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the internal walls with graffiti. The state of the museum collection was also very serious: the small objects had been left in the storerooms for more than fifteen years in a totally inappropriate environment. The national museum had been built on a high water table, which caused a dangerous increase in humidity, and collection of water inside the storerooms. The large stone artifacts has been left in their emergency casings without any ventilation and traces of corrosion from salts were visible on the lower edges of the stone monuments. The wing adjacent to the
Directorate General of Antiquities was devastated by shells which started a fire, destroying documents such as maps, photographs, and records, as well as 45 boxes containing archaeological objects. All of the laboratory equipment was lost. During the war, some items were looted and are now exhibited in
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1323:("Bulletin d’Archéologie et d’Architecture Libanaise" – Lebanese Archaeology and Architecture Bulletin) is an annual journal issued by the Directorate General of Antiquities in cooperation with the Lebanese Ministry of Culture in keeping in the tradition of the Beirut Museum Bulletin. The first volume of BAAL was issued in 1996; the journal publishes research papers, excavations and archaeological surveys and reports.
489:. In 1999 the Lebanese government started a massive campaign to recover antiquities that were stolen or traded during the civil war. Many artifacts were recovered from warehouses or private homes since Lebanese law dictates that any item more than 300 years old belongs to the state. In 2011, the ground floor restoration lab was moved and a new exhibition hall, named after prince Maurice Chehab was opened to the public.
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donated the funds for the museum's massive new main door. Once the doors and windows were put in, the decision was made to pull down the concrete wall that protected the entrance to the basement. Restoration work started in 1995 and focused on the building itself, and the inventorying and restoration
348:, George Faissy, Assad Younes, Hassan Makhzoumi, Joseph Farahi, George Korom, Jean Debs, Wafik Beydoun and Jack Tabet. The committee accepted the plans presented by architects Antoine Nahas and Pierre Leprince-Ringuet. Construction began in 1930 on a plot of land donated by the municipality near the
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When the final cease-fire was declared in 1991, the museum and the
Directorate General of Antiquities were in a state of near-destruction. The museum was flooded with rainwater and the outer facade was badly marked by bullets and craters from shells. Militiamen who occupied the premises had covered
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era. The circuit begins on the ground floor where 83 large objects are displayed, these include sarcophagi, mosaics statues and reliefs. The upper floor displays 1243 small and medium-sized artifacts arranged by chronological order and by theme in modern showcases with soft lighting and magnifying
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The preservation of cultural heritage sites was greatly assisted by landscape architects, who worked to incorporate historical sites into the planning of public areas and provide fresh ways for residents to interact with one other , also essential for preserving its identity especially in museums.
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In 1975, with the outbreak of the
Lebanese war, Beirut was split into two opposing areas. The national museum and the directorate general of antiquities were on the demarcation line known as “Museum alley” which separated the warring militias and armies. Conditions in the immediate vicinity of the
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armies, who opened and closed the road under short-lived truces. The authorities decided to close the museum. The first protective measures inside the museum were initiated by Mir
Maurice Chehab and his wife during alternating fire-fights and moments of truce. The vulnerable small artifacts were
463:, then Minister of Culture and Higher Education. The proposal to tear down the concrete walls and cases which protected the national treasures was turned down by the general director of antiquities, Camille Asmar, since the museum still had no doors or windows to prevent further looting.
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The whole site is approximately 5,500 square metres (59,000 sq ft), and the exhibition floor space totals 6,000 square metres (65,000 sq ft). The immediately adjoining museum annexes and administrative offices occupy about 1,000 square metres (11,000 sq ft).
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Opening of the underground gallery was scheduled for
November 2010, but was delayed for technical and financial difficulties. Restoration works for the 700 square metres (7,500 sq ft) floor were begun in 2014 under the initiative of Lebanese culture minister
2225:
Neil Asher
Silberman, “Postcolonial, Neo-Imperial, or a Little Bit of Both? Reflections on Museums in Lebanon,” The University of Chicago Press on Behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research, Near Eastern Archaeology, 73, no. 2/3 (September 2010): 198–201,
295:. Meanwhile, a forerunner of the Archaeological and Fine Arts Service began to assemble items from the region round Beirut. The initial collection was rapidly expanded under successive antiquity directors with the addition of finds from the excavations led by Dr.
