121:
47:
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919:. Powders also hold significant market share in eastern Europe and in some western European countries due to their advantage over liquids in whitening clothes. According to Desmet Ballestra, designer and builder of chemical plants and detergent-making equipment, powdered detergents have a 30–35% market share in western Europe. According to
644:
was the predominant surfactant in laundry detergents. By the end of the 1950s so-called "synthetic detergents" (syndets) like branched alkylbenzene sulfonates had largely replaced soap in developed countries. Due to their poor biodegradability these branched alkylbenzenesulfonates were replaced with
543:
will naturally have a negative surface charge in water, whereas synthetic fibers are comparatively neutral. The negative charge is further increased by the adsorption of anionic surfactants. With increasing pH, soil and fibers become more negatively charged, resulting in increased mutual repulsion.
815:
foam. Other ingredients increase or decrease the viscosity of the solution, or solubilize other ingredients. Corrosion inhibitors counteract damage to washing equipment. Dye transfer inhibitors prevent dyes from one article from coloring other items, these are generally
756:. The first preparation was a pancreatic extract obtained from slaughtered animals, which was unstable against alkali and bleach. Only in the latter part of the century with the availability of thermally robust bacterial enzymes did this technology become mainstream.
620:
Laundry detergents contain mostly anionic and non-ionic surfactants. Cationic surfactants are normally incompatible with anionic detergents and have poor cleaning efficiency; they are employed only for certain special effects, as
131:
From ancient times, chemical additives were used to facilitate the mechanical washing of textile fibers with water. The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient
910:
Worldwide, while liquid and powdered detergents hold roughly equal market share in terms of value, powdered laundry detergent is more widely used. In 2018, sales of powdered detergent measured 14 million
706:; these are inactive as solids but will release hydrogen peroxide upon exposure to water. The main targets of bleaches are oxidisible organic stains, which are usually of vegetable origin (e.g.
847:
are also components of modern detergents, provided that they are compatible with the other components and do not affect the color of the cleaned item. The perfumes are typically a mixture of
950:
1021:
726:
pigments). Hydrogen peroxide is insufficiently active as a bleach at temperature below 60 °C (140 °F), which traditionally made hot washes the norm. The development of
426:
which is much less effective for cleaning and can precipitate onto both fabric and washing machine components. Builders remove mineral ions responsible for hard water through
915:, double that of liquids. While liquid detergent is widely used in many Western countries, powdered detergent is popular in Africa, India, China, Latin America, and other
551:
Builder and surfactant work synergistically to achieve soil removal, and the washing effect of the builder may exceed that of the surfactant. With hydrophilic fibers like
1123:
637:
surfactants are rarely employed in laundry detergents mainly for cost reasons. Most detergents use a combination of various surfactants to balance their performance.
489:, which can have serious environmental consequences. As such they have been banned in many countries, leading to the development of phosphorus-free agents, such as
1647:
1390:
1268:
835:
A number of ingredients affect aesthetic properties of the item to be cleaned or the detergent itself before or during use. These agents include
1197:
1056:
1013:
828:
are used to prevent fine soil particles from reattaching to the product being cleaned. Commercial or industrial laundries may make use of a
1761:
144:
1062:
949:
emitted from dryer vents, with the highest concentrations of acetaldehyde, acetone, and ethanol. Seven of these VOCs are classified as
1141:
1298:
Kogawa, Ana
Carolina; Cernic, Beatriz Gamberini; do Couto, Leandro Giovanni Domingos; Salgado, Hérida Regina Nunes (February 2017).
934:
became an environmental concern in the 1950s and the subject of bans in later years. Phosphates make laundry cleaner but also cause
968:
in many countries, e.g., Austria, Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United States, Canada, and Japan.
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1799:
1660:
1652:
330:
reaction which turns the colored substance into a colorless one, which either stays on the fabric or may be easier to wash out.
370:
Laundry detergents may contain builders (50% by weight, approximately), surfactants (15%), bleach (7%), enzymes (2%), soil
1642:
1067:
The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BCE in ancient
Babylon.
