Building information modeling

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economies to urban construction projects in developing nations, generic BIM objects can benefit from rich building information within specification parameters in product libraries, and used for efficient, streamlined design and construction. Similarly, an assessment of the current 'state of the art' by Kori found that medium and large firms were leading the adoption of BIM in the industry. Smaller firms were less advanced with respect to process and policy adherence. There has been little adoption of BIM in the built environment due to construction industry resistance to changes or new ways of doing things. The industry is still working with conventional 2D CAD systems in services and structural designs, although production could be in 3D systems. There is virtually no utilisation of 4D and 5D systems.

783:, called Mediaconstruct (existing since 1989), is supporting digital transformation in France. A building transition digital plan – French acronym PTNB – was created in 2013 (mandated since 2015 to 2017 and under several ministries). A 2013 survey of European BIM practice showed France in last place, but, with government support, in 2017 it had risen to third place with more than 30% of real estate projects carried out using BIM. PTNB was superseded in 2018 by Plan BIM 2022, administered by an industry body, the Association for the Development of Digital in Construction (AND Construction), founded in 2017, and supported by a digital platform, KROQI, developed and launched in 2017 by CSTB (France's 1158: 303:(plans, elevations, sections, etc.). Building information modeling extends the three primary spatial dimensions (width, height and depth), incorporating information about time (so-called 4D BIM), cost (5D BIM), asset management, sustainability, etc. BIM therefore covers more than just geometry. It also covers spatial relationships, geospatial information, quantities and properties of building components (for example, manufacturers' details), and enables a wide range of collaborative processes relating to the built asset from initial planning through to construction and then throughout its operational life. 471: 307:

building model for drawing production and other uses. These different views are automatically consistent, being based on a single definition of each object instance. BIM software also defines objects parametrically; that is, the objects are defined as parameters and relations to other objects so that if a related object is amended, dependent ones will automatically also change. Each model element can carry attributes for selecting and ordering them automatically, providing cost estimates as well as material tracking and ordering.

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develop and to track the object-oriented BIM against predicted and measured performance objectives, supporting multi-disciplinary building information models that drive analysis, schedules, take-off and logistics. Companies are also now considering developing BIMs in various levels of detail, since depending on the application of BIM, more or less detail is needed, and there is varying modeling effort associated with generating building information models at different levels of detail.

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the expansion of applying the (BIM) on buildings and facilities in the emirate of Dubai' which made BIM mandatory on more projects by reducing the minimum size and height requirement for projects requiring BIM. This second circular drove BIM adoption further with several projects and organizations adopting UK BIM standards as best practice. In 2016, the UAE's Quality and Conformity Commission set up a BIM steering group to investigate statewide adoption of BIM.

587: 29: 5245: 345:, and the owner/operator. Each professional adds discipline-specific data to the shared model – commonly, a 'federated' model which combines several different disciplines' models into one. Combining models enables visualisation of all models in a single environment, better coordination and development of designs, enhanced clash avoidance and detection, and improved time and cost decision-making. 715:

announced " BIM will be mandated for all of its public works from the fiscal year of 2023, except those having particular reasons". The works subject to WTO Government Procurement Agreement shall comply with the published ISO standards related to BIM such as ISO19650 series as determined by the Article 10 (Technical Specification) of the Agreement.

203:) report conservatively estimated that $ 15.8 billion was lost annually by the U.S. capital facilities industry due to inadequate interoperability arising from "the highly fragmented nature of the industry, the industry’s continued paper-based business practices, a lack of standardization, and inconsistent technology adoption among stakeholders". 826:

processes, through the progressive adoption of digital methods and electronic instruments such as Building and Infrastructure Information Modelling". A norm in 8 parts is also being written to support the transition: UNI 11337-1, UNI 11337-4 and UNI 11337-5 were published in January 2017, with five further chapters to follow within a year.

771:, Grid and e-construction portal to increase the international competitiveness and sales of Estonian businesses in the construction field. The cluster is equally co-funded by European Structural and Investment Funds through Enterprise Estonia and by the members of the cluster with a total budget of 600 000 euros for the period 2016–2018. 1240:

photos, warranty data, web links to product online sources, manufacturer information and contacts, etc. This database is made accessible to the users/owners through a customized proprietary web-based environment. This is intended to aid facilities managers in the operation and maintenance of the facility.

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BIM Africa Initiative, primarily based in Nigeria, is a non-profit institute advocating the adoption of BIM across Africa. Since 2018, it has been engaging with professionals and the government towards the digital transformation of the built industry. Produced annually by its research and development

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called for BIM adoption on UK government construction projects. Morrell also told construction professionals to adopt BIM or be "Betamaxed out". In June 2011 the UK government published its BIM strategy, announcing its intention to require collaborative 3D BIM (with all project and asset information,

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announced a timetable for the introduction of mandatory BIM for German road and rail projects from the end of 2020. Speaking in April 2016, he said digital design and construction must become standard for construction projects in Germany, with Germany two to three years behind The Netherlands and the

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Austrian standards for digital modeling are summarized in the ÖNORM A 6241, published on 15 March 2015. The ÖNORM A 6241-1 (BIM Level 2), which replaced the ÖNORM A 6240-4, has been extended in the detailed and executive design stages, and corrected in the lack of definitions. The ÖNORM A 6241-2 (BIM

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issued a circular (196) in 2014 mandating BIM use for buildings of a certain size, height or type. The one page circular initiated strong interest in BIM and the market responded in preparation for more guidelines and direction. In 2015 the Municipality issued another circular (207) titled 'Regarding

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Small BIM-related seminars and independent BIM effort existed in South Korea even in the 1990s. However, it was not until the late 2000s that the Korean industry paid attention to BIM. The first industry-level BIM conference was held in April 2008, after which, BIM has been spread very rapidly. Since

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Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to

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in 2007, and helps capture and record equipment lists, product data sheets, warranties, spare parts lists, and preventive maintenance schedules. This information is used to support operations, maintenance and asset management once a built asset is in service. In December 2011, it was approved by the

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building information modeling, is sometimes used to refer to the intelligent linking of individual 3D components or assemblies with all aspects of project life-cycle management information. However, there is less consensus about the definition of 6D BIM; it is also sometimes used to cover use of BIM

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were being assembled in detail on a computer using BIM well before workers set foot on the site. The New Zealand government started a BIM acceleration committee, as part of a productivity partnership with the goal of 20 per cent more efficiency in the construction industry by 2020. Today, BIM use is

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BIMKlaster (BIM Cluster) is a non-governmental, non-profit organisation established in 2012 with the aim of promoting BIM development in Poland. In September 2016, the Ministry of Infrastructure and Construction began a series of expert meetings concerning the application of BIM methodologies in the

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BIM can bridge the information loss associated with handing a project from design team, to construction team and to building owner/operator, by allowing each group to add to and reference back to all information they acquire during their period of contribution to the BIM model. Enabling an effective

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The BIM concept envisages virtual construction of a facility prior to its actual physical construction, in order to reduce uncertainty, improve safety, work out problems, and simulate and analyze potential impacts. Sub-contractors from every trade can input critical information into the model before

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Created in 2015 to promote the adoption of BIM in Portugal and its normalisation, the Technical Committee for BIM Standardisation, CT197-BIM, has created the first strategic document for construction 4.0 in Portugal, aiming to align the country's industry around a common vision, integrated and more

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onstruction. Due to its population and economic growth, India has an expanding construction market. In spite of this, BIM usage was reported by only 22% of respondents in a 2014 survey. In 2019, government officials said BIM could help save up to 20% by shortening construction time, and urged wider

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An early BIM standard was the CIMSteel Integration Standard, CIS/2, a product model and data exchange file format for structural steel project information (CIMsteel: Computer Integrated Manufacturing of Constructional Steelwork). CIS/2 enables seamless and integrated information exchange during the

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As an advanced construction management technique, it has been used by project delivery teams working on larger projects. 4D BIM has traditionally been used for higher end projects due to the associated costs, but technologies are now emerging that allow the process to be used by laymen or to drive

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BIM has the potential to play a vital role in the Nigerian AEC sector. In addition to its potential clarity and transparency, it may help promote standardization across the industry. For instance, Utiome suggests that, in conceptualizing a BIM-based knowledge transfer framework from industrialized

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led the government's BIM programme and requirements, including a free-to-use set of UK standards and tools that defined 'level 2 BIM'. In April 2016, the UK Government published a new central web portal as a point of reference for the industry for 'level 2 BIM'. The work of the BIM Task Group then

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In Norway BIM has been used increasingly since 2008. Several large public clients require use of BIM in open formats (IFC) in most or all of their projects. The Government Building Authority bases its processes on BIM in open formats to increase process speed and quality, and all large and several

