342:Ă— 102 mm) stud wall) application, per ASTM E-814 testing (UL 1479). Great for sound deadening; does not echo like other foams. Environmentally friendly. Non-expansive (good for existing homes where interior sheathing is in place). Fully sustainable: Consists of magnesium oxide cement and air, which is made from magnesium oxide extracted from seawater. Blown with air (no CFCs, HCFCs or other harmful blowing agents). Nontoxic, even during application. Does not shrink or settle. Zero VOC emission. Chemically inert (no known symptoms of exposure per MSDS). Insect resistant. Mold Proof. Insoluble in water. Disadvantages: Fragile at the low densities needed to achieve the quoted R value and, like all foams, it is more expensive than conventional fiber insulations. In 2010, the Ontario Building Code Commission ruled that AirKrete did not conform to requirements for a specific application in the building code. Their ruling states "As the proposed insulation is not impermeable, it could allow water or moisture to enter the wall assembly, which could then cause damage or deterioration of the building elements." As of 2014-08-21, the domain airkretecanada.com appears to be abandoned.
357:
smoke at all upon direct contact with flame and is a two-hour firewall at a 3.5 in (89 mm), or normal 2 in Ă— 4 in (51 mm Ă— 102 mm) stud wall, application per ASTM E-199. Great for sound deadening, STC 53 (ASTM E413-73); does not echo like other foams. Environmentally friendly. Non-expansive (good for existing homes where interior sheathing is in place). Fully sustainable: Consists of phenolic, a foaming agent, and air. Blown with air (no CFCs, HCFCs or other harmful blowing agents). Nontoxic, even during application. Does not shrink or settle. Zero VOC emission. Chemically inert (no known symptoms of exposure per MSDS). Insect resistant. Mold Proof. Insoluble in water. Disadvantages: Like all foams, it is more expensive than conventional fiber insulations when only comparing sq ft pricing. When you compare price to R value per sq ft the price is about the same.
940:. Cellulose, is denser and more resistant to air flow than fiberglass. Persistent moisture will weaken aluminium sulphate flame-retardants in cellulose (which are sometimes used in the US). However, borate fire retardants (used primarily in Australia and commonly in the US) have been in use for more than 30 years and are not affected by moisture in any way. Dense-pack cellulose is highly resistant to air infiltration and is either installed into an open wall cavity using nets or temporary frames, or is retrofitted into finished walls. However, dense-pack cellulose blocks, but does not permanently seal, bypasses, in the way a closed-cell spray foam would. Furthermore, as with batts and blankets, warm, moist air will still pass through, unless there is a continuous near-perfect
1428:
energy conservation. Mycology experts (mycology is the study of mold) are often quoted as saying: “Mold grows on cellulose.” They are referring to cellulose the generic material that forms the cell walls of all plants, not to cellulose insulation. Unfortunately, all too often this statement is taken to mean that cellulose insulation is exceptionally susceptible to mold contamination. In fact, due to its favorable moisture control characteristics and other factors associated with the manufacturing process relatively few cases of significant mold growth on cellulose insulation have been reported. All the widely publicized incidents of serious mold contamination of insulation have involved fiber insulation materials other than cellulose.".
759:
moisture. It is made from the waste wool that the carpet and textile industries reject, and is available in both rolls and batts for both thermal and acoustic insulation of housing and commercial buildings. Wool is capable of absorbing as much as 40% of its own weight in condensation while remaining dry to the touch. As wool absorbs moisture it heats up and therefore reduces the risk of condensation. It has the unique ability to absorb VOC gases such as formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and lock them up permanently. Sheep's wool insulation has a long lifetime due to the natural crimp in the fibre, endurance testing has shown it has a life expectancy of over 100 years.
796:
not use the toxic formaldehyde backing found in fiberglass, and the manufacture is nowhere near as energy intensive as the mining and production process required for fiberglass. Boric acid is used as a flame retardant. A small quantity of polyolefin is melted as an adhesive to bind the product together (and is preferable to formaldehyde adhesives). Installation is similar to fiberglass, without the need for a respirator but requiring some additional time to cut the material. Cotton insulation costs about 10-20% more than fiberglass insulation. As with any batt insulation, proper installation is important to ensure high energy efficiency.
1065:
edge (16" wide) = R-42.8 (RSI-7.54). For 2 string bales laid flat (18" wide) = R-42.8 (RSI-7.54), and on edge (14" wide) = R-32.1 (RSI-5.66)" (Steen et al.: The Straw Bale House, 1994). Using a straw bale in-fill sandwich roof greatly increases the R value. This compares very favorably with the R-19 (RSI-3.35) of a conventional 2 x 6 insulated wall. When using straw bales for construction, the bales must be tightly-packed and allowed to dry out sufficiently. Any air gaps or moisture can drastically reduce the insulating effectiveness.
627:. Made from molten glass, usually with 20% to 30% recycled industrial waste and post-consumer content. Nonflammable, except for the facing (if present). Sometimes, the manufacturer modifies the facing so that it is fire-resistant. Some fiberglass is unfaced, some is paper-faced with a thin layer of asphalt, and some is foil-faced. Paper-faced batts are vapor retarders, not vapor barriers. Foil-faced batts are
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classification. IARC noted specifically: "Epidemiologic studies published during the 15 years since the previous IARC Monographs review of these fibers in 1988 provide no evidence of increased risks of lung cancer or mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the body cavities) from occupational exposures during manufacture of these materials, and inadequate evidence overall of any cancer risk."
736:
other
Mediterranean countries. When a tree reaches 20 to 35 years old, it can be harvested in 10-year intervals for more than 200 years. Oak bark has a lattice-like molecular structure filled with millions of air bubbles giving the bark resilience, elasticity, thermal insulating, acoustic dampening, and shock absorbing properties. The material is sustainable, reusable and recyclable.
31:
1088:
heat arrives by radiating through space and not by conduction or convection. At night the absence of heat (i.e. cold) is the exact same phenomenon, with the heat radiating described mathematically as the linear opposite. Radiant barriers prevent radiant heat transfer equally in both directions. However, heat flow to and from surfaces also occurs via
1147:
647:
430:
the water and isocyanate material. Icynene will expand up to 100 times it original size within the first 6 seconds of being applied. Icynene contains no ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs, HFC's, HCFC's. Icynene contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Icynene will not emit any harmful gases once cured. Icynene has a
1449:(OSHA). The program, known as the Health and Safety Partnership Program, or HSPP, promotes the safe handling and use of insulation materials and incorporates education and training for the manufacture, fabrication, installation and removal of fiber glass, rock wool and slag wool insulation products. (See
1137:
Materials with one shiny side (such as foil-faced polystyrene) must be positioned with the shiny side facing an air space to be effective. An aluminum foil radiant barrier can be placed either way – the shiny side is created by the rolling mill during the manufacturing process and does not affect the
589:
Batts are precut, whereas blankets are available in continuous rolls. Compressing the material reduces its effectiveness. Cutting it to accommodate electrical boxes and other obstructions allows air a free path to cross through the wall cavity. One can install batts in two layers across an unfinished
429:
Building
Solutions. The classic version has a thermal resistance (R value) of 3.7 per inch and other versions have even higher values. The formula also includes a flame retardant. Icynene uses water for its spray application and the chemical expansion is caused by the carbon dioxide generated between
65:
is added to a material to reduce the transfer of heat through radiation as well as conduction. The choice of which material or combination of materials is used depends on a wide variety of factors. Some insulation materials have health risks, some so significant the materials are no longer allowed to
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is added. In very wet climates the use of a moisture meter will ensure proper installation and eliminate any installation mold issues (almost any insulation that becomes and remains wet can in the future cause a mold issue). The dry-spray application is another option for very wet climates, allowing
1403:
over many years. The industry is mitigating this issue by switching to binder materials not containing formaldehyde; some manufacturers offer agriculturally based binder resins made from soybean oil. Formaldehyde-free batts and batts made with varying amounts of recycled glass (some approaching 50%
1264:
and formaldehyde is weak, resulting in degradation of the foam cells and emission of toxic formaldehyde gas into the home over time. Furthermore, some manufacturers used excess formaldehyde to ensure chemical bonding of all of the urea. Any leftover formaldehyde would escape after the mixing. Most
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with radiant barriers is difficult and inappropriate. The R-value test measures heat transfer through the material, not to or from its surface. There is no standard test designed to measure the reflection of radiated heat energy alone. Radiated heat is a significant means of heat transfer; the sun's
933:
Rock and slag wool, also known as mineral wool or mineral fiber. Made from rock (basalt, diabase), iron ore blast furnace slag, or recycled glass. Nonflammable. More resistant to airflow than fiberglass. Clumps and loses effectiveness when moist or wet, but does not absorb much moisture, and regains
735:
During the 2nd century C.100 -C.200 it was the first time human civilisation was introduced to material of cork, and it was only until the 19th century when cork was widely used leading to major industrial production. Cork, which is harvested from the Oak trees generally found in
Portugal, Spain and
356:
Such as
Tripolymer R-5.1 per inch (ASTM-C-177). Known for its air sealing abilities. Tripolymer can be installed in wall cavities that have fiberglass and cellulose in them. Non-hazardous. Not restricted by depth of application. Fire resistant – flame spread 5, smoke spread 0 (ASTM-E-84) – will not
1382:, which in 2000 found "no significant association between fiber exposure and lung cancer or nonmalignant respiratory disease in the MVF manufacturing environment." However, manufacturers continue to provide cancer risk warning labels on their products, apparently as indeminfication against claims.