642:(9000–3200 BC), typically spearheads, flints, hooks and pottery. These were found in caves and rock shelters all over Lebanese territory. Around five hundred prehistoric sites have been surveyed in Lebanon as a whole, and around fifty sites in Beirut itself.
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removed from their showcases and hidden in storerooms in the basement, which was then walled up, banning any access to the lower floors. On the ground floor, mosaics which had been installed in the floor were covered with a layer of concrete. Statues and
352:, and was completed in 1937. The opening of the museum was scheduled for 1938, but was postponed because of the political situation in the lead-up to World War II. The National Museum of Beirut was finally opened on May 27, 1942, by President
484:
The rehabilitation of the
National Museum was undertaken by the Ministry of Culture, the Directorate General of Antiquities and the National Heritage Foundation, to the plans of the French architect, urban planner and designer
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The basement collection showcases funerary art and practices beginning with articles dating back from prehistory until the
Ottoman era. Collection highlights include 31 Phoenician anthropomorphic sarcophagi from the
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and minister of education and fine arts, was created to raise funds to build a national museum. The founding committee included: Alfred Sursok, Marios
Hanimoglo, Albert Bassoul, Omar Daouk, Kamil Eddeh, Ali Jumblat,
1303:("Beirut Museum Bulletin"), which reached 36 volumes before publication was stopped in 1986 by the civil war. The journal covered archaeological finds, sites and ancient civilizations. In 1995 the museum and the
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but only parts of the ground floor and basement were made accessible since the remainder of the building was still under repair and important modifications were needed to meet the requirements of modern
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museum rapidly worsened, as the museum endured shelling and bombing, and was turned into a barracks for combatants. "Museum alley" became a checkpoint controlled by various
Lebanese militias, or the
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became the language of the administration, then progressively replaced local dialects among the population. Artifacts from the Mamluk period (636–1516 CE include coins, gold jewelry, and glazed
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standards. The museum was again closed to the public in July 1998 to achieve restoration works. On October 8, 1999, the museum re-opened its doors to the public under the patronage of president
607:
The National Museum of Beirut currently exhibits 1300 artifacts from its collection of approximately 100,000 objects. The museum displays follow a chronological circuit beginning in
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591:. It comprises a basement, a ground floor, a mezzanine floor and a terrace; the central block is covered by a glass roof, above the mezzanine, giving natural overhead light.
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population substratum, which remained faithful to its gods and its language. It resulted in an artistic and architectural symbiosis best illustrated in the artifacts of
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civilization, which culminated in its maritime expansion and the transmission to other cultures of the alphabet (which was attributed by the Greek legend to the
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million for the project through the Italian Development Cooperation. The basement was finally reopened on October 7, 2016, with an official ceremony presided by
1202:. The Lebanese cities were attached to the latter, and converted to Christianity which became the state religion in 392. The emperor ordered the destruction of
736:(3200–1200 BC) saw the birth of Lebanon's first fortified villages, the development of commercial and maritime activities and the invention of the world's
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Today, after a major renovation, the National Museum of Beirut has regained its former position, with about 1300 artifacts exhibited ranging in date from
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CE, and which is believed to be one of the oldest discovered representations of Mary in the world. Other artifacts of note are the naturally preserved
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was completed in 637 CE. The expansion of the coastal cities, which had slowed down after earthquakes in the 6th century, revived during the
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building and its collection suffered extensive damage in the war, but most of the artifacts were saved by last-minute preemptive measures.
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The museum is located in Beirut's Mazra'a district on the intersection of Abdallah al-Yafi avenue and Damascus road; it is flanked by the
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Despite issues with political violence and civil upheaval, Lebanon's museums have promoted national identity and cultural heritage.
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were protected by sandbags. When the situation reached its worst in 1982, the heavier artifacts were encased in wood and concrete.
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1996:
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period. Their harbors and shipyards showed renewed activity, and the hinterland saw extensive irrigation work for agriculture.
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232:, and the museum was officially opened in 1942. The museum has collections totaling about 100,000 objects, most of which are
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977:. The Seleucids abolished local monarchies, and appointed governors (bearing Greek names) to rule the Phoenician cities.
