199:
1114:
830:
425:
310:
124:
1099:
578:
682:
639:
1241:
266:
938:
36:
77:
777:
1659:, a prize of a white bull to the winner of a wrestling match as seeming 'to hark back to an ancient time when the presentation of such a valuable, and probably sacred beast, would have represented an offering to the gods'. For Matthews, the Bull-running at Tutbury, mentioned in another Robin Hood ballad, may have had similar significance.
1541:, lying in a manger. Traditional songs of Christmas often tell of the bull and the donkey warming the infant with their breath. This refers (or, at least, is referred) to the beginning of the book of the prophet Isaiah, where he says: "The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib." (Isaiah 1:3)
1312:
is seen to slay a sacrificial bull. Although there has been a great deal of speculation on the subject, the myth (i.e. the "mystery", the understanding of which was the basis of the cult) that the scene was intended to represent remains unknown. Because the scene is accompanied by a great number of
817:
In Rig Veda, Indra was often praised as a Bull (Vrsabha – 'vrsa' means he and bha means being or uksan- a bull aged five to nine years, which is still growing or just reached its full growth), with bull being an icon of power and virile strength not just in Aryan literature but in many IE cultures.
548:
pillar, representing "stability". According to this hypothesis, the form of each sign is drawn from a part of the anatomy of a bull, like some other hieroglyphic signs that are known to be based on body parts of animals. In
Egyptian belief semen was connected with life and, to some extent, with
451:
multiple sacred bulls were worshiped. A long succession of ritually perfect bulls were identified by the god's priests, housed in the temple for their lifetime, then embalmed and buried. The mother-cows of these animals were also revered, and buried in separate locations.
731:'s six primordial material creations that becomes the mythological progenitor of all beneficent animal life. Another Zoroastrian mythological bovine is Hadhayans, a gigantic bull so large that it could straddle the mountains and seas that divide the
549:"power" or "dominion", and some texts indicate the Egyptians believed semen originated in the bones. Therefore, Calvin and Schwabe suggest the signs are based on parts of the bull's anatomy through which semen was thought to pass: the ankh is a
2043:"Hosea 10:5 The people who live in Samaria fear for the calf-idol of Beth Aven. Its people will mourn over it, and so will its idolatrous priests, those who had rejoiced over its splendor, because it is taken from them into exile"
354:
The human-headed winged bulls protective genies called shedu or lamassu, ... were placed as guardians at certain gates or doorways of the city and the palace. Symbols combining man, bull, and bird, they offered protection against
1275:). Public taurobolia, enlisting the benevolence of Magna Mater on behalf of the emperor, became common in Italy and Gaul, Hispania and Africa. The last public taurobolium for which there is an inscription was carried out at
1143:
is usually translated "ox-eyed" Hera, but the term could just as well apply if the goddess had the head of a cow, and thus the epithet reveals the presence of an earlier, though not necessarily more primitive, iconic view.
1209:. Minotaur was fabled to be born of the Queen and a bull, bringing the king to build the labyrinth to hide his family's shame. Living in solitude made the boy wild and ferocious, unable to be tamed or beaten. Yet
2085:"Jeremiah 52:20 The bronze from the two pillars, the Sea and the twelve bronze bulls under it, and the movable stands, which King Solomon had made for the temple of the LORD, was more than could be weighed"
2064:"1 Kings 7:25 The Sea stood on twelve bulls, three facing north, three facing west, three facing south and three facing east. The Sea rested on top of them, and their hindquarters were toward the center"
288:
and
Livernon in France. Their life force may have been thought to have magical qualities, for early carvings of the aurochs have also been found. The impressive and dangerous aurochs survived into the
986:
reads "He took this from their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool and made it into a molten calf; and they said, 'This is your god, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt'."
755:) despairs over her lack of protection from an adequate herdsman. In the allegory, the cow represents humanity's lack of moral guidance, but in later Zoroastrianism, Geush Urvan became a
337:
was depicted as hybrids with bodies of either winged bulls or lions and heads of human males. The motif of a winged animal with a human head is common to the Near East, first recorded in
531:, in Egyptian, is both a religious concept of life-force/power and the word for bull. Andrew Gordon, an Egyptologist, and Calvin Schwabe, a veterinarian, argue that the origin of the
1454:
to render his gift propitious to those on whom he has bestowed it. They believe that mistletoe given in drink will impart fertility to any animal that is barren and that it is an
364:
or Iškur. The bull was his symbolic animal. He appeared bearded, often holding a club and thunderbolt while wearing a bull-horned headdress. Hadad was equated with the Greek god
913:
was chosen to capture the bull, as he was known for his valor and faithfulness. Since to capture the bull without killing it was not an easy task, Khamba's motherly sister
1265:, in which a bull was sacrificed for the well-being of the people and the state. Around the mid-2nd century, the practice became identified with the worship of
929:, bull masks made from real skulls were worn in rites. Bull-masked terracotta figurines and Neolithic bull-horned stone altars have been found in Cyprus.