989:
Most plant based insulations such as wood chips, wood fiber, sawdust, redwood bark, hemlock fiber, balsa wood, hemp fiber, flax fiber, etc. are hygroscopic. Wood absorbs water, which reduces its effectiveness as a thermal insulator. In the presence of moisture, wood is susceptible to mold, mildew,
743:
Cork is typically used for acoustic and thermal insulation within walls, floors, ceilings and facades. A natural fire retardant, thermal insulating cork board is also non-allergenic, simple-to-install and a considerably safer substitute to fiber and plastic based insulation. Notable challenges with
34:
A building site for a row of riverside apartment blocks in
Cambridge. The buildings are being constructed using a systems build with a steel frame and various prefabricated components. The blue plastic on the central building is the vapour barrier for the thermal wall insulation before the exterior
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Mold has been seen as a potential concern. However, according to the
Cellulose Manufacturer's Association, "One thing that has not contributed to mold problems is the growing popularity of cellulose insulation among knowledgeable home owners who are interested in sustainable building practices and
1287:
is a mineral fiber that occurs in rock and soil that has traditionally been used as an insulation material in many homes and buildings. It is fireproof, a good thermal and electrical insulator, and resistant to chemical attack and wear. It has also been found that asbestos can cause cancer when in
1095:
Reflective aluminum foil is the most common material used as a radiant barrier. It has no significant mass to absorb and retain heat. It also has very low emittance values "E-values" (typically 0.03 compared to 0.90 for most bulk insulation) which significantly reduces heat transfer by radiation.
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and low cost of a thick wall made of straw. "Research by Joe McCabe at the Univ. of
Arizona found R-value for both wheat and rice bales was about R-2.4 (RSI-0.42) per inch with the grain, and R-3 (RSI-0.53) per inch across the grain. A 23" wide 3 string bale laid flat = R-54.7 (RSI-9.64), laid on
1010:
ASTM Standard C-1149 – Industry standard for self-supported spray-applied cellulose insulation for exposed or wall cavity application – covers density, R-value, surface burning, adhesive strength, smoldering combustion, fungi resistance, corrosion, moisture vapor absorption, odor, flame resistance
795:
Cotton insulation is increasing in popularity as an environmentally preferable option for insulation. It has an R-value of around 3.7 (RSI-0.65), equivalent to the median value for fiberglass batts. The cotton is primarily recycled industrial scrap, providing a sustainability benefit. The batts do
855:
Loose-fill materials can be blown into attics, finished wall cavities, and hard-to-reach areas. They are ideal for these tasks because they conform to spaces and fill in the nooks and crannies. They can also be sprayed in place, usually with water-based adhesives. Many types are made of recycled
758:
Sheep's wool insulation is a very efficient thermal insulator with a similar performance to fiberglass, approximately R13-R16 for a 4-inch-thick layer. Sheep's wool has no reduction in performance even when condensation is present, but its fire retarding treatment can deteriorate through repeated
300:
Closed-cell foams are superior insulators. While open-cell foams typically have R-values of 3 to 4 per inch (RSI-0.53 to RSI-0.70 per inch), closed-cell foams can attain R-values of 5 to 8 per inch (RSI-0.88 to RSI-1.41 per inch). This is important if space is limited, because it allows a thinner
1358:
Fiberglass is the most common residential insulating material, and is usually applied as batts of insulation, pressed between studs. Health and safety issues include potential cancer risk from exposure to glass fibers, formaldehyde off-gassing from the backing/resin, use of petrochemicals in the
739:
There are two types of cork, the pure cork, which is preferable due to its natural bonding properties, and the agglomeration cork. The pure cork is made by processes of heating and steaming whereby cork granulates are molded into a block. The natural resin of the cork acts as a bonding agent. An
654:
Natural fiber insulations, treated as necessary with low toxicity fire and insect retardants, are available in Europe : Natural fiber insulations can be used loose as granulats or formed into flexible or semi-rigid panels and rigid panels using a binder (mostly synthetic such as polyester,
434:
of 1. Flammability is relatively low. Icynene maintains its efficiency with no loss of R-Value for the life of the install. Icynene is more expensive compared to traditional insulation methods. Any potential for harm is primarily during the installation phase and particularly for installers. The
950:
is similar to loose-fill insulation, but is applied with a small quantity of water to help the cellulose bind to the inside of open wall cavities, and to make the cellulose more resistant to settling. Spray application provides even better protection against air infiltration and improves wall
919:
R-values stated on packaging are based on laboratory conditions; air infiltration can significantly reduce effectiveness, particularly for fiberglass loose fill. Cellulose inhibits convection more effectively. In general, loose fill is seen as being better at reducing the presence of gaps in
915:
Will settle over time, losing some of its effectiveness. Unscrupulous contractors may "fluff" insulation using fewer bags than optimal for a desired R-value. Dry-spray (but not wet-spray) cellulose can settle 20% of its original volume. However, the expected settling is included in the stated
341:
One example is AirKrete, at R-3.9 (RSI-0.69) per inch and no restriction on depth of application. Non-hazardous. Being fireproof, it will not smoke at all upon direct contact with flame, and is a two-hour firewall at a 3.5 in (89 mm) (or normal 2 in Ă— 4 in (51 mm
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from its list of possible carcinogens by downgrading the classification of these fibers from Group 2B (possible carcinogen) to Group 3 (not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans). All fiber glass wools that are commonly used for thermal and acoustical insulation are included in this
702:
including lavender straw, recycled wine bottle corks (granulated), etc. They usually have significantly less thermal performance than industrial products; this can be compensated by increasing thickness of the insulation layer. They may or may not require fire retardants or anti-insect/pest
1265:
states outlawed it in the early 1980s after dangers to building occupants were discovered. However emissions are highest when the urea-formaldehyde is new and decrease over time, so houses that have had urea-formaldehyde within their walls for years or decades do not require remediation.
773:
Wood fiber insulation is available as loose fill, flexible batts and rigid panels for all thermal and sound insulation uses. It can be used as internal insulation : between studs, joists or ceiling rafters, under timber floors to reduce sound transmittance, against masonry walls or
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Foil-faced polystyrene. This laminated, high density EPS is more flexible than rigid panels, works as a vapor barrier, and works as a thermal break. Uses include the underside of roof sheathing, ceilings, and on walls. For best results, this should not be used as a cavity fill type
1042:(i.e., heat from sun rays) while still allowing daylight to enter. The combination of silica and carbon aerogel gives the best insulating properties of any known material, approximately twice the insulative protection of the next best insulative material, closed-cell foam.
