445:
660:
597:, the kingdom had no heir at the death of King Chikhatharö. As Bumthang subjects quarreled, they also prayed to the God of Heaven. The God of Heaven sent his son, who entered a village woman's womb and was born as Lhagon Pelchen and became king. After three generations, the royal line again extinguished, but not before Lhagon Pelchen's grandson gave instructions on finding his next incarnation. His survivors went to central
358:
253:
1578:
966:
625:
account, however the God of Heaven, in the form of a snake, impregnated the betrothed of King
Dungsamkha. The offspring took the form of a fish, and was caught in the net of a fisherman who decided to keep him alive upon discovering he could speak. The fish turned into a child while the fisherman was
626:
at work, performing chores for his host. While in this form, this fisherman one day threw out the fish skin, leaving the child a human. The half-god was made chief of the region and won control of Ura and Mongar. Before his death, he predicted he would be reincarnated as a child in central
348:
The king's daughter went to live in the cave of Dorji Tsepa, where her Guru meditated. She acted as
Dupdemo, whose duty was to fetch water and help the Guru in his religious activities. She came to be known as Machig Bumden ("single mother") because of her reputable religious service.
341:. After capturing the demon and converting it to Buddhism, Guru Rinpoche cured the Bumthang king. The king himself also converted to Buddhism. and went on to found several pilgrimage sites including Kuje Temple. As a result, many mountains and deities worshipped by
301:
religious practices that had also been prevalent in Tibet until the late 6th century. Instead, Buddhism absorbed Bön and its believers. As the country developed in its many fertile valleys, Buddhism matured and became a unifying element. It was
453:
377:(605 or 617?–649). Jambey Lhakhang was destroyed by demons who prevented its reconstruction. To drive them off, villagers danced naked under the full moon, causing the demons confusion and panic. To celebrate the legend, a local dance
693:
saint. The Nyö clan emerged as a local aristocracy, supplanting many older aristocratic families of
Tibetan origin that sided with Tibet during invasions of Bhutan. In doing so, the clan came to occupy the hereditary position of
317:
king who had established a government in
Bumthang at Chakhar Gutho Palace. The king was engaged in a war against King Nawuchhe, another Indian king to the south, during which the king fell physically ill due to possession by a
771:
ultimately prevailed against the pro-Tibet and anti-Britain Penlop of Paro after a series of civil wars and rebellions between 1882 and 1885. After his father's death in 1881, Ugyen
Wangchuck entered a feud over the post of
232:, which was among local elite families that surpassed the erstwhile Tibetan aristocracy. During Bhutan's early history, Bumthang served as a locus of exile for both Tibetan and Indian rulers, and as the home of
605:
region, kidnapping the child who gathered the most and bringing him back to Ura. This youth became
Lhawang Dragpa. As an adult, he looked into his actual origins and found that he was descended from the son of
724:
defined politically opposed pro-Tibet and pro-Britain forces. This period of intense rivalry between and within western and central Bhutan, coupled with external forces from Tibet and especially the
713:'s central government. Because western regions controlled by the Penlop of Paro contained lucrative trade routes, it became the object of competition among aristocratic families.
518:. After doing so, the Tongsab divided his control in the east among eight regions (Shachho Khorlo Tsegay), overseen by Dungpas and Kutshabs (civil servants). He went on to build
546:
The legacy of the
Kingdom of Bumthang is demonstrated in its religious and political significance in modern Bhutan. The wider Bhutanese nobility, including the modern royal
326:
of his guardian spirit ("Phola") and commission of various impure acts. This caused Seling Karpo, the chief of the Lhaday (gods and demons), to revoke the soul of the king.
578:; "bone, horn, shell"). The two main branches of the nobility are the Ura and Mongar. As such, there are two traditional accounts as to the origin of the nobility: the
558:
The
Bumthang nobility constitutes a broad historical upper class in the Bumthang, Kheng, and Mongar (Zhongar) regions. The local term for such noble families is
761:
as Penlop of Paro. Jigme
Namgyal reigned through his death 1881, punctuated by periods of retirement during which he retained effective control of the country.