292:
in
Anatolia and the Near East and were worshipped throughout that area as sacred animals; the earliest remnants of bull worship can be found at neolithic
995:
reads "even when they made an idol shaped like a calf and said, 'This is your god who brought you out of Egypt!' They committed terrible blasphemies."
1380:(bull feast), a shamanistic ritual in which a bull would be sacrificed and a seer would sleep in the bull's hide to have a vision of the future king.
98:
85:
949:
Bull figurines are common finds on archaeological sites across the Levant; two examples are the 16th century BCE (Middle Bronze Age) bull calf from
524:
during excavations in the 1930s. Some of their sarcophagi are similar to those in the
Serapeum, others are polylithic (made from multiple stones).
198:
1406:
The druids—that is what they call their magicians—hold nothing more sacred than the mistletoe and a tree on which it is growing, provided it is
1156:
coupled with her. Zeus took over the earlier roles, and, in the form of a bull that came forth from the sea, abducted the high-born
Phoenician
2293:
1822:
1797:
1583:
145:
1028:
735:, and on whose back men could travel from one region to another. In medieval times, Hadhayans also came to be known as Srīsōk (Avestan *
1303:
1270:
1882:
2334:
2214:
2162:
2002:
1933:
1772:
586:
185:
167:
63:
206:
1900:
2364:
1966:
1113:
2324:
2329:
829:
384:
distributed the destinies, he made Iškur inspector of the cosmos. In one litany, Iškur is proclaimed again and again as "
49:
2379:
1182:
relates, and refers also to an archaic myth in which
Dionysus is slaughtered as a bull calf and impiously eaten by the
424:
2359:
2349:
1174:
is also invited to come as a bull, "with bull-foot raging." "Quite frequently he is portrayed with bull horns, and in
138:
132:
2297:
487:
90:
1866:
1652:
1637:
793:
1368:
149:
1645:
1228:
In the
Classical period of Greece, the bull and other animals identified with deities were separated as their
1121:
992:
743:
were collected on the creature's back. Yet another mythological bovine is that of the unnamed creature in the
309:
2344:
2339:
2174:
1620:. Its importance to the agricultural calendar influenced various bull figures in the mythologies of Ancient
983:
1518:. These are inseparably linked to bull-sacrifices by the vivid manner of their martyrdoms set by Christian
1205:(Greek for "Bull of Minos"), who the Greeks imagined as a man with the head of a bull at the center of the
1098:
1641:
1589:
1575:
1314:
242:
2319:
892:
577:
392:, lord of Karkara; twin-brother of Enki, lord of abundance, lord who rides the storm, lion of heaven.
2136:
1083:
249:, whether lunar as in Mesopotamia or solar as in India, is the subject of various other cultural and
2193:
The
Festival of Lughnasa: A Study of the Survival of the Celtic Festival of the Beginning of Harvest
1732:
1633:
1609:
1564:
1351:
1035:
654:
643:
473:
346:
1152:
was so literally a heifer that she was stung by a gadfly, and it was in the form of a heifer that
1148:, 1976) Classical Greeks never otherwise referred to Hera simply as the cow, though her priestess
681:
603:
582:
293:
1683:
1579:
1410:. … Mistletoe is rare and when found it is gathered with great ceremony, and particularly on the
1407:
1295:
1157:
1145:
1020:
879:
and falsely prophesied that the people of
Moirang would lead to miserable lives, if the powerful
856:
550:
528:
369:
2210:
2188:
2158:
1998:
1818:
1793:
1768:
1688:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1495:
1339:
1183:
1042:
or the "horned devil" in contrast and conflict to earlier traditions. The bull is familiar in
700:
638:
623:
615:
611:
400:
330:
214:
2374:
2251:
1975:
1760:
1613:
1545:
1318:
1218:
1198:
1166:
was another god of resurrection who was strongly linked to the bull. In a worship hymn from
1129:
989:
848:
562:
477:
55:
1764:
917:
disclosed to Khamba the secrets of the bull, with which the bull was able to get captured.