195:
Washing laundry involves removing mixed soils from fiber surfaces. From a chemical viewpoint, soils can be grouped into:
1616:
1383:
848:
646:
1845:
1085:
An economical of the development of substitutes with some illustrative examples and implications for the beef industry
296:
104:
While powdered and liquid detergents hold roughly equal share of the worldwide laundry detergent market in terms of
1850:
957:
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987:
946:
427:
422:
present in these dissolved minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium ions, can react with surfactants to form
571:
removes soil more effectively than a surfactant alone. It is expected that when washing hydrophobic fibers like
832:
during the final rinse cycle to neutralise any remaining alkali surfactants and remove acid-sensitive stains.
466:
982:
1240:
Dee, Foster; Snell, Cornelia T. (August 1958). "50th ANNIVERSARY FEATURE—Fifty Years of
Detergent Progress".
1376:
1092:
931:
825:
803:
Many other ingredients are added depending on the expected circumstances of use. Such additives modify the
601:
Surfactants are responsible for most of the cleaning performance in laundry detergent. They provide this by
383:
1408:
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439:
371:
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in the 1970s and 1980s allowed for cooler washing temperatures to be effective. These compounds, such as
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of at least 90% for all types of surfactants used in detergents. The phosphate content of detergents is
498:
808:
544:
The optimum pH range for good detergency is 9–10.5. Alkalis may also enhance wash performance via the
1819:
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821:
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579:, the effectiveness of the surfactant surpasses that of the builder, however this is not the case.
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Anionic surfactants: branched alkylbenzenesulfonate, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate, and a soap.
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1351:"Chemical Emissions from Residential Dryer Vents During Use of Fragranced Laundry Products"
485:). While these phosphorus-based agents are generally non-toxic they are now known to cause
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775:, vegetable and fruit stains). Each type of stain requires a different type of enzyme:
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1014:"Almost extinct in the US, powdered laundry detergents thrive elsewhere in the world"
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detergents production, caused a fast growth of domestic use in the late 1940s.
159:, key ingredients in the commercially important German brand FEWA, produced by
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738:, which is an even more effective bleach, particularly at lower temperatures.
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414:. Most domestic water supplies contain some dissolved minerals, especially in
235:
108:, powdered detergents are sold twice as much compared to liquids in terms of
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surfactant in 1917, in response to shortages of soap ingredients during the
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Despite the name, modern laundry bleaches do not include household bleach (
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A 2013 academic study of fragranced laundry products found "more than 25
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them into smaller parts before they can be removed by the surfactants.
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1051:(10th ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 453.
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1158:"Development of Surfactants and Builders in Detergent Formulations"
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923:, the powdered detergent market is growing by 2 percent annually.
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have acquired a higher share in laundry detergents. In the 1990s,
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were developed, and these new materials were converted to their
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771:(e.g., flour and potato stains), and cellulose (damaged cotton
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391:
351:
343:
311:
280:
1269:"HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE PHOSPHATE DETERGENT CONFLICT"
759:
Enzymes are required to degrade stubborn stains composed of
1122:
Eduard
Smulders; et al. (2007), "Laundry Detergents",
536:
171:. Such detergents were mainly used in industry until after
1368:
953:
and two as carcinogenic HAPs (acetaldehyde and benzene)".
752:
The use of enzymes for laundry was introduced in 1913 by
672:
have been used in specialty detergents for fine fabrics.
657:
have found increasing application at the expense of LAS.
609:
of soil into the water and also by reducing the water's
175:. By then, new developments and the later conversion of
1213:
SNELL, FOSTER DEE (January 1959). "Syndets and Soaps".
469:) were introduced, continuing with the introduction of
535:
builders may also enhance performance by changing the
55:
The two forms of laundry detergent: powder and liquid
291:
from skin. These require enzymes, heat or alkali to
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1540:
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734:(TAED), react with hydrogen peroxide to produce
89:(clothes). Laundry detergent is manufactured in
151:. In the 1930s, commercially viable routes to
1275:. CONFLICT RESEARCH CONSORTIUM. Archived from
1156:Yangxin Yu; Jin Zhao; Andrew E. Bayly (2008),
1125:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1077:
1075:
1384:
763:(e.g., milk, cocoa, blood, egg yolk, grass),
8:
1648:Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union
1300:"Synthetic detergents: 100 years of history"
1357:, March 2013, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 151–156.