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hegemony. The occupying civilizations influenced Phoenician ceramics, jewelry and ivory work, statues, and sarcophagi.
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2512:"National Museum of Beirut (Lebanon): Address, Phone Number, Tickets & Tours, Attraction Reviews - TripAdvisor"
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Lebanon was directly affected by the various dynastic changes which brought to power successively the Umayyads,
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museums, whilst others have been auctioned. Ironically, these had been stolen from external stores, mainly in
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364:, the Lebanese conservator of the National Library. The collection continued to grow under the direction of
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1959:"The biggest supermarket in Lebanon – A Journalist investigates the plundering of Lebanon's heritage"
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Seven Wise Men Mosaic: Calliope, surrounded by Socrates and seven wise men (Baalbeck, 3rd century AD)
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1079:. But Roman civil wars continued to disrupt the region until 31 BC, after which, with the reign of
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of the collection. The museum was officially inaugurated on November 25, 1997, by then president
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Heliopolitanus were kept alive by the local population and survived in some form for centuries.
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2404:"Le sanctuaire de Kharayeb et l'évolution de l'imagerie phénicienne dans l'arrière-pays de Tyr"
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The collection has prehistoric artifacts from early hunter-gatherer societies ranging from the
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put an end to the anarchy prevailing in the Seleucid Empire, and Phoenicia became part of the
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336:
2410:(Supplément 13 La Phénicie hellénistique - Actes du colloque international de Toulouse): 246.
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Grace Mansour, “Rebuilding Beirut,” Architecture Media Pty Ltd 27, no. 3 (107) (2005): 28–32
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extended over the area. The pax romana favored international trade, and local industries in
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1888:"Preventive Measures for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Event of Armed Conflict"
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by the architects Antoine Nahas and Pierre Leprince-Ringuet, and built with Lebanese ochre
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2018:
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and medieval finds from excavations undertaken by the Directorate General of Antiquities.
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2243:. Blackwell studies in global archaeology. Vol. 6 (2005 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
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866:). During this period, after an era of autonomy, the city-states of the area came under
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243:, the museum stood on the front line that separated the warring factions. The museum's
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2353:"Twenty-nine new documentary collections inscribed on the Memory of the World Register"
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356:. Until 1928, the conservation of the Lebanese National Museum was put in the hands of
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A visit to the Museum... The short guide of the National Museum of Beirut, Lebanon
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1925:"Poignant exhibition showcases Debaal artifacts 40 years after discovery"
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327:, the director of the American Mission School of Sidon, posthumously in 1930.
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building. A small theater and a gift shop flank the ground floor entry hall.
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149:
2273:
Pharès, Joseph (December 2003). "The National Museum of Lebanon in Beirut".
2201:"The National Museum's Underground Floor Officially Reopened! | Blog Baladi"
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In 1919, a small group of ancient artifacts collected by Raymond Weill, a
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19th century engraving of the Kaiserswerth deaconesses building in Beirut
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744:. This collection includes the museum's masterpiece: the sarcophagus of
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Maurice Chehab initiated in 1936 the museum's first publication, the
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and were carried out with financial and technical support from the
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stationed in Lebanon, was exhibited at a provisional museum in the
2167:عرض نواويس ومقتنيات جنائزية ورسم للعذراء في المتحف الوطني اللبناني
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gold and precious stones, Royal cemetery, Byblos, 18th century BC
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Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
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The first plans to restore the national museum came in 1992 from
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Greek influence, which had made its way to Phoenicia during the
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foundation resumed publication of a bi-annual journal entitled
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Oggiano, Ida (2013). Aliquot, Julien; Bonnet, Corinne (eds.).
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glasses that emphasize the aesthetic aspect of the artifacts.
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Period (64 BC–395 CE) section collection highlights include:
18:
Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises
1508:
Charles Kettaneh Foundation; Omar Daouk Foundation (2008).
950:
period (333–64 BC). In 333 BC, the decisive victory won by
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gold and ivory, Obelisk temple – Byblos, 19-18th century BC
1831:
Censorship of historical thought: a world guide, 1945–2000
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gilded bronze, Obelisk temple – Byblos, 19-18th century BC
772:
gilded bronze, Obelisk temple – Byblos, 19-18th century BC
335:
In 1923, the "Friends of the Museum Committee", headed by
2377:
Parrot, André; Maurice Chehab; Sabatino Moscati (2007).