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Building information models span the whole concept-to-occupation time-span. To ensure efficient management of information processes throughout this span, a BIM manager might be appointed. The BIM manager is retained by a design build team on the client's behalf from the pre-design phase onwards to

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entitled "Building Information Modeling," and other software vendors also started to assert their involvement in the field. By hosting contributions from Autodesk, Bentley Systems and Graphisoft, plus other industry observers, in 2003, Jerry Laiserin helped popularize and standardize the term as a

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4D modelling enables project participants (architects, designers, contractors, clients) to plan, sequence the physical activities, visualise the critical path of a series of events, mitigate the risks, report and monitor progress of activities through the lifetime of the project. 4D BIM enables a

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In February 2016, Infrastructure Australia recommended: "Governments should make the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) mandatory for the design of large-scale complex infrastructure projects. In support of a mandatory rollout, the Australian Government should commission the Australasian

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Lithuania is moving towards adoption of BIM infrastructure by founding a public body "Skaitmeninė statyba" (Digital Construction), which is managed by 13 associations. Also, there is a BIM work group established by Lietuvos Architektų Sąjunga (a Lithuanian architects body). The initiative intends

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The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) has announced that BIM would be introduced for architectural submission (by 2013), structural and M&E submissions (by 2014) and eventually for plan submissions of all projects with gross floor area of more than 5,000 square meters by 2015. The BCA

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Quantities and shared properties of materials can be extracted easily. Scopes of work can be isolated and defined. Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the entire facility or group of facilities. BIM also prevents errors by enabling conflict or 'clash detection'

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building information modeling refers to the intelligent linking of individual 3D components or assemblies with time schedule (4D BIM) constraints and then with cost-related information. 5D models enable participants to visualise construction progress and related costs over time. This BIM-centric

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A July 2015 meeting at Spain's Ministry of Infrastructure launched the country's national BIM strategy, making BIM a mandatory requirement on public sector projects with a possible starting date of 2018. Following a February 2015 BIM summit in Barcelona, professionals in Spain established a BIM

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BIM implementation is targeted towards BIM Stage 2 by the year 2020 led by the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB Malaysia). Under the Construction Industry Transformation Plan (CITP 2016–2020), it is hoped more emphasis on technology adoption across the project life-cycle will induce

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techniques (separately or in combination) or digitizing traditional building surveying methodologies by using mobile technology to capture accurate measurements and operation-related information about the asset that can be used as the basis for a model. Trying to retrospectively model a building

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series for reference designation has published 81346-12:2018, also known as RDS-CW (Reference Designation System for Construction Works). The use of RDS-CW offers the prospect of integrating BIM with complementary international standards based classification systems being developed for the Power

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identified 5D BIM technology as one of five big ideas poised to disrupt construction. It defined 5D BIM as "a five-dimensional representation of the physical and functional characteristics of any project. It considers a project’s time schedule and cost in addition to the standard spatial design

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alike, the term itself has been questioned and debated with alternatives including Virtual Building Environment (VBE) also considered. Unlike some countries such as the UK, the US has not adopted a set of national BIM guidelines, allowing different systems to remain in competition. In 2021, the

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The BIM Association of Slovakia, "BIMaS", was established in January 2013 as the first Slovak professional organisation focused on BIM. Although there are neither standards nor legislative requirements to deliver projects in BIM, many architects, structural engineers and contractors, plus a few

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BIM authoring tools present a design as combinations of "objects" – vague and undefined, generic or product-specific, solid shapes or void-space oriented (like the shape of a room), that carry their geometry, relations, and attributes. BIM applications allow extraction of different views from a

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In the project life cycle context, a 6D model is usually delivered to the owner when a construction project is finished. The "As-Built" BIM model is populated with relevant building component information such as product data and details, maintenance/operation manuals, cut sheet specifications,

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Outside of government, industry adoption of BIM since 2016 has been led by the UK BIM Alliance, an independent, not-for-profit, collaboratively-based organisation formed to champion and enable the implementation of BIM, and to connect and represent organisations, groups and individuals working

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Through the new D.l. 50, in April 2016 Italy has included into its own legislation several European directives including 2014/24/EU on Public Procurement. The decree states among the main goals of public procurement the "rationalization of designing activities and of all connected verification

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In January 2019, ISO published the first two parts of ISO 19650, providing a framework for building information modelling, based on process standards developed in the United Kingdom. UK BS and PAS 1192 specifications form the basis of further parts of the ISO 19650 series, with parts on asset

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The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) has announced "Start of BIM pilot project in government building and repairs" (by 2010). Japan Institute of Architects (JIA) released the BIM guidelines (by 2012), which showed the agenda and expected effect of BIM to architects. MLIT

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is located in the suspect location. The owner could also have in the model the specific valve size, manufacturer, part number, and any other information ever researched in the past, pending adequate computing power. Such problems were initially addressed by Leite and Akinci when developing a

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However, the terms 'Building Information Model' and 'Building Information Modeling' (including the acronym "BIM") did not become popularly used until some 10 years later. Facilitating exchange and interoperability of information in digital format was variously with differing terminology: by

1030:(NIBS) looked at applying UK BIM experiences to developing shared US BIM standards and processes. The US National BIM Standard had largely been developed through volunteer efforts; NIBS aimed to create a national BIM programme to drive effective adoption at a national scale. 829:

In early 2018 the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport issued a decree (DM 01/12/17) creating a governmental BIM Mandate compelling public client organisations to adopt a digital approach by 2025, with an incremental obligation which will start on 1 January 2019.

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building information modeling, refers to the graphical representation of an asset's geometric design, augmented by information describing attributes of individual components. 3D BIM work may be undertaken by professional disciplines such as architectural, structural, and

990:(formerly Public Works and Government Services Canada) is committed to using non-proprietary or "OpenBIM" BIM standards and avoids specifying any specific proprietary BIM format. Designers are required to use the international standards of interoperability for BIM (IFC). 51:) is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of the physical and functional characteristics of buildings and other physical assets. BIM is supported by various tools, technologies and contracts. Building information models (BIMs) are 478:

Dynamic information about the building, such as sensor measurements and control signals from the building systems, can also be incorporated within software to support analysis of building operation and maintenance. As such, BIM in facility operation can be related to

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In Estonia digital construction cluster (Digitaalehituse Klaster) was formed in 2015 to develop BIM solutions for the whole life-cycle of construction. The strategic objective of the cluster is to develop an innovative digital construction environment as well as VDC

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A CDE workflow describes the processes to be used while a CDE solution can provide the underlying technologies. A CDE is used to share data across a project or asset lifecycle, supporting collaboration across a whole project team. The concept of a CDE overlaps with

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The South African BIM Institute, established in May 2015, aims to enable technical experts to discuss digital construction solutions that can be adopted by professionals working within the construction sector. Its initial task was to promote the SA BIM Protocol.

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still not mandated in the country while several challenges have been identified for its implementation in the country. However, members of the AEC industry and academia have developed a national BIM handbook providing definitions, case studies and templates.

55:(often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be extracted, exchanged or networked to support decision-making regarding a built asset. BIM software is used by individuals, businesses and government agencies who plan, 2170:

British Standards Institution (2019) BS EN ISO 19650: Organisation and digitisation of information about buildings and civil engineering works, including building information modelling – Information management using building information modelling, London:

569:, or "green BIM", is a process that can help architecture, engineering and construction firms to improve sustainability in the built environment. It can allow architects and engineers to integrate and analyze environmental issues in their design over the 550:

of the building, including but not limited to: replacement of energy, utility, and safety systems; continual maintenance of the building exterior and interior and replacement of materials; updates to design and functionality; and recapitalization costs.

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investors are already applying BIM. A Slovak implementation strategy created by BIMaS and supported by the Chamber of Civil Engineers and Chamber of Architects has yet to be approved by Slovak authorities due to their low interest in such innovation.

1037:(IPD) where the primary motive is to bring the teams together early on in the project. A full implementation of BIM also requires the project teams to collaborate from the inception stage and formulate model sharing and ownership contract documents. 839:

Lithuania to adopt BIM, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and National Construction Classification as standard. An international conference "Skaitmeninė statyba Lietuvoje" (Digital Construction in Lithuania) has been held annually since 2012.

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handover of information from design and construction (including via IFC or COBie) can thus yield benefits to the facility owner or operator. BIM-related processes relating to longer-term asset management are also covered in ISO-19650 Part 3.

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In November 2017, Ireland's Department for Public Expenditure and Reform launched a strategy to increase use of digital technology in delivery of key public works projects, requiring the use of BIM to be phased in over the next four years.

