126:
540:
649:) 1873–1878, which had been revived on June 18, 1881. The League provided for mutual aid in the event of an attack on a member and benign neutrality in the event of one of them being involved in a conflict outside the League. Its terms also provided for consultation on any proposed Balkan operations, which offered Germany the neutrality of Russia, in the event of a further war against France, and Russia the neutrality of Germany and Austria-Hungary, in the event of war against Britain or the Ottomans. The protocol was secret and was renewed in 1884. It stated in part:
556:
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56:
739:(1887). Finally, the publication of the terms of the 1879 treaty persuaded Russia that further action was not in its interests and so it withdrew from involvement in Bulgaria, and the fear of war dissipated. Bismarck's strategy was arcane but largely successful in averting war during his time in office (1871–1890). Unfortunately, his arrangements were heavily dependent on himself and so failed to provide long-term solutions.
714:
refused to recognise Prince
Alexander as ruler of the newly-enlarged Bulgaria. Subsequently, a Russian-backed coup, involving a group pro-Russian officers, forced Prince Alexander to abdicate on 9 August 1886. He was then exiled to Russia. In a countercoup, Prince Alexander I returned to the
655:
4. Die drei Mächte werden sich der etwaigen
Vereinigung Bulgariens und Ostrumeliens in den Gebietsgrenzen, die durch den Berliner Vertrag angewiesen sind, nicht widersetzen, wenn diese Frage sich durch die Macht der Dinge erheben
718:
The Great Powers, which were in a constant fear of war between them, continued with a series of complicated agreements and alliances, many of which were secret, as deterrents to one another's actions, largely at the behest of
640:
The events in the
Balkans were in a way proxy events for their supporters, Russia and Austria-Hungary, and effectively dissolved (1887) the fragile alliance between Germany, Austria and Russia known as the
462:
angered the other Balkan states and alarmed the other Great Powers. They initially threatened war against Russia and then convened the Berlin
Conference at the behest of Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister
439:. The original treaty signed by Russia and Turkey at San Stefano created a greater pro-Russian Bulgaria out of the defeated Ottoman lands. That appeared to contravene earlier secret Russian undertakings
498:
Unfortunately, the treaty solved little. It satisfied
Britain and Austria-Hungary but only at the expense of Russia and the peoples of the Balkan states, which made further crises inevitable.
162:
455:, 15 January, 18 March 1877). The treaties agreed that a Russian victory in war would not create any large Slavic states. Russia had also traded Austrian neutrality for Bosnia-Herzegovina.
41:
348:
672:
had been elected in 1879 as Prince of
Bulgaria at the request of his uncle, Russian Tsar Alexander II. Prince Alexander found himself obliged to support the nationalist movement for
501:
The future of the Balkan lands was thus now perceived in Europe as a matter for the disposal of the Great Powers. Those events significantly impacted the dynastic relations between
837:
Mikulas Fabry. The Idea of
National Self-Determination and The Recognition of New States at The Congress Of Berlin (1878). ISA Annual Convention, New Orleans, March 24-27, 2002
468:
125:
957:
Bolgarskij krizis 1885-1886 gg. i krach avstro-russko-germanskogo sojuza (The
Bulgarian 1885-1886 crisis and the collapse of the Austro-Russian-German alliance
687:, an ally of Austria, another opponent of Russia in the Balkans. Milan sought territorial compensation from Bulgaria. When he did not receive it, he declared
341:
617:
in 1881 and was so sure in
Austria's support that it made territorial demands on its western border with Bulgaria. On being rebuffed, Serbia declared
312:
467:
to dismantle and to rework the provisions of San
Stefano. The treaty also established international recognition of the neighbouring former Ottoman
334:
899:
621:. However, by November 28, Serbia had been defeated by Bulgaria. Further humiliation of Serbia was prevented only by Austrian intervention.
