108:
When his family, who believed him to be lost in the desert, found him in Abū Sayfayn, they brought him home and tried to convince him to return to Islam. Failing in this, his father sent him away. He travelled to the monasteries of the
113:, where he took vows as a monk. A fellow monk convinced him to publicly declare his conversion in Cairo. This provoked his father to extreme measures to bring him back to Islam. When these failed, he denounced his son to the Caliph
197:, Ibn Rajāʾ wrote three works. The last of these is preserved and in it he cites his two earlier works. These two works are not known for certain to be extant, although copies may exist in a private collection in
47:
Ibn Rajāʾ was born probably in the 950s. His given name at birth was Yūsuf. His full name appears in the sources as al-Wāḍiḥ Yūsuf ibn Rajāʾ, al-Wāḍiḥ ibn Rajāʾ or Būluṣ ibn Rajāʾ. He was born in
878:
838:
214:('Demonstration on the Contradiction of the Hadith' 'Disclosing the Contradictions in the Hadith', 'Clarification Concerning the Contradiction of the Hadith'), possibly also called
908:
140:. He gave an oral account his life to Theodore, who later passed it on to Michael of Damrū, who in 1051 incorporated Ibn Rajāʾ's biography into his continuation of the
888:
868:
873:
222:
858:
147:
704:
Bertaina, David (2018). "Būluṣ ibn Rajāʾ on the
History and Integrity of the Qurʾan: Copto-Islamic Controversy in Fatimid Cairo". In Mark Beaumont (ed.).
124:
Ibn Rajāʾ returned to the Wādī al-Naṭrūn and was ordained a priest. He built a church dedicated to Saint
Michael in Raʾs al-Khalīj. His father sent some
62:
Fāṭimid court. The name of his mother is unknown. She may have been a
Christian, but she was probably not a Copt, since her son grew up ignorant of the
883:
137:
142:
282:('Book of Denuding or Exposing, or the Discloser'). It is preserved in whole or in part in four Arabic manuscripts and in one Latin manuscript.
117:, who appointed the chief judge of Egypt to investigate the case. He received support from notable figures such as the caliph's Christian wife,
863:
853:
208:('Anecdotes of the Commentators', 'The Choice Passages of the Exegetes and the Corruption of the Opponents', 'Rare Points of the Interpreter')
848:
843:
226:('Clarity in Truth', 'The Truthful Exposer', 'Book of Evidence', 'The Book of al-Wāḍiḥ', or 'The Book of That Which is Clear'), also called
789:
Hagiographical
Discourse in Medieval Arabic Christianity: A Study of Anthony al-Qurashi and Būlus ibn Raja as a Discourse of Parrhesia
903:
893:
294:
898:
253:
in manuscripts now inaccessible to scholars. He describes the former as a refutation of Islam. Its title implies that it cites
833:
114:
110:
118:
765:
298:
102:
158:
24:
150:(979–1003). Ibn Rajāʾ was still alive in August 1009, since he wrote that 400 years had passed in the
828:
297:. The two spent much time in discussions on biblical interpretation. They were among the pioneers of
787:
178:
133:
98:
243:
259:
to this end. The title of the second work implies that it points out the contradictions in the
181:. Ibn Kabar claims that he wrote an autobiography, but this may be a mistaken reference to the
760:
32:
28:
756:
161:
does not formally recognize Ibn Rajāʾ as a saint, but rather as a "holy exemplar". Michael's
734:
709:
692:
151:
63:
170:
97:
and was moved by his prophetic final words. Later, probably in the 980s, he undertook a
162:
81:
822:
800:
Swanson, Mark N. (2010a). "Būluṣ ibn Rajāʾ". In David Thomas; Alex
Mallett (eds.).
774:
738:
90:
70:
748:
Būluṣ ibn Rajāʾ: The
Fatimid Egyptian Convert Who Shaped Christian Views of Islam
86:
706:
Arab
Christians and the Qurʾan from the Origins of Islam to the Medieval Period
713:
696:
129:
248:
93:(973–975), he witnessed the execution of a Muslim convert to Christianity in
174:
94:
255:
75:
55:
52:
125:
725:: How Fāṭimid Controversies Shaped Medieval European Views of Islam".
198:
36:
275:
48:
132:. There he served as steward of the church of Saint Theodore in
101:, but became lost during the return journey. He wound up in the
59:
603:
601:
599:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
769:. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan Publishers. col. 2311a.
