306:(MOND), the lensing would be expected to follow the baryonic matter; i.e. the X-ray gas. However, the lensing is strongest in two separated regions near (possibly coincident with) the visible galaxies. This provides support for the idea that most of the gravitation in the cluster pair is in the form of two regions of dark matter, which bypassed the gas regions during the collision. This accords with predictions of dark matter as only gravitationally interacting, other than weakly interacting.
2670:
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51:
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pairs. Earlier work claiming the Bullet
Cluster was inconsistent with standard cosmology was based on an erroneous estimate of the in-fall velocity based on the speed of the shock in the X-ray-emitting gas. Based on the analysis of the shock driven by the merger, it was recently argued that a lower merger velocity ~3,950 km/s is consistent with the
2730:
2706:
373:-emitting gas, but this gas lags behind the subcluster galaxies. Furthermore, the dark matter clump, revealed by the weak lensing map, is coincident with the collisionless galaxies, but lies ahead of the collisional gas. Thisâand other similar observationsâallow good limits on the cross-section of the self-interaction of dark matter.
396:
A 2010 study claimed that the velocities of the collision are "incompatible with the prediction of a LCDM model". However, subsequent work has found the collision to be consistent with LCDM simulations, with the previous discrepancy stemming from small simulations and the methodology of identifying
1309:
BradaÄ, MaruĆĄa; Clowe, Douglas; Gonzalez, Anthony H.; Marshall, Phil; Forman, William; Jones, Christine; Markevitch, Maxim; Randall, Scott; Schrabback, Tim; Zaritsky, Dennis (2006). "Strong and Weak
Lensing United. III. Measuring the Mass Distribution of the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1ES 0657â558".
368:
observations of the 'bullet cluster' (1E0657-56; Fig. 2) by
Markevitch et al. (2004) and Clowe et al. (2004). Those authors report that the cluster is undergoing a high-velocity (around 4,500 km/s) merger, evident from the spatial distribution of the hot,
419:
Another study in 2006 cautions against "simple interpretations of the analysis of weak lensing in the bullet cluster", leaving it open that even in the non-symmetrical case of the Bullet
Cluster, MOND, or rather its relativistic version TeVeS
619:
M. Markevitch; A. H. Gonzalez; D. Clowe; A. Vikhlinin; L. David; W. Forman; C. Jones; S. Murray & W. Tucker (2004). "Direct constraints on the dark matter self-interaction cross-section from the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56".
416:, has posted an online rebuttal of claims that the Bullet Cluster proves the existence of dark matter. He contends that the observed characteristics of the Bullet Cluster could just as well be caused by undetected standard matter.
348:
The Bullet
Cluster provides strong evidence for the nature of dark matter and provides "evidence against some of the more popular versions of Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND)" as applied to large galactic clusters. At a
336:
kelvin gas in the main cluster at a speed of about nearly 10 million km/h (6 million miles per hour)". The bow shock radiation output is equivalent to the energy of 10 typical
1262:
Clowe, Douglas; BradaÄ, MaruĆĄa; Gonzalez, Anthony H.; Markevitch, Maxim; Randall, Scott W.; Jones, Christine; Zaritsky, Dennis (2006). "A Direct
Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter".
357:, it was found that the spatial offset of the center of the total mass from the center of the baryonic mass peaks cannot be explained with an alteration of the gravitational force law alone.
673:
Brada, M; Allen, S. W; Ebeling, H; Massey, R; Morris, R. G; von der Linden, A; Applegate, D (2008). "Revealing the
Properties of Dark Matter in the Merging Cluster MACS J0025.4-1222".
563:
Clowe, Douglas; Gonzalez, Anthony; Markevich, Maxim (2004). "Weak lensing mass reconstruction of the interacting cluster 1E0657-558: Direct evidence for the existence of dark matter".
1544:
1579:
1114:
Di
Mascolo, L.; Mroczkowski; Churazov, E.; Markevitch, M.; Basu, K.; Clarke, T.E.; et al. (2019). "An ALMA+ACA measurement of the shock in the Bullet Cluster".