1256:
1502:
444:
1323:
The
Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages
1860:
1855:
384:
Some later Buddhists in the region laid claim to Buddhist roots predating Buddhism itself, in King Drime Kunden and the prior incarnations of
1462:
1389:
1044:
514:
A trusted follower of the Zhabdrung, Minjur Tenpa was sent to subdue kings of Bumthang, Lhuentse, Trashigang, Zhemgang, and other lords from
337:
consort (Zungma), and in reply the king offered his daughter Lhachig Bumden Tshomo (Menmo Tashi Kyeden), who possessed twenty-one marks of a
705:
controlled central Bhutan; the rival Penlop of Paro controlled western Bhutan; and dzongpons controlled areas surrounding their respective
495:, later established effective control of central and eastern Bhutan, including Bumthang, after a series of battles through his lieutenant
228:. The kingdom also contained several places relevant to particularly Bhutanese legends. The kingdom is also the ancestral homeland of the
1754:
1422:
1358:
1330:
1289:
1234:
1196:
1163:
1117:
1084:
1010:
938:
898:
586:
traditions. Both involve claims of half divine parentage, and merge with the historical figure Lhawang Dragpa, who was from central
1811:
511:, and led a monastic life from childhood. Before his appointment as Tongsab, he held the appointed post of Umzey (Chant Master).
1495:
1264:
667:
261:
784:, winning the post of Penlop of Trongsa in addition to Paro. In 1885, Ugyen Wangchuck intervened in a conflict between the
633:
Other independent nobility also took root in Bumthang. These other families are called Shelngo. After the assassination of
1779:
526:, Trashigang, and Zhemgang Dzongs. From this time, the status of the independent kingdom was reduced to semi-independent
220:
The Kingdom of Bumthang is particularly notable among its many contemporary Bhutanese chiefdoms because it was here that
1850:
322:
demon. The king's illness was reportedly brought on by the loss of his son Tala Mebar in the war, and his subsequent
1797:
1488:
1268:
720:
through the 19th century, extension of British power at Bhutan's borders as well as Tibetan incursions in British
659:
1663:
1539:
982:
637:
in 841, the family of his assassin, Lhalung Pelkyi Dorje, reportedly fled to Bumthang via Phari and Paro, and to
1532:
1417:. Regional surveys of the world: Far East & Australasia (34 ed.). Psychology Press. pp. 180–81.
373:
temple. Bumthang's Jambey Lhakhang was, according to legend, one of 108 temples built in a single night by
1743:
1717:
750:
162:
1737:
567:
685:
of central Bhutan well after consolidation. The family belongs to the Nyö clan, and is descended from
1787:
1615:
303:
210:
1763:
1757:
1561:
1519:
829:
809:
678:
671:
654:
547:
229:
166:
135:
1691:
1623:
1554:
1511:
1458:
1418:
1385:
1375:
1354:
1326:
1230:
1192:
1159:
1113:
1080:
1040:
1006:
934:
894:
834:
824:
819:
814:
777:
773:
765:
747:
702:
695:
682:
642:
535:
527:
507:(Tongsab), appointed by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal. He was born Damchho Lhundrub in Min-Chhud,
504:
475:
456:
434:
430:
426:
282:(reigned 627–49), a convert to Buddhism, ordered the construction of two Buddhist temples, at
279:
264:
214:
206:
174:
66:
62:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1633:
793:
789:
781:
638:
615:
463:
399:
170:
1731:
1725:
1707:
768:
758:
488:
459:
283:
199:
138:
1297:
614:. Pleased with his royal pedigree, he remained in Bumthang and married a noblewoman from
1722:
797:
746:
1841), armed conflict turned inward. In 1870, amid the continuing civil wars, the 10th
725:
607:
523:
374:
357:
112:
252:
1844:
1769:
1643:
1628:
1454:
970:
717:
515:
467:
330:
314:
1684:
1679:
1381:
602:
287:
1448:
1447:
Brown, Lindsay; Mayhew, Bradley; Armington, Stan; Whitecross, Richard W. (2007).
1412:
1224:
1186:
1153:
1107:
1074:
1000:
928:
888:
1749:
1712:
736:
686:
664:
594:
579:
519:
395:
333:
to exorcise the demon and cure his illness. Upon arrival, the saint requested a
291:
236:
52:
17:
1792:
1346:
417:, meaning "berry," after bundles of his blessed berries fell along the route.
