279:, was the beginning of favoring permanent settlements and altering the land to grow crops and farm animals. This can be thought of as the start of the built environment, the first attempt to make permanent changes to the surrounding environment for human needs. The first appearance of cities was around 7500 BCE, dotted along where land was fertile and good for agricultural use. In these early communities, a priority was to ensure basic needs were being met. The built environment, while not as extensive as it is today, was beginning to be cultivated with the implementation of buildings, paths, farm land, domestication of animals and plants, etc. Over the next several thousand years, these smaller cities and villages grew into larger ones where trade, culture, education, and economics were driving factors. As cities began to grow, they needed to accommodate more people, as well as shifted from focusing on meeting survival needs to prioritizing comfort and desires – there are still many individuals today who do not have their basic needs met and this idea of a shift is within the framework of the evolution of society. This shift caused the built aspect of these cities to grow and expand to meet the growing population needs.
288:
318:
systems opened up the possibility and ease of transportation outside a person's city. This allowed ease of travel not previously found and changed the fabric of the built environment. New streets were being built within cities to accommodate cars as they became increasingly popular, railway lines were being built to connect areas not previously connected, for both public transportation as well as goods transportation. With these changes, the scope of a city began to expand outside its borders. The widespread use of cars and public transportation allowed for the implementation of suburbs; the working individual was able to commute long distances to work everyday. Suburbs blurred the line of city "borders", the day-to-day life that may have originally been relegated to a pedestrian radius now encompassed a wide range of distances due to the use of cars and public transportation. This increased accessibility allowed for the continued expansion of the built environment.
358:
allowed to continue. What is referred to as "nature" today can be seen as only a commodity that is placed into an environment that is constructed to fulfill the human will and desire. This commodity allows humans to enjoy the view and experience of nature without it inconveniencing their day-to-day life. It can be argued that the forests and wild-life parks that are held on a pedestal and are seemingly natural are in reality curated and allowed to exist for the enjoyment of the human experience. The planet has been irrevocably changed by human interaction. Wildlife has been hunted, harvested, brought to the brink of extinction, modified to fit human needs, the list goes on. This argument juxtaposes the argument that the built environment is only what is built, that the forests, oceans, wildlife, and other aspects of nature are their own entity.
456:
neighborhoods. Access to parks and green space has been proven to be good for mental health which puts these communities at a disadvantage. The historical segregation has contributed to environmental injustice, as these neighborhoods suffer from hotter summers since urban asphalt absorbs more heat than trees and grass. The effects of spatial segregation initiatives in the built environment, such as redlining in the 1930s and 1940s, are long lasting. The inability to feasibly move from forcibly economically depressed areas into more prosperous ones creates fiscal disadvantages that are passed down generationally. With proper public education access tied to the economic prosperity of a neighborhood, many formerly redlined areas continue to lack educational opportunities for residents and, thus, job and higher-income opportunities are limited.
388:, and coronary vascular disease, along with many others. There is evidence to suggest that chronic disease can be reduced through healthy behaviors like a proper active lifestyle, good nutrition, and reduced exposure to toxins and pollutants. Yet, the built environment is not always designed to facilitate those healthy behaviors. Many urban environments, in particular suburbs, are automobile reliant, making it difficult or unreasonable to walk or bike to places. This condition not only adds to pollution, but can also make it hard to maintain a proper active lifestyle. Public health research has expanded the list of concerns associated with the built environment to include
304:. The City Beautiful movement emerged in the 1890s as a result of the disorder and unhealthy living conditions within industrial cities. The movement promoted improved circulation, civic centers, better sanitation, and public spaces. With these improvements, the goal was to improve the quality of life for those living in them, as well as make them more profitable. The City Beautiful movement, while declined in popularity over the years, provided a range of urban reforms. The movement highlighted city planning, civic education, public transportation, and municipal housekeeping.
436:, for instance, play a large role in how people can feasibly navigate their environment. This can result in the isolation of certain communities from various resources and from each other. The placement of roads, highways, and sidewalks also determines what access people have to jobs and childcare close to home, especially in areas where most people do not own vehicles. Walkability directly influences community, so the way a neighborhood is built affects the outcomes and opportunities of the community that lives there. Even less physically imposing features, such as
267:, the progression of the built environment into what it is today has been able to be examined. When people are able to travel outside of urban centers and areas where the built environment is already prominent, it pushes the boundaries of said built environment into new areas. While there are other factors that influence the built environment, like advancements in architecture or agriculture, transportation allowed for the spread and expansion of the built environment.
380:'s comprehensive plans for urban Paris in the 1850s, concern for lack of air-flow and sanitary living conditions has inspired many strong city planning efforts. During the 19th century in particular, the connection between the built environment and public health became more apparent as life expectancy decreased and diseases, as well as epidemics, increased. Today, the built environment can expose individuals to pollutants or toxins that cause chronic diseases like
75:
2523:
233:
3746:
2917:
415:. Designing areas of cities with good public health is linked to creating opportunities for physical activity, community involvement, and equal opportunity within the built environment. Urban forms that encourage physical activity and provide adequate public resources for involvement and upward mobility are proven to have far healthier populations than those that discourage such uses of the built environment.