618:
616:
555:
553:
434:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
344:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
319:
317:
315:
313:
574:
572:
570:
568:
218:('The Disclosure of the Veiled', 'Unveiling the Veiled')
136:. There he also met Theodore ibn Mīnā, secretary of the
105:, where he converted and was baptised as Būluṣ (Paul).
802:
Christian–Muslim
Relations: A Bibliographical History
721:Bertaina, David (2020). "The Arabic Version of the
293:, Ibn Rajāʾ was a close friend and collaborator of
280:
Liber denudationis sive ostensionis aut patefaciens
804:. Vol. 2 (900–1050). Brill. pp. 541–546.
795:(Bachelor's thesis). University College Stockholm.
879:Prisoners and detainees of the Fatimid Caliphate
165:biography, however, refers to him as a "saint" (
169:). Other medieval sources on Ibn Rajāʾ include
839:10th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
811:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641–1517)
206:Nawādir al-mufassirīn wa-taḥrīf al-mukhālifīn
8:
685:Intellectual History of the Islamicate World
51:, where his father, Rajāʾ al-Shahīd, was a
154:. He was buried in the church in Sandafā.
909:Converts to Oriental Orthodoxy from Islam
590:
578:
646:
634:
622:
607:
559:
544:
519:
498:
486:
474:
462:
450:
438:
405:
393:
381:
369:
348:
323:
19:(born 950s, died after 1009), nicknamed
309:
143:History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria
23:('the Exposer' or 'Clarifier'), was a
889:Coptic Orthodox Christians from Egypt
813:. American University in Cairo Press.
658:
128:to kill him, but he escaped into the
27:monk, priest and apologist under the
7:
869:11th-century Arabic-language writers
727:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
278:in the 13th century under the title
874:Scholars from the Fatimid Caliphate
212:Kitāb al-ibāna fī tanāquḍ al-ḥadīth
859:10th-century Christian theologians
193:According to the biography in the
14:
89:. During the reign of the Caliph
884:Copts from the Fatimid Caliphate
779:The A to Z of the Coptic Church
683:of Būluṣ Ibn Rajāʾ (c. 1000)".
593:takes this to be a fourth work.
1:
864:10th-century Christian saints
854:10th-century Christian clergy
739:10.1080/09596410.2021.1872925
121:, and was eventually let go.
849:10th-century Christian monks
844:10th-century Egyptian people
755:Frederick, Vincent (1991).
708:. Brill. pp. 174–195.
79:(Qurʾānic interpretation),
925:
809:Swanson, Mark N. (2010b).
786:Hanna, Sally Adel (2020).
267:is reported by Ibn Kabar.
714:10.1163/9789004360747_010
697:10.1163/2212943X-00201016
675:Bertaina, David (2014). "
287:History of the Patriarchs
195:History of the Patriarchs
183:History of the Patriarchs
146:under the patriachate of
746:Bertaina, David (2021).
679:in the Christian Arabic
223:Kitāb al-wāḍiḥ bi-l-ḥaqq
904:Copto-Arabic literature
894:Coptic Orthodox priests
766:The Coptic Encyclopedia
299:Copto-Arabic literature
295:Sāwīrus ibn al-Muqaffaʿ
119:al-Sayyida al-ʿAzīziyya
899:Coptic Orthodox saints
757:"Wadih Ibn Raja', Al-"
285:According to both the
159:Coptic Orthodox Church
69:Ibn Rajāʾ studied the
103:church of Abū Sayfayn
274:was translated into
834:11th-century deaths
610:, pp. 543–545.
547:, pp. 545–546.
453:, pp. 542–543.
408:, pp. 428–429.
396:, pp. 541–542.
99:pilgrimage to Mecca
781:. Scarecrow Press.
723:Liber Denudationis
477:, p. 429 n28.
263:corpus. The title
230:('The Confession')
33:convert from Islam
761:Aziz Suryal Atiya
637:, pp. 93–97.
384:, p. 15 n48.
242:were reported by
29:Fāṭimid Caliphate
916:
814:
805:
796:
794:
782:
770:
751:
742:
717:
700:
691:(1–2): 267–286.
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
611:
605:
594:
588:
582:
576:
563:
557:
548:
542:
523:
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496:
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484:
478:
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436:
409:
403:
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385:
379:
373:
367:
352:
346:
327:
321:
252:
152:Islamic calendar
115:al-ʿAzīz Bi'llāh
85:(tradition) and
25:Coptic Christian
924:
923:
919:
918:
917:
915:
914:
913:
819:
818:
817:
808:
799:
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745:
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633:
629:
621:
614:
606:
597:
589:
585:
577:
566:
558:
551:
543:
526:
518:
505:
497:
493:
489:, p. 3 n1.