1826:
1813:
857:
is normally applied to Ura and Kheng families, as opposed to Mongar families.
1527:
754:
710:
634:
611:
716:
Although Bhutan generally enjoyed favorable relations with both Tibet and
630:
who would seize the most shells. The child identified was Lhawang Dragpa.
1544:
976:
785:
732:
563:
531:
410:
323:
271:
233:
221:
90:
80:
1566:
800:. From this time forward, the office of Desi became purely ceremonial.
728:, provided the conditions for the ascendancy of the Penlop of Trongsa.
690:
496:
483:
The decline of the Kingdom of Bumthang began with the consolidation of
406:
217:. It was again consolidated into the modern Kingdom of Bhutan in 1907.
98:
1296:. Rangjung Yeshe Translations & Publications. 1996. Archived from
365:
The Bumthang Kingdom enjoys a place in some of the legends of ancient
1577:
1549:
721:
709:. The Penlop of Paro, unlike Trongsa, was an office appointed by the
622:
583:
484:
402:, emerging not only with the relic, but with his lamp still burning.
385:
378:
366:
338:
334:
225:
195:
1480:
1377:
So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas
342:
319:
298:
76:
1188:
Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation
743:
740:
735:
with Britain (1864–65) as well as substantial territorial losses (
706:
698:, as well as significant national and local government positions.
658:
627:
598:
587:
508:
492:
370:
356:
309:
Buddhism was propagated in earnest in 746 under King Sindhu Rāja (
275:
205:
in 1616. After initial consolidation, the Bumthang Kingdom became
975:
Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.).
969:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
194:
was one of several small kingdoms within the territory of modern
1290:"Tibetan-English-Dictionary of Buddhist Teaching & Practice"
392:
1484:
1112:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 168.
306:
and chronicles that began the recorded history of Bhutan.
1226:
Into the untravelled Himalaya: travels, treks, and climbs
391:
The Mo Bar, or Burning Lake, is named for the legend of
1002:
Peoples of the Buddhist world: a Christian prayer diary
930:
Tigers in red weather: a quest for the last wild tigers
413:
in early times. He named each chorten with the suffix -
274:
was first introduced to Bhutan in the 7th century AD.
677:
The Kingdom of Bumthang is the ancestral land of the
641:
via Lhodra. One of the Bumthang descendants became a
329:
Upon the advice of a minor fief, Sindhu Rāja invited
1778:
1700:
1672:
1614:
1586:
1518:
491:in 1616. The Zhabdrung, fending off invasions from
159:
149:
132:
122:
108:
96:
86:
72:
58:
47:
32:
27:
Small kingdom in Bhutan from c. 7th to 17th century
213:. The region was roughly analogous to modern-day
313:Künjom; Sendha Gyab; Chakhar Gyalpo), an exiled
1325:. Princeton University Press. pp. 168–69.
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
409:along a road in Bumthang in order to propagate
933:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 139–40.
550:, emerged from roots in the Bumthang Kingdom.
1496:
1453:. Lonely Planet Country Guides (3 ed.).
8:
757:. In 1879, he appointed his 17-year-old son
645:, while the others ruled parts of the east.
297:Buddhism replaced but did not eliminate the
776:. In 1882, at the age of 20, he marched on
405:Legend also holds that a zealot lama built
1503:
1489:
1481:
1218:
1216:
1214:
994:
992:
29:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
1223:Kapadia, Harish; Kapadia, Geeta (2005).
1030:
1028:
345:were incorporated into local Buddhism.
922:
920:
918:
916:
890:The life and revelations of Pema Lingpa
870:
846:
503:1667–1680). Minjur Tenpa was the first
141:begins consolidating control in Bhutan
286:in central Bhutan and at Kyichu (near
1442:
1440:
1155:Bhutan: mountain fortress of the gods
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1005:. William Carey Library. p. 30.
960:
958:
956:
681:. Wangchuck family originated in the
198:before the first consolidation under
158:
148:
131:
121:
117:
95:
7:
1229:. Indus Publishing. pp. 76–77.