2907:
144:
300:
rapid growth in population in cities led to issues of noise, sanitation, health problems, traffic jams, pollution, compact living quarters, etc. In response to these issues, mass transit, trolleys, cable cars, and subways, were built and prioritized in an effort to improve the quality of the built environment. An example of this during the industrial revolution was the
3735:
263:"Built environment" as a term was coined in the 1980s, becoming widespread in the 1990s and places the concept in direct contrast to the supposedly "unbuilt" environment. The term describes a wide range of fields that form an interdisciplinary concept that has been accepted as an idea since classical antiquity and potentially before. Through the study of
36:
184:
Buildings are used for a multitude of purposes: residential, commercial, community, institutional, and governmental. Building interiors are often designed to mediate external factors and provide space to conduct activities, whether that is to sleep, eat, work, etc. The structure of the building helps
467:
The built environment expands along with factors like population and consumption which directly impact the output of greenhouse gases. As cities and urban areas grow, the need for transportation and structures grows as well. In 2006, transportation accounted for 28% of total greenhouse gas emissions
455:
refer to this variation in geographic context as "spatial opportunity structure", and claim that the built environment influences socioeconomic outcomes and general welfare. For instance, the history of redlining and housing segregation means that there is less green space in many Black and
Hispanic
317:
advances in the assembly line production. With this new burst of personal transportation, new infrastructure was built to accommodate. Freeways were first built in 1956 to attempt to eliminate unsafe roads, traffic jams, and insufficient routes. The creation of freeways and interstate transportation
325:
field that encompasses the design, construction, management, and use of human-made physical influence as an interrelated whole. The concept also includes the relationship of these elements of the built environment with human activities over time—rather than a particular element in isolation or at a
357:
There are some in modern academia who look at the built environment as all-encompassing, that there is no natural environment left. This argument comes from the idea that the built environment not only refers to that which is built, arranged, or curated, but also to what is managed, controlled, or
299:
due to the demand for jobs created by the rise in factories. Cities rapidly grew from the 1880s to the early 1900s within the United States. This demand led individuals to move from farms to cities which resulted in the need to expand city infrastructure and created a boom in population size. This
478:
are pockets of higher temperature areas, typically within cities, that effect the environment, as well as quality of life. Urban Heat
Islands are caused by reduction of natural landscape in favor of urban materials like asphalt, concrete, brick, etc. This change from natural landscape to urban
203:
in that they circulate people and materials throughout a city similar to how veins distribute energy and materials to the cells. Pedestrian circulation is vital for the walkability of a city and general access on a human scale. The quality of sidewalks and walkways have an impact on safety and
151:
The built environment is made up of physical features. However, when studied, the built environment often highlights the connection between physical space and social consequences. It impacts the environment and how society physically maneuvers and functions, as well as less tangible aspects of
312:
The invention of cars, as well as train usage, became more accessible to the general masses due to the advancements in the steel, chemicals, and fuel generated production. In the 1920s, cars became more accessible to the general public due to
120:, among others. These curated spaces provide the setting for human activity and were created to fulfill human desires and needs. The term can refer to a plethora of components including the traditionally associated buildings,
375:
The built environment can heavily impact the public's health. Historically, unsanitary conditions and overcrowding within cities and urban environments have led to infectious diseases and other health threats. Dating back to
3269:
2978:
468:
in the U.S. Building's design, location, orientation, and construction process heavily influence greenhouse gas emissions. Commercial, industrial, and residential buildings account for roughly 43% of U.S. CO
219:
accounts for roughly 52% of U.S. land use. Not only does population growth cause an expansion of cities, it also necessitates more agriculture to accommodate the demand for food for an expanding population.
366:
The term built environment encompasses a broad range of categories, all of which have potential impacts. When looking at these potential impacts, the environment, as well as people, are heavily affected.
287:
1889:
Roberto, Elizabeth and
Jackelyn Hwang. 2017. "Barriers to Integration: Physical Boundaries and the Spatial Structure of Residential Segregation." Working paper, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
1378:
199:
Roads and highways are an important feature of the built environment that enable vehicles to access a wide range of urban and non urban spaces. They are often compared to veins within a
524:
2971:
2424:
3167:
3145:
3108:
275:
Agriculture, the cultivation of soil to grow crops and animals to provide food as well as products, was first developed about 12,000 years ago. This switch, also called the
960:
Ghimire, Ramesh; Ferreira, Susana; Green, Gary T.; Poudyal, Neelam C.; Cordell, H. Ken; Thapa, Janani R. (June 2017). "Green Space and Adult
Obesity in the United States".
2964:
1641:
1058:
866:
3790:
1379:"City Life in the Late 19th Century | Rise of Industrial America, 1876-1900 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress"
3810:
3182:
3177:
3150:
2925:
1442:
2935:
464:
The built environment has a multitude of impacts on the planet, some of the most prominent effects are greenhouse gas emissions and Urban Heat Island Effect.
3135:
3083:
3157:
3130:
3103:
3078:
2325:
2417:
3489:
3229:
2334:
2348:, Proceedings of the CIB Working Commission (W089) Building Education and Research Conference, Kowloon Sangri-La Hotel, Hong Kong, 10 - 13 April 2006
3759:
3754:
3474:
3098:
2945:
157:
3749:
3093:
2940:
2258:
176:
There are multiple different components that make up the built environment. Below are some prominent examples of what makes up the urban fabric:
3479:
2397:
3494:
3172:
2920:
2410:
1940:
1418:
889:
600:
3589:
3437:
529:
1456:
1622:
Assari, A Birashk, B Nik, M Mousavi
Naghdbishi, R (2016). "IMPACT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON MENTAL HEALTH: REVIEW OF TEHRAN CITY IN IRAN".
