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the war. At the grounds of the former factory are the two Polish companies: Chemoservis-Dwory S.A., which produces metal structures, parts, metal building elements, tanks and reservoirs etc., and
Synthos Dwory Sp. a subsidiary of the Synthos S.A. Group which manufactures synthetic rubbers, latex and polystyrene among other chemical products. Both are based in Oświęcim. Extant structures and visible remains of the Monowitz camp itself include the original camp smithy, part of the prisoner kitchen building, a ruined building of the SS Barracks, a large concrete air raid shelter for the SS guard force (type "Salzgitter/Geilenberg"), and small one-man SS air raid shelters (these can also be found on the grounds of the Buna Werke factory, along with larger concrete air raid shelters for the factory workers).
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SS-men enforce higher productivity, beating prisoners. In reports sent from
Monowice to the corporate headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, Maximilian Faust, an engineer in charge of construction stated in these reports that the only way to keep the prisoners' productivity at a satisfactory level was through violence and corporal punishment. While declaring his own opposition to "flogging and mistreating prisoners to death", Faust nevertheless added that "achieving the appropriate productivity is out of the question without the stick."
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July 1944 the prisoner population was over 11,000, most of whom were Jews. Despite the growing death-rate from slave labor, starvation, executions or other forms of murder, the demand for labor was growing, and more prisoners were brought in. Because the factory management insisted on removing sick and exhausted prisoners from
Monowice, people incapable of continuing their work were murdered. The company argued that they had not spent large amounts of money building barracks for prisoners unfit to work.
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specially chosen German common criminal capos were sent to
Monowice. When these steps seemed to fail, IG Farben officials suggested the introduction of a rudimentary piecework system and a motivational scheme including the right to wear watches, have longer hair (rejected in practice), the payment of scrip that could be used in the camp canteen (which offered cigarettes and other low-value trifles for sale), and free visits to the camp bordello (which opened in the Monowice camp in 1943).
415:(RM) per day for unskilled workers, four (RM) per hour for skilled workers, and one and one-half (RM) for children. The camp contained an "Arbeitsausbildungslager" (labor education camp) for non-Jewish prisoners viewed as not up to par with German work standards. The life expectancy of Jewish workers at Buna Werke was three to four months; for those working in the outlying mines, only one month. Those deemed unfit for work were gassed at Auschwitz II-Birkenau.
71:
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635:, was one of the upper level specialists at the Buna plant, and was able to keep some prisoners alive with the assistance of his colleagues, allegedly not producing Buna rubber at a viable production rate. In fact Levi was only an inmate there who, in the last two months of his captivity, was sent to a chemical lab due to his former studies as a chemist. Buna Rubber was named by
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Another director then chanced the remark, "If they can't work, let them perish in the gas chamber." After the inspection was over, Dr. Löhner-Beda was pulled out of the work party and was beaten and kicked until, a dying man, he was left in the arms of his inmate friend, to end his life in IG Auschwitz.