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has acknowledged to Jonathan Ingram in an open letter, that Sonata "was more advanced in 1986 than ArchiCAD at that time", adding that it "surpassed already the matured definition of 'BIM' specified only about one and a half decade later".

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The concept of BIM has been in development since the 1970s, but it only became an agreed term in the early 2000s. The development of standards and the adoption of BIM has progressed at different speeds in different countries. Developed by

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BIM is not mandatory in Canada. Several organizations support BIM adoption and implementation in Canada: the Canada BIM Council (CANBIM, founded in 2008), the Institute for BIM in Canada, and buildingSMART Canada (the Canadian chapter of

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Participants in the building process are constantly challenged to deliver successful projects despite tight budgets, limited staffing, accelerated schedules, and limited or conflicting information. The significant disciplines such as

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There are no mandated or national best practice BIM standards or protocols in South Africa. Organisations implement company-specific BIM standards and protocols at best (there are isolated examples of cross-industry alliances).

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The Russian government has approved a list of the regulations that provide the creation of a legal framework for the use of information modeling of buildings in construction and encourages the use of BIM in government projects.

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has defined BIM as "a model-based technology linked with a database of project information", and this reflects the general reliance on database technology as the foundation. In the future, structured text documents such as

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The term 'building model' (in the sense of BIM as used today) was first used in papers in the mid-1980s: in a 1985 paper by Simon Ruffle eventually published in 1986, and later in a 1986 paper by Robert Aish – then at

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towards digital transformation of the UK's built environment industry. In November 2017, the UK BIM Alliance merged with the UK and Ireland chapter of BuildingSMART. In October 2019, CDBB, the UK BIM Alliance and the

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beginning construction, with opportunities to pre-fabricate or pre-assemble some systems off-site. Waste can be minimised on-site and products delivered on a just-in-time basis rather than being stock-piled on-site.

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an object-oriented building development tool that utilizes 5-D modeling concepts, information technology and software interoperability to design, construct and operate a building project, as well as communicate its

1846:) disclaimed he had coined the term, adding "it is my opinion that the historical record ... shows that Building Information Modeling was not an innovation attributable solely to any individual or entity." (p.xiii) 5031: 2397: 3656:"Building Information Modeling: Ekspertyza dotycząca możliwości wdrożenia metodyki BIM w Polsce ("Building Information Modeling. Expertise concerning the possibility of implementing BIM methodology in Poland")" 5187: 5668: 968:(NBS) has published research into BIM adoption in the UK since 2011, and in 2020 published its 10th annual BIM report. In 2011, 43% of respondents had not heard of BIM; in 2020 73% said they were using BIM. 724:

2010, the Korean government has been gradually increasing the scope of BIM-mandated projects. McGraw Hill published a detailed report in 2012 on the status of BIM adoption and implementation in South Korea.

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Poor software interoperability has long been regarded as an obstacle to industry efficiency in general and to BIM adoption in particular. In August 2004 a US National Institute of Standards and Technology

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constructed in, say 1927, requires numerous assumptions about design standards, building codes, construction methods, materials, etc, and is, therefore, more complex than building a model during design.

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Leite, Fernanda; Akinci, Burcu (2012). "Formalized Representation for Supporting Automated Identification of Critical Assets in Facilities during Emergencies Triggered by Failures in Building Systems".

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designs should be well-coordinated, as two things can't take place at the same place and time. BIM additionally is able to aid in collision detection, identifying the exact location of discrepancies.

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launched the UK BIM Framework. Superseding the BIM levels approach, the framework describes an overarching approach to implementing BIM in the UK, giving free guidance on integrating the international

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The Iran Building Information Modeling Association (IBIMA) was founded in 2012 by professional engineers from five universities in Iran, including the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at

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was working on a lightweight XML format, COBieLite, which became available for review in April 2013. In September 2014, a code of practice regarding COBie was issued as a British Standard: BS 1192-4.

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The term is less commonly used in the UK and has been replaced with reference to the Asset Information Requirements (AIR) and an Asset Information Model (AIM) as specified in BS EN ISO 19650-3:2020.

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as part of its National Building Information Model (NBIMS-US) standard. COBie has been incorporated into software, and may take several forms including spreadsheet, IFC, and ifcXML. In early 2013

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schedules often used in project management. Construction sequences can be reviewed as a series of problems using 4D BIM, enabling users to explore options, manage solutions and optimize results.

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Procurement and Construction Council, working with industry, to develop appropriate guidance around the adoption and use of BIM; and common standards and protocols to be applied when using BIM".

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As some BIM software developers have created proprietary data structures in their software, data and files created by one vendor's applications may not work in other vendor solutions. To achieve

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Liu, Xuesong; Akinci, Burcu (2009). "Requirements and Evaluation of Standards for Integration of Sensor Data with Building Information Models". In Caldas, Carlos H.; O'Brien, William J. (eds.).

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Aish, R. (1986) "Building Modelling: The Key to Integrated Construction CAD" CIB 5th International Symposium on the Use of Computers for Environmental Engineering related to Building, 7–9 July.

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small and medium-sized contractors use BIM. National BIM development is centred around the local organisation, buildingSMART Norway which represents 25% of the Norwegian construction industry.

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Leite, Fernanda; Akcamete, Asli; Akinci, Burcu; Atasoy, Guzide; Kiziltas, Semiha (2011). "Analysis of modeling effort and impact of different levels of detail in building information models".

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The concept of BIM has existed since the 1970s. The first software tools developed for modeling buildings emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and included workstation products such as

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Modeling & Simulation-Based Data Engineering: Introducing Pragmatics into Ontologies for Net-Centric Information Exchange by Bernard P. Zeigler (Author), Phillip E. Hammonds (Author)

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Since 2009 through the initiative of buildingSmart Switzerland, then 2013, BIM awareness among a broader community of engineers and architects was raised due to the open competition for

5188:"A case study on constructing 3D / 4D BIM models from 2D drawings and paper-based documents using a school building project by S L Fan, S C Kang, S H Hsieh, Y H Chen, C H Wu, J R Juang" 526:

One of the challenges to the proper maintenance and management of existing facilities is understanding how BIM can be utilized to support a holistic understanding and implementation of

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Some purposes or uses of BIM may be described as 'dimensions'. However, there is little consensus on definitions beyond 5D. Some organisations dismiss the term; for example, the UK

353:"BIM wash" or "BIM washing" is a term sometimes used to describe inflated, and/or deceptive, claims of using or delivering BIM services or products. Also termed, "faking the BIM." 4648: 7462: 3171: 462:

For example, a building owner may find evidence of a water leak in a building. Rather than exploring the physical building, the owner may turn to the model and see that a water

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Ruffle S. (1986) "Architectural design exposed: from computer-aided-drawing to computer-aided-design" Environments and Planning B: Planning and Design 1986 March 7 pp 385-389.

4423: 5451: 4787: 3925: 2917: 2239: 2003: 5191: 3401: 5304:"4D CAD Application Examples and Directions for Development in Civil Engineering Projects by Joong-Min Kwak, Gwang-Yeol Choi, Nam-Jin Park, Hwa-Jin Seo and Leen-Seok Kang" 758:

The Czech BIM Council, established in May 2011, aims to implement BIM methodologies into the Czech building and designing processes, education, standards and legislation.

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whereby the computer model visually highlights to the team where parts of the building (e.g.:structural frame and building services pipes or ducts) may wrongly intersect.

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India Building Information Modelling Association (IBIMA) is a national-level society that represents the entire Indian BIM community. In India BIM is also known as VDC:

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application as then "one of the most mature BIM solutions on the market." Following its launch in 1987, ArchiCAD became regarded by some as the first implementation of

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product on a personal computer able to create both 2D and 3D geometry, as well as the first commercial BIM product for personal computers. However, Graphisoft founder

5035: 2834: 2395: 5657: 4363: 560: 382: 5272:"Using 4D CAD and Immersive Virtual Environments to Improve Construction Planning by Sai Yerrapathruni, John I. Messner, Anthony J. Baratta and Michael J. Horman" 4754: 4235: 3431: 235: 3546: 2885:"Sawhney, Anil et al. (2014). State of BIM Adoption and Outlook in India (English). RICS School of the Built Environment, Amity University. Noida, Uttar Pradesh" 7507: 1920: 1626:

M. Dobelis (2013), "Drawbacks of BIM concept adoption", in the 12th International Conference on Engineering Graphics, BALTGRAF 2013, 5–7 June 2013, Riga, Latvia

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introduced BIM, and then set a target of full BIM implementation in 2014/2015. BuildingSmart Hong Kong was inaugurated in Hong Kong SAR in late April 2012. The

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China began its exploration on informatisation in 2001. The Ministry of Construction announced BIM was as the key application technology of informatisation in

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by allowing the addition of further information (time, cost, manufacturers' details, sustainability, and maintenance information, etc.) to the building model.