1079:. Sangay Xam, Prominent Publishers.
1035:Rennie, Frank; Mason, Robin (2008).
1191:. Indus Publishing. pp. 37–9.
1076:History of Bhutan based on Buddhism
369:. The oldest lies behind a notable
25:
1152:Schicklgruber, Christian (1998).
796:, sacking both sides and seizing
398:, who entered the lake to find a
1576:
1321:Beckwith, Christopher I (1987).
964:
443:
381:is held at the Lhakhang yearly.
251:
1265:Dzongkha Development Commission
1261:DDC Dzongkha-English Dictionary
1185:Sinha, Awadhesh Coomar (2001).
1106:Malik, Subhash Chandra (2001).
43:before 7th century–17th century
1294:Diamond Way Buddhism Worldwide
668:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
593:According to the account from
1:
1861:Former countries in East Asia
1856:Empires and kingdoms of India
1353:. Stanford University Press.
1723:Druk Gyalpo (King of Bhutan)
1411:Europa Publications (2002).
388:, between 2000 and 1000 BC.
1374:Crossette, Barbara (2011).
601:and dropped fruit from the
1877:
893:. Snow Lion Publications.
753:ascended to the office of
652:
424:
1573:
1540:Dual system of government
983:Federal Research Division
499:Minjur Tenpa (1613–1680;
489:Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal
184:
118:
42:
1414:Far East and Australasia
1039:. IAP. pp. 18, 58.
1037:Bhutan: ways of knowing
999:Hattaway, Paul (2004).
978:Bhutan: A Country Study
887:Harding, Sarah (2003).
534:(governor) answered to
1744:Jigme Singye Wangchuck
1380:. Vintage Departures.
985:. Arrival of Buddhism.
853:The specific title of
674:
670:, current head of the
362:
161:• Bumthang noble
151:• Disestablished
51:Chakhar Gutho Palace,
1738:Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
1073:Dorji, C. T. (1994).
764:The pro-Britain 12th
662:
653:Further information:
425:Further information:
360:
59:Common languages
1788:Battle of Five Lamas
1351:Tibetan Civilization
927:Padel, Ruth (2006).
361:Bumthang countryside
165:, forefather of the
1823: /
1109:Mind, man, and mask
304:Buddhist literature
243:Arrival of Buddhism
224:first took root in
211:Provinces of Bhutan
192:Kingdom of Bumthang
169:, gains control of
124:• Established
34:Kingdom of Bumthang
1851:Bhutanese monarchy
1764:Sonam Topgay Dorji
1758:Jigme Palden Dorji
1701:Historical figures
1562:Zhabdrung Rinpoche
1457:. pp. 38–43.
830:House of Wangchuck
810:Buddhism in Bhutan
679:House of Wangchuck
675:
672:House of Wangchuck
655:House of Wangchuck
649:House of Wangchuck
548:House of Wangchuck
363:
353:Bumthang in legend
230:House of Wangchuck
209:, one of the nine
167:House of Wangchuck
128:before 7th century
1827:27.550°N 90.717°E
1806:
1805:
1780:Historical events
1692:Wangchuck dynasty
1688:
1558:
1555:Penlop of Trongsa
1536:
1512:History of Bhutan
1464:978-1-74059-529-2
1391:978-0-307-80190-6
1046:978-1-59311-734-4
835:Penlop of Trongsa
825:Bumthang Province
820:Bumthang language
815:Bumthang District
774:Penlop of Trongsa
703:Penlop of Trongsa
696:Penlop of Trongsa
643:Penlop of Trongsa
621:According to the
554:Bumthang nobility
528:Bumthang Province
505:Penlop of Trongsa
476:Bumthang Province
457:Penlop of Trongsa
435:Bumthang Province
431:Penlop of Trongsa
427:History of Bhutan
215:Bumthang District
207:Bumthang Province
188:
187:
175:Bumthang Province
63:Bumthang language
16:(Redirected from
1868:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1798:Military history
1682:
1664:Wangdue Phodrang
1581:
1580:
1552:
1530:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1267:. Archived from
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1149:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1070:
1051:
1050:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
996:
987:
986:
968:
967:
962:
951:
950:
948:
947:
924:
911:
910:
908:
907:
884:
858:
851:
464:Trongsa Province
447:
255:
171:Trongsa Province
30:
21:
18:Bumthang Kingdom
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1774:
1732:Jigme Wangchuck
1726:Ugyen Wangchuck
1708:Ngawang Namgyal
1696:
1668:
1610:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1514:
1509:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1150:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1054:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1013:
998:
997:
990:
974:
965:
963:
954:
945:
943:
941:
926:
925:
914:
905:
903:
901:
886:
885:
872:
867:
862:
861:
852:
848:
843:
806:
769:Ugyen Wangchuck
759:Ugyen Wangchuck
683:Bumthang region
657:
651:
556:
544:
481:
480:
479:
460:Ugyen Wangchuck
455:
450:
449:
448:
437:
423:
355:
269:
268:
267:
263:
258:
257:
256:
245:
203:Ngawang Namgyal
177:
152:
142:
139:Ngawang Namgyal
125:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1832:27.550; 90.717
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1463:
1436:
1423:
1403:
1390:
1384:Digital, Inc.