485:
481:
473:
469:
461:
457:
449:
445:
437:
412:
404:
400:
392:
388:
380:
376:
368:
355:
347:
330:
322:
311:
307:
246:
191:
64:Coptic language
45:
17:Būluṣ ibn Rajāʾ
12:
11:
5:
922:
920:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
821:
820:
816:
815:
806:
797:
783:
771:
752:
743:
733:(4): 425–443.
718:
701:
671:
669:
666:
664:
663:
651:
639:
627:
625:, p. 426.
612:
595:
591:Frederick 1991
583:
579:Frederick 1991
564:
562:, p. 545.
549:
524:
503:
501:, p. 543.
491:
479:
467:
455:
443:
441:, p. 429.
410:
398:
386:
374:
372:, p. 542.
353:
351:, p. 428.
328:
326:, p. 541.
308:
306:
303:
291:Kitāb al-wāḍiḥ
272:Kitāb al-wāḍiḥ
265:Hatk al-maḥjūb
240:Kitāb al-ibāna
232:
231:
219:
216:Hatk al-maḥjūb
209:
190:
187:
163:hagiographical
111:Wādī al-Naṭrūn
44:
41:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
921:
910:
907:
905:
902:
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897:
895:
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875:
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867:
865:
862:
860:
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852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
824:
812:
807:
803:
798:
791:
790:
784:
780:
776:
775:Gabra, Gawdat
772:
768:
767:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
672:
667:
661:, p. 26.
660:
655:
652:
649:, p. 33.
648:
647:Bertaina 2021
643:
640:
636:
635:Bertaina 2021
631:
628:
624:
623:Bertaina 2020
619:
617:
613:
609:
608:Swanson 2010a
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
575:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:Swanson 2010a
556:
554:
550:
546:
545:Swanson 2010a
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
525:
522:, p. 20.
521:
520:Bertaina 2021
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
499:Swanson 2010a
495:
492:
488:
487:Bertaina 2021
483:
480:
476:
475:Bertaina 2020
471:
468:
465:, p. 25.
464:
463:Bertaina 2021
459:
456:
452:
451:Swanson 2010a
447:
444:
440:
439:Bertaina 2020
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:Bertaina 2020
402:
399:
395:
394:Swanson 2010a
390:
387:
383:
382:Bertaina 2021
378:
375:
371:
370:Swanson 2010a
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
349:Bertaina 2020
345:
343:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
324:Swanson 2010a
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179:Yūsāb of Fuwa
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153:
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135:
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127:
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100:
96:
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88:
84:
83:
78:
77:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
42:
40:
38:
35:who wrote in
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
810:
801:
788:
778:
764:
747:
730:
726:
722:
705:
688:
684:
680:
676:
668:Bibliography
654:
642:
630:
586:
494:
482:
470:
458:
446:
401:
389:
377:
290:
289:and his own
286:
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264:
260:
254:
239:
235:
233:
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182:
171:Ibn al-Rāhib
166:
156:
141:
123:
107:
80:
74:
68:
46:
20:
16:
15:
829:950s births
247: [
87:Islamic law
31:. He was a
823:Categories
659:Gabra 2009
244:Paul Sbath
228:al-Iʿtirāf
148:Philotheos
138:Holy Synod
130:Nile Delta
175:Ibn Kabar
167:al-qiddīs
95:Old Cairo
91:al-Muʿizz
777:(2009).
750:. Brill.
238:and the
21:al-Wāḍiḥ
763:(ed.).
236:Nawādir
134:Sandafā
126:Bedouin
58:at the
677:Ḥadīth
261:ḥadīth
256:tafsīr
199:Aleppo
82:ḥadīth
76:tafsīr
71:Qurʾān
56:jurist
37:Arabic
793:(PDF)
759:. In
681:Kalām
305:Notes
276:Latin
251:]
189:Works
53:Sunnī
49:Cairo
270:The
234:The
177:and
157:The
60:Shia
43:Life
735:doi
710:doi
693:doi
825::
731:31
729:.
687:.
615:^
598:^
567:^
552:^
527:^
506:^
413:^
356:^
331:^
312:^
301:.
249:fr
201:.
185:.
173:,
73:,
66:.
39:.
741:.
737::
716:.
712::
699:.
695::
689:2
581:.
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