472:
emissions in energy usage. In 2005, agricultural land use accounted for 10–12% of total human-caused greenhouse gas emissions worldwide.
3442:
3088:
3073:
3795:
3785:
3539:
3353:
3343:
3264:
3187:
2825:
1957:
3764:
3373:
3358:
3192:
3140:
2055:
54:
3420:
3234:
3125:
3115:
2343:
489:
823:
3554:
3303:
3281:
3239:
3209:
3162:
3045:
3028:
3011:
2987:
2689:
3738:
3259:
3254:
2810:
3425:
3363:
2930:
2835:
1330:
152:
society such as socioeconomic inequity and health. Various aspects of the built environment contribute to scholarship on
3805:
3021:
2433:
504:
351:
3392:
3276:
3033:
2840:
2472:
1655:
Boncinelli, Fabio; Riccioli, Francesco; Marone, Enrico (May 2015). "Do forests help to keep my body mass index low?".
326:
single moment in time, these aspects act together via the multiplier effect. The field today draws upon areas such as
2389:
2316:
377:
2805:
2457:
86:
3662:
3614:
3509:
3402:
3286:
2785:
3800:
3667:
3622:
3524:
3249:
3065:
2765:
2487:
1900:
534:
499:
208:
is essential in urban areas, particularly in cities and areas that have a diverse population and income range.
1758:
882:
Built
Environment : Identifying, Developing, and Moving Sustainable Communities Through Renewable Energy
3714:
3652:
3055:
2600:
2492:
2467:
2447:
1252:
564:
301:
216:
2072:
1131:
443:
The segregation of communities is significant because the qualities of any given space directly impact the
196:
covers a variety of things like roads, highways, pedestrian circulation, public transportation, and parks.
3657:
3484:
2855:
2780:
2760:
2709:
2704:
2482:
2362:
2353:
147:
High-rise structures and major highway infrastructure as an example of the built environment in Dubai, UAE
101:
2103:
Younger, Margalit; Morrow-Almeida, Heather R.; Vindigni, Stephen M.; Dannenberg, Andrew L. (2008-11-01).
1785:"The Built Environment and Human Activity Patterns: Exploring the Impacts of Urban Form on Public Health"
3040:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2577:
2477:
1635:
296:
205:
200:
193:
2346:
The Built
Environment Interdiscipline: A Theoretical Model for Decision Makers in Research and Teaching
185:
define the space around it, giving form to how individuals move through the space around the building.
2299:
440:, can distinguish the boundaries between communities and decrease movement across neighborhood lines.
3642:
3410:
3050:
3016:
3006:
2890:
2830:
2800:
2669:
2630:
2605:
2570:
2547:
2452:
1505:
1480:
1171:
1003:
Rahman, T; Cushing RA; Jackson RJ (2011). "Contributions of built environment to childhood obesity".
969:
509:
276:
165:
137:
2104:
625:
428:
Features in the built environment present physical barriers which constitute the boundaries between
3704:
3697:
3637:
3574:
3534:
3529:
3204:
2462:
1354:
1303:
539:
396:
133:
2906:
1276:
910:"Place value: place quality and its impact on health, social, economic and environmental outcomes"
3719:
3677:
3672:
3632:
3584:
3348:
3120:
2910:
2664:
2140:
2028:
1869:
1861:
1812:
1436:
1234:
1195:
1113:
1052:
939:
860:
805:
758:
549:
519:
1832:"Defensible Spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring Neighborhood Boundaries Through Spatial Analysis"
3594:
3469:
3415:
3214:
3199:
2865:
2860:
2792:
2610:
2565:
2552:
2507:
2291:
2245:
2132:
2124:
2051:
2020:
1965:
1936:
1853:
1804:
1739:
1721:
1682:
1604:
1586:
1534:
1424:
1414:
1226:
1187:
1105:
1020:
985:
931:
885:
797:
750:
702:
653:
645:
606:
596:
475:
322:
74:
1932:
3569:
3549:
3544:
3519:
3318:
3291:
2870:
2845:
2734:
2585:
2512:
2281:
2273:
2235:
2227:
2116:
2010:
2002:
1928:
1922:
1843:
1796:
1759:"Strategies for Enhancing the Built Environment to Support Healthy Eating and Active Living"
1729:
1713:
1672:
1664:
1594:
1578:
1179:
1095:
1085:
1012:
977:
921:
789:
740:
692:
684:
671:
Sallis, James F.; Floyd, Myron F.; Rodriguez, Daniel A.; Saelens, Brian E. (February 2012).
637:
514:
412:
2162:
3682:
3599:
3579:
3559:
3459:
3308:
2729:
2716:
2694:
2679:
2590:
2502:
1990:
624:
Handy, Susan L.; Boarnet, Marlon G.; Ewing, Reid; Killingsworth, Richard E. (2002-08-01).
452:
437:
404:
2522:
1567:"The Built Environment and Its Relationship to the Public's Health: The Legal Framework"
1175:
973:
793:
3709:
3604:
3504:
3432:
2875:
2286:
2240:
2215:
1865:
1734:
1701:
1599:
1566:
697:
672:
569:
559:
448:
433:
161:
125:
105:
2187:
688:
641:
232:
3779:
3692:
3647:
3627:
3449:
3224:
2885:
2815:
2772:
2739:
2724:
2542:
2497:
2032:
1873:
1816:
1199:
943:
762:
544:
494:
429:
400:
392:
331:
109:
82:
2259:"Social Capital and the Built Environment: The Importance of Walkable Neighborhoods"
2144:
855:(2nd ed.). Canada and Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5–6.