2369:
2255:
2242:
1927:
1499:
1383:
1355:
1167:
1078:
can be understood to refer to the idol as representing a separate god, or as representing
1059:
1043:
852:
821:
Vrsha means "to shower or to spray", in this context Indra showers strength and virility.
803:
689:
1655:
interprets the scene from the ballad in which Sir
Richard-at-Lee awards, for the love of
2303:
1313:
astrological allusions, the bull is generally assumed to represent the constellation of
2232:
1552:
believers in some villages of Greece. It is specially associated to the feast of Saint
1549:
1526:
1467:
1431:
1373:
1248:
1210:
1179:
1149:
1106:
1071:
980:
704:
413:
1402:
growing on it, sacrificed two white bulls and used the mistletoe to cure infertility:
1213:'s constant warning is, "It is hazardous to project Greek tradition directly into the
535:
is related to two other signs of uncertain origin that often appear alongside it: the
2354:
2313:
1939:
1752:
1597:
1359:
1003:
910:
864:
838:
716:
505:
448:
318:
1240:
1961:
1698:
1612:'s winter sky. It is one of the oldest constellations, dating back to at least the
1491:
1399:
1363:
1328:
1291:
1256:
1232:, a kind of heraldic show-piece that concretely signified their numinous presence.
1075:
937:
906:
884:
799:
670:
457:
429:
209:. As such, numerous peoples throughout the world have at one point in time honored
1479:
673:, in which participants of both sexes vaulted over bulls by grasping their horns.
202:
The Procession of the Bull Apis by Frederick Arthur Bridgman, oil on canvas, 1879
1713:
1693:
1553:
1519:
1411:
1266:
1261:
1190:
1055:
740:
728:
708:
685:
536:
469:
281:
1979:
868:
265:
1849:"Sanskrit (v)rsabhá-, Greek αρσην, ερσην: the spraying bull of Indo-European?"
1708:
1656:
1475:
1299:
1280:
1244:
1214:
1013:
970:
897:
880:
860:
844:
834:
781:
693:
234:
1317:. The basic elements of the tauroctony scene were originally associated with
1006:, which would seem accurate as they were a fixture of near-eastern cultures.
914:
626:
as Seri and Hurri ("Day" and "Night"), the bulls who carried the weather god
1703:
1678:
1668:
1571:
1557:
1530:
1471:
1423:
1324:
1206:
962:
954:
942:
888:
763:. The 14th day of the month is named after her and is under her protection.
748:
598:
433:
405:
314:
17:
1279:
at the close of the 3rd century. It was performed in honor of the emperors
76:
2141:
Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions
2030:
2018:
1294:
in which a sacrificial bull played a role was that of the 1st–4th century
1605:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1463:
1455:
1439:
1284:
1202:
1171:
1163:
1051:
1047:
966:
950:
732:
619:
607:
289:
250:
226:
1731:
Castor Marie-José, Department of Near Eastern Antiquities: Mesopotamia,
1070:
and worshipped by the Hebrews in the wilderness of the Sinai Peninsula (
1673:
1617:
1427:
1419:
1309:
1194:
1175:
1137:
1009:
958:
902:
872:
712:
666:
658:
647:
521:
517:
342:
334:
285:
277:
270:
254:
776:
739:, "three burning places"), which derives from a legend in which three
707:
have several different mythological bovine creatures. One of these is
596:
We cannot recreate a specific context for the bull skulls with horns (
2084:
1601:
1515:
1443:
1435:
1386:, writing in the first century AD, describes a religious ceremony in
1276:
1222:
1217:." Only one Minoan image of a bull-headed man has been found, a tiny
1087:
1079:
1024:
999:
974:
926:
876:
785:
760:
756:
662:
627:
590:
558:
501:
483:
465:
409:
373:
322:
218:
953:, and the 12th century BCE (Iron Age I) bull found at the so-called
630:
on their backs or in his chariot and grazed on the ruins of cities.
2063:
1848:
1932:
Ashkelon: A Retrospecitve - 30 Years of the Leon Levy Expedition (
1593:
1538:
1451:
1447:
1391:
1347:
1343:
1239:
1112:
1097:
1067:
1039:
936:
811:
775:
680:
637:
576:
513:
396:
361:
308:
264:
230:
197:
2042:
1964:(1999). "The 'Bull Site' and the 'Einun Pottery' Reconsidered".