1366:
1359:
1338:
1331:
1313:
1281:
1248:
1235:
1210:
1197:
1177:
1164:
1131:
1118:
1098:
1085:
1052:
1045:
1024:
1011:
988:
952:
939:
912:
899:
869:
868:
866:
863:
860:
859:
845:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
805:
802:
798:Simtokha Dzong
766:Trongsa Penlop
748:Trongsa Penlop
726:British Empire
689:, a Bhutanese
650:
647:
566:: དུང་/གདུང་;
555:
552:
543:
540:
452:
451:
442:
441:
440:
439:
438:
422:
419:
375:Songtsen Gampo
354:
351:
280:Songtsän Gampo
265:Songtsän Gampo
260:
259:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
244:
241:
234:Buddhist saint
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
113:Late Antiquity
110:
109:Historical era
106:
105:
102:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
74:
70:
69:
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
44:
40:
39:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1873:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1770:Lhendup Dorji
1767:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Jigme Namgyal
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1455:Lonely Planet
1452:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1426:
1424:1-85743-133-2
1420:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1360:0-8047-0901-7
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1332:0-691-02469-3
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1300:on 2010-03-28
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1271:on 2011-08-25
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1238:
1236:81-7387-181-7
1232:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1198:81-7387-119-1
1194:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1178:
1167:
1165:9780906026441
1161:
1158:. Shambhala.
1157:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1119:81-7305-192-5
1115:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1088:
1086:81-86239-01-4
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1012:0-87808-361-8
1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
993:
989:
984:
980:
979:
972:
971:public domain
961:
959:
957:
953:
942:
940:0-8027-1544-3
936:
932:
931:
923:
921:
919:
917:
913:
902:
900:1-55939-194-4
896:
892:
891:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
871:
864:
856:
850:
847:
840:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
751:Jigme Namgyal
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:British India
714:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
669:
666:
661:
656:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
553:
551:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:Trongsa Dzong
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
477:
473:
469:
468:Paro Province
465:
461:
458:
454:
446:
436:
432:
428:
421:Consolidation
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
400:holy treasure
397:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
359:
352:
350:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Padmasambhava
327:
325:
321:
316:
312:
307:
305:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
266:
262:
254:
242:
240:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
197:
193:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:Jigme Namgyal
154:
144:
140:
137:
127:
114:
111:
107:
103:
100:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
31:
19:
1808:
1748:Druk Gyalpo
1742:Druk Gyalpo
1736:Druk Gyalpo
1730:Druk Gyalpo
1685:Bhutan House
1680:Dorji family
1593:
1468:. Retrieved
1449:
1428:. Retrieved
1413:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1382:Random House
1376:
1369:
1350:
1341:
1322:
1316:
1310:entry: gdung
1309:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1293:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1260:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1225:
1202:. Retrieved
1187:
1180:
1169:. Retrieved
1154:
1123:. Retrieved
1108:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1075:
1036:
1016:. Retrieved
1001:
977:
944:. Retrieved
929:
904:. Retrieved
889:
854:
849:
763:
730:
715:
700:
676:
632:
620:
592:
575:
571:
559:
557:
545:
513:
500:
482:
471:
414:
404:
390:
383:
364:
347:
328:
310:
308:
296:
270:
219:
200:
191:
189:
180:19th century
155:17th century
1830: /
1750:Ugyen Dorji
1713:Pema Lingpa
1567:The Tshogdu
1347:Stein, Rolf
737:Cooch Behar
687:Pema Lingpa
665:Druk Gyalpo
618:(Chökhor).