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gold and bronze, Royal cemetery, Byblos, 18th century BC
1969:. Beirut: American University of Beirut. Archived from
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In 64 BC, the military expedition of the Roman general
448:, in which they were kept to avoid damage and looting.
2322:"Bienvenue au Musée National de Beyrouth – Collection"
2118:
Beirut Museum to Open Basement in November – Jad Aoun
315:. Donations of private collections included those of
1722:
Reviving Phoenicia: in search of identity in Lebanon
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period, now became stronger. Figurines found in the
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After Alexander's death, Phoenicia first came under
371:, head curator for 33 years, until the start of the
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The Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum
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marble, Bustan esh Sheikh (near Sidon), ca. 350 BCE
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818:limestone, Byblos royal cemetery, 10th century BC.
1695:"Where @ Lebanon.com – Museums – National Museum"
786:gold, Obelisk temple – Byblos, 19-18th century BC
360:, the director of the service of antiquities and
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72:
2130:"National Museum's basement rises from the dead"
2089:"المتحف الوطني | الجهات التابعة | وزارة الثقافة"
702:: 19-18th century BC gilded bronze statuette of
1305:Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum
1194:in 395 CE, the Roman Empire was divided into a
855:(1200–333 BC) in Lebanon saw the climax of the
501:One of the anthropomorphic sarcophagi from the
1512:. Anis commercial printing press. p. 96.
2595:360 Panorama of the National Museum of Beirut
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992:influence on local craftsmen. This spreading
583:The museum was designed in a French inspired
8:
2174:(in Arabic). Thomson Reuters. Archived from
1283:. During this long period, Islam spread and
881:Key highlights of the collections include:
32:
2568:"National Museum of Beirut - Lonely Planet"
2241:The archaeology of Mediterranean prehistory
1833:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 694.
1779:
1777:
53:The facade of the National Museum of Beirut
2452:Archaeology and History of Lebanon-journal
2239:Blake, Emma; Arthur Bernard Knapp (2005).
47:
38:
31:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1559:"Bienvenue au Musée National de Beyrouth"
1553:
1551:
1549:
958:opened Phoenicia to the Greek conqueror.
902:marble, Bustan esh Sheikh, 4th century BC
2326:The Beirut National Museum Official Site
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1563:The Beirut National Museum Official Site
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2669:Museums of Ancient Near East in Lebanon
2044:"Lessons from Beirut on bombed-out art"
1852:
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1462:Farshakh Bejjani, Uan (June 23, 2010).
1433:"Central Administration for Statistics"
1424:
1346:
822:King Ip Shemu Abi's crown and scepter:
526:, the Lebanese prime minister and the
2228:https://www.jstor.org/stable/25754050
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1371:Ancient tombs displayed in the museum
829:King Abi Shemu's jewelry collection:
710:, and votive gilded bronze statuettes
7:
2448:"Archaeology and History of Lebanon"
2064:"Lebanon recovers ancient treasures"
1628:Ernest Renan: In the Shadow of Faith
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
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2062:Christopher Hack (March 24, 1999).
1859:"Saving the Beirut National Museum"
1720:Kaufman, Asher (January 23, 2004).
1660:"Lebanon's Archaeological Heritage"
1599:"The Beirut Museum Opens its Doors"
1357:Some of the artifacts in the museum
213:
108:National Museum of Beirut (Lebanon)
2134:The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon
1784:Viner, Katharine (March 6, 1999).
1664:Lebanese Center for Policy Studies
1337:Directorate General of Antiquities
1309:Archaeology and History in Lebanon
1206:temples, but cults like those of
25:
2654:Archaeological museums in Lebanon
1437:2006 Statistical monthly bulletin
965:rule from Egypt, then, after the
715:: 10th-11th century BC limestone
624:Neolithic Flint point from Byblos
2287:10.1111/j.1350-0775.2003.00435.x
2019:"Biography Jean-Michel WILMOTTE"
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1054:Sarcophagus with Achilles legend
986:Phoenician Sanctuary of Kharayeb
810:From the Byblos royal cemetery:
683:
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663:
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71:
64:
2422:"Bulletin Du Musée De Beyrouth"
556:of ‘Assi el Hadath cave in the
2477:Lebanese Ministry of Culture.