3385:
3380:
3368:
3328:
3313:
3001:
2674:
2652:
2647:
2637:
981:
592:
Cognitive architecture : designing for how we respond to the built environment
389:
339:
264:
117:
97:
2956:
2105:"The Built Environment, Climate Change, and Health: Opportunities for Co-Benefits"
926:
909:
2120:
1668:
17:
3499:
3454:
3323:
3296:
2642:
2537:
626:"How the built environment affects physical activity: Views from urban planning"
408:
2402:
2393:, link to nonprofit organization and public television documentary of same name
1717:
1565:
Perdue, Wendy
Collins; Stone, Lesley A.; Gostin, Lawrence O. (September 2003).
3564:
2684:
2557:
1800:
1702:"Varying age-gender associations between body mass index and urban greenspace"
1428:
1183:
729:"Spatial Foundations of Inequality: A Conceptual Model and Empirical Overview"
610:
444:
343:
314:
27:
Human-made space in which people live, work and recreate on a day-to-day basis
2231:
2128:
2024:
1969:
1857:
1808:
1725:
1686:
1590:
1230:
1191:
1109:
989:
935:
801:
754:
649:
3687:
3333:
2398:
The Built
Environment and Health: 11 Profiles of Neighborhood Transformation
1848:
1831:
1784:
1159:
745:
728:
347:
335:
327:
143:
129:
113:
2295:
2277:
2249:
2136:
1743:
1608:
1582:
1408:
1024:
706:
657:
3219:
2659:
2006:
1090:
1073:
554:
385:
2015:
1677:
1117:
1100:
3514:
3464:
3244:
1989:
Aaronson, Daniel; Hartley, Daniel; Mazumder, Bhashkar (November 2021).
1624:
International
Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering
1238:
1214:
1045:
The Built Environment: A Collaborative Inquiry into Design and Planning
853:
The Built Environment: A Collaborative Inquiry into Design and Planning
809:
777:
673:"The Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and CVD"
153:
1700:
Sander, Heather A.; Ghosh, Debarchana; Hodson, Cody B. (August 2017).
1047:(2md ed.). Canada and Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
1016:
590:
3338:
1160:"Conceptualizing the built environment as a social–ecological system"
479:
materials is the epitome of the built environment and its expansion.
381:
121:
79:
2214:
Jackson, Richard J.; Dannenberg, Andrew L.; Frumkin, Howard (2013).
1958:"How Decades of Racist Housing Policy Left Neighborhoods Sweltering"
1331:"Industrial Revolution and Technology | National Geographic Society"
321:
Currently, the built environment is typically used to describe the
2319:
Welcome to the urban revolution: how cities are changing the world
286:
142:
73:
1074:"Cities as organisms: Allometric scaling of urban road networks"
2960:
2406:
1836:
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
733:
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
2383:
1253:"The Development of Agriculture | National Geographic Society"
227:
29:
2378:
824:"The Built Environment Assessment Tool Manual | DNPAO | CDC"
1956:
Plumer, Brad; Popovich, Nadja; Palmer, Brian (2020-08-24).
354:
to create a large umbrella that is the built environment.
128:, open space, as well as more conceptual components like
2379:
Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council (ASBEC)
884:. e-book: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. xxix.
525:
International Association of People-Environment Studies
244:
50:
1304:"The History of Cities | National Geographic Society"
96:
refers to human-made conditions and is often used in
1783:
Frank, Lawrence D.; Engelke, Peter O. (2001-11-01).
3613:
3401:
3064:
2994:
2750:
2530:
2440:
1757:Lee, V; Mikkelsen, L; Srikantharajah, J; Cohen, L.
2337:Advanced Research Methods in the Built Environment
2216:"Health and the Built Environment: 10 Years After"
1158:Moffatt, Sebastian; Kohler, Niklaus (2008-06-01).
1153:
1151:
2050:. Princeton, NJ: The Princeton University Press.
2384:Faculty of Built Environment, UTM, Skudai, Johor
1991:"The Effects of the 1930s HOLC "Redlining" Maps"
1410:Oxford research encyclopedia of American history
1355:"modernization - Population change | Britannica"
1383:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
2048:Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism
1132:"USDA ERS - Land Use, Land Value & Tenure"
1072:Samaniego, Horacio; Moses, Melanie E. (2008).
55:sources that evaluate within a broader context
2972:
2418:
1457:"1920s consumption (article) | 1920s America"
8:
1640:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1057:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
865:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
204:accessibility for those using these spaces.
2328:The Death and Life of Great American Cities
776:Lawrence, Denise L.; Low, Setha M. (1990).
295:The pinnacle of city growth was during the
2979:
2965:
2957:
2425:
2411:
2403:
1995:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
1441:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3490:Environmental issues in the United States
2285:
2239:
2014:
1847:
1733:
1676:
1598:
1219:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1099:
1089:
925:
744:
696:
3475:Effects of climate change on agriculture
2354:Richard J. Jackson with Stacy Sinclair,
778:"The Built Environment and Spatial Form"
2365:The Built Environment and Public Health
2109:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
630:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
581:
447:of the people who live and work there.
