary shelters were also restricted.
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However, the fire brigade was not totally inept. It had purchased
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came forward to assist the victims in the relief centres. The
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blocked off access to the disaster site and imposed a partial
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when the PAP took over the city government from the British.
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It has also appeared in the last episode of Mediacorp drama
221:(HDB), would eventually lead the way to the development of
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and interviews with individuals to document this event.
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in the aftermath of the fire, the army, police and the
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house. On 28 May, Nanyang Siang Pau reported that the
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1357:"Channel NewsAsia launches "Days of Disaster""
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1446:A Personal Account of the Bukit Ho Swee Fire
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1409:The Journey: Tumultuous Times - meWATCH
1321:"Is Singapore's history in our future?"
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431:to volunteer organisations such as the
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861:from the original on 18 September 2015
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1355:Bte Adam, Ariani (26 January 2015).
293:in religious rituals and the use of
1319:Bullock, Nathan (2 February 2015).
639:'Ho Swee Hill Great Fire',
1416:from the original on 8 August 2022
728:Kah Seng, Loh (27 November 2023).
550:and Bukit Ho Swee Housing Estate.
36:front page two days after the fire
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1179:from the original on 24 July 2022
704:from the original on 12 June 2018
499:Criminal Investigation Department
460:donated $ 20,000. Rubber magnate
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752:from the original on 25 May 2024
27:
1448:on the Singapore Memory Project
1437:Bukit Ho Swee Fire Documentary
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437:Saint John's Ambulance Brigade
1:
1201:Bullock, Nathan (June 2013).
597:The Journey: Tumultuous Times
367:to be released into the air.
219:Housing and Development Board
341:As the fire occurred on the
253:. This kampong, seen by the
1509:1961 disasters in Singapore
690:"Bukit Ho Swee Fire Occurs"
537:Institute of Policy Studies
262:Singapore Improvement Trust
1525:
1208:London School of Economics
569:computer-generated imagery
1329:. Asiaone. Archived from
1022:"The zig-zagging inferno"
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275:Housing Development Board
26:
645:Kebakaran Bukit Ho Swee
554:lies in the background.
469:Relocation of residents
325:Development of the fire
239:Singapore's city centre
48:Kebakaran Bukit Ho Swee
1504:Squatting in Singapore
1266:The Kent Ridge Commons
855:National Library Board
698:National Library Board
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205:that broke out in the
59:; 63 years ago
16:1961 fire in Singapore
545:
454:Kenneth Michael Byrne
375:Death and destruction
281:Fire risk in kampongs
255:People's Action Party
126:1.28806°N 103.82889°E
1367:on 26 September 2015
1333:on 26 September 2015
1165:"Bukit Ho Swee fire"
857:. 30 December 2004.
847:"Bukit Ho Swee Fire"
700:. 30 December 2004.
458:Federation of Malaya
1489:1960s fires in Asia
851:Singapore Infopedia
630:Hé shuǐ shān dà huǒ
548:Gan Eng Seng School
506:Conspiracy theories
433:Singapore Red Cross
207:squatter settlement
122: /
23:
1484:Fires in Singapore
738:. pp. 26–29.
559:In popular culture
556:
410:state of emergency
199:Bukit Ho Swee fire
176:Non-fatal injuries
131:1.28806; 103.82889
22:Bukit Ho Swee fire
1499:1961 in Singapore
1441:Channel News Asia
1326:The Straits Times
1268:. 4 August 2010.
1173:Channel News Asia
1027:The Straits Times
745:978-87-7694-122-2
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564:Channel News Asia
418:Gurkha Contingent
397:Nanyang Siang Pau
243:Malayan Emergency
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87:3:30 pm – 10:00pm
34:The Straits Times
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1030:. 27 May 1961.
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146:Conflagration
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1418:, retrieved
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1402:
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1369:. Retrieved
1365:the original
1360:
1337:25 September
1335:. Retrieved
1331:the original
1324:
1314:
1276:15 September
1274:. Retrieved
1265:
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1219:15 September
1217:. Retrieved
1206:
1181:. Retrieved
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1159:
1122:
1099:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1038:25 September
1036:. Retrieved
1025:
1004:
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928:Loh, p.98-99
900:Loh, p.37-38
884:
875:
865:25 September
863:. Retrieved
850:
754:. Retrieved
730:
708:25 September
706:. Retrieved
693:
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552:River Valley
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235:World War II
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187:A school, a
33:
18:
1154:Loh, p. 177
1103:Loh, p. 154
1094:Loh, p. 148
1070:Loh, p. 134
1061:Loh, p. 128
1052:Loh, p. 132
580:free-to-air
517:Lim Kim San
408:A national
381:coffee mill
287:joss sticks
189:coffee mill
129: /
117:103°49′44″E
104:Coordinates
98:, Singapore
1494:1961 fires
1478:Categories
1397:Loh, p.257
1385:Loh, p.150
1126:Loh, p.208
1008:Loh, p.123
999:Loh, p.111
990:Loh, p.126
978:Loh, p.115
966:Loh, p.104
879:Loh, p.6-8
775:Loh, p.1-4
694:History SG
654:References
476:Queenstown
229:Background
64:1961-05-25
1468:Singapore
1371:8 October
914:Loh, p.80
888:Loh, p.10
736:NUS Press
576:Channel 8
404:Aftermath
385:oil mills
336:firebreak
114:1°17′17″N
77:UTC+08:00
75:3:30 pm (
1420:8 August
1414:archived
1270:Archived
1213:Archived
1177:Archived
1032:Archived
859:Archived
750:Archived
702:Archived
583:Mandarin
295:firewood
247:kampongs
92:Location
84:Duration
1183:24 July
617:Chinese
414:looting
303:Geylang
160:Outcome
155:Unknown
62: (
1454:Portal
756:9 June
742:
627::
625:pinyin
619::
523:Legacy
422:curfew
383:, two
233:After
201:was a
168:Deaths
641:Malay
621:河水山大火
604:Notes
495:attap
389:SGD$
348:Malay
299:Bugis
291:paper
271:attap
152:Cause
46:河水山大火
1422:2022
1373:2015
1339:2015
1278:2015
1221:2015
1185:2022
1040:2015
867:2015
758:2015
740:ISBN
710:2015
636:lit.
435:and
289:and
197:The
142:Type
72:Time
54:Date
1439:by
535:An
209:of
1480::
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1456::
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1187:.
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760:.
712:.
171:4
79:)
66:)
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