824:
Difficult to cut. Some installers may charge a slightly higher cost for installation as compared to other batts. This does not affect the effectiveness of the insulation, but may require choosing an installer more carefully, as any batt should be cut to fit the cavity
526:(SIPs), also called stressed-skin walls, use the same concept as in foam-core external doors, but extend the concept to the entire house. They can be used for ceilings, floors, walls, and roofs. The panels usually consist of plywood, oriented strandboard, or
778:
a wet process similar to pulp mills in which the fibers are softened and under heat and pressure the ligin in the fibres is used to create boards. The boards are limited to approximately 25 mm thickness; thicker boards are made by gluing (with
867:
Drill holes in wall with hole saw, taking firestops, plumbing pipes, and other obstructions into account. It may be desirable to drill two holes in each wall cavity/joist section, one at the bottom and a second at the top for both verification and
1127:, these help to keep attics cooler in the summer and in hot climates. To maximize radiative cooling at night, they are often chosen to have high thermal emissivity, whereas their low emissivity for the solar spectrum reflects heat during the day.
1179:
There are a lot of definitions about “Thermal/Heat
Insulation” and the common misinterpretation of “Thermal/Heat Insulation” = “Bulk/Mass/Batt Insulation” which is actually uses to resist Conduction Heat Transfer with certain "R-Value".
774:
externally : using a rain screen cladding or roofing, or directly plastered/rendered, over timber rafters or studs or masonry structures as external insulation to reduce thermal bridges. There are two manufacturing processes:
1119:
Foil-backed bubble pack. This is thin, more flexible than rigid panels, works as a vapor barrier, and resembles plastic bubble wrap with aluminum foil on both sides. Often used on cold pipes, cold ducts, and the underside of roof
186:
Expands while curing, filling bypasses, and providing excellent resistance to air infiltration (unlike batts and blankets, which can leave bypasses and air pockets, and superior to some types of loose-fill. Wet-spray cellulose is
149:
is applied in a similar manner but does not expand. Spray foam insulation is sprayed onto concrete slabs, into wall cavities of an unfinished wall, against the interior side of sheathing, or through holes drilled in sheathing or
2418:
ICAA Directory of
Professional Insulation Contractors, 1996, and A Plan to Stop Fluffing and Cheating of Loose-Fill Insulation in Attics, Insulation Contractors Association of America, 1321 Duke St., #303, Alexandria, VA 22314,
1291:
When found in the home, asbestos often resembles grayish-white corrugated cardboard coated with cloth or canvas, usually held in place around pipes and ducts with metal straps. Things that typically might contain asbestos:
594:. Blankets can cover joists and studs as well as the space between them. Batts can be challenging and unpleasant to hang under floors between joists; straps, or staple cloth or wire mesh across joists, can hold it up.
403:
White or yellow. Expands to fill and seal cavity, but expands slowly, preventing damage to the wall. Resistant to water wicking, but permeable to water vapor. Fire resistant. Some types of polyurethane insulation are
259:
Many foam insulations are made from petrochemicals and may be a concern for those seeking to reduce the use of fossil fuels and oil. However, some foams are becoming available that are made from renewable or recycled
3768:
1412:
Cellulose is 100% natural and 75–85% of it is made from recycled newsprint. Health issues (if any) appear to be minor, and most concerns around the flame retardants and mold potential seem to be misrepresentations.
2462:
Alaska
Science Forum, May 7, 1981, Rigid Insulation, Article #484, by T. Neil Davis, provided as a public service by the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in cooperation with the UAF research
920:
insulation than batts, as the cavity is sealed more carefully. Air infiltration through the insulating material itself is not studied well, but would be lower for wet-spray insulations such as wet-spray cellulose.
193:
Can be used in places where loose-fill cannot, such as between joists and rafters. When used between rafters, the spray foam can cover up the nails protruding from the underside of the sheathing, protecting your
1006:
ASTM Standard C-739 – loose-fill cellulose insulation – covers all factors of the CPSC regulation and five additional characteristics, R-value, starch content, moisture absorption, odor, and resistance to fungus
744:
cork include difficulty in maintenance and cleaning especially if the material is exposed to heavy use such as insulation for flooring. Minor damages to cork surface can make the material more prone to staining.
1014:
16 CFR Part 460 – (Federal Trade Commission regulation) commonly known as the "R-Value Rule," intended to eliminate misleading insulation marketing claims and ensure publication of accurate R-Value and coverage
392:(FSI) in 2002. This is a new generation eco-friendly foam blowing agent that is free of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) based on naturally occurring
786:
a dry process where a synthetic binder such as pet (polyester melted bond), polyolefin or polyurethane is added and the boards/batts pressed to different densities to make flexible batts or rigid boards.
293:
Open-cell foam is porous, allowing water vapor and liquid water to penetrate the insulation. Closed-cell foam is non-porous, and not moisture-penetrable, thereby effectively forming a semi-permeable
637:
Plastic fiber, usually made from recycled plastic. Does not cause irritation like fiberglass, but more difficult to cut than fiberglass. Not used in US. Flammable, but treated with fire-retardant.
537:
SIPs come in various thicknesses. When building a house, they are glued together and secured with lumber. They provide the structural support, rather than the studs used in traditional framing.
1453:). (For authoritative and definitive information on fiber glass and rock and slag wool insulation, as well as the HSPP, consult the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association (NAIMA)
1083:. A radiant barrier by itself will not affect heat conducted through the material by direct contact or heat transferred by moist air rising or convection. For this reason, trying to associate
1431:
Moisture is always a concern for homes, and the wet-spray application of cellulose may not be a good choice in particularly wet climates unless the insulation can be verified to be dry before
951:
rigidity. It also allows application on sloped walls, attics, and similar spaces. Wet-spray is best for new construction, as the wall must be allowed to dry completely before sealing with
297:. (N.B., vapor barriers are usually required by the Building Codes, regardless of the type of insulation used. Check with the local authorities to find out the requirements for your area.)
1396:
Miraflex is a new type of fiberglass batt that has curly fibers that are less itchy and create less dust. You can also look for fiberglass products factory-wrapped in plastic or fabric.
386:
307:
Open-cell foam requires trimming after installation, and disposal of the waste material. Unlike open-cell foam, closed-cell foam rarely requires any trimming, with little or no waste.
1727:
1268:
UFFI provides little mechanical strength, as the material is weak and brittle. Before its risks were recognized, it was used because it was a cheap, effective insulator with a high
3718:
3748:
717:, which consists of hemp hurds (shives) mixed with a lime binder. It has little structural strength but can provide racking strength and insulation with comparable or superior
443:
R-3.8 (RSI-0.67) per inch. a water-blown low density spray polyurethane foam that uses water in a chemical reaction to create carbon dioxide and steam which expands the foam.
710:
insulation has been used for centuries in the northern climates of Europe. The clay coating gives the insulation a half hour fire rating according to DIN (German) standards.
2083:
1630:
1346:. The foaming agents no longer use ozone-depleting substances. Personal Protective Equipment is required for all people in the area being sprayed to eliminate exposure to
1821:
1515:
2132:
1166:
is a barrier material to resist / block / reflect the heat energy (either one or more of the Conduction, Convection or Radiation) to transfer from one side to another.
53:
Insulation may be categorized by its composition (natural or synthetic materials), form (batts, blankets, loose-fill, spray foam, and panels), structural contribution (
1446:
887:
is environmentally preferable (80% recycled newspaper) and safe. It has a high recycled content and less risk to the installer than fiberglass (loose fill or batts).
350:
Typically R-5.6 (RSI-0.99) or slightly better after stabilization – higher values (at least R-7, or RSI-1.23) in stabilized boards. Less flammable than polyurethane.
304:
Closed-cell foam is very strong, and structurally reinforces the insulated surface. By contrast, open-cell foam is soft when cured, with little structural strength.
1399:
Fiberglass is energy intensive in manufacture. Fiberglass fibers are bound into batts using adhesive binders, which can contain adhesives that can slowly release
1011:
permanency (no test exists for this characteristic), substrate deflection (for exposed application products), and air erosion (for exposed application products).
912:
Weight may cause ceilings to sag if the material is very heavy. Professional installers know how to avoid this, and typical sheet rock is fine when dense-packed.