350:, design, engineering, technology, and
3791:Urban studies and planning terminology
3480:Effects of climate change on livestock
2156:
2154:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
1933:10.7208/chicago/9780226762937.001.0001
1633:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1528:
1526:
1434:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1325:
1323:
1298:
1296:
1050:
1043:McClure, Bartuska, Wendy, Tom (2007).
858:
851:McClure, Bartuska, Wendy, Tom (2007).
3811:Environmental social science concepts
1901:"In the Nickel, Houston's Fifth Ward"
1885:
1883:
1038:
1036:
1034:
955:
953:
308:Post Industrial Revolution to present
45:focuses too much on specific examples
7:
3734:
3590:Tropical cyclones and climate change
903:
901:
846:
844:
722:
720:
718:
716:
530:Microbiomes of the built environment
3623:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
1706:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
1510:National Museum of American History
1164:Building Research & Information
794:10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.002321
2367:, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2012
2358:, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2012
160:, physical activity, food access,
25:
3270:pharmaceuticals and personal care
2335:Andrew Knight & Les Ruddock,
2266:American Journal of Public Health
2220:American Journal of Public Health
2073:"Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect"
1571:American Journal of Public Health
1215:"Hippodamus and the Planned City"
1078:Journal of Transport and Land Use
727:Galster, George; Sharkey (2017).
689:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022
3745:
3744:
3733:
3421:decline in amphibian populations
3126:Deforestation and climate change
2916:
2915:
2905:
2521:
1335:education.nationalgeographic.org
1308:education.nationalgeographic.org
1257:education.nationalgeographic.org
490:Center for the Built Environment
231:
34:
3555:Land surface effects on climate
3012:Environmental impact assessment
2988:Human impact on the environment
2690:Science, technology and society
1927:. University of Chicago Press.
1481:"The Interstate Highway System"
908:Carmona, Matthew (2019-01-02).
78:Part of the built environment:
2330:, Random House, New York, 1961
1789:Journal of Planning Literature
982:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.02.002
1:
3426:decline in insect populations
2391:Designing Healthy Communities
2356:Designing Healthy Communities
927:10.1080/13574809.2018.1472523
880:Omer, Abdeen Mustafa (2015).
782:Annual Review of Anthropology
642:10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00475-0
2434:Environmental social science
2121:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.017
1669:10.1016/j.forpol.2015.02.003
505:Environmental sustainability
352:environmental sustainability
291:1914 proposed street drawing
2473:Environmental communication
1657:Forest Policy and Economics
3827:
2458:Environmental anthropology
2186:US EPA, OAR (2014-06-17).
2163:"Learn About Heat Islands"
2161:US EPA, OAR (2014-06-17).
1921:Small, Mario Luis (2004).
1718:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.05.016
87:Colorado Springs, Colorado
3796:Health effects by subject
3786:Architectural terminology
3728:
3663:Environmental engineering
3510:Environmental degradation
3287:fishing down the food web
2901:
2519:
2071:US EPA, OW (2015-10-01).
1801:10.1177/08854120122093339
1184:10.1080/09613210801928131
271:Pre–industrial Revolution
124:, public infrastructure,
3668:Environmental mitigation
3525:Greenhouse gas emissions
3485:Environmental insecurity
2488:Environmental psychology
2321:, Bloomsbury Press, 2009
2257:Leyden, Kevin M (2003).
2232:10.2105/ajph.2013.301482
1908:Houston History Magazine
1899:Pando, Patricia (2011).
1539:Martha Schwartz Partners
1407:Jon Butler, ed. (2013).
595:. Taylor & Francis.
535:National Building Museum
500:Environmental psychology
378:Georges-Eugene Haussmann
3715:Sustainable consumption
3056:Social ecology (ethics)
2493:Environmental sociology
2468:Environmental economics
2448:Ecological anthropology
1866:10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.04
1849:10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.04
1533:Michelbach, Christian.
914:Journal of Urban Design
746:10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.01
565:Vernacular architecture
424:Housing and segregation
302:City Beautiful movement
217:Agricultural production
3658:Ecological engineering
3438:runaway climate change
2483:Environmental politics
2339:, Wiley-Blackwell 2008
2278:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1546
1583:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1390
1277:"Neolithic Revolution"
1213:Burns, Alfred (1976).
292:
148:
102:landscape architecture
89:
3041:List of global issues
2578:Ecological humanities
2478:Environmental history
2188:"Heat Island Impacts"
1830:Kramer, Rory (2017).
589:Sussman, Ann (2014).
297:Industrial Revolution
290:
283:Industrial Revolution
206:Public transportation
201:cardiovascular system
194:Public infrastructure
189:Public infrastructure
146:
77:
3643:Community resilience
3443:in the United States
3411:Biodiversity threats
3084:cannabis cultivation
3051:Planetary boundaries
3017:Environmental issues
3007:Ecological footprint
2670:Integrated geography
2548:Behavioral geography
2453:Ecological economics
2007:10.1257/pol.20190414
1763:Prevention Institute
1091:10.5198/jtlu.v1i1.29
962:Ecological Economics
510:Healing environments
438:architectural design
277:Neolithic Revolution
166:environmental racism
138:domesticated animals
51:improve this article
3806:Cultural landscapes
3705:Restoration ecology
3638:Climate engineering
3575:Ocean acidification
3565:Loss of green belts
3535:Holocene extinction
3530:Habitat destruction
3205:Environmental crime
2941:Research institutes
2463:Environmental crime
2046:Case, Anne (2020).