2136:. May 17, 2014. Archived from
1:
2600:The National Museum of Beirut
2048:The Christian Science Monitor
1752:"Beirut's past comes to life"
1750:Young, Penny (October 1995).
1301:Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth
1243:Coins and jewelry collection.
1221:period (395–636 CE) include:
840:ivory, Sidon, 14th century BC
585:Egyptian Revival architecture
546:
228:. The collection begun after
220:) is the principal museum of
127:
1248:Arab conquest, Mamluk period
1179:marble, Tyre, 3rd century CE
1124:marble, Tyre, 2nd century CE
1113:marble, Tyre, 2nd century CE
319:’s coin collection, General
2659:Museums established in 1937
1724:. I.B.Tauris. p. 277.
1012:Sanctuary of Eshmun tribune
2690:
2664:Egyptian Revival buildings
2479:"Archeologie/Publications"
1762:(10). London: 4. 0018-2753
996:interacted with the local
887:Ford Collection sarcophagi
838:Duck shaped cosmetic box:
429:Tyre Phoenician necropolis
2639:National Museum of Beirut
2537:"Ministère de la Culture"
1829:de Baets, Antoon (2002).
1630:. London, UK: Duckworth.
560:and the frescoed tomb of
287:Deaconesses' building in
206:National Museum of Beirut
58:
46:
37:
33:National Museum of Beirut
2381:(in French). Gallimard.
2166:
1804:"Beirut National Museum"
1626:Lee, David C.J. (1996).
1470:. Beirut. Archived from
1254:Arab conquest of Lebanon
896:votive statues from the
543:Mary the mother of Jesus
505:, marble, 4th century BC
455:Reopening and renovation
2483:Ministere de la Culture
1993:"Beirut's Architecture"
1464:"المتـــاحف للجميـــع!"
1327:Location and facilities
1225:The "Jealousy" mosaic:
1007:Collection highlights:
1004:and Bustan esh Sheikh.
939:with inscriptions from
751:Collection highlights:
638:(1M–150,000 BC) to the
379:Closing and devastation
218:Matḥaf Bayrūt al-waṭanī
163:33.878384°N 35.514959°E
2281:(3–4). UNESCO: 38–43.
1091:, glass, textiles and
1063:
1055:
954:over the Persian king
943:
891:marble, 4th century BC
757:Temple of the Obelisks
626:
580:
506:
432:
404:
276:
256:medieval Mamluk period
80:Location within Beirut
1232:Elements of a church
1061:
1053:
934:
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578:
541:, a fresco depicting
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427:
386:
274:
2606:, 12 September 2009
2547:on November 24, 2004
2492:on December 26, 2004
2458:on December 14, 2007
2426:Maisonneuve editions
2275:Museum International
1443:on November 13, 2010
1046:from around Lebanon.
1037:terracotta, Kharayeb
487:Jean-Michel Wilmotte
168:33.878384; 35.514959
2618:The National Museum
2516:www.tripadvisor.com
2178:on October 11, 2016
2099:on February 2, 2017
2042:(August 21, 2003).
1923:Gariné Tcholakian.
1217:Artifacts from the
1190:After the death of
952:Alexander the Great
362:Philippe de Tarazzi
159: /
111:Show map of Lebanon
34:
2207:. October 10, 2016
1999:on January 7, 2018
1569:on August 18, 2013
1385:Side of the museum
1064:
1056:
1044:Thrones of Astarte
944:
937:Phoenician sundial
927:Hellenistic period
814:Ahiram sarcophagus
784:Fenestrated axes:
693:Bronze age Byblos:
627:
611:and ending in the
581:
516:Italian government
507:
493:Basement reopening
433:
405:
373:Lebanese Civil War
358:Charles Virolleaud
325:George Alfred Ford
277:
241:Lebanese Civil War
214:متحف بيروت الوطنيّ
83:Show map of Beirut
2649:Museums in Beirut
2388:978-2-07-011897-7
2140:on April 25, 2019
1840:978-0-313-31193-2
1701:on March 17, 2008
1670:on March 16, 2008
1519:978-9953-0-0038-1
1333:Beirut hippodrome
636:Lower Paleolithic
518:who provided €1.2
350:Beirut Hippodrome
337:Bechara El Khoury
252:prehistoric times
202:
201:
198:Anne-Marie Ofeish
27:Museum in Lebanon
16:(Redirected from
2681:
2644:National museums
2622:Discover Lebanon
2609:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2566:Planet, Lonely.