561:
Create shell of solid insulation around house, while reducing bypasses common with stick-frame construction. The result is an inherently energy-efficient house.
3763:
609:
is required to ensure that the batts perform optimally. Air infiltration can be also reduced by adding a layer of cellulose loose-fill on top of the material.
220:
372:
White or yellow. May use a variety of blowing agents. Resistant to water wicking and water vapor.: An example of a commercial closed-cell polyurethane product:
123:
Often a combination of materials is used to achieve an optimum solution and there are products which combine different types of insulation into a single form.
1138:
reflective of the foil material. As radiant barriers work by reflecting infra-red energy, the aluminum foil would work just the same if both sides were dull.
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layer of insulation to be used. For example, a 1-inch layer of closed-cell foam provides about the same insulation factor as 2 inches of open-cell foam.
2304:
2442:
1367:
2466:
Guide raisonné de la construction écologique (Guide to products /fabricants of green building materials mainly in France but also surrounding countries),
1003:
16 CFR Part 1209 (Consumer Products Safety Commission, or CPSC) – covers settled density, corrosiveness, critical radiant flux, and smoldering combustion.
3256:
2505:
2437:
1445:
In May 1999, the North American Insulation Manufacturers Association began implementing a comprehensive voluntary work practice partnership with the
326:
Open cell foams often have a low exothermic reaction temperature; will not harm coatings on electrical wiring, plumbing or other building components.
3758:
3690:
320:
Open cell foams are incredibly effective as a sound barrier, having about twice the sound resistance in normal frequency ranges as closed-cell foam.
1160:
is a barrier material to resist/reduce substance (water, vapor, etc. ) /energy (sound, heat, electric, etc.) to transfer from one side to another.
534:
is too expensive to use as an insulator on its own, but it has a high R-value (7 to 9), high strength, and good chemical and moisture resistance.
2066:
3879:
3563:
986:
Granulated cork. Cork is as good an insulator as foam. It does not absorb water as it consists of closed cells. Resists fire. Used in Europe.
1079:
Reflective insulation and radiant barriers reduce the radiation of heat to or from the surface of a material. Radiant barriers will reflect
601:(both of which reduce the effectiveness of the insulation) and requires strict attention during the installation. By the same token careful
3723:
3685:
530:
glued and sandwiched around a core consisting of expanded polystyrene, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate, compressed wheat straw, or epoxy.
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Natural insulations such as granulated cork, hemp fibres, grains, all which can be treated with a low toxicity fire and insect retardants
958:
Fiberglass. Usually pink, yellow, or white. Loses effectiveness when moist or wet, but does not absorb much water. Nonflammable. See
2452:
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with a better permeability rating than plastic sheeting vapor barriers and consequently reduce the buildup of moisture, which can cause
3546:
3588:
3301:
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2566:
1967:
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621:. Usually made from rock (basalt, diabase) or iron ore blast furnace slag. Some rock wool contains recycled glass. Nonflammable.
828:
Even with proper installation, batts do not completely seal the cavity against air movement (as with cellulose or expanding foam).
2657:
2091:
1638:
893:
Loose fill insulation fills the wall cavity better than batts. Wet-spray applications typically seal even better than dry-spray.
808:
Recycled content, no formaldehyde or other toxic substances, and very low toxicity during manufacture (only from the polyolefin)
3738:
3552:
2932:
1379:
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1814:
1183:
As such Materials reflecting Radiant Heat with negligible “R-Value” should also be classified as “Thermal/ Heat Insulation”.
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to reflect Radiation Heat (Radiant Heat) transfer from one side to another due to the reflective surface (or low emittance).
283:
May require the HVAC system to have a source of fresh outside air, since the structure may not refresh inside air without it.
1359:
resin, and the environmental health aspects of the production process. Green building practices shun Fiberglass insulation.
990:
and rot. Careful design of wall, roof and floor systems as done in Europe avoid these problems which are due to poor design.
1802:
385:® is a trademarked foam blowing agent technology and family of polyurethanes which has a neutral impact on the environment
3700:
3644:
3639:
3216:
2744:
1583:
955:(a moisture meter is recommended). Moist-spray (also called stabilized) cellulose uses less water to speed up drying time.
267:
stops once an equilibrium with the environment is reached. Even after this process, the stabilized R-value is very high.
163:
Blocks airflow by expanding & sealing off leaks, gaps and penetrations. (This can also keep out bugs or other vermin)
3261:
2812:
2733:
2409:
Loose-Fill Insulations, DOE/GO-10095-060, FS 140, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC), May 1995.
2140:
447:
is 21 and smoke developed is 217 which makes it a Class I material (best fire rating). Disadvantages: Is an Isocyanate.
223:, there is insufficient data to accurately assess the potential for exposures to the toxic and environmentally harmful
3889:
3604:
3406:
2917:
2852:
2770:
2682:
2546:
2415:
Lowe, Allen. "Insulation Update," The Southface Journal, 1995, No. 3. Southface Energy Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, US
2374:
650:
Thermographic image of a vulture in the winter. The vulture's feathers trap air, insulating the vulture from the cold.
2161:
1436:
for a faster installation (though the wet-spray cellulose has an even higher R-value and can increase wall rigidity).
2447:
1385:
However, the literature should be considered carefully before determining that the risks should be disregarded. The
580:
Thermal bridging at splines and lumber fastening points unless a thermally broken spline is used (insulated lumber).
241:
Can shrink slightly while curing if not applied on a substrate heated to the manufacturer's recommended temperature.
3753:
3634:
3341:
3106:
2950:
1818:
523:
145:
foams are applied as a two-component mixture that comes together at the tip of a gun, and forms an expanding foam.
2112:
1417:
Cellulose is classified by OSHA as a dust nuisance during installation, and the use of a dust mask is recommended.
167:
3806:
3665:
3629:
3431:
3061:
3016:
2944:
2796:
2739:
2312:
1424:
and sometimes borax to resist insects and rodents. To humans, boric acid has a toxicity comparable to table salt.
280:
If one does not wear a protective mask or goggles, it is possible to temporarily impair one's vision. (2–5 days).
2040:
1850:
1288:
friable form (that is, when likely to release fibers into the air – when broken, jagged, shredded, or scuffed).
3853:
3675:
3371:
2971:
2750:
2641:
2626:
462:
457:
431:
132:
54:
3848:
3773:
3695:
3624:
3568:
3500:
3396:
3311:
3221:
3186:
2662:
1749:
1705:
1566:"Polyurethane Blowing Agents Can Be Environmentally Friendly And Still Offer Superior Insulating Properties"
1051:
730:
488:
3838:
3800:
3680:
3391:
2822:
850:
2227:
1232:
May result in an electrical safety hazard where the foil comes into contact with faulty electrical wiring
934:
effectiveness once dried. Older mineral wool can contain asbestos, but normally this is in trace amounts.
3858:
3536:
3495:
3211:
2882:
2702:
1241:
Certain forms of insulation used in the past are now no longer used because of recognized health risks.
2406:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy's Office of Building Technologies.
1691:
1543:
2412:
Insulation Fact Sheet, US Department of Energy, update to be published 1996. Also available from EREC.
2279:
1876:
3660:
3650:
3594:
3531:
3426:
3006:
2955:
2521:
2206:
2063:
2013:
1728:"How safe and effective is Icynene Foam Insulation when installed in the new construction of a home?"
1343:
1269:
1084:
1061:
1060:
as insulation, though uncommon, is gaining popularity in experimental building projects for the high
1035:
947:
937:
884:
844:
718:
470:
426:
264:
58:
3884:
3526:
3516:
3490:
3276:
2938:
2847:
2817:
2717:
2687:
2581:
2541:
1476:
1201:
No change in thermal performance over time due to compaction, disintegration or moisture absorption
256:
as blowing agents. Both are potent greenhouse gases, and HCFCs have some ozone depletion potential.
177:
Can fill wall cavities in finished walls without tearing the walls apart (as required with batts).