324:. It provides an observable constraint for cosmological models, which may diverge at temperatures beyond their predicted critical cluster temperature. Observed from
271:
and the putative dark matterâbehave differently during collision, allowing them to be studied separately. The stars of the galaxies, observable in visible
766:
1533:
1410:
Angus, Garry W.; Shan, HuanYuan; Zhao, HongSheng; Famaey, Benoit (2006). "On the Proof of Dark Matter, the Law of
Gravity and the Mass of Neutrinos".
421:
313:
X-ray image (pink) superimposed over a visible light image (galaxies), with matter distribution calculated from gravitational lensing (blue)
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385:
of the bullet subcluster is not exceptionally high for a cluster substructure, and can be accommodated within the currently favoured
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883:
Tucker, W.; Blanco, P.; Rappoport, S.; David, L.; Fabricant, D.; Falco, E.E.; Forman, W.; Dressler, A.; Ramella, M. (2006).
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and X-ray data, provided that the equilibration of the electron and ion downstream temperatures is not instantaneous.
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located near the right side of the cluster" formed as "70 million kelvin gas in the sub-cluster plowed through
321:
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726:
365:
56:
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2131:
1523:
485:; Blanco, P.; Rappoport, S. (March 1998). "1E 0657-56: A Contender for the Hottest Known Cluster of Galaxies".
350:
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2067:
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774:
482:
446:â a similar galaxy cluster whose dark and luminous matter may have been separated during a major collision
142:
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328:, the subcluster passed through the cluster center 150 million years ago, creating a "bow-shaped
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1329:
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1223:
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963:
906:
885:"Recent and Future Observations in the X-ray and Gamma-ray Bands: Chandra, Suzaku, GLAST, and NuSTAR"
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796:
692:
639:
582:
504:
179:
2546:
1359:"Can MOND take a bullet? Analytical comparisons of three versions of MOND beyond spherical symmetry"
1202:"Can MOND take a bullet? Analytical comparisons of three versions of MOND beyond spherical symmetry"
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291:
interact electromagnetically, causing the gases of both clusters to slow much more than the stars.
288:
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295:
244:
1516:
830:
Clowe, Douglas; et al. (2006). "A Direct
Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter".
1526:
36 color images and text slides modelling the existence of Dark Matter from Bullet cluster data
2531:
1623:
1096:
1057:"The rise and fall of a challenger: The Bullet Cluster in Lambda cold dark matter simulations"
299:
252:
81:
78:
1451:"The Bullet Cluster 1E0657-558 evidence shows modified gravity in the absence of dark matter"
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999:
Lee, Jounghun; Komatsu, Eiichiro (2010). "Bullet Cluster: A Challenge to LCDM Cosmology".
276:
247:
studies of the Bullet Cluster are claimed to provide strong evidence for the existence of
102:
795:
Markevitch, M.; Randall, S.; Clowe, D.; Gonzalez, A. & Bradac, M. (16â23 July 2006).
1476:
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967:
910:
853:
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696:
643:
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493:(1). David, L.; Fabricant, D.; Falco, E. E.; Forman, W.; Dressler, A.; Ramella, M.: L5.
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slowed but not otherwise altered. The hot gas of the two colliding components, seen in
218:
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refers to the smaller subcluster, moving away from the larger one. It is at a
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17:
1100:
275:, were not greatly affected by the collision, and most passed right through,
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Science News August 22, 2006 Colliding Clusters Shed Light on Dark Matter
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1218:
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382:
132:
64:
71:) = 0.3, meaning its light has wavelengths stretched by a factor of 1.3.
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2017:
2007:
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The third component, the dark matter, was detected indirectly by the
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735:(image and description). Chandra photo album. Harvard University.
1614:
1055:
Thompson, Robert; Davé, Romeel; Nagamine, Kentaro (2015-09-01).
264:
243:
The object is of a particular note for astrophysicists, because
188:
1561:
1519:
showing how the dark matter and normal matter become separated.
287:, or "ordinary", matter in the cluster pair. The gases of the
268:
804:. 36th COSPAR Scientific Assembly (abstract). Beijing, China.