660:Since the 1970s, nonionic surfactants like
27:Type of detergent used for cleaning laundry
1391:
1377:
1369:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1323:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
690:). Laundry bleaches are typically stable
649:(LAS) in the mid-1960s. Since the 1980s,
85:(cleaning agent) used for cleaning dirty
1189:Cationic Surfactants: Physical Chemistry
438:. In addition, they help remove soil by
62:
1162:Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering
1128:(7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–184,
1049:Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps
999:
139:German chemical companies developed an
1242:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
1215:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
124:FEWA, an early laundry detergent from
1065:from the original on 20 August 2016.
1024:from the original on 13 December 2019
539:of the wash. Hydrophilic fibers like
7:
1762:Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States
1267:Knud-Hansen, Chris (February 1994).
807:properties of the product by either
1355:Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health
1012:McCoy, Michael (27 January 2019).
25:
960:73/404/EEC stipulates an average
1800:Baths and wash houses in Britain
1661:Worshipful Company of Launderers
1653:Laundry Workers Industrial Union
668:appeared as co-surfactants, and
408:chelating or sequestering agents
218:Solid particulate soils such as
45:
36:
1186:Rubingh, D. (23 October 1990).
1018:Chemical & Engineering News
951:hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)
843:, and colorants. A variety of
820:water-soluble polymers such as
767:(e.g., chocolate, fats, oils),
67:Liquid laundry detergents in a
525:; or ion exchange agents like
334:Soils difficult to remove are
1:
1643:Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance
1174:10.1016/S1004-9541(08)60115-9
1134:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
1020:. American Chemical Society.
647:linear alkylbenzenesulfonates
167:, the U.S. brand produced by
1304:Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal
199:Water-soluble soils such as
1082:Spriggs, John (July 1975),
453:(waterglass). In the 1930s
445:The earliest builders were
1872:
1316:10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.006
1192:. CRC Press. p. 475.
745:
732:tetraacetylethylenediamine
679:
586:
302:Bleachable stains such as
249:Hydrophobic soils such as
145:Allied Blockade of Germany
1406:
1047:. In Hilda Butler (ed.).
1043:Willcox, Michael (2000).
988:List of cleaning products
938:, particularly with poor
851:, common classes include
374:agents, foam regulators,
983:Laundry detergent sheets
467:sodium hexametaphosphate
1856:20th-century inventions
1093:University of Minnesota
932:Phosphates in detergent
826:carboxymethyl cellulose
791:for carbohydrates, and
384:dye transfer inhibitors
1409:List of laundry topics
1091:, Staff paper series,
927:Environmental concerns
598:
406:Builders (also called
128:
75:
978:Laundry detergent pod
596:
123:
66:
1820:Self-service laundry
1657:Project Laundry List
940:wastewater treatment
888:hexyl cinnamaldehyde
871:) and their esters (
822:polyvinylpyrrolidone
670:alkyl polyglycosides
376:corrosion inhibitors
169:Procter & Gamble
1755:Barbier v. Connolly
1254:10.1021/ie50584a005
1227:10.1021/i650589a727
837:optical brighteners
704:sodium percarbonate
688:sodium hypochlorite
662:alcohol ethoxylates
569:sodium triphosphate
449:(washing soda) and
380:optical brighteners
18:Builder (detergent)
1846:Laundry detergents
1783:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1687:Industrial laundry
1456:Combo washer dryer
1347:Anne C. Steinemann
599:
487:nutrient pollution
179:plants to produce
129:
76:
1851:German inventions
1833:
1832:
1433:Laundry detergent
1199:978-0-8247-8357-0
1058:978-0-7514-0479-1
799:Other ingredients
748:Detergent enzymes
728:bleach activators
696:hydrogen peroxide
640:Until the 1950s,
627:antistatic agents
565:polyacrylonitrile
507:trisodium citrate
459:sodium phosphates
418:areas. The metal
360:denatured protein
79:Laundry detergent
16:(Redirected from