3789:
3733:
3670:
3447:
3326:
3321:
3111:
2922:
2907:
2489:
1922:
1904:
1471:
1450:
1273:
1257:
245:
1338:. Foam insulation often uses hazardous chemicals with high human toxicity, such as isocyanates,
1386:
3361:
3316:
3071:
3066:
2996:
2892:
2728:
2531:
2356:
1995:
1963:
1896:
1491:
1249:
508:
393:
336:
253:
200:
146:
67:
43:
2474:
2251:
1276:. Though it absorbed moisture easily, it regained effectiveness as an insulator when dried.
783:
or PVA wood glue). Additives such as latex or bitumen are added to increase water resistance.
412:
277:
some foams to an existing building structure because of the chemicals and processes involved.
17:
3828:
3583:
3578:
3161:
2867:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2672:
2346:
1955:
1888:
1134:
Radiant barriers can function as a vapor barriers and serve both purposes with one product.
1109:
512:
496:
345:
230:
Depending on usage and building codes and environment, most foams require protection with a
57:, structured panels, and straw bales), functional mode (conductive, radiative, convective),
47:
3823:
3795:
3437:
3351:
3346:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3201:
3141:
3056:
3041:
2862:
2857:
2832:
2827:
2697:
2621:
2070:
1825:
1481:
1074:
780:
659:
606:
231:
62:
2265:
216:
Most foams, with the exception of cementitious foams, release toxic fumes when they burn.
3573:
3470:
3246:
3226:
3191:
3126:
3046:
2887:
2877:
2786:
2636:
2606:
2561:
2556:
1959:
1798:
1496:
1335:
1080:
602:
1947:
703:
treatments. Clay coating is a nontoxic additive which often meets these requirements.
690:, etc. Similarly, many plant-based waste materials can be used as insulation such as
93:
Durability – resistance to degradation from compression, moisture, decomposition, etc.
61:, environmental impacts, and more. Sometimes a thermally reflective surface called a
3873:
3655:
3506:
3401:
3366:
3136:
3131:
3086:
3081:
2927:
2902:
2897:
2872:
2842:
2712:
2611:
2591:
2571:
2482:
1908:
983:, wool, hemp, corn cobs, strawdust and other harvested natural materials. Not common.
941:
628:
591:
294:
2335:"Preparation, Properties, and Applications of Natural Cellulosic Aerogels: A Review"
871:
Pump loose fill into wall cavity, gradually pulling the hose up as the cavity fills.
590:
attic floor, perpendicular to each other, for increased effectiveness at preventing
507:. Rigid panel continuous insulation is often used to provide a thermal break in the
3833:
3511:
3411:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3306:
3241:
3121:
3091:
3031:
3026:
3001:
2912:
2791:
2707:
2631:
2616:
2601:
1877:"On the theoretical carbon storage and carbon sequestration potential of hempcrete"
1677:
1659:
1486:
1466:
1400:
1253:
618:
598:
444:
367:
190:
Increases structural stability (unlike loose-fill, similar to wet-spray cellulose).
138:
1892:
811:
May help qualify for LEED or similar environmental building certification programs
546:
Strong. Able to bear loads, including external loads from precipitation and wind.
238:
on the interior of a house. For example, a 15-minute fire rating may be required.
77:
Factors affecting the type and amount of insulation to use in a building include:
2351:
2334:
1366:
carcinogenic (WHO, 1998). In October 2001, an international expert review by the
3843:
3485:
3442:
3416:
3356:
3336:
3331:
3206:
3166:
3151:
3096:
3021:
2991:
2986:
2802:
2667:
2586:
1612:
1347:
1038:
of any known substance (short of a vacuum), and carbon aerogel absorbs infrared
968:
916:
R-Value. The dense-pack dry installation reduces settling and increases R-value.
834:
May be hard to dry if a leak allows excessive moisture into the insulated cavity
500:
482:
360:
224:
2382:
1591:
740:
artificial bonding agent is required for the production of agglomeration cork.
116:
The average climate conditions in the geographical area the building is located
3599:
3521:
3452:
3421:
3296:
3266:
3196:
3146:
3116:
3101:
3076:
2981:
2781:
2677:
2596:
2536:
2207:"Barndominium Insulation [Expert Guide] + [Proven Techniques]"
1662:. Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, Building Code Commission.
1421:
1390:
1371:
1124:
1089:
1057:
768:
753:
707:
624:
422:
418:
142:
66:
be used but remain in use in some older buildings such as asbestos fibers and
2360:
1999:
1900:
1584:"Environmentally Friendly Green Insulation : Non Toxic Spray Specialist"
3558:
3236:
3231:
3181:
3156:
3011:
2807:
2428:
Article in Daily Freeman, Thursday, 8 September 2005, Kingston, New York, US
1039:
857:
714:
683:
504:
137:
Spray foam is a type of insulation that is sprayed in place through a gun.
2333:
Zaman, Ahsan; Huang, Fei; Jiang, Man; Wei, Wei; Zhou, Zuowan (2020-01-01).
646:
1988:
Association., Thermal Insulation Manufacturers & Suppliers (c. 1989).
1420:
Cellulose is treated with a flame retardant and insect repellent, usually
1034:, a high-performance, low-density material. Silica aerogel has the lowest
30:
3541:
3475:
2976:
2776:
2576:
2551:
2526:
1370:(IARC) re-evaluated the 1988 IARC assessment of glass fibers and removed
1284:
1150:
691:
655:
polyurethane or polyolefin). The binder material can be new or recycled.
558:
Can truck prefabricated panels to construction site and assemble on site.
466:
274:
1837:
1774:
3051:
2723:
1838:"Liège Spécial Façade / Cork ETICS external thermal insulation systems"
1432:
1339:
1031:
1025:
974:
952:
695:
687:
527:
235:
151:
597:
Gaps between batts (bypasses) can become sites of air infiltration or
408:
Here are two commercial open-cell, low-density polyurethane products:
3728:
3480:
3286:
3036:
2431:
TM 5-852-6 AFR 88–19, Volume 6 (Army Corps of Engineers publication).
1989:
1544:"What You Need to Know About the Safe Use of Spray Polyurethane Foam"
1362:
The World Health Organization has declared fiber glass insulation as
1229:
Must be combined with other types of insulation in very cold climates
980:
663:
473:
to build energy-efficient, cast-in-place, reinforced concrete walls.
1378:
The IARC downgrade is consistent with the conclusion reached by the
1146:
1565:
263:
R-value will diminish slightly with age, though the degradation of
3743:
3176:
2375:"Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers Association – Cellulose Facts"
1875:
Arehart, Jay H.; Nelson, William S.; Srubar, Wil V. (2020-09-01).
1216:
1145:
814:
Fibers do not cause itchiness, no cancer risk from airborne fibers
699:
645:
549:
Faster construction than stick-built house. Less lumber required.
531:
29:
1092:, which in some geometries is different in different directions.
382:
3251:
3171:
1261:
1123:
Light-colored roof shingles and reflective paint. Often called
679:
675:
671:
667:
492:
249:
171:
2478:
1753:
902:
Not made from petrochemicals nor chemicals with a high toxicity
183:
Provides acoustical insulation (like loose-fill, but superior).
2014:"Wool vs Fiberglass Insulation | Why Sheep's Wool Insulation"
1631:"Insulation Alternatives: Blown or Foamed Through a Membrane"
890:
R-Value 3.4 – 3.8 (RSI-0.60 – 0.67) per inch (imperial units)
831:
Still requires a vapor retarder or barrier (unlike cellulose)
2182:"Department of Energy – Cellulose Insulation Material guide"
1030:
Skylights, solariums and other special applications may use
2467:
631:. The vapor barrier must be installed toward the warm side.
363:(expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS))
180:
Works well in tight spaces (like loose-fill, but superior).
435:
manufacture of icynene involves many toxic petrochemicals.
2425:
Insulation Information for Nebraska Homeowners, NF 91–40.
564:
Do not use formaldehyde, CFCs, or HCFCs in manufacturing.
503:, or from fibrous materials such as fiberglass, rock and
270:
Most foams require protection from sunlight and solvents.