396:Pema Lingpa
324:abandonment
292:Paro Valley
237:Pema Lingpa
53:Jakar Dzong
1845:Categories
1793:Bhutan War
1604:Trashigang
1520:Government
1470:2011-08-09
1430:2011-08-08
1397:2011-08-10
1304:2010-10-18
1275:2011-08-21
1242:2011-08-21
1204:2011-08-21
1171:2011-08-21
1125:2011-08-21
1092:2011-08-12
1018:2011-08-20
946:2011-08-21
906:2011-08-10
865:References
731:After the
462:, lord of
87:Government
1616:Provinces
1545:Dzongpens
1528:Druk Desi
786:Dzongpens
755:Druk Desi
711:Druk Desi
691:Nyingmapa
635:Langdarma
612:Langdarma
290:) in the
201:Zhabdrung
136:Zhabdrung
73:Religion
1673:Families
1624:Bumthang
1607:Zhemgang
1601:Lhuentse
1594:Bumthang
1587:Kingdoms
1349:(1972).
804:See also
778:Bumthang
733:Duar War
564:Dzongkha
532:dzongpen
530:, whose
524:Lhuentse
474:head of
472:de facto
411:Buddhism
407:chortens
379:festival
284:Bumthang
272:Buddhism
222:Buddhism
91:Monarchy
81:Buddhism
1818:90°43′E
1815:27°33′N
1659:Trongsa
1654:Thimphu
1649:Punakha
1639:Kurtoed
1634:Kurmaed
1550:Penlops
794:Thimphu
790:Punakha
782:Trongsa
616:Trongsa
608:Tibetan
536:Trongsa
497:Chogyal
335:Tantric
276:Tibetan
134:•
99:Chogyal
48:Capital
37:བུམ་ཐང་
1461:
1450:Bhutan
1421:
1388:
1357:
1329:
1233:
1195:
1162:
1116:
1083:
1043:
1009:
973:.
937:
897:
739:1835;
722:Sikkim
707:dzongs
663:Fifth
623:Mongar
584:Mongar
542:Legacy
485:Bhutan
470:, and
433:, and
386:Buddha
367:Bhutan
339:dakini
315:Indian
226:Bhutan
196:Bhutan
104:
97:King (
1598:Kurtö
841:Notes
744:Duars
741:Assam
639:Kurtö
628:Tibet
610:king
603:Monpa
599:Tibet
588:Tibet
576:gdung
568:Wylie
520:Jakar
509:Tibet
493:Tibet
371:Jakar
343:Bönpa
278:king
67:Chöke
1644:Paro
1629:Daga
1533:list
1459:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1257:"DU"
1231:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1007:ISBN
935:ISBN
895:ISBN
855:dung
792:and
780:and
701:The
582:and
572:dung
560:dung
393:lama
311:also
288:Paro
190:The
173:and
145:1616
1768:PM
1762:PM
788:of
595:Ura
580:Ura
487:by
320:Bön
299:Bön
77:Bön
1847::
1755:PM
1439:^
1292:.
1263:.
1259:.
1213:^
1134:^
1055:^
1027:^
991:^
981:.
955:^
915:^
873:^
590:.
570::
538:.
522:,
501:r.
478:.
466:,
429:,
415:ji
294:.
239:.
79:,
65:,
1687:)
1683:(
1557:)
1553:(
1535:)
1531:(
1504:e
1497:t
1490:v
1473:.
1433:.
1400:.
1363:.
1335:.
1307:.
1278:.
1245:.
1207:.
1174:.
1128:.
1095:.
1049:.
1021:.
949:.
909:.
574:/
562:(
101:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