1415:
1387:
1153:
1133:
544:
532:
491:
461:
381:
377:
365:
338:
246:
210:
1346:
reliefs alongside images of gods, such as in the cathedrals at
360:
The bull was also associated with the storm and rain god Adad,
1395:
941:
The bronze bull statuette discovered at the 12th century BCE "
389:
341:
around 3000 BCE. The first distinct lamassu motif appeared in
222:
117:
70:
29:
1651:
In his book 'Robin Hood: Green Lord of the Wildwood' (2016),
1534:
509:
495:
1995:
Israelite Religion and Biblical Theology: Collected Essays
1815:
The Quick and the Dead: Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt
1790:
The Quick and the Dead: Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt
1616:
when it marked the location of the Sun during the spring
1376:
of Cooley"). Early medieval Irish texts also mention the
1269:, but was not previously associated only with that cult (
657:, with bull heads and bull horns used as symbols in the
1608:. Taurus is a large and prominent constellation in the
1560:
has been repeatedly criticized by church authorities.
1466:
festival were recorded as late as the 18th century at
1446:, cuts down the mistletoe, which is caught in a white
1366:
are prized bulls that play a central role in the epic
1342:(the "bull with three cranes") is pictured on ancient
207:
Cattle are prominent in some religions and mythologies
977:
texts, as it symbolized both strength and fertility.
1197:
of Athens had to capture the ancient sacred bull of
1189:
For the Greeks, the bull was strongly linked to the
516:. The catacombs for these bulls are now know as the
1450:. Then finally they kill the victims, praying to a
1430:beneath a tree and bring up two white bulls, whose
602:) preserved in an 8th millennium BCE sanctuary at
1757:Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt
1434:are bound for the first time on this occasion. A
1308:), and which appears in all its temples, the god
847:, a supernatural divine bull, appears in ancient
692:standing in front of the Colossal Bull Head from
1997:, Continuum Int'l Publishing Group, p. 32,
1604:, which means it is crossed by the plane of the
2209:. Stroud: Amberly Publishing. pp. 23, 45.
1404:
1221:currently held in the Archaeological Museum of
284:European cave paintings such as those found at
1478:in Scotland (where they were offered to Saint
1327:lists the bull as an animal sacred to the god
1090:bull gods, rather than a new deity in itself.
542:, representing "power" or "dominion", and the
468:. Some of the Apis bulls were buried in large
2260:Prehistory and the Beginnings of Civilization
1201:(the "Marathonian bull") before he faced the
372:; the Indo-European Nasite Hittite storm-god
8:
2195:. Oxford University Press, 1962. pp.407, 410
1019:Young bulls were set as frontier markers at
606:in Central Anatolia. The sacred bull of the
2300:includes one example of the bull standards.
1813:Gordon, Andrew H.; Schwabe, Calvin (2004).
1082:himself, perhaps through an association or
253:incarnations as well as modern mentions in
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1331:, possibly being sacrifices to the deity.
1160:and brought her, significantly, to Crete.
610:, whose elaborate standards were found at
1259:of the 2nd to 4th centuries included the
806:as the primary vehicle and the principal
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
2283:(NY, Arno Press, 1976) pp. 113–114.
2143:. Syracuse University Press. p. 51.
998:Calf-idols are referred to later in the
828:
751:himself, in which the soul of a bovine (
423:
131:This article includes a list of general
101:of all important aspects of the article.
2207:Robin Hood: Green Lord of the Wild Wood
1871:. Popular Prakashan. 1877. p. 222.
1817:. Brill / Styx. pp. 104, 127–129.
1792:. Brill / Styx. pp. 104, 127–129.
1724:
1470:in Ireland (where they were offered to
386:great radiant bull, your name is heaven
2294:An exhibit on the tombs of Alaca Höyük
1837:Hawkes and Woolley, 1963; Vieyra, 1955
1016:" basin stood on twelve brazen bulls.
97:Please consider expanding the lead to
520:. Multiple Buchis mummies were found
7:
2306:The image of the bull in tattoo art.