1219:
retarder, will limit radon penetration through the floor
713:
An additional source of insulation derived from hemp is
213:
The cost can be high compared to traditional insulation.
2305:"House Institute, Fiberglass Insulation: Use With Care"
2035:
2033:
1454:
2457:
2133:"Home Energy Savings – Blown-In Cellulose Insulation"
1350:
which constitute about 50% of the foam raw material.
3816:
3782:
3709:
3613:
3461:
2964:
2650:
2512:
2162:"Comparative Performance of Loose-Fill Insulations"
1204:
Thin sheets takes up less room than bulk insulation
1389:page provides a summary of the risks, as does the
323:Open cell foams provide a better economical yield.
1660:"Ruling No. 10-05-1241 Application No. B-2009-42"
999:US regulatory standards for cellulose insulation
389:
50:of a building or otherwise reduce heat transfer.
2113:"Primary Applications of Loose-Fill Insulations"
2064:"Gutex ETICS external thermal insulation system"
1923:"What is the R-value of Hempcrete? – Hempsteads"
1447:US Occupational Safety and Health Administration
2084:"Environmental Home Center product information"
1948:"The sustainable management of cork production"
1404:post-consumer recycled content) are available.
112:Considerations regarding building and climate:
1516:"EERE Consumer's Guide: Foam Board Insulation"
805:Equivalent R-Value to typical fiberglass batts
577:More expensive than other types of insulation.
312:Advantages of open-cell over closed-cell foams
288:Advantages of closed-cell over open-cell foams
2490:
317:Open cell foams will allow timber to breathe.
8:
2443:US DOE publication, Energy Efficient Windows
2458:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1368:International Agency for Research on Cancer
3257:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
2506:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
2497:
2483:
2475:
2438:US DOE publication, Residential Insulation
2228:"Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI)"
1674:"Expanded Polystyrene Products and Prices"
1105:Foil or "reflective foil laminate"s (RFL).
1069:Reflective insulation and radiant barriers
863:General procedure for retrofits in walls:
721:depending on the ratio of hemp to binder.
585:Fiberglass batts and blankets (glass wool)
227:which constitute 50% of the foam material.
2350:
1676:. Wayne's Building Supply. Archived from
1260:problems. The chemical bond between the
154:into the wall cavity of a finished wall.
3691:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
2280:"Man-made mineral fibres (EHC 77, 1988)"
1441:US Health and Safety Partnership Program
1305:Ducting and transite pipes within slabs.
1245:Urea-formaldehyde foam (UFFI) and panels
1507:
1334:All polyurethane foams are composed of
1272:and its open-cell structure was a good
1188:Reflective Insulation = Radiant Barrier
119:The temperature the building is used at
108:Environmental impact and sustainability
2434:CenterPoint Energy Customer Relations.
1840:, Aliecor.com, Retrieved on 2009-03-26
1803:"Insulation has 30% recycled content "
1538:
1536:
1130:Metal roofs; e.g., aluminum or copper.
1108:Foil-faced polyurethane or foil-faced
487:Rigid panel insulation, also known as
3564:Programmable communicating thermostat
1237:Hazardous and discontinued insulation
567:True R-values and lower energy costs.
388:(the worldwide patent was awarded to
7:
3686:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1819:"Natural fibre insulation factsheet"
400:Open-cell (low density) polyurethane
2422:US DOE Consumer Energy Information.
1752:. Demilec (USA) LLC. Archived from
197:Can be applied in small quantities.
3547:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2448:US EPA publication on home sealing
860:) and are relatively inexpensive.
417:Icynene is a trademarked brand of
221:US Environmental Protection Agency
96:Ease of replacement at end of life
25:
3589:Standard temperature and pressure
3302:Packaged terminal air conditioner
2838:Passive daytime radiative cooling
2567:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
1198:Very effective in warmer climates
2658:Absorption-compression heat pump
2232:www.looksmarthomeinspections.com
1960:10.1016/b978-044452967-1/50008-x
839:Loose-fill (including cellulose)
3553:Normal temperature and pressure
2933:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2018:Havelock Wool | Wool Insulation
1380:US National Academy of Sciences
959:
747:
73:Consideration of materials used
1954:, Elsevier, pp. 145–160,
1815:National Non-Food Crops Centre
1564:Wagman, David (19 July 2018).
1296:Boiler and furnace insulation.
1252:insulation releases poisonous
948:Wet-spray cellulose insulation
1:
3880:Building insulation materials
3701:Testing, adjusting, balancing
3645:Building information modeling
3640:Building services engineering
3217:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
2745:Demand controlled ventilation
2693:Building insulation materials
1893:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121846
1881:Journal of Cleaner Production
1708:. Huntsman Building Solutions
1330:Spray polyurethane foam (SPF)
1056:The use of highly compressed
977:. Generally white or yellow.
899:No formaldehyde-based binders
706:Traditional clay-impregnated
248:are no longer used, some use
40:Building insulation materials
18:Building insulation materials
3262:High-pressure cut-off switch
2813:Ice storage air conditioning
2734:Dedicated outdoor air system
2352:10.1016/j.enbenv.2019.09.002
2339:Energy and Built Environment
1451:health effects of fiberglass
1320:Roofing materials and felts.
1302:Pipe insulation ("lagging").
960:Health effects of fiberglass
168:semi-permeable vapor barrier
3605:Thermostatic radiator valve
3407:Thermostatic radiator valve
2918:Underfloor air distribution
2853:Radiant heating and cooling
2771:Energy recovery ventilation
2683:Automobile air conditioning
2547:Domestic energy consumption
2088:Environmentalhomecenter.com
1207:Can act as a vapor barriers
971:. Generally gray or brown.
666:, recycled tissue/clothes,
524:Structural insulated panels
519:Structural insulated panels
59:resistance to heat transfer
3906:
3754:Institute of Refrigeration
3635:Architectural technologist
3107:Electrostatic precipitator
1210:Non-toxic/non-carcinogenic
1072:
1049:
1023:
896:Class I fire safety rating
874:Cap the holes in the wall.
848:
842:
766:
751:
728:
682:, lightweight wood fiber,
480:
455:
390:Foam Supplies Incorporated
130:
3807:Volatile organic compound
3666:Environmental engineering
3630:Architectural engineering
3432:Ultra-low particulate air
3017:Automatic balancing valve
2945:Variable refrigerant flow
2797:Heat recovery ventilation
2740:Deep water source cooling
2309:Healthyhouseinstitute.com
2073:, Retrieved on 2010-05-24
1828:, Retrieved on 2009-03-26
1805:, Retrieved on 2010-02-15
1100:Types of radiant barriers
465:(ICFs) are stay-in-place
463:Insulating concrete forms
452:Insulating concrete forms
440:Sealection 500 spray foam
55:insulating concrete forms
3854:Template:Home automation
3676:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3372:Solar-assisted heat pump
2972:Air conditioner inverter
2751:Displacement ventilation
2642:Vapour pressure of water
2627:Thermal destratification
1946:Pereira, Helena (2007),
1779:Continuousinsulation.org
1730:. Green Home Guide. 2013
1588:Envirofoaminsulation.com
1325:Health and safety issues
1164:Heat/ Thermal Insulation
555:Impermeable to moisture.
458:Insulating concrete form
432:Global warming potential
133:Spray foams (insulation)
35:cladding has been fixed.
3849:World Refrigeration Day
3696:Refrigerant reclamation
3625:Architectural acoustics
3569:Programmable thermostat
3501:Clean air delivery rate
3397:Thermal expansion valve
3312:Pressurisation ductwork
3222:Ground source heat pump
2663:Absorption refrigerator
2069:March 24, 2012, at the
1824:March 28, 2009, at the
1775:"Continuous Insulation"
1213:Will not mold or mildew
1174:Heat/Thermal Insulation
1052:Straw-bale construction
748:Sheep's wool insulation
731:Cork thermal insulation
634:High-density fiberglass
353:Phenolic injection foam
3839:Glossary of HVAC terms
3801:Sick building syndrome
3681:Mechanical engineering
3392:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2823:Mixed-mode ventilation
2266:"Learn About Asbestos"
2252:"Learn About Asbestos"
2041:"Insulation Materials"
1851:"Insulation Materials"
1706:"Open-Cell Insulation"
1387:OSHA chemical sampling
1299:Heating duct wrapping.