1176:2008BuRI...36..248M
974:2017EcoEc.136..201G
540:Natural environment
134:wildlife management
3720:Waste minimization
3678:Mitigation banking
3673:Industrial ecology
3633:Cleaner production
3585:Resource depletion
3121:Corporate behavior
3079:animal agriculture
2911:Environment portal
2665:Industrial ecology
2363:Russell P. Lopez,
1962:The New York Times
1359:www.britannica.com
550:Social environment
520:Indoor air quality
476:Urban heat islands
293:
243:. You can help by
149:
90:
3773:
3772:
3595:Water degradation
3470:Ecological crisis
3416:biodiversity loss
3215:Industrialisation
3200:Genetic pollution
3046:Impact assessment
2954:
2953:
2793:Green criminology
2553:Community studies
2508:Political ecology
1942:978-0-226-76292-0
1506:"City and Suburb"
1420:978-0-19-932917-5
1017:10.1002/msj.20235
891:978-1-63463-339-0
602:978-0-367-46860-6
397:community gardens
342:, public health,
323:interdisciplinary
261:
260:
132:, dammed rivers,
94:built environment
72:
71:
18:Built Environment
16:(Redirected from
3818:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3570:Phosphorus cycle
3550:Land consumption
3545:Land degradation
3520:Freshwater cycle
3319:Overexploitation
3292:marine pollution
3099:cocoa production
2981:
2974:
2967:
2958:
2919:
2918:
2909:
2841:natural resource
2525:
2513:Regional science
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2344:Paul Chynoweth,
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2298:. Archived from
2289:
2272:(9): 1546–1551.
2263:
2253:
2243:
2226:(9): 1542–1544.
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1851:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1631:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1577:(9): 1390–1394.
1562:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1413:. New York, NY.
1404:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1136:www.ers.usda.gov
1128:
1122:
1121:
1103:
1093:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1000:
994:
993:
957:
948:
947:
929:
905:
896:
895:
877:
871:
870:
864:
856:
848:
839:
838:
836:
835:
820:
814:
813:
773:
767:
766:
748:
724:
711:
710:
700:
668:
662:
661:
621:
615:
614:
586:
515:Healthy building
413:cycling mobility
256:
253:
235:
228:
67:
64:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3801:Human geography
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3724:
3683:Organic farming
3609:
3600:Water pollution
3580:Ozone depletion
3560:Loss and damage
3460:Desertification
3397:
3309:Overconsumption
3230:cleaning agents
3131:Energy industry
3094:meat production
3060:
2990:
2985:
2955:
2950:
2897:
2746:
2717:Systems ecology
2701:Sustainability
2695:science studies
2680:Rural sociology
2526:
2517:
2503:Human geography
2436:
2431:
2375:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2261:
2256:
2213:
2210:
2208:Further reading
2205:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2040:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1535:"I Hate Nature"
1532:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1433:
1421:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1002:
1001:
997:
959:
958:
951:
907:
906:
899:
892:
879:
878:
874:
857:
850:
849:
842:
833:
831:
822:
821:
817:
775:
774:
770:
726:
725:
714:
670:
669:
665:
623:
622:
618:
603:
588:
587:
583:
579:
574:
485:
471:
462:
453:Patrick Sharkey
426:
421:
405:physical health
373:
364:
310:
285:
273:
257:
251:
248:
241:needs expansion
226:
214:
191:
182:
174:
68:
62:
59:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3741:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3710:Sustainability
3707:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3605:Water scarcity
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Nitrogen cycle
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:Forest dieback
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3433:Climate change
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3250:nanotechnology
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:on marine life
3026:
3025:
3024:
3022:list of issues
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2913:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:Environmental
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2373:External links
2371:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2317:Jeb Brugmann,
2314:
2254:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2178:
2150:
2115:(5): 517–526.
2088:
2063:
2056:
2038:
2001:(4): 355–392.
1981:
1948:
1941:
1924:Villa Victoria
1913:
1891:
1879:
1822:
1795:(2): 202–218.
1775:
1749:
1692:
1647:
1614:
1550:
1522:
1497:
1472:
1448:
1419:
1394:
1370:
1346:
1319:
1292:
1268:
1244:
1225:(4): 414–428.
1205:
1170:(3): 248–268.
1147:
1123:
1064:
1030:
1005:Mt Sinai J Med
995:
949:
897:
890:
872:
840:
815:
768:
712:
663:
616:
601:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:
570:Weatherization
567:
562:
560:Urban planning
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
484:
481:
469:
461:
458:
449:George Galster
425:
422:
420:
417:
372:
369:
363:
360:
309:
306:
284:
281:
272:
269:
259:
258:
238:
236:
225:
222:
213:
210:
190:
187:
181:
178:
173:
170:
162:climate change
126:transportation
106:urban planning
70:
69:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3823:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:Reforestation
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Cultured meat
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Birth control
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:Deforestation
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:Manufacturing
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:nuclear power
3171:
3169:
3168:fracking (US)
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2892:
2891:environmental
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:environmental
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:environmental
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:environmental
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2786:environmental
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2773:Ecopsychology
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:Architecture
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:environmental
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Anthrozoology
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Human ecology
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2326:Jane Jacobs,
2324:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2305:on 2017-10-18
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2057:9780691190785
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1842:(2): 81–101.
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1487:. 7 June 2019
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
902:
898:
893:
887:
883:
876:
873:
868:
862:
854:
847:
845:
841:
829:
825:
819:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
721:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
694:
690:
686:
683:(5): 729–37.