767:"The dynamical status of the cluster of galaxies 1E0657-56"
251:. Observations of other galaxy cluster collisions, such as
27:
Two colliding clusters of galaxies in constellation Carina
946:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters
424:), could account for the observed gravitational lensing.
59:. Exposure time was 140 hours. The scale is shown in mega
364:
Particularly compelling results were inferred from the
1551:
that includes a movie of a simulation of the collision
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1903:
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1613:
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1E 0657-56: A bow shock in a merging galaxy cluster
197:
186:
164:
151:
141:
131:
123:
113:
101:
88:
76:
43:
1510:1E 0657-56: NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter
255:, similarly support the existence of dark matter.
1455:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1363:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1061:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
379:
362:
1357:Angus, G. W.; Famaey, B.; Zhao, H. S. (2006).
1573:
1172:"Milgrom's perspective on the Bullet Cluster"
614:
612:
8:
1200:G.W. Angus; B. Famaey & H. Zhao (2006).
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
2636:
2610:
2570:
2450:
2328:
2245:
1619:
1580:
1566:
1558:
49:
1540:(NASA Press Release 06-096) Aug. 21, 2006
1484:
1466:
1449:Brownstein, J. R.; Moffat, J. W. (2007).
1423:
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1323:
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1127:
1090:
1072:
1012:
975:
957:
900:
843:
686:
633:
576:
498:
263:The major components of the cluster pairâ
1505:(The Chandra Chronicles) August 21, 2006
2689:
1512:Combined image of x-rays, visual and DM
542:"NED results for object Bullet Cluster"
465:
1531:NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter
119:â55° 57′ 0″
40:
1503:Bedeviling Devil's Advocate Cosmology
1050:
1048:
940:Hayashi, Eric; White, ? (2006).
536:
534:
193:5.6 ± 0.6 Ă 10 watt/cm (0.1â2.4 keV)
7:
147:1.141 Gpc (3.7 billion light-years).
798:Dark Matter and the Bullet Cluster
455:List of galaxy groups and clusters
25:
1524:Harvard Symposium: Markevitch PDF
942:"How rare is the Bullet Cluster?"
832:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
317:The Bullet Cluster is one of the
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2669:
2668:
1486:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12275.x
1394:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10668.x
1237:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10668.x
977:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00184.x
819:(abstract). Harvard University.
2597:Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
815:Randall, Scott (31 May 2006).
221:. Strictly speaking, the name
1:
544:. NASA Extragalactic Database
487:Astrophysical Journal Letters
302:without dark matter, such as
422:tensorâvectorâscalar gravity
360:According to Greg Madejski:
217:) consists of two colliding
1605:Carina in Chinese astronomy
1146:10.1051/0004-6361/201936184
414:Modified Newtonian dynamics
412:, the original proposer of
405:Alternative interpretations
377:According to Eric Hayashi:
344:Significance to dark matter
304:Modified Newtonian dynamics
2789:
1517:animation of the collision
1116:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1031:10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/60
889:AIP Conference Proceedings
298:of background objects. In
29:
2666:
2635:
2609:
2244:
1595:
1412:The Astrophysical Journal
1312:The Astrophysical Journal
1264:The Astrophysical Journal
727:Chandra X-ray Observatory
675:The Astrophysical Journal
283:, represents most of the
202:
57:Chandra X-ray Observatory
48:
1206:Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc
399:SunyaevâZeldovich effect
351:statistical significance
227:comoving radial distance
30:Not to be confused with
1600:List of stars in Carina
1589:Constellation of Carina
1138:2019A&A...628A.100D
203:1E 0657-56, 1E 0657-558
2763:Carina (constellation)
773:. 2002. Archived from
394:
375:
314:
2517:Finger of God Globule
2308:HD 95086 b (Levantes)
1092:10.1093/mnras/stv1433
1001:Astrophysical Journal
312:
296:gravitational lensing
245:gravitational lensing
1543:Scientific American
322:clusters of galaxies
219:clusters of galaxies
2641:Astronomical events
1545:Scientific American
1477:2007MNRAS.382...29B