1154:
851:Cavity wall insulation
651:
552:Insulate acoustically.
36:
3859:Template:Solar energy
3537:Intelligent buildings
3496:Carbon dioxide sensor
2883:Room air distribution
2703:Central solar heating
1170:Reflective Insulation
1149:
1142:Reflective Insulation
856:materials (a type of
725:Cork insulation Board
649:
489:continuous insulation
33:
3661:Duct leakage testing
3651:Deep energy retrofit
3595:Thermographic camera
3532:Infrared thermometer
3007:Air source heat pump
2956:Water heat recycling
2522:Air changes per hour
1408:Loose-fill cellulose
1317:Blown-in insulation.
1153:facing an air space.
1036:thermal conductivity
938:Cellulose insulation
923:May absorb moisture.
885:Cellulose insulation
845:Cellulose insulation
605:and installation of
471:insulating materials
90:Ease of installation
87:Compressive strength
84:Moisture sensitivity
81:Thermal conductivity
3527:HVAC control system
3517:Home energy monitor
3491:Building automation
3277:Inverter compressor
2939:Variable air volume
2848:Passive ventilation
2818:Kitchen ventilation
2718:Constant air volume
2688:Autonomous building
1477:Low-energy building
1314:Resilient flooring.
1311:Textured materials.
273:It is difficult to
27:Insulation material
3890:Building materials
3790:Indoor air quality
3734:ASTM International
3671:Hydronic balancing
3448:Wood-burning stove
3327:Radiator reflector
3112:Evaporative cooler
2923:Underfloor heating
2908:Thermal insulation
1692:"Polyisocyanurate"
1617:Airkretecanada.com
1391:NIOSH Pocket Guide
1308:Acoustic ceilings.
1274:acoustic insulator
1258:indoor air quality
1155:
652:
619:Rock and slag wool
99:Cost effectiveness
44:building materials
37:
3867:
3866:
3783:Health and safety
3362:Scroll compressor
3317:Process duct work
3072:Convection heater
3067:Condensing boiler
2997:Air-mixing plenum
2893:Solar combisystem
2729:Cross ventilation
2532:Building envelope
1492:Quadruple glazing
1250:Urea-formaldehyde
658:Examples include
509:building envelope
495:plastics such as
491:can be made from
394:methyl methanoate
337:Cementitious foam
219:According to the
201:Cementitious foam
147:Cementitious foam
16:(Redirected from
3897:
3829:Building science
3584:Smart thermostat
3579:Room temperature
3162:Fireplace insert
2868:Radon mitigation
2766:Electric heating
2761:District heating
2756:District cooling
2673:Air conditioning
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2381:. Archived from
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2311:. Archived from
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2139:. Archived from
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2090:. Archived from
2080:
2074:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1994:. Turret Group.
1985:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1812:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1750:"Sealection 500"
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1694:. David Darling.
1688:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1637:. Archived from
1627:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1590:. Archived from
1580:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1518:. Archived from
1512:
1110:polyisocyanurate
513:thermal bridging
511:, thus reducing
497:polyisocyanurate
346:Polyisocyanurate
48:thermal envelope
21:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3824:ASHRAE Handbook
3812:
3796:Passive smoking
3778:
3711:
3705:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3463:
3457:
3438:Whole-house fan
3352:Run-around coil
3347:Reversing valve
3292:Mechanical room
3282:Kerosene heater
3272:Infrared heater
3202:Gasoline heater
3142:Fan filter unit
3057:Condensate pump
3042:Centrifugal fan
2960:
2863:Radiant heating
2858:Radiant cooling
2833:Passive cooling
2828:Microgeneration
2698:Central heating
2646:
2622:Thermal comfort
2514:
2508:
2503:
2473:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2315:on Feb 13, 2020
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2268:. 5 March 2013.
2264:
2263:
2259:
2254:. 5 March 2013.
2250:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2186:Eere.energy.gov
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2071:Wayback Machine
2062:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1927:Hempsteads.info
1921:
1920:
1916:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1826:Wayback Machine
1813:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1482:Superinsulation
1463:
1443:
1410:
1356:
1332:
1327:
1282:
1247:
1239:
1226:
1195:
1144:
1102:
1077:
1075:Radiant barrier
1071:
1054:
1048:
1028:
1022:
997:
930:
909:
881:
853:
847:
841:
821:
802:
793:
781:modified starch
771:
765:
756:
750:
733:
727:
644:
615:
607:vapour barriers
587:
574:
543:
521:
485:
479:
460:
454:
379:
333:
314:
290:
232:thermal barrier
210:
166:Can serve as a
160:
135:
129:
75:
63:radiant barrier
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Psychrometrics
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Air flow meter
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Heating system
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:Heat exchanger
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3192:Gas compressor
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:Expansion tank
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:Ceramic heater
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Solar air heat
2885:
2880:
2878:Renewable heat
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2787:Forced-air gas
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:Thermodynamics
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:Psychrometrics
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Gas compressor
2559:
2557:Fluid dynamics
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:(703)739-0356.
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2366:
2325:
2296:
2271:
2257:
2243:
2219:
2198:
2173:
2153:
2137:Diynetwork.com
2124:
2104:
2075:
2056:
2029:
2005:
1980:
1968:
1938:
1914:
1867:
1842:
1830:
1807:
1799:Johns Manville
1791:
1766:
1741:
1719:
1697:
1683:
1680:on 2007-10-24.
1665:
1651:
1622:
1604:
1575:
1556:
1532:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:Weatherization
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1355:
1352:
1336:petrochemicals
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1281:
1278:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1172:is one of the
1151:Aluminum panel
1143:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1081:radiant energy
1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1050:Main article:
1047:
1044:
1024:Main article:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
993:
992:
991:
987:
984:
978:
972:
966:
963:
956:
945:
935:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
917:
913:
908:
905:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
869:
843:Main article:
840:
837:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
801:
798:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
767:Main article:
764:
761:
752:Main article:
749:
746:
729:Main article:
726:
723:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
632:
629:vapor barriers
622:
614:
611:
603:weatherization
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
542:
539:
520:
517:
481:Main article:
478:
475:
456:Main article:
453:
450:
449:
448:
441:
437:
436:
415:
406:
405:
401:
381:R-8 per inch.
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
364:
358:
354:
351:
348:
343:
339:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
321:
318:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
302:
298:
289:
286:
285:
284:
281:
278:
271:
268:
261:
257:
242:
239:
228:
217:
214:
209:
206:
205:
204:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
175:
164:
159:
156:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
74:
71:
46:that form the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3902:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:organizations
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Duct cleaning
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Control valve
3505:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Turning vanes
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:Thermal wheel
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Solar chimney
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Fan coil unit
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Cooling tower
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Vapor barrier
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Solar heating
2901:
2899:
2898:Solar cooling
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Refrigeration
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Passive house
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Chilled water
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Sensible heat
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Noise control
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Heat transfer
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2385:on 2008-07-04
2384:
2380:
2379:Cellulose.org
2376:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
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2314:
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2300:
2297:
2285:
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2275:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2247:
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2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2143:on 2009-02-26
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2094:on 2008-09-29
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1971:
1969:9780444529671
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
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1878:
1871:
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1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1756:on 2020-11-30
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1641:on 2009-03-13
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1594:on 2009-04-26
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1522:on 2008-04-30
1521:
1517:
1511:
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1502:
1498:
1495:
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1279:
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1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:gas, causing
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:Disadvantages
1223:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
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1165:
1161:
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1103:
1099:
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1027:
1019:
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1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
994:
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982:
979:
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973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
949:
946:
943:
942:vapor barrier
939:
936:
932:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
911:
910:
907:Disadvantages
906:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
878:
873:
870:
866:
865:
864:
861:
859:
852:
846:
838:
833:
830:
827:
823:
822:
819:Disadvantages
818:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
797:
790:
785:
782:
777:
776:
775:
770:
762:
760:
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745:
741:
737:
732:
724:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
648:
642:Natural fiber
641:
636:
633:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
616:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
592:heat bridging
584:
579:
576:
575:
572:Disadvantages
571:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
533:
529:
525:
518:
516:
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510:
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502:
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362:
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344:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
311:
306:
303:
299:
296:
295:vapor barrier
292:
291:
287:
282:
279:
276:
272:
269:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:Disadvantages
207:
203:is fireproof.