1765:10.5743/cairo/9789774248580.003.0004
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
792:Bulls also appear on seals from the
747:, an allegorical hymn attributed to
2274:The Three Phases of the Taurobolium
2262:, v. 1 (NY, Harper & Row, 1963)
1901:"KAO - A Glimpse of Manipuri Opera"
1883:""Kao - the sacred bull" by Laihui"
1462:Bull sacrifices at the time of the
1442:climbs the tree and, with a golden
1063:
416:as an act of defiance of the gods.
2248:"2.The Consort of the Bull", 1964.
1584:San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja
1502:are connected with the legends of
1486:Medieval and modern and other uses
653:Bulls were a central theme in the
269:20,000-year-old cave paintings in
137:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2155:Exploring the World of the Druids
1934:Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
1847:Pronk, Tijmen (January 1, 2009).
1582:lead to the correct burial site (
1576:pulling the wagon with the corpse
973:were associated with the bull in
587:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
472:in the underground vaults of the
45:This article has multiple issues.
1321:, the Greek goddess of victory.
569:is the dried penis of the bull.
122:
75:
34:
2157:. London: Thames & Hudson.
1967:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1255:The religious practices of the
1038:, the bull motif became a bull
887:kingdom, wasn't offered to God
313:Human-headed winged bulls from
89:may be too short to adequately
53:or discuss these issues on the
1596:for "the Bull") is one of the
1533:time. Many show a bull or an
1525:In some Christian traditions,
1178:he has a tauromorphic image,"
767:South Asia and South East Asia
460:was seen as the embodiment of
241:survives in the constellation
99:provide an accessible overview
1:
1855:– via www.academia.edu.
1788:Gordon & Schwabe (2004).
1418:in a native word that means '
437:
780:17th century sculpture of a
476:, which was rediscovered by
456:In the Memphite region, the
368:; the Roman god Jupiter, as
1853:Historische Sprachforschung
1529:are carved or assembled at
2398:
2298:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2269:(London, A. Tiranti, 1955)
2267:Hittite Art, 2300-750 B.C.
1980:10.1179/peq.1999.131.2.144
1170:, at a festival for Hera,
901:), the presiding deity of
896:
875:realm, pretended to be an
733:seven regions of the earth
581:Bull heads excavated from
2153:Miranda J. Green. (2005)
1422:,' they prepare a ritual
837:, being captured by hero
794:Indus Valley civilisation
508:was linked with the gods
388:" and also called son of
2335:Middle Eastern mythology
2104:Burkert 1985 pp. 64, 132
1993:Miller, Patrick (2000),
1563:The ox is the symbol of
1302:" artwork of that cult (
871:, a nobleman of ancient
863:). In the legend of the
703:texts and traditions of
2205:Matthews, John (2019).
1928:"A Calf and Its Shrine"
1027:, the frontiers of the
945:" in Samaria, West Bank
614:alongside those of the
432:, dating to Year 21 of
404:depicts the killing by
152:more precise citations.
2365:Mesopotamian mythology
1751:Dodson, Aidan (2005).
1522:in the third century.
1460:
1252:
1125:
1110:
946:
883:roaming freely in the
841:
789:
696:
650:
593:
490:was the embodiment of
444:
428:Stele dedicated to an
349:as a symbol of power.
333:guardian deity called
326:
274:
203:
2325:Comparative mythology
2279:Heinrich Schliemann,
2137:Davidson, Hilda Ellis
1544:Oxen are some of the
1412:sixth day of the moon
1243:
1122:Jean François de Troy
1116:
1101:
940:
833:A painting depicting
832:
779:
684:
641:
580:
427:
312:
280:are depicted in many
268:
201:
2330:Mythological bovines
2281:Troy and its Remains
2246:Occidental Mythology
1390:in which white-clad
1298:. In the so-called "
1084:religious syncretism
345:during the reign of
321:, modern Khorsabad (
1759:. pp. 72–102.
1610:northern hemisphere
1565:Luke the Evangelist
1556:. This practice of
1510:and his protégé in
1352:Notre Dame de Paris
1074:). The text of the
1050:episode wherein an
1036:Abrahamic religions
719:"uniquely created (
655:Minoan civilization
644:Bull-Leaping Fresco
474:Serapeum of Saqqara
376:; the Egyptian god
2360:Cattle in religion
2350:Mythological bulls
2272:Jeremy B. Rutter,
2113:Burkert 1985 p. 24
2029:biblelexicon.org,
2017:biblelexicon.org,
1684:Cattle in religion
1546:animals sacrificed
1420:healing all things
1296:Mithraic Mysteries
1253:
1247:of Mithras at the
1146:Heinrich Schlieman
1126:
1118:The Rape of Europa
1111:
1103:The Rape of Europa
1046:cultures from the
947:
842:
790:
697:
651:
594:
445:
370:Jupiter Dolichenus
347:Tiglath-Pileser II
327:
275:
261:In prehistoric art
213:as sacred. In the
204:
27:Cattle in religion
2276:, Phoenix (1968).