1385:2006MNRAS.371..138A
1334:2006ApJ...652..937B
1286:2006ApJ...648L.109C
1228:2006MNRAS.371..138A
1083:2015MNRAS.452.3030T
1023:2010ApJ...718...60L
968:2006MNRAS.370L..38H
911:2005AIPC..801...21M
854:2006ApJ...648L.109C
771:edpsciences-usa.org
697:2008ApJ...687..959B
644:2004ApJ...606..819M
587:2004ApJ...604..596C
509:1998ApJ...496L...5T
289:Intracluster medium
2288:HD 63765 b (Yvaga)
1536:2017-06-25 at the
315:
198:Other designations
124:Number of galaxies
77:Observation data (
2680:
2679:
2662:
2661:
2631:
2630:
2605:
2604:
2560:
2559:
2532:Homunculus Nebula
2440:
2439:
2316:
2315:
2240:
2239:
919:10.1063/1.2141828
817:"Lunch-time talk"
253:MACS J0025.4-1222
207:
206:
16:(Redirected from
2780:
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2744:
2743:
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2731:
2721:
2720:
2719:
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2329:
2246:
1700:T (not variable)
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1582:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1498:
1488:
1470:
1468:astro-ph/0702146
1445:
1427:
1425:astro-ph/0609125
1406:
1396:
1378:
1376:astro-ph/0606216
1353:
1327:
1325:astro-ph/0608408
1305:
1279:
1277:astro-ph/0608407
1270:(2): L109âL113.
1250:
1249:
1239:
1221:
1219:astro-ph/0606216
1197:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1182:on July 21, 2016
1178:, archived from
1164:
1158:
1157:
1131:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1076:
1067:(3): 3030â3037.
1052:
1043:
1042:
1016:
996:
990:
989:
979:
961:
959:astro-ph/0604443
937:
931:
930:
904:
902:astro-ph/0512012
880:
874:
873:
847:
845:astro-ph/0608407
838:(2): L109âL113.
827:
821:
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812:
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792:
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763:
757:
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635:astro-ph/0309303
616:
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580:
578:astro-ph/0312273
560:
554:
553:
551:
549:
538:
529:
528:
502:
500:astro-ph/9801120
479:
410:Mordehai Milgrom
387:Lambda-CDM model
356:
334:100 million
109:
53:
41:
21:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
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2773:Galaxy clusters
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2717:
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2615:Galaxy clusters
2601:
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2556:
2547:IGR J11014â6103
2500:
2436:
2375:
2323:
2312:
2236:
2120:
2081:63765 (Tapecue)
2062:
1899:
1676:
1637:ÎČ (Miaplacidus)
1609:
1591:
1586:
1555:
1538:Wayback Machine
1448:
1409:
1356:
1308:
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1256:Further reading
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753:spaceimages.com
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277:gravitationally
261:
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171:1.4 ± 0.3 à 10
153:ICM temperature
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103:Right ascension
72:
55:X-ray photo by
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2623:Bullet Cluster
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2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
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1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
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1837:
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1817:
1812:
1807:
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1787:
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1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
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1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
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1675:
1674:
1669:
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1659:
1654:
1649:
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1634:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1446:
1434:10.1086/510738
1407:
1369:(1): 138â146.
1354:
1342:10.1086/508601
1318:(2): 937â947.
1306:
1294:10.1086/508162
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1212:(1): 138â146.
1192:
1176:The MOND Pages
1159:
1106:
1044:
991:
952:(1): L38âL41.
932:
875:
862:10.1086/508162
822:
807:
787:
758:
738:
718:
705:10.1086/591246
665:
652:10.1086/383178
628:(2): 819â824.
608:
595:10.1086/381970
571:(2): 596â603.