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2543:. Archived from
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2485:. Archived from
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2454:. Archived from
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2328:. Archived from
2318:
2299:
2298:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2126:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2095:. Archived from
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1995:. Archived from
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1935:on March 3, 2016
1931:. Archived from
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1904:on March 3, 2016
1903:
1897:. Archived from
1892:
1884:Fabio Maniscalco
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1810:on July 18, 2011
1806:. Archived from
1800:
1794:
1793:
1786:"Rubble rousers"
1781:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1747:
1736:
1735:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1697:. Archived from
1691:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:. Archived from
1655:
1642:
1641:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1597:Brigitte Colin.
1594:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1565:. Archived from
1555:
1524:
1523:
1505:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1439:. Archived from
1429:
1409:
1395:
1381:
1367:
1353:
1186:Byzantine period
1169:, 3rd century CE
1138:, 3rd century CE
973:based in modern
967:Battle of Panium
920:, 5th century BC
898:Temple of Eshmun
803:Abishemu obelisk
777:Decorated knife:
768:Byblos figurines
700:Byblos figurines
687:
678:
667:
658:
554:Maronite mummies
551:
548:
521:
403:, 2nd century CE
389:Ship sarcophagus
297:Georges Contenau
245:Egyptian Revival
239:During the 1975
215:
174:
173:
171:
170:
169:
164:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
112:
103:
102:
96:
84:
75:
74:
68:
51:
42:
35:
21:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2629:
2628:
2607:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2302:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2172:ara.reuters.com
2168:
2164:Bassam, Leila.
2163:
2162:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1973:on May 27, 2019
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1857:Nina Jedijian.
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1527:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1474:on May 22, 2010
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1329:
1297:
1250:
1188:
1069:
929:
849:
730:
729:
728:
727:
711:
694:
690:
689:
688:
680:
679:
670:
669:
668:
660:
659:
648:
632:
625:
605:
579:Museum interior
573:
549:
539:Ford collection
531:Paolo Gentiloni
519:
503:Ford collection
495:
457:
451:
381:
354:Alfred Naqqache
333:
269:
264:
167:
165:
161:
158:
153:
150:
148:
146:
145:
116:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2674:Phoenician art
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2610:
2597:
2590:
2589:External links
2587:
2585:
2584:
2558:
2541:culture.gov.lb
2528:
2503:
2469:
2439:
2413:
2394:
2387:
2379:Les Phéniciens
2369:
2343:
2332:on May 9, 2008
2300:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2231:
2218:
2205:blogbaladi.com
2189:
2151:
2121:
2110:
2080:
2054:
2031:
2010:
1984:
1946:
1915:
1875:
1863:The Daily Star
1846:
1839:
1821:
1795:
1773:
1737:
1730:
1712:
1681:
1658:Helga Seeden.
1643:
1636:
1618:
1580:
1525:
1518:
1485:
1454:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1325:
1296:
1293:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:marble, Beirut
1230:
1200:eastern empire
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1162:seven wise men
1155:
1141:
1127:
1116:
1089:silversmithing
1068:
1065:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1030:
1027:marble, Beirut
1019:
928:
925:
924:
923:
905:
894:
848:
845:
844:
843:
836:
835:
834:
827:
820:
808:
807:
806:
800:
789:
782:
775:
738:first alphabet
692:
691:
682:
681:
673:
672:
671:
662:
661:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
647:
644:
631:
628:
623:
604:
601:
572:
569:
558:Qadisha valley
494:
491:
456:
453:
380:
377:
369:Maurice Chehab
346:Henry Pharaoun
341:Prime Minister
332:
329:
281:French officer
268:
265:
263:
260:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
182:Archaeological
180:
176:
175:
143:
137:
136:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
107:
98:
97:
91:
90:
89:
88:
79:
70:
69:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2686:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2573:
2572:Lonely Planet
2569:
2562:
2559:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2490:(ministerial)
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2358:
2354:
2351:UNESCOPRESS.