2265:Vieyra, Maurice:
2252:Hawkes, Jacquetta
1942:, Jerusalem. 2016
1824:978-90-04-12391-5
1799:978-90-04-12391-5
1689:Deer in mythology
1496:Iberian Peninsula
1438:arrayed in white
1394:climbed a sacred
1340:Tarvos Trigaranus
1277:Mactar in Numidia
1086:with Egyptian or
1029:Kingdom of Israel
1002:, such as in the
869:Nongban Kongyamba
624:Hittite mythology
551:thoracic vertebra
401:Epic of Gilgamesh
215:Sumerian religion
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
170:
116:
115:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2387:
2256:Woolley, Leonard
2243:Campbell, Joseph
2221:
2220:
2202:
2196:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2007:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1868:Indian Antiquary
1863:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1748:
1735:
1729:
1614:Early Bronze Age
1490:The practice of
1369:Táin Bó Cúailnge
1219:Minoan sealstone
1130:Twelve Olympians
1065:
900:
849:Meitei mythology
701:Iranian language
573:Central Anatolia
563:lumbar vertebrae
478:Auguste Mariette
442:
439:
237:, the Bull. The
221:is the "bull of
191:
184:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
148:this article by
139:inline citations
126:
125:
118:
111:
108:
102:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2310:
2309:
2304:Bull Tattoo Art
2290:
2237:Greek Religion,
2233:Burkert, Walter
2229:
2224:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:MacNeill, Máire
2187:
2183:
2176:Natural History
2173:
2169:
2152:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1974:(2): 1944-148.
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1733:Musée du Louvre
1730:
1726:
1722:
1665:
1527:Nativity scenes
1500:southern France
1488:
1458:to all poisons.
1398:, cut down the
1384:Pliny the Elder
1356:Irish mythology
1337:
1238:
1096:
1044:Judeo-Christian
1034:Much later, in
935:
923:
857:Ancient Manipur
827:
804:Hindu mythology
774:
769:
711:, which is the
690:Matthew Stolper
679:
661:palace. Minoan
636:
575:
440:
422:
307:
302:
263:
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
163:
157:
154:
144:Please help to
143:
127:
123:
112:
106:
103:
96:
84:This article's
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2345:Animal worship
2342:
2340:Minoan culture
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2289:
2288:External links
2286:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2249:
2240:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2197:
2181:
2167:
2146:
2128:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2076:
2055:
2034:
2022:
2010:
2003:
1985:
1953:
1919:
1910:
1892:
1874:
1858:
1839:
1830:
1823:
1805:
1798:
1780:
1773:
1736:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1598:constellations
1550:Greek Orthodox
1537:near the baby
1487:
1484:
1468:Cois Fharraige
1414:….Hailing the
1336:
1333:
1290:Another Roman
1249:British Museum
1237:
1234:
1211:Walter Burkert
1180:Walter Burkert
1107:Jacob Jordaens
1095:
1092:
1072:Book of Exodus
1064:עֵגֶּל הַזָהָב
934:
931:
922:
919:
826:
825:Meitei culture
823:
810:(follower) of
773:
770:
768:
765:
717:hermaphroditic
705:Zoroastrianism
678:
675:
635:
632:
618:, survived in
574:
571:
526:
525:
499:
481:
441: 644 BCE
421:
418:
414:Bull of Heaven
306:
303:
301:
298:
262:
259:
194:
193:
176:
175:
130:
128:
121:
114:
113:
93:the key points
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2216:9781445690773
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:0-500-28571-3
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2126:, Book I, XIX
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:Nehemiah 9:18
2026:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2004:1-84127-142-X
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:Mazar, Amihai
1957:
1954:
1941:
1940:Israel Museum
1937:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1774:9789774248580
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:John Matthews
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:Saint Emilian
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1360:Donn Cuailnge
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:) is made by
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1004:Book of Hosea
1001:
996:
994:
991:
987:
985:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
944:
939:
932:
930:
928:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:Khamba Thoibi
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
840:
839:Khuman Khamba
836:
831:
824:
822:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
795:
787:
783:
778:
772:Vedic culture
771:
766:
764:
762:
759:representing
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:"Great Fires"
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
645:
640:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
592:
588:
584:
579:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
546:
541:
539:
534:
530:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:and later of
463:
459:
455:
454:
453:
450:
449:Ancient Egypt
435:
431:
426:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
320:
319:Dur-Sharrukin
317:'s palace in
316:
311:
304:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
272:
267:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
200:
190:
187:
172:
169:
161:
151:
147:
141:
140:
134:
129:
120:
119:
110:
100:
94:
92:
87:
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2320:Sacred bulls
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2245:
2236:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2175:
2170:
2165:. Page 18–19
2154:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2079:
2068:. Retrieved
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2037:
2025:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1917:Burkert 1985
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1842:
1833:
1814:
1808:
1789:
1783:
1756:
1753:"Bull Cults"
1727:
1699:Horned deity
1650:
1588:
1569:
1562:
1543:
1524:
1492:bullfighting
1489:
1461:
1405:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1364:Finnbhennach
1338:
1323:
1304:
1292:mystery cult
1289:
1271:
1260:
1257:Roman Empire
1254:
1236:Roman Empire
1229:
1227:
1188:
1162:
1140:
1127:
1117:
1102:
1076:Hebrew Bible
1033:
1018:
1008:
997:
988:
979:
948:
924:
893:Old Manipuri
843:
820:
816:
807:
798:
791:
752:
745:Cow's Lament
744:
736:
724:
720:
698:
671:bull-leaping
652:
597:
595:
566:
554:
543:
537:
527:
446:
399:
394:
385:
359:
353:
351:
328:
300:In antiquity
276:
238:
233:'s steed is
205:
182:
164:
155:
136:
104:
88:
86:lead section
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
18:Bull worship
2122:Macrobius,
2019:Exodus 32:4
1714:Taurobolium
1694:Golden calf
1574:, the oxen
1554:Charalambos
1520:hagiography
1408:Valonia oak
1374:Cattle Raid
1267:Magna Mater
1262:taurobolium
1191:Cretan Bull
1056:golden calf
802:appears in
753:geush urvan
729:Ahura Mazda
727:)", one of
709:Gavaevodata
686:Assyriology
616:sacred stag
612:Alaca Höyük
305:Mesopotamia
282:Paleolithic
239:sacred bull
150:introducing
2380:Çatalhöyük
2314:Categories
2124:Saturnalia
2091:2012-10-30
2087:. Bible.cc
2070:2012-10-30
2066:. Bible.cc
2049:2012-10-30
2045:. Bible.cc
1946:5 February
1720:References
1709:Red heifer
1657:Robin Hood
1570:Among the
1476:Loch Maree
1329:Neto/Neito
1300:tauroctony
1281:Diocletian
1245:Tauroctony
1215:Bronze Age
1128:Among the
1014:Molten Sea
898:Thangching
881:Kao (bull)
861:Kangleipak
845:Kao (bull)
835:Kao (bull)
782:Nandi bull
721:-aevo.data
715:name of a
694:Persepolis
688:professor
604:Çatalhöyük
583:Çatalhöyük
565:, and the
506:Hermonthis
488:Heliopolis
470:sarcophagi
294:Çatalhöyük
257:cultures.
133:references
50:improve it
2179:, XVI, 95
1905:e-pao.net
1887:e-pao.net
1704:Mithraism
1679:Camahueto
1669:Bucranium
1572:Visigoths
1558:kourbania
1531:Christmas
1480:Máel Ruba
1474:) and at
1472:Crom Dubh
1440:vestments
1424:sacrifice
1400:mistletoe
1325:Macrobius
1251:, London.
1207:labyrinth
1088:Levantine
963:West Bank
955:Bull Site
943:Bull Site
905:. Orphan
889:Thangjing
749:Zoroaster
434:Psamtik I
406:Gilgamesh
315:Sargon II
251:religious
91:summarize
56:talk page
2139:(1988).
1663:See also
1606:ecliptic
1512:Pamplona
1508:Toulouse
1504:Saturnin
1464:Lughnasa
1456:antidote
1378:tarbfeis
1362:and the
1285:Maximian
1203:Minotaur
1199:Marathon
1172:Dionysus
1164:Dionysus
1048:Biblical
990:Nehemiah
975:Ugaritic
965:. Both
951:Ashkelon
853:folklore
737:Thrisaok
667:ceramics
608:Hattians
599:bucrania
540:-sceptre
480:in 1851.