555:
530:
517:10.1086/311234
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
441:
439:Galaxy cluster
436:
429:
426:
406:
403:
345:
342:
260:
257:
229:of 1.141
223:Bullet Cluster
211:Bullet Cluster
205:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
184:
183:
175:
169:
162:
161:
155:
149:
148:
145:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
74:
73:
54:
46:
45:
44:Bullet Cluster
26:
24:
18:Bullet cluster
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2785:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2686:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Carina Nebula
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Collinder 228
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
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2342:
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2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2309:
2306:
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2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:DEN 0817â6155
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Îč (Aspidiske)
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
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1564:
1563:
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1556:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Milgrom, Moti
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
826:
823:
818:
811:
808:
800:
799:
791:
788:
777:on 2015-04-18
776:
772:
768:
762:
759:
754:
750:
749:
742:
739:
734:
733:
728:
722:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
669:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
631:
627:
623:
615:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
574:
570:
566:
559:
556:
543:
537:
535:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
466:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
425:
423:
417:
415:
411:
404:
402:
400:
393:
391:
388:
384:
378:
374:
372:
367:
361:
358:
352:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
319:hottest-known
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
201:
196:
192:
190:
185:
181:
174:
170:
168:
163:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:Constellation
87:
83:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
37:
36:Bullet Galaxy
33:
19:
2747:Solar System
2622:
2432:Westerlund 2
2283:OGLE2-TR-L9b
2278:OGLE-TR-211b
2273:OGLE-TR-182b
2268:OGLE-TR-113b
2263:OGLE-TR-132b
2258:OGLE-TR-111b
1554:
1548:
1461:(1): 29â47.
1458:
1454:
1415:
1411:
1366:
1362:
1315:
1311:
1267:
1263:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1186:December 27,
1184:, retrieved
1180:the original
1175:
1162:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1064:
1060:
1007:(1): 60â65.
1004:
1000:
994:
949:
945:
935:
892:
888:
878:
835:
831:
825:
810:
797:
790:
779:. Retrieved
775:the original
770:
761:
752:
747:
741:
731:
721:
678:
674:
668:
625:
622:Astrophys. J
621:
568:
565:Astrophys. J
564:
558:
546:. Retrieved
490:
486:
450:NGC 1052-DF2
434:Galaxy group
418:
408:
395:
380:
376:
363:
359:
347:
316:
293:
262:
242:
222:
214:
210:
208:
172:
68:
32:Bullet Group
2768:Dark matter
2735:Outer space
2723:Spaceflight
2654:GRB 080916C
2427:Trumpler 16
2422:Trumpler 15
2417:Trumpler 14
2303:HD 85628 Ab
2187:OGLE2-TR-L9
2182:OGLE-TR-211
2177:OGLE-TR-182
2162:NGC 3603-A1
2152:Innes' star
2137:CPDâ57°2874
1632:α (Canopus)
1418:: L13âL16.
249:dark matter
238:light-years
233:(3.72
157:17.4 ± 2.5
115:Declination
2757:Categories
2649:GRB 000131
2522:G290.1-0.8
2392:Carina OB2
2387:Carina OB1
2298:HD 65216 c
2293:HD 65216 b
2250:Exoplanets
2172:NGC 3603-C
2167:NGC 3603-B
2147:1E 1048-59
2132:AWI0005x3s
1129:1907.07680
781:2007-09-02
681:(2): 959.
483:Tucker, W.
461:References
330:shock wave
215:1E 0657-56
180:bolometric
167:luminosity
108:06 58 37.9
2699:Astronomy
2412:Platais 8
1642:Δ (Avior)
1495:119084968
1350:119388532
1154:197545195
1101:0035-8711
1074:1410.7438
1039:119250064
1014:1003.0939
895:: 21â30.
688:0806.2320
660:119334056
444:Abell 520
390:cosmology
178:joule/s (
2674:Category
2566:Galaxies
2527:Hen 2-47
2324:clusters
2058:4325 (z)
2053:4257 (u)
2038:4177 (t)
2033:4164 (t)
2028:4159 (r)
2018:4138 (K)
2013:4114 (s)
2008:4102 (I)
2003:4089 (L)
1998:4025 (M)
1993:3884 (l)
1988:3856 (m)
1983:3825 (h)
1978:3821 (H)
1973:3728 (k)
1968:3696 (g)
1963:3663 (i)
1958:3643 (G)
1953:3598 (b)
1948:3571 (c)
1943:3415 (e)
1938:3414 (e)
1933:3260 (C)
1928:3220 (B)
1923:3159 (D)
1918:2934 (Q)
1913:2435 (N)
1850:V533 (y)
1840:V520 (w)
1830:V448 (O)
1825:V415 (A)
1820:V399 (P)
1815:V382 (x)
1810:V376 (b)
1800:V371 (z)
1795:V357 (a)
1790:V345 (E)
1785:V344 (f)
1780:V343 (d)
1770:V337 (q)
1682:Variable
1547:article
1534:Archived
1522:Harvard
1515:Harvard
1442:17977472
1403:15025801
1246:15025801
1122:: A100.