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Prisoners worked more slowly than the German construction workers, even with being beaten. This was a source of anger and dissatisfaction to factory management, and led to repeated requests that camp authorities increase the numbers of SS men and energetic capos to supervise the prisoners. A group of
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Gerhard Maurer, responsible for the employment of concentration camp prisoners went to Oświęcim; he promised IG Farben the arrival of another thousand prisoners, in exchange for the incapable factory workers. More than 10,000 prisoners were victims of the selection during the period in which the camp
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Beginning mid-February 1945 the Red Army shipped much equipment and machinery from the Buna Werke factory to western
Siberia using captured German specialists who helped dismantle it bit by bit. However, many of the original buildings remained, and the chemical industry was rebuilt on the site after
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stopped their trips to work. Worried over losing the laborers, factory management decided to turn the barracks camp being built in
Monowice for civilians over to the SS, to house prisoners. Because of delays in the supply of barbed wire there were several postponements in opening the camp. The first
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By 1942 the new labour camp complex occupied about half of its projected area, the expansion was for the most part finished in the summer of 1943. The last four barracks were built a year later. The labor camp's population grew from 3,500 in
December 1942 to over 6,000 by the first half of 1943. By
501:
Trucks began bringing in the first KL prisoners to work at the plant's construction site in mid-April 1941. Starting in May the workers had to walk 6 to 7 km from the camp to the factory site. At the end of July, with the laborers numbering over a thousand, they began taking the train to Dwory
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and sold their homes to IG Farben as housing for company employees brought from
Germany. This also happened to some local Polish residents. The IG Farben officials came to an agreement with the concentration camp commandant to hire prisoners at a rate of 3 to 4 marks per day for labor of auxiliary
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The barracks at
Auschwitz III were overcrowded like those in Birkenau; however, those in Monowice had windows and heating during the winter when needed. "Buna-Suppe", a watery soup, was served, along with extremely low food rations. The foremen were in charge of laborers and demanded the capos and
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and printed on 2 March 1942 secured the arrival of 8,636 workers from Italy tasked with erecting the installations with the investment of 700 million
Reichsmarks (equivalent to 3 billion 2021 €) by IG Farben (Farben was the producer of nearly all explosives for the German army, with its subsidiary
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between February and April 1941. The company bought the land from the treasury for a low price, after it had been seized from Polish owners without compensation and their houses were vacated and demolished. Meanwhile, German authorities removed Jews from their homes in Oświęcim and placed them in
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One day, two Buna inmates, Dr. Raymond van den Straaten and Dr. Fritz Löhner-Beda, were going about their work when a party of visiting IG Farben dignitaries passed by. One of the directors pointed to Dr. Löhner-Beda and said to his SS companion, "This Jewish swine could work a little faster."
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during the period when Monowice functioned as one of the many Auschwitz sub-camps. In November 1943, after the reorganization of the administrative system and the division of Auschwitz into three quasi-autonomous components, the camp in Monowice received a commandant of its own. This was
808:(in Bohemia) sub-camps. Later, the directors of new sub-camps opened at industrial facilities in Silesia and Bohemia answered to him. Rudolf Wilhelm Buchholz and Richard Stolten were SS men there. Also present were: Dr. Bruno Kitt from December 1942 to January 1943 or March 1943,
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where they were liquidated after "re-selection" in the Bllf prison hospital or in most cases murdered in the gas chambers. More than 1,600 other prisoners died in the hospital at Monowice, and many were shot at the construction site or hanged at the camp. An estimated 10,000
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The British POWs could see what was going on in the Monowitz concentration camp; they could hear shots at night and see the bodies of men who had been hanged. At the Monowitz construction site the POWs came in contact with the concentration camp inmates. British POW
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died on the death march on 22 January 1945; Paul Steinberg, who would chronicle his experiences in a 1996 book, was among those on the march. He was later liberated by the American Army at Buchenwald. The remaining prisoners were liberated on 27 January 1945 by the
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In September 1944, a total of 1,315 SS men served in these companies. The 439 of them who made up 1 Company were stationed at Monowice, and included not only guards but also the staff of the offices and stores that saw to the needs of the remaining sub-camps.
714:, it was brought to attention that the real cause of prisoners' low productivity: the motivational system was characterized as ineffective and the capos as "good", but it was admitted that the prisoners worked slowly simply because they were hungry.
853:(prisoner number 68561) was a popular song lyricist who was murdered in Monowitz-Buna at the behest of an IG Farben executive, as his friend Raymond van den Straaten testified at the Nuremberg trial of 24 IG Farben executives:
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and finally to Auschwitz. The first 200 British POWs reached Auschwitz in early September 1943. In winter 1943/44, about 1,400 British POWs were interned in E715. In February and March 1944, around 800 of them were moved to
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388:-based synthetic rubber and the chemical symbol for sodium (Na), a process of synthetic rubber production developed in Germany. Other German industrial enterprises built factories with their own subcamps, such as
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1203:
Synthetic Rubber: A Project That Had to Succeed (Contributions in Economics and Economic History) by Vernon Herbert & Attilio Bisio.Publisher: Greenwood Press (11 December 1985) Language: English
934:, Italy. The first bombing started at 10:32 p.m. and lasted for 28 minutes. A total of 1,336 500 lb. high explosive bombs were dropped from an altitude of between 26,000 and 29,000 feet.