202:
199:
196:
192:
189:
187:comparable.).
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
169:
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162:
161:
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155:
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140:
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126:
124:
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89:
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83:
80:
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78:
72:
70:
69:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
3834:Fireproofing
3618:and services
3614:Professions,
3512:Gas detector
3412:Trickle vent
3387:Smoke damper
3382:Smoke canopy
3377:Space heater
3307:Plenum space
3242:Heating film
3122:Exhaust hood
3092:Dehumidifier
3032:Blast damper
3027:Barrier pipe
3002:Air purifier
2913:Thermosiphon
2792:Free cooling
2708:Chilled beam
2692:
2632:Thermal mass
2617:Stack effect
2602:Particulates
2582:Infiltration
2513:Fundamental
2387:. Retrieved
2383:the original
2378:
2369:
2345:(1): 60–76.
2342:
2338:
2328:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:the original
2308:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2283:
2274:
2260:
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2209:. 2024-01-13
2201:
2190:. Retrieved
2188:. 2009-02-24
2185:
2176:
2165:. Retrieved
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2136:
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2107:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:the original
2087:
2078:
2059:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:
2008:
1990:
1983:
1973:, retrieved
1951:
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1833:
1810:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1700:
1686:
1678:the original
1668:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1635:Toolbase.org
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1587:
1578:
1569:
1559:
1550:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:the original
1510:
1487:Thermal mass
1467:Condensation
1444:
1411:
1401:formaldehyde
1398:
1395:
1384:
1377:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1333:
1290:
1283:
1267:
1254:formaldehyde
1248:
1240:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1133:
1094:
1078:
1055:
1029:
998:
862:
854:
794:
791:Cotton batts
772:
757:
742:
738:
734:
712:
705:
657:
653:
599:condensation
596:
588:
536:
522:
486:
477:Rigid panels
461:
445:Flame spread
407:
380:
368:polyurethane
366:Closed-cell
139:Polyurethane
136:
122:
111:
105:Flammability
76:
52:
39:
38:
3844:Warm Spaces
3486:Blower door
3464:and control
3462:Measurement
3443:Windcatcher
3417:Trombe wall
3357:Sail switch
3337:Refrigerant
3332:Recuperator
3207:Grease duct
3167:Freeze stat
3152:Fire damper
3022:Back boiler
2992:Air ionizer
2987:Air handler
2951:Ventilation
2803:Hybrid heat
2668:Air barrier
2587:Latent heat
2453:DOE/CE 2002
2289:24 February
1860:24 February
1570:Global Spec
1372:glass wools
1364:potentially
1348:isocyanates
1116:insulation.
1058:straw bales
1046:Straw bales
995:Regulations
969:Vermiculite
708:light straw
501:polystyrene
483:Rigid panel
361:Polystyrene
225:isocyanates
3885:Insulators
3874:Categories
3600:Thermostat
3522:Humidistat
3453:Zone valve
3422:TurboSwing
3297:Oil heater
3267:Humidifier
3197:Gas heater
3147:Fan heater
3117:Evaporator
3102:Economizer
3077:Compressor
2982:Air filter
2965:Components
2782:Forced-air
2678:Antifreeze
2651:Technology
2597:Outgassing
2537:Convection
2468:Batir-Sain
2463:community.
2400:References
2389:2009-05-08
2319:2009-05-08
2284:Inchem.org
2237:2024-01-14
2213:2024-01-14
2192:2009-05-08
2167:2011-11-06
2147:2009-05-08
2118:2011-11-06
2098:2009-05-08
2050:2019-07-28
2045:Energy.gov
2023:2019-07-28
1991:Insulation
1975:2022-01-25
1932:2018-05-22
1887:: 121846.
1855:Energy.gov
1760:2021-06-13
1645:2009-05-08
1613:"AirKrete"
1598:2009-05-08
1526:2008-04-18
1422:boric acid
1354:Fiberglass
1193:Advantages
1158:Insulation
1125:cool roofs
1120:sheathing.
1090:convection
879:Advantages
849:See also:
800:Advantages
769:Wood fibre
763:Wood fiber
754:Sheep wool
692:nut shells
625:Fiberglass
541:Advantages
469:made from
423:spray foam
421:open-cell
419:isocyanate
404:pour-able.
158:Advantages
143:isocyanate
131:See also:
127:Spray foam
3710:Industry
3559:OpenTherm
3237:Heat pump
3232:Heat pipe
3182:Fume hood
3157:Fireplace
3062:Condenser
3012:Attic fan
2808:Hydronics
2361:2666-1233
2000:226018128
1909:219024537
1901:0959-6526
1040:radiation
858:cellulose
715:hempcrete
684:cellulose
505:slag wool
377:Ecomate ®
244:Although
3817:See also
3542:LonWorks
3476:Aquastat
3342:Register
3322:Radiator
2977:Air door
2777:Firestop
2577:Humidity
2552:Enthalpy
2542:Dilution
2527:Bake-out
2515:concepts
2067:Archived
1822:Archived
1784:6 August
1461:See also
1285:Asbestos
1280:Asbestos
1085:R-values
1032:aerogels
1020:Aerogels
868:top-off.
719:R-values
696:corncobs
467:formwork
427:Huntsman
275:retrofit
260:sources.
234:such as
102:Toxicity
42:are the
3616:trades,
3187:Furnace
3052:Chiller
2724:Coolant
1551:Epa.gov
1472:Enovate
1455:website
1433:drywall
1344:toluene
1340:benzene
1270:R-value
1112:panels.
1062:R-value
1026:Aerogel
1007:growth.
975:Perlite
953:drywall
698:, most
688:seaweed
528:drywall
413:Icynene
383:Ecomate
265:R-value
236:drywall
174:growth.
152:drywall
3769:SMACNA
3729:ASHRAE
3549:(MERV)
3503:(CADR)
3481:BACnet
3434:(ULPA)
3287:Louver
3212:Grille
3087:Damper
3037:Boiler
2935:(VCRS)
2736:(DOAS)
2359:
1998:
1966:
1907:
1899:
1734:1 July
1712:1 July
981:Cotton
700:straws
664:cotton
3809:(VOC)
3803:(SBS)
3792:(IAQ)
3749:CIBSE
3744:BSRIA
3647:(BIM)
3591:(STP)
3555:(NTP)
3177:Freon
2947:(VRF)
2941:(VAV)
2799:(HRV)
2773:(ERV)
2747:(DCV)
2720:(CAV)
1905:S2CID
1547:(PDF)
1503:Notes
1217:Radon
1186:Thus
1015:data.
928:Types
825:well.
613:Types
532:Epoxy
425:from
331:Types
250:HCFCs
194:head.
68:urea.
3764:LEED
3724:AMCA
3719:AHRI
3252:HEPA
3172:Flue
3097:Duct
2470:2004
2357:ISSN
2291:2019
1996:OCLC
1964:ISBN
1952:Cork
1897:ISSN
1862:2019
1786:2018
1736:2022
1714:2022
1342:and
1262:urea
680:wool
676:coco
672:flax
668:hemp
660:cork
493:foam
254:HFCs
246:CFCs
172:mold
141:and
3774:UMC
3759:IIR
3739:BRE
3132:Fan
2347:doi
1956:doi
1889:doi
1885:266
1457:).
499:or
252:or
3876::
2377:.
2355:.
2341:.
2337:.
2307:.
2282:.
2230:.
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2135:.
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2043:.
2032:^
2016:.
1962:,
1950:,
1925:.
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1883:.
1879:.
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1777:.
1633:.
1615:.
1586:.
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1549:.
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2026:.
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1935:.
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1891::
1864:.
1788:.
1763:.
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