682:
678:
674:
667:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
617:
612:
608:
604:
598:
594:
593:
585:
582:
576:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Public health
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:City planning
493:
491:
488:
487:
482:
480:
477:
473:
465:
460:Environmental
459:
457:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:neighborhoods
423:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:mental health
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
370:
368:
361:
359:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:public policy
329:
324:
319:
316:
307:
305:
303:
298:
289:
282:
280:
278:
270:
268:
266:
255:
252:December 2021
246:
242:
239:This section
237:
234:
230:
229:
223:
221:
218:
211:
209:
207:
202:
197:
195:
188:
186:
179:
177:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:public health
107:
103:
99:
95:
88:
84:
83:tract housing
81:
76:
66:
56:
52:
46:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
3386:urban sprawl
3381:Urbanization
3329:Particulates
3314:Overdrafting
3029:Human impact
3002:Anthropocene
2811:occupational
2806:epidemiology
2777:Engineering
2675:Permaculture
2638:Ethnobiology
2390:
2364:
2355:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2307:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2269:
2265:
2223:
2219:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2181:
2170:. Retrieved
2166:
2112:
2108:
2080:. Retrieved
2076:
2066:
2047:
2041:
2016:10419/200568
1998:
1994:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1961:
1951:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1894:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1752:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1678:11568/936732
1660:
1656:
1650:
1636:cite journal
1630:(26): 81–87.
1627:
1623:
1617:
1574:
1570:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:
1514:. Retrieved
1512:. 2017-02-28
1509:
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1484:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1461:Khan Academy
1460:
1451:
1409:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1247:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1167:
1163:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
1126:
1101:11299/170551
1084:(1): 21–39.
1081:
1077:
1067:
1044:
1011:(1): 49–57.
1008:
1004:
998:
965:
961:
917:
913:
881:
875:
852:
832:. Retrieved
830:. 2019-02-05
827:
818:
785:
781:
771:
736:
732:
680:
676:
666:
636:(2): 64–73.
633:
629:
619:
591:
584:
474:
466:
463:
442:
432:. Roads and
427:
374:
365:
356:
340:anthropology
320:
315:Henry Ford's
311:
294:
274:
265:anthropology
262:
249:
245:adding to it
240:
215:
198:
192:
183:
175:
150:
118:anthropology
98:architecture
93:
91:
63:January 2015
60:
49:Please help
44:
3500:Externality
3495:Coral reefs
3455:Defaunation
3324:Overgrazing
3297:overfishing
3277:Marine life
3151:electricity
3074:Agriculture
2822:Management
2766:sustainable
2538:Agroecology
2192:www.epa.gov
2167:www.epa.gov
2077:www.epa.gov
968:: 201–212.
920:(1): 1–48.
828:www.cdc.gov
788:: 453–505.
677:Circulation
409:walkability
393:food access
212:Agriculture
158:segregation
136:, and even
3780:Categories
3765:mitigation
3760:assessment
3755:by country
3653:Decoupling
3615:Mitigation
3344:Reservoirs
3265:pesticides
3210:Explosives
3188:reservoirs
3089:irrigation
2781:ecological
2735:metabolism
2685:Sexecology
2582:Economics
2566:ecological
2558:Demography
2386:, Malaysia
2309:2014-02-26
2197:2022-12-16
2172:2022-12-16
2082:2024-01-24
1975:2021-03-29
1544:2022-12-16
1516:2022-12-16
1491:2022-12-16
1466:2022-12-16
1429:1258269397
1388:2022-12-16
1364:2022-12-16
1340:2022-12-16
1313:2022-12-16
1286:2022-12-16
1262:2022-12-16
1141:2022-12-16
834:2021-03-29
611:1224041975
577:References
344:management
53:by adding
3688:Recycling
3354:Transport
3339:Quarrying
3334:Pollution
3193:transport
3183:petroleum
3178:oil shale
3141:biodiesel
2852:Planning
2831:fisheries
2761:landscape
2730:geography
2601:education
2129:0749-3797
2033:204505153
2025:1945-7731
1970:0362-4331
1874:149167954
1858:2377-8253
1817:153978150
1809:0885-4122
1726:1618-8667
1687:1389-9341
1663:: 11–17.
1591:0090-0036
1437:cite book
1231:0018-2311
1200:111275156
1192:0961-3218
1110:1938-7849
1053:cite book
990:0921-8009
944:115751848
936:1357-4809
861:cite book
802:0084-6570
763:131768289
755:2377-8253
650:0749-3797
445:wellbeing
348:geography
336:sociology
328:economics
180:Buildings
130:farmlands
114:sociology
92:The term
3750:Category
3374:shipping
3359:aviation
3245:plastics
3235:concrete
3220:Land use
3136:biofuels
3104:palm oil
2946:Scholars
2936:Journals
2926:Concepts
2921:Category
2866:regional
2861:land use
2660:Forestry
2296:12948978
2250:23865699
2145:35151432
2137:18929978
1768:29 April
1744:29225562
1712:: 1–10.
1609:12948949
1118:26201607
1025:21259262
739:(2): 1.