986:16684392
927:14601312
755:(photo).
748:1e065756
729:(2002).
713:14563896
603:12184057
548:March 4,
525:16140198
428:See also
383:velocity
300:theories
285:baryonic
259:Overview
143:Distance
133:Redshift
65:Redshift
2685:Portals
2542:IC 2448
2537:IC 2220
2446:Nebulae
2407:IC 2714
2402:IC 2602
2192:Sher 25
2157:LHS 288
1473:Bibcode
1381:Bibcode
1330:Bibcode
1302:2897407
1282:Bibcode
1224:Bibcode
1134:Bibcode
1079:Bibcode
1019:Bibcode
964:Bibcode
907:Bibcode
870:2897407
850:Bibcode
693:Bibcode
640:Bibcode
583:Bibcode
505:Bibcode
366:Chandra
338:quasars
235:billion
61:parsecs
2552:RCW 49
2232:WR 42e
2227:WR 31a
2222:WR 30a
2202:WR 21a
2197:WR 20a
1760:PP (p)
1529:NASA:
1493:
1440:
1401:
1348:
1300:
1244:
1152:
1099:
1037:
984:
925:
868:
711:
658:
601:
523:
281:X-rays
187:X-ray
165:X-ray
96:Carina
2711:Stars
2590:Other
2505:Other
2380:Other
2217:WR 25
2212:WR 24
2207:WR 22
2125:Other
2116:97950
2111:95086
2106:93403
2101:93250
2096:93129
2091:85628
2086:65216
2076:53143
1624:Bayer
1615:Stars
1508:CXO:
1501:CXO:
1491:S2CID
1463:arXiv
1438:S2CID
1420:arXiv
1399:S2CID
1371:arXiv
1346:S2CID
1320:arXiv
1298:S2CID
1272:arXiv
1242:S2CID
1214:arXiv
1150:S2CID
1124:arXiv
1069:arXiv
1035:S2CID
1009:arXiv
982:S2CID
954:arXiv
923:S2CID
897:arXiv
866:S2CID
840:arXiv
802:(PDF)
709:S2CID
683:arXiv
656:S2CID
630:arXiv
599:S2CID
573:arXiv
521:S2CID
495:arXiv
371:X-ray
326:Earth
273:light
265:stars
137:0.296
82:J2000
79:Epoch
2581:3059
2496:3586
2491:3584
2486:3582
2481:3581
2476:3579
2471:3576
2466:3199
2461:2867
2371:3603
2366:3532
2361:3324
2356:3293
2351:3114
2346:2808
2341:2516
2322:Star
2048:4222
2043:4205
2023:4142
1895:V906
1890:V817
1885:V816
1880:V759
1875:V752
1870:V742
1865:V640
1860:V602
1855:V560
1845:V528
1835:V518
1805:V372
1775:V341
1188:2016
1097:ISSN
550:2012
381:The
353:of 8
209:The
189:flux
2574:NGC
2454:NGC
2333:NGC
1481:doi
1459:382
1430:doi
1416:654
1389:doi
1367:371
1338:doi
1316:652
1290:doi
1268:648
1232:doi
1210:371
1142:doi
1120:628
1087:doi
1065:452
1027:doi
1005:718
972:doi
950:370
915:doi
893:801
858:doi
836:648
701:doi
679:687
648:doi
626:606
591:doi
569:604
513:doi
491:496
269:gas
240:).
231:Gpc
159:keV
127:~40
92:(s)
34:or
2759::
2068:HD
1905:HR
1765:QZ
1755:OY
1750:IX
1745:HR
1740:GG
1735:EV
1730:CK
1725:BO
1720:AG
1715:RT
1489:.
1479:.
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