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554:(Auschwitz III-subcamps). In November 1944, there was another reorganization: Auschwitz II became part of the main camp, and Auschwitz III was renamed Monowitz concentration camp.
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866:) was established in Monowice. It consisted of seven companies, which were assigned to the following sub-camps: the 1st Company to Monowitz, the 2nd Company to Golleschau in
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from among prisoners of Auschwitz, and raw materials from the formerly Polish coalfields. The Buna factory had a workforce of an estimated 80,000 slave laborers by 1944.
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As the Red Army was approaching Auschwitz in January 1945, the Wehrmacht closed E715 on 21 January 1945, and made the British prisoners of war march through Poland and
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481:. However, the primary reason for building the industrial complex in that location was the immediate access to the slave work-force from the nearby Auschwitz camps.
1064:, was shot dead on the spot after refusing to climb up to a 70 ft (21 m) high ice-covered gantry because he was ill-equipped and thought it too dangerous.
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457:, out of range of Allied bombers. Among the sites proposed between December 1940 and January 1942 the chosen location was the flat land between the eastern part of
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in 1943, then roll-call leader in Buna/Monowitz concentration camp, sentenced to life in prison in 1953 for murder of prisoners (pardoned in 1971, died in 1980).
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and the villages of Dwory and Monowice, justified by good geological conditions, access to transport routes, water supply, and the availability of
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Extracts from the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, summarizing 15th Air Force bombing attacks in August and September 1944 on Oswiecim (Auschwitz)
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Quatre boules de cuir ou l’étrange destin de Young Perez, champion du monde de boxe by André Nahum: Publisher: Bibliophane (24 April 2002)
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Lasik, Aleksander (2000). "Organizational Structure of Auschwitz Concentration Camp". In Długoborski, Wacław; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
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On 18 January 1945, all prisoners in Monowitz whom the Nazis deemed healthy enough to walk were evacuated from the camp and sent on a
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To a large degree, the SS men from the garrison in Monowice were responsible for the conditions that prevailed in the camp.
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Auschwitz, 1940–1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp. Volume I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp
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Several hundred meters west of the Buna/Monowitz concentration camp, there was a work subcamp, E715, of the main camp (
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operated. Taken to the main camp's hospital, most victims were killed by a lethal injection of phenol to the heart.
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at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York, New York. Contains materials on survivors of Buna-Monowitz (Auschwitz III).
1540:(First ed.). New York/Washington, D.C.: St. Martin's Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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The Allies bombed the I.G. Farben factories at Monowitz four times, all of them during the last year of the war.
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The prisoners returned to the construction site in May 1942 and worked there until 21 July, when an outbreak of
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The fourth and last attack was on 26 December 1944 by 95 B-24s; a total of 679 500 lb. bombs were dropped.
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station. Their work included leveling the ground, digging drainage ditches, laying cables, and building roads.
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The third attack occurred on 18 December 1944 by two B-17s and 47 B-24s, 436 500 lb. bombs were dropped.
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349:; from November 1943 it and other Nazi subcamps in the area were jointly known as "Auschwitz III-subcamps" (
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between the towns of Dwory and Monowitz and labor subcamps. Main labor camp "Auschwitz III" on lower right.
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to build the third-largest synthetic rubber and liquid fuels plant. The camp was supposed to be located in
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1053:. After that time, the number of British prisoners of war in Auschwitz remained constant, at around 600.
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627:, a camp that contained a production site for production of Buna rubber. Borkin wrote, wrongly, that an
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prisoners arrived on 26 October and by early November there were approximately two thousand prisoners.