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Agreed source of information for any given project or asset, for collecting, managing and disseminating each information container through a managed process.

3453: 917:'s Felix Platter Hospital where a BIM coordinator was sought. BIM has also been a subject of events by the Swiss Society for Engineers and Architects, SIA. 5880: 926: 4339: 3576: 3059: 283:

Use of a shared digital representation of a built asset to facilitate design, construction and operation processes to form a reliable basis for decisions.

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documentation and data being electronic) on its projects by 2016. Initially, compliance would require building data to be delivered in a vendor-neutral '

805: 79:(IFCs) – data structures for representing information – became an international standard, ISO 16739, in 2013, and BIM process standards developed in the 3137: 1887: 1007: 5220: 7502: 7434: 4124: 216: 5579: 4564: 3847: 510:

There have been attempts at creating information models for older, pre-existing facilities. Approaches include referencing key metrics such as the

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between applications, neutral, non-proprietary or open standards for sharing BIM data among different software applications have been developed.

3193: 3138:"Lee, G., J. Lee, et al. (2012). 2012 Business Value of BIM in South Korea (English). SmartMarket Report. Bedford, MA, McGraw Hill Construction" 2660:

Maltese, Sebastiano; Tagliabue, Lavinia C.; Cecconi, Fulvio Re; Pasini, Daniela; Manfren, Massimiliano; Ciribini, Angelo L.C. (1 January 2017).

631:(by 2010). The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) clearly announced BIM technology as a national key research and application project in 7623: 5873: 5278: 4147: 3227: 2061:"BS 1192-4:2014 Collaborative production of information. Fulfilling employer's information exchange requirements using COBie. Code of practice" 987: 504: 361:

Use of BIM goes beyond the planning and design phase of the project, extending throughout the building life cycle. The supporting processes of

4180: 7307: 5856: 5841: 5827: 5813: 5799: 5781: 5766: 5734: 5719: 5705: 3370: 3279: 2579: 2149: 2064: 1141:, and the use of 3D models enhances coordination and collaboration between disciplines. A 3D virtual model can also be created by creating a 539: 246: 5165: 2891: 2635: 2034: 688:. While it is not currently active, IBIMA aims to share knowledge resources to support construction engineering management decision-making. 467:

vulnerability representation of facility contents and threats for supporting the identification of vulnerabilities in building emergencies.

7467: 7429: 4977: 1138: 438: 3700: 1513: 4861: 3977: 2771: 4640: 2413: 2011: 1116: 5792:

Building Information Modeling: A Strategic Implementation Guide for Architects, Engineers, Constructors, and Real Estate Asset Managers

4893: 4502:

Kori, S. (2013). Toward Adoption of Building Information Modelling in the Nigeria AEC industry. MSc, University of Salford, Manchester.

3800: 7290: 5752: 5435: 4453: 3163: 2596:

A review of building information modeling (BIM) and the internet of things (IoT) devices integration: Present status and future trends

685: 492: 5057: 1582:

Cinti Luciani, S. Garagnani, R. Mingucci (2012) "BIM tools and design intent. Limitations and opportunities", in K. Kensek, J. Peng,

808:, announced that, from 2025, BIM will be used as standard in the construction of federal trunk roads in addition to the rail sector. 7332: 7045: 6581: 6310: 6132: 6122: 5398: 4415: 1798: 1646: 1605: 1546: 1492: 1444: 1411: 1157: 104: 100: 2719: 1770: 5455: 4779: 4388: 2243: 6401: 6177: 3393: 2210: 1041: 947: 470: 7482: 7296: 6676: 3598: 1946: 965: 4684:"Barriers and strategies for building information modelling implementation: a comparative study between New Zealand and China" 2375: 7633: 6240: 4542: 2181: 484: 5404: 4056: 3895: 1822: 7648: 7444: 7383: 6960: 6488: 3725: 2823: 408: 362: 134: 114:

The pioneering role of applications such as RUCAPS, Sonata and Reflex has been recognized by Laiserin as well as the UK's

5506: 5390:

4d CAD and Visualization in Construction: Developments and Applications by Raja R. A. Issa, Ian Flood, William J. O'Brien

4919: 4352: 937:' format, thus overcoming the limited interoperability of BIM software suites available on the market. The UK Government 7005: 6556: 6477: 6436: 1313: 1184:

sequence of events to be depicted visually on a time line that has been populated by a 3D model, augmenting traditional

496: 483:

approaches; rapid access to data may also be aided by use of mobile devices (smartphones, tablets) and machine-readable

115: 5135: 4813: 4746: 4592: 1370:

Eastman, Charles; Fisher, David; Lafue, Gilles; Lividini, Joseph; Stoker, Douglas; Yessios, Christos (September 1974).

7348: 7150: 6661: 6596: 6514: 6426: 6290: 6197: 5310: 3538: 3423: 2800: 1981: 1318: 1273: 1034: 648: 310:

For the professionals involved in a project, BIM enables a virtual information model to be shared by the design team (

223: 76: 2123: 1909: 1212:

project management technique has potential to improve management and delivery of projects of any size or complexity.

5109: 4213: 3762: 800:

UK in aspects of implementing BIM. BIM was piloted in many areas of German infrastructure delivery and in July 2022

7497: 7378: 7085: 6850: 6694: 5727:'BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors 4485:"BIM-based lifecycle planning and specifications for sustainable cities of the future : a conceptual approach" 3632: 3302: 2600: 2441: 1703: 122:

worked on all three products. What became known as BIM products differed from architectural drafting tools such as

5631: 4944: 2472: 2301: 2182:"Frequently Asked Questions About the National BIM Standard-United States – National BIM Standard – United States" 2089: 1404:

BIM Handbook: a Guide to Building Information Modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers, and contractors

111:. The early applications, and the hardware needed to run them, were expensive, which limited widespread adoption. 7550: 7409: 7373: 7175: 6805: 6760: 6688: 6540: 6483: 6192: 4317: 3085: 1431:

BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors

430: 67:, such as water, refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, railways, bridges, ports and tunnels. 2271: 7597: 7419: 7115: 6715: 6494: 6385: 6370: 6202: 5658:"Information management according to BS EN ISO 19650 Guidance Part 3 Operational phase of the asset life-cycle" 3873: 3568: 3056: 1283: 1268: 511: 158:. The term 'Building Information Model' first appeared in a 1992 paper by G.A. van Nederveen and F. P. Tolman. 5553: 4487: 2331: 1168:, an acronym for 4-dimensional building information modeling, refers to the intelligent linking of individual 5806:

Handbook of Research on Building Information Modeling and Construction Informatics: Concepts and Technologies

4618: 4033: 1377: 7592: 7517: 7439: 7368: 7312: 7244: 7140: 7055: 6965: 6930: 6406: 5009: 1879: 1133: 768: 652: 531: 370: 4094: 3115: 3001:"Barriers to adoption of building information modeling (BIM) in Iran: Preliminary results (September 2016)" 7628: 7582: 7544: 7424: 7135: 6566: 6207: 5361: 5213: 3951: 1208: 1173: 1022: 1010:

and US contracting firms have developed various working definitions of BIM that describe it generally as:

434: 327: 5214:"Building Information Modeling (BIM) Guidelines and Standards for Architects, Engineers, and Contractors" 4116: 2749: 7643: 7638: 7602: 7280: 7239: 6955: 6626: 6446: 6182: 5926: 1232: 570: 547: 378: 138: 129:

As Graphisoft had been developing such solutions for longer than its competitors, Laiserin regarded its

3839: 3655: 1216: 1119:

does not recommend using nD modelling terms beyond 4D, adding "cost (5D) is not really a 'dimension'."

5834:

Building Information Modeling: Planning and Managing Construction Projects with 4D CAD and Simulations

5605: 5477: 5339: 4835: 3332: 2617:

Costin, A.M., Teizer, J. "Fusing passive RFID and BIM for increased accuracy in indoor localization".

2595: 83:

from 2007 onwards formed the basis of an international standard, ISO 19650, launched in January 2019.

7404: 7394: 7338: 7275: 7170: 6750: 6699: 6265: 5957: 4291: 3253: 2509: 1514:"Prince Philip Medal for engineer behind revolution in Building Information Modelling (22 June 2016)" 1293: 1189: 1021:

Although the concept of BIM and relevant processes are being explored by contractors, architects and

851:

that manages government buildings, introduced the Rgd BIM Standard, which it updated on 1 July 2012.