839:
576:
180:
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Konferenzen und Verträge. Vertrags-Ploetz. Handbuch der geschichtlich bedeutsamen Zusammenkünfte und Vereinbarungen. Teil II. 1493 - 1952
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996:
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855:
Pribram, Alfred, ed. (1921) The Secret Treaties of Austria-Hungary. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
483:. It broke up "Greater Bulgaria" into a northern Principality of Bulgaria and two southern territories under Ottoman control,
824:
804:
854:
660:(4. The three powers will not oppose the eventual unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia within the limits set by the
1060:
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583:. In Europe, the union caused consternation in the Great Powers by altering the power balance in the repeatedly-unstable
222:
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of Bulgaria led to the Russians standing aside, withdrawing their troops from Bulgaria and advocating a conference in
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and risking Ottoman retaliation and Russian intervention on behalf of Bulgaria. However, tension between Russian Tsar
452:
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in 1886 replaced him by an Austrophile, who was the Austrian Emperor's nephew and an officer in the Austrian army,
547:
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Hugh Ragsdale (ed.) Imperial Russian Foreign Policy. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Cambridge University Press, 1993
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despite the advice of the Russian ministers and advisers but with the apparent support of British Prime Minister
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403:). They featured unstable alliances that frequently led to war and eventually to the
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Frederick Kellogg. The Road to Romanian Independence. Purdue University Press, 1995
599:. The other Great Powers in general supported Russia's unexpected position but not
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Bulgarian throne, and Russia then broke off diplomatic relations with Bulgaria.
318:
306:
117:
930:. Helmuth Rönnefahrt (ed.). Bielefeld: A. G. Ploetz Verlag, 1953, pp. 351f
632:(1887–1918). Relations of the young Bulgarian state with Russia deteriorated.
510:
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expansion in the Balkans, Germany and Austria-Hungary thus concluded the
584:
370:
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between 1885 and 1888 that affected the balance of power between the
385:. It was one of several episodes in the continuing Balkan Crisis as
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When that eventually occurred, the situation was more complicated.
554:
546:
538:
664:, should this eventuality occur by force of circumstances.)
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Text of the Protocol of the league of Three Emperors 1881
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finally accepted the Unification of Bulgaria in the 1886
543:
Bulgaria after Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin, 1878
935:
Kálnoky, Andrássy und die bulgarische Krise 1885–1887.
710:. Russia, however, was not satisfied and Russian Tsar
946:
Russia, Britain and the Bulgarian Question 1885–1888.
571:, aided by the Bulgarians, saw the people proclaim a
563:
On September 18, 1885, a rebellion and a coup in the
509:. To counterbalance Russian influence and perceived
699:in March 1886 essentially restored the status quo.
443:on July 8, 1876 and also later in Budapest between
98:
90:
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60:Bulgaria following Constantinople Conference 1877
691:. Defeated, Serbia saw Bulgarian troops reach
525:Bulgarian unification and Serbo-Bulgarian War
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389:states struggled for independence from the
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105:Union between Eastern Rumelia and Bulgaria
54:
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630:Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
27:Historical political situation in Europe
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115:
369:) refers to a series of events in the
683:Another complication was the role of
495:were transferred to Austria-Hungary.
7:
435:, which established the independent
25:
393:but achieved a mosaic of nascent
924:Präliminarfriede von San Stefano
892:Bismarck. Der weiße Revolutionär
313:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
124:
1023:Austro-Serbian Alliance of 1881
695:before Austria intervened. The
559:Bulgaria 1888, post unification
458:The enlargement of the Russian
670:Prince Alexander of Battenberg
419:rejection of the terms of the
1:
1061:Mediterranean Agreements 1887
997:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
917:A Concise History of Bulgaria
774:Decline of the Ottoman Empire
425:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
223:Anglo-German naval arms race
79:September 18, 1885
952:32 (1973) pp. 168–191.
939:Bulgarian Historical Review
427:, which concluded with the
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1050:1886 Bulgarian coup d'état
1045:Treaty of Bucharest (1886)
593:Knyaz (Prince) Alexander I
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986:Constantinople Conference
963:4 (1984), pp. 43–56.
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377:and the conflict between
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974:League of Three Emperors
941:3 (1985) pp. 54–59.
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575:the new (1878) state of
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636:Effects on Great Powers
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447:and the Russian envoy,
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423:(1876-1877) led to the
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42:considered for merging
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723:. These included the
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429:Treaty of San Stefano
277:Young Turk Revolution
259:First Moroccan Crisis
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685:King Milan of Serbia
591:and the German-born
157:Great Eastern Crisis
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1018:Dual Alliance, 1879
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759:History of Bulgaria
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460:sphere of influence
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1008:Congress of Berlin
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31:‹ The
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491:. Also,
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91:Location
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