397:Sumerian
355:enemies.
331:Sumerian
290:Iron Age
273:, France
227:Hinduism
158:May 2020
107:May 2020
2375:Aurochs
2296:at the
2227:Sources
1674:Bugonia
1634:Babylon
1630:Assyria
1618:equinox
1600:of the
1494:in the
1428:banquet
1350:and at
1344:Gaulish
1310:Mithras
1195:Theseus
1176:Kyzikos
1168:Olympia
1141:Bo-opis
1138:epithet
1054:of the
1010:Solomon
961:on the
959:Samaria
909:prince
903:Moirang
873:Moirang
723:) cow (
713:Avestan
669:depict
663:frescos
659:Knossos
648:Knossos
620:Hurrian
585:in the
557:is the
522:in situ
518:Bucheum
412:of the
380:. When
343:Assyria
335:lamassu
286:Lascaux
278:Aurochs
271:Lascaux
255:New Age
146:improve
2370:Moloch
2213:
2161:
2001:
1938:. The
1821:
1796:
1771:
1644:, and
1642:Greece
1602:zodiac
1590:Taurus
1516:Fermin
1444:sickle
1436:priest
1392:druids
1372:("The
1358:, the
1315:Taurus
1305:cultus
1272:cultus
1230:agalma
1223:Chania
1184:Titans
1158:Europa
1124:, 1716
1109:, 1615
1094:Greece
1080:Yahweh
1060:Hebrew
1025:Bethel
1000:Tanakh
981:Exodus
933:Levant
927:Cyprus
921:Cyprus
915:Khamnu
911:Khamba
907:Khuman
885:Khuman
877:oracle
867:epic,
786:Mysore
761:cattle
757:yazata
628:Teshub
591:Ankara
559:sacrum
553:, the
502:Buchis
484:Mnevis
466:Osiris
410:Enkidu
374:Teshub
323:Louvre
245:. The
243:Taurus
225:". In
219:Marduk
135:, but
1638:Egypt
1626:Akkad
1622:Sumer
1594:Latin
1539:Jesus
1448:cloak
1432:horns
1354:. In
1348:Trier
1335:Celts
1068:Aaron
1040:demon
967:Baʿal
812:Shiva
800:Nandi
634:Crete
514:Montu
420:Egypt
362:Hadad
235:Nandi
231:Shiva
211:bulls
2355:Baal
2239:1985
2211:ISBN
2159:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1948:2021
1819:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1646:Rome
1498:and
1426:and
1416:moon
1388:Gaul
1319:Nike
1283:and
1154:Zeus
1134:Hera
1052:idol
1023:and
1012:'s "
993:9:18
984:32:4
969:and
851:and
808:gana
725:gav-
699:The
677:Iran
665:and
642:The
622:and
561:and
555:djed
545:djed
533:ankh
512:and
492:Atum
462:Ptah
458:Apis
430:Apis
408:and
395:The
382:Enki
378:Amun
366:Zeus
339:Ebla
329:The
247:bull
1976:doi
1972:131
1761:doi
1586:).
1578:of
1548:by
1506:of
1482:).
1452:god
1396:oak
1136:'s
1021:Dan
957:in
925:In
855:of
784:in
589:in
567:was
538:was
504:of
486:of
447:In
390:Anu
223:Utu
2316::
2258::
2254:;
2235:,
2191:.
1970:.
1930:.
1903:.
1885:.
1851:.
1767:.
1755:.
1739:^
1648:.
1640:,
1636:,
1632:,
1628:,
1624:,
1567:.
1535:ox
1514:,
1287:.
1225:.
1193::
1186:.
1150:Io
1132:,
1120:,
1105:,
1062::
1031:.
971:El
895::
814:.
796:.
646::
529:Ka
510:Ra
496:Ra
438:c.
357:"
296:.
229:,
217:,
59:.
2219:.
2094:.
2073:.
2052:.
2008:.
1982:.
1978::
1950:.
1936:)
1907:.
1889:.
1827:.
1802:.
1777:.
1763::
1592:(
1144:(
1058:(
891:(
859:(
788:.
498:.
494:-
443:)
436:(
352:"
325:)
189:)
183:(
171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
142:.
109:)
105:(
95:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