2347:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2250:9780631232681
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2098:
2094:
2093:وزارة الثقافة
2090:
2084:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:Erlich, Reese
2035:
2032:
2020:
2014:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1761:
1757:
1756:History Today
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:9781860649820
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:0-7156-2720-1
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1375:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1129:Abduction of
1128:
1125:
1122:sarcophagus:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
994:Hellenization
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
942:
938:
933:
926:
921:
919:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
895:
892:
888:
884:
883:
882:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
858:
854:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
825:
821:
819:
815:
812:
811:
809:
804:
801:
798:
794:
791:Statuette of
790:
787:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
764:
762:
758:
754:
753:
752:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
686:
677:
666:
657:
645:
643:
641:
637:
629:
621:
617:
614:
610:
602:
600:
596:
592:
590:
586:
577:
570:
568:
565:
563:
559:
555:
544:
540:
534:
532:
529:
525:
517:
513:
504:
499:
492:
490:
488:
482:
480:
476:
471:
466:
465:Ghassan Tueni
462:
454:
452:
449:
447:
443:
439:
430:
426:
422:
420:
415:
411:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
378:
376:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Georges Picot
286:
282:
273:
266:
261:
259:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
207:
197:
193:
190:40,211 (2009)
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
144:
142:
138:
134:
131:
123:
119:
95:
67:
57:
50:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2626:
2621:
2603:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:the original
2540:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:
2506:
2496:September 3,
2494:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2482:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:the original
2451:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2425:
2416:
2407:
2397:
2378:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:the original
2325:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2204:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:the original
2171:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:the original
2133:
2124:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2092:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2057:
2047:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1966:
1962:
1955:Fisk, Robert
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:the original
1928:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1894:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:
1830:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:the original
1798:
1790:The Guardian
1789:
1764:. Retrieved
1759:
1755:
1721:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1663:
1627:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1562:
1509:
1476:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1467:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1436:
1427:
1330:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1295:Publications
1262:
1251:
1237:
1226:
1216:
1192:Theodosius I
1189:
1178:
1165:
1148:
1134:
1123:
1112:
1097:
1070:
1067:Roman period
1036:
1026:
1015:
1006:
979:
969:, under the
960:
945:
915:
901:
890:
880:
850:
839:
830:
823:
817:
796:
785:
778:
771:
750:
731:
712:
695:
633:
606:
597:
593:
582:
571:Architecture
566:
535:
524:Tammam Salam
508:
483:
479:Emile Lahoud
458:
450:
434:
406:
334:
323:in 1925 and
317:Henry Seyrig
305:Ernest Renan
285:Kaiserswerth
278:
249:
238:
217:
205:
203:
29:
2608:(in Arabic)
2428:(in French)
2211:October 11,
2182:October 11,
2144:October 11,
2103:January 23,
1109:sarcophagus
1095:developed.
1077:Roman world
1035:figurines:
1002:Umm al-Amad
948:Hellenistic
941:Umm al-Amad
717:sarcophagus
603:Collections
512:Rony Araiji
470:Elias Hrawi
461:Michel Edde
393:sarcophagus
234:antiquities
230:World War I
222:archaeology
166: /
141:Coordinates
121:Established
2633:Categories
1929:Daily Star
1895:Webjournal
1420:References
1289:terracotta
1143:Statue of
1085:pax romana
1033:Greek gods
1021:Statue of
956:Darius III
935:Limestone
910:with bull
872:Babylonian
857:Phoenician
734:Bronze Age
713:Bottom row
704:Phoenician
646:Bronze age
630:Prehistory
609:Prehistory
550: 240
419:sarcophagi
397:Phoenician
395:showing a
331:Foundation
307:at Saida,
154:35°30′54″E
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1939:April 18,
1908:April 19,
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1573:April 16,
1468:al-Akhbar
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1042:Multiple
1023:Aphrodite
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