707:22311885
658:12133739
555:Urbanism
483:See also
434:railways
386:diabetes
172:Features
80:suburban
3739:Commons
3515:Erosion
3465:Ecocide
3403:Effects
3349:Tourism
3282:fishing
3240:fashion
3163:fashion
3116:Bitcoin
2995:General
2931:Degrees
2882:Policy
2871:spatial
2797:Health
2751:Applied
2740:studies
2725:ecology
2710:studies
2705:science
2653:zoology
2648:ecology
2626:justice
2621:studies
2616:science
2562:Design
2531:Related
2287:1448008
2241:3780695
1735:5716478
1600:1447979
1485:HISTORY
1281:HISTORY
1239:4435519
1172:Bibcode
970:Bibcode
810:2155973
698:3315587
390:healthy
330:, law,
224:History
154:housing
3743:
3732:
3304:Mining
3158:energy
3066:Causes
2886:energy
2836:forest
2816:public
2721:Urban
2643:botany
2631:racism
2606:ethics
2591:thermo
2586:energy
2441:Fields
2294:
2284:
2248:
2238:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2054:
2031:
2023:
1968:
1939:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1815:
1807:
1742:
1732:
1724:
1685:
1607:
1597:
1589:
1427:
1417:
1237:
1229:
1198:
1190:
1116:
1108:
1023:
988:
942:
934:
888:
808:
800:
761:
753:
705:
695:
656:
648:
609:
599:
419:Social
411:, and
382:asthma
371:Health
362:Impact
164:, and
122:cities
116:, and
3698:urban
3369:roads
3260:paper
3255:paint
2876:urban
2846:waste
2303:(PDF)
2262:(PDF)
2141:S2CID
2029:S2CID
1904:(PDF)
1870:S2CID
1862:JSTOR
1813:S2CID
1235:JSTOR
1196:S2CID
1114:JSTOR
940:S2CID
806:JSTOR
759:S2CID
3364:rail
3146:coal
3109:(US)
2292:PMID
2246:PMID
2133:PMID
2125:ISSN
2052:ISBN
2021:ISSN
1966:ISSN
1937:ISBN
1854:ISSN
1805:ISSN
1770:2012
1740:PMID
1722:ISSN
1683:ISSN
1642:link
1605:PMID
1587:ISSN
1443:link
1425:OCLC
1415:ISBN
1227:ISSN
1188:ISSN
1106:ISSN
1059:link
1021:PMID
986:ISSN
932:ISSN
886:ISBN
867:link
798:ISSN
751:ISSN
703:PMID
654:PMID
646:ISSN
607:OCLC
597:ISBN
451:and
156:and
3393:War
2611:law
2282:PMC
2274:doi
2236:PMC
2228:doi
2224:103
2117:doi
2011:hdl
2003:doi
1929:doi
1844:doi
1797:doi
1730:PMC
1714:doi
1673:hdl
1665:doi
1595:PMC
1579:doi
1180:doi
1096:hdl
1086:doi
1013:doi
978:doi
966:136
922:doi
790:doi
741:doi
693:PMC
685:doi
681:125
638:doi
247:.
85:in
3782::
2290:.
2280:.
2270:93
2268:.
2264:.
2244:.
2234:.
2222:.
2218:.
2190:.
2165:.
2153:^
2139:.
2131:.
2123:.
2113:35
2111:.
2107:.
2091:^
2075:.
2027:.
2019:.
2009:.
1999:13
1997:.
1993:.
1964:.
1960:.
1935:.
1906:.
1882:^
1868:.
1860:.
1852:.
1838:.
1834:.
1811:.
1803:.
1793:16
1791:.
1787:.
1761:.
1738:.
1728:.
1720:.
1710:26
1708:.
1704:.
1681:.
1671:.
1661:54
1659:.
1638:}}
1634:{{
1626:.
1603:.
1593:.
1585:.
1575:93
1573:.
1569:.
1553:^
1537:.
1525:^
1508:.
1483:.
1459:.
1439:}}
1435:{{
1423:.
1397:^
1381:.
1357:.
1333:.
1322:^
1306:.
1295:^
1279:.
1255:.
1233:.
1223:25
1221:.
1217:.
1194:.
1186:.
1178:.
1168:36
1166:.
1162:.
1150:^
1134:.
1112:.
1104:.
1094:.
1080:.
1076:.
1055:}}
1051:{{
1033:^
1019:.
1009:78
1007:.
984:.
976:.
964:.
952:^
938:.
930:.
918:24
916:.
912:.
900:^
863:}}
859:{{
843:^
826:.
804:.
796:.
786:19
784:.
780:.
757:.
749:.
735:.
731:.
715:^
701:.
691:.
679:.
675:.
652:.
644:.
634:23
632:.
628:.
605:.
407:,
403:,
399:,
395:,
384:,
346:,
338:,
334:,
168:.
140:.
112:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
2980:e
2973:t
2966:v
2426:e
2419:t
2412:v
2350:.
2312:.
2276::
2252:.
2230::
2200:.
2175:.
2147:.
2119::
2085:.
2060:.
2035:.
2013::
2005::
1978:.
1945:.
1931::
1910:.
1876:.
1846::
1840:3
1819:.
1799::
1772:.
1746:.
1716::
1689:.
1675::
1667::
1644:)
1628:8
1611:.
1581::
1547:.
1519:.
1494:.
1469:.
1445:)
1431:.
1391:.
1367:.
1343:.
1316:.
1289:.
1265:.
1241:.
1202:.
1182::
1174::
1144:.
1120:.
1098::
1088::
1082:1
1061:)
1027:.
1015::
992:.
980::
972::
946:.
924::
894:.
869:)
837:.
812:.
792::
765:.
743::
737:3
709:.
687::
660:.
640::
613:.
470:2
254:)
250:(
65:)
61:(
57:.
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