20: 4516: 4265: 4003: 3219: 2354:"Green-Washing and Cloud-Washing – Terms you must know relative to BIM – Not to mention BIM-Washing" 1464: 288:

The US National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee has the following definition:

7270: 7260: 7234: 7020: 6682: 6591: 6561: 6461: 6431: 6325: 6285: 5136:"Towards 5D CAD – Dynamic Cost and Resource Planning for Specialist Contractors by William O'Brien" 4172: 3744: 3275: 1329: 1323: 527: 500: 315: 208: 64: 5161: 2947: 2145: 2060: 1067:

committee, the African BIM Report gives an overview of BIM adoption across the African continent.

7533: 7477: 7414: 7191: 7070: 7065: 6855: 6666: 6651: 6233: 6041: 5962: 5943: 3480:"Government Strategy to Increase use of Digital Technology in Key Public Works Projects Launched" 3362: 3034: 2884: 2038: 1172:

components or assemblies with time- or scheduling-related information. The term 4D refers to the

796: 732: 480: 374: 338: 300: 92: 4970: 998: 3692: 2662:"Sustainability Assessment through Green BIM for Environmental, Social and Economic Efficiency" 959: 7105: 7060: 6815: 6810: 6740: 6636: 6472: 6275: 5852: 5837: 5823: 5809: 5795: 5777: 5762: 5748: 5730: 5715: 5701: 5431: 5394: 5246:"Trends of 4D CAD applications for construction planning by David Heesom and Lamine Mahdjoubi" 4703: 3973: 2693: 2594:

Shu Tang, Dennis R. Shelden, Charles M. Eastman, Pardis Pishdad-Bozorgi, Xinghua Gao (2019), "

2575: 1734: 1642: 1440: 1436: 1407: 1308: 1288: 535: 331: 323: 142: 28: 6218: 2417: 7572: 7327: 7322: 6905: 6611: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6416: 6091: 6086: 4882: 4695: 4474:

AIA, C.C., A working Definition: Integrated Project Delivery. 2007, McGraw Hill Construction

3792: 2683: 2673: 2567: 2544: 2450: 1861: 1856:

Gallaher, Michael P.; O'Connor, Alan C.; Dettbarn, John L.; Gilday, Linda T. (August 2004).

1712: 1428: 1257: 192: 155: 4445: 2548: 7567: 7539: 7181: 7095: 7090: 7035: 7025: 7015: 6945: 6885: 6800: 6785: 6606: 6601: 6576: 6571: 6441: 6365: 6046: 5916: 5510: 4571: 4491: 3827: 3748: 3729: 3524: 3063: 2401: 1826: 1802: 1550: 1496: 1177: 1049:

may be able to be searched and linked to regional, national, and international standards.

366: 167: 119: 56: 33: 1795: 1597: 1543: 4236:"BIM can transform the Canadian construction and design industry - constructconnect.com" 2711: 1759: 600:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7317: 7214: 6990: 6970: 6935: 6870: 6790: 6631: 6621: 6530: 6380: 6350: 6305: 6300: 6172: 6021: 4682:

Ma, Lijun; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Yi, Wen; Yiu, Tak Wing; Shan, Ming (18 February 2022).

4392: 1146: 1046: 938: 801: 655:

mandates the use of BIM for all government projects over HK$ 30M since 1 January 2018.

566: 519: 385: 151: 80: 52: 5865: 2214: 7617: 7399: 7250: 7145: 7110: 6880: 6875: 6830: 6825: 6671: 6646: 6641: 6616: 6586: 6456: 6355: 6335: 6315: 6226: 5921: 4971:"Interactive 4D-CAD by Kathleen McKinney, Jennifer Kim, Martin Fischer, Craig Howard" 4148:"Nima: UK BIM Alliance puts information management first with new name, new approach" 3000: 2974: 2772:"Building Information Modelling | Hong Kong Housing Authority and Housing Department" 1716: 1489: 1429: 1303: 983: 780: 342: 255: 231: 72: 4565:

BIM to enhance building capacity, create business opportunities nationwide – Fashola

3454:"Federal cabinet decides on digitization measures to speed up planning and approval" 2824:"Adoption of Building Information Modelling for Capital Works Projects in Hong Kong" 1950: 1858:

Cost Analysis of Inadequate Interoperability in the U.S. Capital Facilities Industry

546:

incorporates BIM to factor in a variety of critical requirements and costs over the

7577: 7255: 7155: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7050: 6985: 6865: 6835: 6775: 6770: 6745: 6656: 6535: 6451: 6375: 6360: 6345: 6061: 4683: 1701:

Van Nederveen, G.A.; Tolman, F.P. (1992). "Modelling multiple views on buildings".

1663: 1262: 1103: 929: 212: 60: 5139: 4699: 2185: 5388: 2678: 2661: 2454: 7587: 7229: 7186: 7160: 7100: 7080: 7075: 6950: 6910: 6895: 6840: 6765: 6735: 6730: 6546: 6411: 6330: 6152: 6096: 5951: 5084:"4D BIM Modeling: Improve Cost, Scheduling and Coordination of Building Project" 2975:"Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Iran: An Exploratory Study (April 2016)" 1185: 1142: 1123: 179: 175: 3722: 2605: 1760:"Autodesk (2002). Building Information Modeling. San Rafael, CA, Autodesk, Inc" 7343: 7265: 7196: 7165: 7040: 7010: 6940: 6890: 6860: 6845: 6820: 6725: 6525: 6421: 6340: 6280: 6071: 6066: 6006: 5947: 5939: 4615:"BIM Institute | Africa's voice for Building Information Modelling (BIM)" 1252: 515: 211:

and the UK's Steel Construction Institute in the late 1990s, with inputs from

163: 5503: 4911: 4707: 3793:"La Comissió Construïm el Futur (transl: The Commission Building the Future)" 2697: 2571: 1819: 154:, developer of RUCAPS software – referring to the software's use at London's 7302: 6980: 6975: 6925: 6900: 6755: 6551: 6117: 6101: 4809: 4588: 3840:"jahrestagung 2013 – sia – schweizerischer ingenieur- und architektenverein" 2622: 1865: 1584:

Practical BIM 2012 – Management, Implementation, Coordination and Evaluation

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design and construction of steel framed structures. It was developed by the

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Green BIM: Successful Sustainable Design with Building Information Modeling

5303: 2483: 1973: 4416:"Setting a Standard in Building Information Modeling (Architect Magazine)" 2119: 7285: 7219: 6720: 6520: 6320: 6295: 6270: 6051: 6036: 6026: 6011: 5911: 5632:"Building Information Modelling enters mainstream UK construction market" 4641:"Infrastructure Australia recommend BIM mandate for large-scale projects" 4205: 2688: 488: 334: 171: 130: 5725:

Eastman, Chuck; Teicholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2011).

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Eastman, Chuck; Tiecholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2011).

1402:

Eastman, Chuck; Tiecholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2008).

950:(CDBB), announced in December 2017 and formally launched in early 2018. 262:

management (Part 3) and security management (Part 5) published in 2020.

238:

and has been an official international standard, ISO 16739, since 2013.

6795: 6467: 6056: 6031: 6016: 5983: 5934: 4948: 3537:

Ciribini, Angelo; De Giuda, Giuseppe; Valaguzza, Sara (21 March 2018).

2796: 491:; while integration and interoperability with other business systems - 123: 16:

Process used to design and document building and infrastructure designs

3077: 2948:"IRAN Building Information Modeling Association (IBIMA), Tehran, IRAN" 2742:"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China" 7472: 7224: 7030: 6780: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6127: 4313: 2275: 1169: 299:

Traditional building design was largely reliant upon two-dimensional

245:) is also associated with BIM. COBie was devised by Bill East of the 227: 96: 5774:

BIM and Construction Management: Proven Tools, Methods and Workflows

5005: 4539:"Driving digital transformation in West African construction sector" 3869: 3424:"BIM must become standard for construction in Germany says minister" 2999:

Hosseini, Reza; Azari, Ehsan; Tivendale, Linda; Chileshe, Nicholas.

2973:

Hosseini, Reza; Azari, Ehsan; Tivendale, Linda; Chileshe, Nicholas.

1265:(the physical manifestation instrumented and connected to the model) 183:

common name for the digital representation of the building process.

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Utiome, Erezi, Drogemuller, Robin, & Docherty, Michael (2014).