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subcamp, close to Monowitz, to profit from the use of slave labor. The German armaments manufacturer
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1083:. In April 1945, the U.S. Army freed the British prisoners of war from Auschwitz in Stalag VII A in
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1486:, Memorial and museum Auschwitz-Birkenau, former German Nazi concentration and extermination camp
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43:
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These steps hardly had an effect on prisoner productivity. In December 1944, at conferences in
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411:, in addition to non-Jewish criminals and political prisoners. The SS charged IG Farben three
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353:). In November 1944 the Germans renamed it Monowitz concentration camp, after the village of
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parcels. However, on 23 February 1944 a soldier named Corporal L.V. Reynolds, from the
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591:. The plant construction was commissioned by the Italian State interested in importing
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The creation of the camp was a result of an initiative by the German chemical company
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along with others in the Auschwitz camp complex, among them was the renowned writer
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1502:
Buna/Monowitz Concentration Camp Organizational Structure and Commandant’s Office
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1393:"Distinguishing Oświęcim (town), Auschwitz I, II, & III, and the Buna Werke"
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1395:. From the "Pamphlet Collection" of the Library of Congress. Ptak Science Books
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1193:. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. (145–279), 151–152.
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Search "Monowitz" in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Website
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plant under construction approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from
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by Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum. Indiana University Press (1998).
1080:
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Monowitz held around 12,000 prisoners, the great majority of whom were
27:
One of the three main camps in the Auschwitz concentration camp system
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in November 1943, it became the third of the three main camps in the
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1151:"Timeline for I.G. Farben and the Buna/Monowitz Concentration Camp"
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IG Farben made the preparations and reached an agreement with the
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357:(German: Monowitz) where it was built, in the annexed portion of
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1285:
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
636:
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In May 1944, the command center of a separate guard battalion (
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in the main camp. At Monowice, he was given authority over the
768:, who until then had been the head of the labor department and
404:, also built their own manufacturing facilities near Monowitz.
3646:
1804:. Cambridge University Press; 2nd edition (13 November 2000).
1708:
British PoWs and the Holocaust: Witnessing the Nazi Atrocities
1537:
The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?
737:
on lathe at Monowitz, identified by "Ost" badge on her clothes
441:(1960), who was a teenage inmate there along with his father.
408:
239:
694:
prisoners lost their lives because of working for IG Farben.
372:
The SS established the camp in October 1942 at the behest of
3530:
1659:"Books of The Times; Primo Levi and the Ghosts of Auschwitz"
726:
Prisoners at work in Monowitz, identified by striped clothes
1017:
1685:"Monowitz / Monowice: factory and camp grounds after 1945"
1844:
1072:
worked at camp E715 and wrote a personal account of it.
1040:, the German Army took them to prisoner of war camps in
826:
Dr. Werner Rohde; from November 1943 to September 1944,
1760:"Revealed: the British troops imprisoned at Auschwitz"
1534:
Neufeld, Michael J.; Berenbaum, Michael, eds. (2000).
1024:
POWs were held there and the camp was administered by
941:
bombed Monowitz in an air raid that lasted 13 minutes.
822:. From October 1943 to November 1943, there followed
595:(Buna-N) from IG Farben after the collapse of its own
1462:
The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al.
1372:(Knopf, 2004) by Leon Goldensohn. Ptak Science Books
833:; and finally, from September 1944 to January 1945,
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production. The 29 page-long contract signed by the
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1608:. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books. pp.
926:The first raid was conducted 20 August 1944 by 127
369:was commandant from November 1943 to January 1945.
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1513:Dein ist mein ganzes Herz (Fritz Löhner-Beda) by
1287:by Robert Jay Lifton. Basic Books (August 2000).
878:, Fürstengrube, Günthergrube, and Janinagrube in
1735:Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main (2014).
1683:Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main (2014).
1056:British POWs in Auschwitz occasionally received
619:According to Joseph Borkin in his book entitled
3033:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
1778:by Joseph Borkin (New York: Free Press, 1978).
1184:
1182:
1028:, not SS. Most of these POWs had been captured
968:, a professional boxer of Jewish heritage from
894:, the 6th Company to Gleiwitz I, II and III in
886:, the 5th Company to Eintrachthütte, Lagischa,
855:
530:. After an administrative restructuring by the
1340:"Administration of the Auschwitz Camp Complex"
3546:
3393:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
1881:
1497:
1495:
1493:
8:
639:A.G., and through 1988 Buna was a remaining
376:executives to provide slave labor for their
341:. For most of its existence, Monowitz was a
3092:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
1860:Guide to the Concentration Camps Collection
1473:
1471:
1469:
1103:List of concentration camps of Nazi Germany
623:, IG Farben was the majority financier for
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1737:"E715 – Camp for British Prisoners of War"
1145:
1143:
522:For most of its existence, Monowitz was a
380:(Buna Works) industrial complex. The name
31:
1480:"Living conditions and number of victims"
1366:"Hermann Goering, IG Farben and Zyklon-B"
1175:. Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum.