1863:
1776:Pearson v. Chung
1769:Muller v. Oregon
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962:biodegradability
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841:fabric softeners
783:) for proteins,
700:sodium perborate
623:fabric softeners
523:polyacrylic acid
491:polycarboxylates
447:sodium carbonate
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873:linalyl acetate
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515:sodium silicate
451:sodium silicate
412:water softeners
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651:alkyl sulfates
607:emulsification
587:Main article:
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546:saponification
463:polyphosphates
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372:antideposition
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1682:Housekeeping
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1471:Wet cleaning
1461:Dry cleaning
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1277:the original
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405:
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316:fruit juices
232:carbon black
224:metal oxides
213:perspiration
203:, inorganic
194:
173:World War II
138:
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74:, April 2020
60:
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1706:Accessories
1697:Washerwoman
1522:Hills Hoist
1481:Wash copper
1028:13 December
913:metric tons
857:citronellol
809:stabilizing
720:humic acids
712:anthocyanin
708:chlorophyll
613:to improve
583:Surfactants
577:polyolefins
396:formulation
263:mineral oil
251:animal fats
149:World War I
72:supermarket
1840:Categories
1825:Tvättstuga
1805:Dhobi Ghat
1713:Clothespin
1576:Box mangle
1532:Dryer ball
994:References
900:galaxolide
855:alcohols (
793:cellulases
789:α-amylases
724:carotenoid
698:, such as
666:glucamides
603:absorption
589:Surfactant
573:polyesters
455:phosphates
440:dispersion
416:hard water
388:fragrances
366:Components
236:carbonates
183:, used in
1622:Shrinkage
1569:Finishing
1558:Laundroid
1553:FoldiMate
1476:Washboard
1416:Chemicals
966:regulated
880:aldehydes
777:proteases
754:Otto Rohm
561:polyamide
548:of fats.
511:silicates
432:chelation
424:soap scum
328:oxidation
324:Bleaching
320:vegetable
293:hydrolyze
240:silicates
185:household
83:detergent
1600:Concepts
1334:28951681
1283:21 March
1063:Archived
1022:Archived
972:See also
921:Lubrizol
884:helional
877:aromatic
865:linalool
861:geraniol
845:perfumes
781:savinase
761:proteins
676:Bleaches
653:such as
631:biocides
527:zeolites
503:citrates
402:Builders
336:pigments
322:stains.
297:denature
275:such as
273:Proteins
1670:Culture
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1586:Ironing
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1449:Washing
1400:Laundry
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853:terpene
805:foaming
785:lipases
773:fibrils
742:Enzymes
716:tannins
692:adducts
615:wetting
420:cations
289:keratin
134:Babylon
126:Germany
116:History
87:laundry
69:Chinese
1815:Lavoir
1793:Places
1733:Posser
1723:Hamper
1527:Mangle
1495:Drying
1423:Bleach
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906:Market
894:) and
892:lilial
769:starch
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714:dyes,
682:Bleach
629:, and
553:cotton
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533:Alkali
461:) and
410:) are
398:aids.
358:, and
348:resins
326:is an
318:, and
308:coffee
287:, and
267:grease
265:, and
242:, and
211:, and
201:sugars
163:, and
110:volume
101:form.
99:liquid
97:) and
91:powder
1677:Dhobi
1627:Stain
1099:9 May
1089:(PDF)
869:nerol
818:polar
483:EDTMP
434:, or
356:waxes
277:blood
259:sebum
244:humus
205:salts
191:Soils
165:Dreft
106:value
1438:pods
1330:PMID
1285:2017
1194:ISBN
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1101:2008
1053:ISBN
1030:2019
956:The
947:VOCs
765:fats
702:and
642:soap
605:and
575:and
563:and
557:wool
521:and
495:EDTA
479:ATMP
475:HEDP
392:dyes
344:fats
340:dyes
338:and
304:wine
295:and
285:milk
228:soot
220:rust
209:urea
161:BASF
1747:Law
1320:PMC
1312:doi
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