2636:"APPA Total Cost of Ownership: The Link to Excellence through Data" 1571:

Modern Construction: Lean Project Delivery and Integrated Practices

847:

On 1 November 2011, the Rijksgebouwendienst, the agency within the

750:

Level 3) includes all the requirements for the BIM Level 3 (iBIM).

544:

APPA 1000 – Total Cost of Ownership for Facilities Asset Management

7487: 6920: 6187: 6081: 5966: 5759:

BIM Content Development: Standards, Strategies, and Best Practices

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Building Information Modeling: BIM in Current and Future Practice

3486:. Department of Public Expenditure and Reform. 21 November 2017. 396:

A 'Common Data Environment' (CDE) is defined in ISO 19650 as an:

178:

as "Building Information Modeling". In 2002, Autodesk released a

6995: 6915: 6076: 5362:"Management Pracitices in Construction by Mohammad kasirossafar" 4513:"BIM Africa | Advocating the adoption of BIM across Africa" 4340:

Doing Business with PWGSC: Documentation and Deliverables Manual

3107: 200: 6222: 5869: 5365: 3947: 2356:. buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com. 12 December 2011 849:

Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment

3539:"UK PROCUREMENT FRAMEWORK INFORMS ITALY'S MOVE TO MANDATE BIM" 2741: 1860:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. iv. 1376:. Institute of Physical Planning, Carnegie-Mellon University. 1278: 580: 230:– data structures for representing information – developed by 4721: 905:

commission (ITeC) to drive the adoption of BIM in Catalonia.

633:"12th Five-Year" Science and Technology Development Planning. 5426:

Zeigler, Bernard P.; Hammonds, Phillip E. (21 August 2007).

4862:"The Basics of MEP 3D Scanning: Point Clouds and BIM Models" 4086: 3763:"Spain launches BIM strategy with pencilled-in 2018 mandate" 2859: 5513:". www.TheB1M.com. The B1M Limited. Retrieved 8 April 2016 3249: 1683:

cited by Laiserin, Jerry (2008), Foreword to Eastman, C.,

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as its data exchange format for structural steel in 2000.

4512: 4287: 4261: 4173:"UK BIM Alliance, BSI & CDBB launch UK BIM Framework" 3999: 3078:"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism" 2037:. National Institute of Building Sciences. Archived from 1349:

In October 2022, the UK BIM Alliance rebranded as 'nima'.

1002:

Architectural BIM Modeling of Clinton Public Library, USA

4353:"The Future Is Now! Building Information Modeling (BIM)" 2473:"An Introduction to Building Information Modeling (BIM)" 2951: 2295: 2293: 1499:" (see Laiserin's comment to letter from John Mullan), 241:

Construction Operations Building information exchange (

5387:

Issa, Raymond; Flood, I.; O'Brien, W. (January 2003).

3844:

sia – schweizerischer ingenieur- und architektenverein

3741: 3569:"Decreto Ministeriale numero 560 del 01/12/2017 | mit" 3026: 2510:"Back to Basics – The What, How and Why of BIM and FM" 1947:"Construction Operation Building Information Exchange" 474:

Operational BIM 2D floor plan view in a mobile device

4892:. General Services Administration. 12 January 2009. 4057:"£5.4m to launch 'Centre for Digital Built Britain'" 2035:"COBieLite: A lightweight XML format for COBie data" 962:

series of standards into UK processes and practice.

795:

In December 2015, the German minister for transport

7560: 7526: 7453: 7357: 7205: 6708: 6394: 6256: 6145: 6110: 5999: 5992: 5976: 5904: 4780:"An Introduction to Building Information Modelling" 4342:, updated 31 January 2019, accessed 28 January 2024 4200: 4198: 1910:"IFC4 poised for wider reach as ISO 16739 launched" 1842:Laiserin, in his foreword to Eastman, et al (2008, 5058:"4D BIM: The Evolution of Construction Scheduling" 2918:"Government backs new tech to speed up infra work" 2084: 2082: 166:as "Virtual Building" or "Single Building Model", 2302:"What is a federated Building Information Model?" 4688:International Journal of Construction Management 3164:"BIM Summit 2015 calls for greater co-operation" 3108:"English Site｜The Japan Institute of Architects" 5006:"Introduction to 4D Research by Martin Fischer" 3527:Gazzetta Ufficiale. Retrieved: 3 December 2021. 3170:. 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Archived from 2211:"4D BIM or Simulation-Based Modeling" 1380:from the original on 13 December 2013 1033:BIM is seen to be closely related to 706:Academy is training students in BIM. 247:United States Army Corps of Engineers 7: 7430:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 4595:from the original on 5 December 2019 4519:from the original on 5 December 2019 4127:from the original on 21 January 2019 3954:from the original on 17 October 2014 3906:from the original on 22 October 2014 3876:from the original on 22 October 2014 3703:from the original on 5 December 2016 3579:from the original on 19 January 2019 3404:from the original on 14 January 2016 2928:from the original on 17 October 2020 2840:from the original on 8 November 2018 2803:from the original on 29 January 2019 2752:from the original on 6 December 2018 1608:from the original on 14 October 2017 4983:from the original on 21 August 2010 4899:from the original on 19 April 2021. 4784:Institution of Structural Engineers 4751:Institution of Structural Engineers 4651:from the original on 27 August 2016 4621:from the original on 16 August 2016 4414:Shapiro, Gideon Fink (2 May 2014). 4320:from the original on 1 October 2015 4294:from the original on 1 October 2015 4288:"Institute for BIM in Canada (IBC)" 3301:Nicolas, Julie (20 November 2018). 2916:Haidar, Faizan (27 December 2019). 2152:from the original on 10 August 2020 1117:Institution of Structural Engineers 534:" principles that support the full 7291:Minimum efficiency reporting value 5808:, Information Science Publishing. 5407:from the original on 18 April 2021 5338:. vicosoftware.com. 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Archived from 1596:Quirk, Vanessa (7 December 2012). 1145:of the building or facility using 686:Amirkabir University of Technology 187:Interoperability and BIM standards 14: 7333:Standard temperature and pressure 7046:Packaged terminal air conditioner 6582:Passive daytime radiative cooling 6311:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 5560:from the original on 20 June 2013 5252:from the original on 9 April 2016 5116:from the original on 1 March 2014 4922:from the original on 7 March 2019 4268:from the original on 26 July 2013 4067:from the original on 19 July 2019 4036:from the original on 19 July 2019 4026:"What Was the UK BIM Task Group?" 4006:from the original on 5 April 2016 3605:from the original on 6 March 2013 3490:from the original on 30 July 2018 3250:"cluster of digital construction" 2146:"ISO Standards under Development" 1974:"Corps of Engineers Pilots COBie" 1890:from the original on 19 June 2020 1776:from the original on 14 July 2015 1524:from the original on 25 June 2016 1332:(and Building management systems) 278:ISO 19650-1:2018 defines BIM as: 6402:Absorption-compression heat pump 6178:Centre for Digital Built Britain 5638:from the original on 9 June 2020 5612:from the original on 19 May 2012 5586:from the original on 10 May 2012 5580:"Building Information Modelling" 5484:from the original on 19 May 2012 5316:from the original on 4 July 2016 5168:from the original on 8 June 2013 5064:from the original on 8 June 2013 4842:from the original on 2 June 2022 4216:from the original on 8 June 2020 4183:from the original on 8 June 2020 3980:from the original on 18 May 2015 3803:from the original on 8 July 2017 3434:from the original on 4 June 2016 3392:White, Jack (16 December 2015). 3256:from the original on 5 June 2016 1984:from the original on 9 June 2015 1042:American Institute of Architects 948:Centre for Digital Built Britain 585: 32:Building information model of a 7297:Normal temperature and pressure 6677:Vapor-compression refrigeration 5674:from the original on 5 May 2021 4790:from the original on 5 May 2021 4446:"UK helps US with BIM adoption" 4206:"NBS' 10th National BIM Report" 3599:"Vastgoed van en voor het Rijk" 2508:Kelly, Graham (25 April 2018). 1196:processes such as manufacture. 966:National Building Specification 637:"The First Year of China's BIM" 5112:. construction-student.co.uk. 4391:. Aecbytes.com. Archived from 3761:Knutt, Elaine (16 July 2015). 3723:Possibilities of BIM in Russia 3693:"Construction 4.0 in Portugal" 3067:(BCA magazine), December 2011. 2564:Computing in Civil Engineering 2270:Eastman, Chuck (August 2009). 1161:4D BIM Construction Simulation 424:BIM in construction management 45:Building information modeling 1: 7624:Building information modeling 7445:Testing, adjusting, balancing 7389:Building information modeling 7384:Building services engineering 6961:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 6489:Demand controlled ventilation 6437:Building insulation materials 5897:Building information modeling 5698:Building Information Modeling 5364:. ci-asce.org. Archived from 4700:10.1080/15623599.2022.2040076 3767:Construction Manager: BIMplus 2334:. BIM Thinkspace. 6 June 2011 1880:"SteelVis (aka CIS/2 Viewer)" 1796:Comparing Pommes and Naranjas 1735:"What next for AEC software?" 1733:Day, Martyn (February 2022). 1465:"Exploring BIM's hidden past" 1236:for sustainability purposes. 409:enterprise content management 363:building lifecycle management 222:BIM is often associated with 7006:High-pressure cut-off switch 6557:Ice storage air conditioning 6478:Dedicated outdoor air system 5836:, McGraw-Hill Professional. 5162:"4D construction simulation" 4389:"AECbytes Archived Articles" 2679:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.211 2619:Visualization in Engineering 2455:10.1016/j.autcon.2010.11.027 2386:ISO 19650-1:2018, p. 3.3.15. 2120:"IEC 81346-12:2018 Abstract" 1949:. USACE ERDC. Archived from 1717:10.1016/0926-5805(92)90014-B 1518:Royal Academy of Engineering 1314:System information modelling 116:Royal Academy of Engineering 7349:Thermostatic radiator valve 7151:Thermostatic radiator valve 6662:Underfloor air distribution 6597:Radiant heating and cooling 6515:Energy recovery ventilation 6427:Automobile air conditioning 6291:Domestic energy consumption 6198:Industry Foundation Classes 3870:"BIM Roundtable Discussion" 2776:Hong Kong Housing Authority 1319:Whole Building Design Guide 1035:Integrated Project Delivery 649:Hong Kong Housing Authority 234:. IFC is recognised by the 224:Industry Foundation Classes 77:Industry Foundation Classes 7665: 7498:Institute of Refrigeration 7379:Architectural technologist 6851:Electrostatic precipitator 5757:Weygant, Robert S. (2011) 5729:(2 ed.). John Wiley. 5606:"6D BIM from Vico website" 5478:"5D BIM from Vico website" 5336:"4D BIM from Vico website" 5138:. asce.org. Archived from 4947:. wbdg.org. Archived from 4883:"BIM Guide For 3D Imaging" 3732:. Accessed: 14 April 2021. 3697:Construction Manager: BIM+ 2950:. Ibima.ir. Archived from 2604:, Volume 101, pp 127-139, 2601:Automation in Construction 2442:Automation in Construction 1704:Automation in Construction 1111:Purposes or dimensionality 927:Chief Construction Adviser 925:In May 2011 UK Government 577:International developments 558: 540:American National Standard 215:, and was approved by the 18: 7551:Volatile organic compound 7410:Environmental engineering 7374:Architectural engineering 7176:Ultra-low particulate air 6761:Automatic balancing valve 6689:Variable refrigerant flow 6541:Heat recovery ventilation 6484:Deep water source cooling 6193:Geometric modeling kernel 5847:Jernigan, Finith (2007). 5277:. psu.edu. Archived from 4123:. CIOB. 5 November 2017. 3974:"The level-2 BIM package" 3363:"Multi-scale BIM for all" 3196:. austrian-standards.at. 2416:. Gsa.gov. Archived from 1637:Ingram, Jonathan (2020). 594:This section needs to be 7598:Template:Home automation 7420:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 7116:Solar-assisted heat pump 6716:Air conditioner inverter 6495:Displacement ventilation 6386:Vapour pressure of water 6371:Thermal destratification 6203:BIM Collaboration Format 5832:Kymmell, Willem (2008). 4589:"The African BIM Report" 3826:10 November 2013 at the 3168:Construction Week Online 2400:12 November 2009 at the 2332:"Understanding BIM Wash" 1598:"A Brief History of BIM" 1326:(or Building management) 1284:Digital Building Logbook 538:of a building. An 512:Facility Condition Index 65:physical infrastructures 7593:World Refrigeration Day 7440:Refrigerant reclamation 7369:Architectural acoustics 7313:Programmable thermostat 7245:Clean air delivery rate 7141:Thermal expansion valve 7056:Pressurisation ductwork 6966:Ground source heat pump 6407:Absorption refrigerator 5743:Lévy, François (2011). 4672:, Tuesday 14 April 2015 3721:Shubin, Nikolai (2015) 3601:. Rgd.nl. 14 May 2013. 2860:"India BIM Association" 1866:10.6028/NIST.GCR.04-867 1641:. Abingdon: Routledge. 869:construction industry. 769:new product development 653:Government of Hong Kong 392:Common Data Environment 371:construction management 7583:Glossary of HVAC terms 7545:Sick building syndrome 7425:Mechanical engineering 7136:Smoke exhaust ductwork 6567:Mixed-mode ventilation 6208:Raster image processor 5696:Kensek, Karen (2014). 5528:McKinsey & Company 4945:"NIBS BIM Initiatives" 4314:"buildingSMART Canada" 2482:: 12–4. Archived from 2010:. ERDC. Archived from 1217:McKinsey & Company 1162: 1003: 475: 137:, as it was the first 118:; former GMW employee 41: 7634:Computer-aided design 7603:Template:Solar energy 7281:Intelligent buildings 7240:Carbon dioxide sensor 6627:Room air distribution 6447:Central solar heating 6183:Computer-aided design 5927:Cadwork informatik AG 4574:" (28 November 2019) 4420:architectmagazine.com 4240:Daily Commercial News 3252:. digitaalehitus.ee. 1818:Laiserin, J. (2003) " 1794:Laiserin, J. (2002) " 1542:Laiserin, J. (2003) " 1490:LaiserinLetterLetters 1488:Laiserin, J. (2003) " 1180:, i.e. 3D plus time. 1160: 1001: 697:higher productivity. 555:BIM in green building 473: 31: 7649:Building engineering 7405:Duct leakage testing 7395:Deep energy retrofit 7339:Thermographic camera 7276:Infrared thermometer 6751:Air source heat pump 6700:Water heat recycling 6266:Air changes per hour 5958:Open Design Alliance 5608:. vicosoftware.com. 5480:. vicosoftware.com. 5430:. Elsevier Science. 4647:. 17 February 2016. 4452:. 16 February 2021. 4262:"Canada BIM Council" 3950:. Bimtaskgroup.org. 3928:. Ktn.innovateuk.org 3333:"KROQi Web Platform" 3278:. 26 November 2018. 2666:Procedia Engineering 2572:10.1061/41052(346)10 2471:Smith, Deke (2007). 1294:List of BIM software 1220:parameters in 3-D." 728:United Arab Emirates 316:landscape architects 21:Bim (disambiguation) 7271:HVAC control system 7261:Home energy monitor 7235:Building automation 7021:Inverter compressor 6683:Variable air volume 6592:Passive ventilation 6562:Kitchen ventilation 6462:Constant air volume 6432:Autonomous building 5090:on 30 December 2014 5038:on 12 November 2009 4918:. The B1M Limited. 4179:. 17 October 2019. 3220:"Czech BIM Council" 2566:. pp. 95–104. 2420:on 26 February 2012 2096:. 23 January 2019. 2014:on 12 December 2012 1831:The Laiserin Letter 1809:, 16 December 2002. 1807:The Laiserin Letter 1555:The Laiserin Letter 1501:The Laiserin Letter 1330:Building automation 1324:Facility management 1190:critical path (CPM) 528:building management 209:University of Leeds 7534:Indoor air quality 7478:ASTM International 7415:Hydronic balancing 7192:Wood-burning stove 7071:Radiator reflector 6856:Evaporative cooler 6667:Underfloor heating 6652:Thermal insulation 5944:Data Design System 5849:BIG BIM little bim 5509:2019-04-01 at the 5142:on 12 January 2013 4670:New Zealand Herald 4570:2019-12-05 at the 4545:on 5 December 2019 4490:2015-01-13 at the 4395:on 21 October 2014 3976:. BIM Task Group. 3747:2021-11-10 at the 3728:2019-04-14 at the 3523:2021-01-25 at the 3062:2013-11-02 at the 2954:on 21 October 2014 2922:The Economic Times 2831:Development Bureau 2640:Facilities Manager 2489:on 13 October 2011 2278:on 26 October 2019 2188:on 16 October 2014 1945:East, E. William. 1825:2015-07-08 at the 1801:2017-07-29 at the 1557:, 20 January 2003. 1549:2017-07-04 at the 1495:2017-08-02 at the 1163: 1004: 797:Alexander Dobrindt 779:The French arm of 733:Dubai Municipality 481:internet of things 476: 379:facility operation 375:project management 301:technical drawings 42: 7611: 7610: 7527:Health and safety 7106:Scroll compressor 7061:Process duct work 6816:Convection heater 6811:Condensing boiler 6741:Air-mixing plenum 6637:Solar combisystem 6473:Cross ventilation 6276:Building envelope 6216: 6215: 6141: 6140: 5858:978-0-9795699-0-6 5842:978-0-07-149453-3 5828:978-0-470-23960-5 5814:978-1-60566-928-1 5800:978-0-470-25003-7 5783:978-0-470-40235-1 5767:978-0-470-58357-9 5736:978-0-470-54137-1 5720:978-1-118-76630-9 5706:978-0-415-71774-8 5194:on 4 January 2013 4912:"What is 4D BIM?" 4694:(12): 2067–2076. 4242:. 18 October 2019 4091:ukbimalliance.org 4087:"UK BIM Alliance" 3629:BIMKlaster.org.pl 2581:978-0-7844-1052-3 1544:Graphisoft on BIM 1503:, 6 January 2003. 1309:Pre-fire planning 1289:Lean construction 1231:, an acronym for 1207:, an acronym for 1134:three-dimensional 1132:, an acronym for 615: 614: 536:product lifecycle 532:cost of ownership 516:3D laser-scanning 332:building services 152:GMW Computers Ltd 7656: 7573:Building science 7328:Smart thermostat 7323:Room temperature 6906:Fireplace insert 6612:Radon mitigation 6510:Electric heating 6505:District heating 6500:District cooling 6417:Air conditioning 6243: 6236: 6229: 6220: 6092:Trimble SketchUp 6087:Tekla Structures 5997: 5977:Free open-source 5890: 5883: 5876: 5867: 5862: 5787: 5740: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5665:UK BIM Framework 5662: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5556:. 5 March 2010. 5554:"4D, 5D, 6D BIM" 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5520: 5514: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5190:. 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3946: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3900:Building Design 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3828:Wayback Machine 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3749:Wayback Machine 3740: 3736: 3730:Wayback Machine 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3658: 3654:KPMG and Arup. 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3525:Wayback Machine 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3064:Wayback Machine 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2616: 2612: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2462: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2402:Wayback Machine 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2269: 2268: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2246:on 3 April 2013 2238: 2237: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1972:East, William. 1971: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1953:on 8 April 2013 1944: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1886:. 20 May 2011. 1878: 1877: 1873: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1827:Wayback Machine 1817: 1813: 1803:Wayback Machine 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1568: 1561: 1551:Wayback Machine 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1497:Wayback Machine 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1447: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1249: 1226: 1202: 1155: 1127: 1113: 1100: 1091: 1086: 1073: 1060: 1055: 996: 979: 974: 923: 911: 902: 893: 884: 875: 866: 857: 845: 843:The Netherlands 836: 823: 814: 793: 777: 764: 756: 747: 742: 730: 721: 712: 703: 694: 682: 661: 645: 625: 620: 611: 605: 602: 599: 590: 586: 579: 563: 557: 530:practices and " 456: 426: 417: 394: 367:cost management 359: 351: 339:main contractor 276: 189: 168:Bentley Systems 120:Jonathan Ingram 109:Gable 4D Series 89: 36:developed from 34:mechanical room 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7662: 7660: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7616: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7318:Psychrometrics 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7215:Air flow meter 7211: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6991:Heating system 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6971:Heat exchanger 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6936:Gas compressor 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6871:Expansion tank 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6791:Ceramic heater 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6632:Solar air heat 6629: 6624: 6622:Renewable heat 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6533: 6531:Forced-air gas 6528: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6381:Thermodynamics 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6351:Psychrometrics 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6306:Gas compressor 6303: 6301:Fluid dynamics 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6223: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6173:BIM Task Group 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6146:Related topics 6143: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6082:Tekla BIMsight 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6022:Autodesk Revit 6019: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5960: 5955: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5857: 5844: 5830: 5816: 5802: 5788: 5782: 5769: 5755: 5753:978-0470590898 5741: 5735: 5722: 5708: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5649: 5623: 5597: 5571: 5545: 5515: 5502:Mills, Fred. " 5495: 5469: 5443: 5437:978-0123725158 5436: 5418: 5399: 5379: 5353: 5327: 5295: 5263: 5237: 5205: 5179: 5153: 5127: 5101: 5075: 5049: 5032:"GSA Web Site" 5023: 4994: 4962: 4951:on 13 May 2016 4933: 4902: 4874: 4853: 4827: 4801: 4768: 4738: 4713: 4674: 4662: 4632: 4606: 4580: 4556: 4530: 4504: 4495: 4476: 4467: 4437: 4406: 4380: 4344: 4331: 4305: 4279: 4253: 4227: 4194: 4164: 4138: 4108: 4078: 4047: 4017: 3991: 3965: 3939: 3917: 3887: 3872:. Thenbs.com. 3861: 3831: 3814: 3784: 3753: 3734: 3714: 3683: 3646: 3616: 3590: 3560: 3529: 3510: 3501: 3471: 3445: 3415: 3384: 3354: 3324: 3293: 3267: 3241: 3211: 3185: 3155: 3129: 3099: 3069: 3048: 3017: 2991: 2965: 2939: 2908: 2876: 2851: 2814: 2788: 2763: 2733: 2703: 2652: 2626: 2610: 2587: 2580: 2554: 2526: 2500: 2460: 2431: 2405: 2388: 2379: 2367: 2345: 2323: 2306:NBS: Knowledge 2289: 2272:"What is BIM?" 2257: 2228: 2217:on 30 May 2012 2199: 2173: 2163: 2137: 2111: 2078: 2052: 2025: 1995: 1964: 1937: 1901: 1871: 1848: 1835: 1811: 1787: 1751: 1722: 1693: 1676: 1667: 1655: 1647: 1628: 1619: 1588: 1575: 1559: 1535: 1505: 1481: 1452: 1445: 1419: 1412: 1391: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1225: 1222: 1215:In June 2016, 1201: 1198: 1154: 1151: 1147:laser scanning 1126: 1121: 1112: 1109: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1072: 1069: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1047:specifications 1019: 1018: 995: 992: 978: 975: 973: 970: 939:BIM Task Group 922: 921:United Kingdom 919: 910: 907: 901: 898: 892: 889: 883: 880: 874: 871: 865: 862: 856: 853: 844: 841: 835: 832: 822: 819: 813: 810: 802:Volker Wissing 792: 789: 776: 773: 763: 760: 755: 754:Czech Republic 752: 746: 743: 741: 738: 729: 726: 720: 717: 711: 708: 702: 699: 693: 690: 681: 678: 660: 657: 644: 641: 624: 621: 619: 616: 613: 612: 593: 591: 584: 578: 575: 573:of the asset. 567:green building 559:Main article: 556: 553: 520:photogrammetry 455: 452: 425: 422: 416: 413: 404: 403: 393: 390: 386:green building 383:application in 358: 355: 350: 347: 343:subcontractors 297: 296: 286: 285: 275: 272: 270:Plant sector. 188: 185: 88: 85: 81:United Kingdom 53:computer files 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7661: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7629:Data modeling 7627: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456:organizations 7452: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7400:Duct cleaning 7398: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7251:Control valve 7249: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7171:Turning vanes 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7146:Thermal wheel 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7111:Solar chimney 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6881:Fan coil unit 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6826:Cooling tower 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6672:Vapor barrier 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6647:Solar heating 6645: 6643: 6642:Solar cooling 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6617:Refrigeration 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587:Passive house 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6457:Chilled water 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356:Sensible heat 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:Noise control 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316:Heat transfer 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922:BuildingSMART 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5879: 5877: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5700:, Routledge. 5699: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5419: 5406: 5402: 5400:9780203971123 5396: 5393:. CRC Press. 5392: 5391: 5383: 5380: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5312: 5309:. ipedr.com. 5305: 5299: 5296: 5280: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5222: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4910:Mills, Fred. 4906: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4815: 4811: 4810:"What is BIM" 4805: 4802: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4407: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4048: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4005: 4002:. BSI Group. 4001: 4000:"BIM Level 2" 3995: 3992: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3460:. 6 July 2022 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3294: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 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Sybex. 5761:, Wiley. 5747:, Wiley. 5714:, Wiley. 5538:27 August 4722:"BIMinNZ" 4708:1562-3599 4655:16 August 4625:19 August 4177:PBC Today 3777:20 August 3112:jia.or.jp 2698:1877-7058 2645:8 January 2519:8 January 2221:9 January 2156:25 August 2130:25 August 2018:8 October 1988:8 October 1957:8 October 1520:. 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