964:(Gliwice) subcamp near the Czech border.
930:of the 15th U.S. Army Air Force based at
601:Confederazione Fascista degli Industriali
898:, and the 7th Company to Blechhammer in
587:factory was located on the outskirts of
563:
1776:The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben
1429:The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben
1259:by Elie Wiesel. Bantam (1 March 1982).
1139:
3598:Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer
1657:Kakutani, Michiko (12 December 1989).
864:SS-Totenkopfsturmbann KL Auschwitz III
815:; from March 1943 to 20 October 1943,
621:The Crimes and Punishment of IG Farben
608:was to be made virtually for free in
7:
3920:
2680:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
465:such as: coal from mines in Libiąż,
166:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
3595:Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron
3485:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
1484:History > Auschwitz III-Monowitz
1227:Anatomy of the Auschwitz death camp
666:"Auschwitz III" Monowitz labor camp
3963:Nazi concentration camps in Poland
1581:"Victor "Young" Perez (1911–1945)"
1391:John F. Ptak (23 September 2008).
1364:John F. Ptak (23 September 2008).
882:, the 4th Company to Neu-Dachs in
427:(1947), survived Monowitz, as did
25:
1710:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.
59:factory in Auschwitz III-Monowitz
3919:
3908:
3907:
3048:Polish leaders and intellectuals
2538:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1128:The Man Who Broke into Auschwitz
1108:Arthur Dodd (Auschwitz survivor)
647:Auschwitz III concentration camp
643:of nitrile rubber held by BASF.
77:
76:
69:
50:
3879:
1739:. The Norbert Wollheim Memorial
1687:. The Norbert Wollheim Memorial
1414:IG Farben#World War II overview
1038:Italy’s change of sides in 1943
918:Auschwitz I, II and III complex
377:
2976:Attack on the twentieth convoy
2789:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
1425:Borkin, Joseph (1 June 1978).
604:also producing Zyklon-B). The
1:
1458:I.G. Farbenindustrie AG Trial
1123:List of subcamps of Auschwitz
3948:Auschwitz concentration camp
3313:Jewish war conspiracy theory
2504:Extermination through labour
692:Auschwitz concentration camp
552:KL Auschwitz III-Aussenlager
528:Auschwitz concentration camp
351:KL Auschwitz III-Aussenlager
347:Auschwitz concentration camp
3895:Monowitz concentration camp
3495:Righteous Among the Nations
2181:Righteous Among the Nations
1316:. Krakow 3D. Archived from
498:and skilled labor workers.
230:October 1942 – January 1945
3979:
3232:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
3202:Lithuanian Security Police
3121:Reich Security Main Office
2088:Evidence and documentation
1762:. Jewish Chronicle Online.
1314:"Auschwitz III (Monowitz)"
910:Monowitz/Buna-Werke bombed
3903:
3448:Books and other resources
3276:
3253:
3087:
3074:
2718:
2705:
2212:
2195:
1980:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
1903:
1012:(after November 1943, in
937:On 13 September, 1944 96
698:Productivity of prisoners
540:KL Auschwitz I-Stammlager
64:
49:
42:
3698:Chief executive officers
3038:People with disabilities
2971:Aid and Rescue Committee
1706:Wallis, Russell (2017).
1602:Steinberg, Paul (2000).
1478:Editorial board (2017),
1370:The Nuremberg Interviews
1173:"Auschwitz III-Monowitz"
1062:Royal Army Service Corps
211:and chemicals including
207:Factories for producing
3723:Non-executive directors
3179:Order Police battalions
1855:Dwory S.A. at Wikimapia
1504:at Wollheim Memorial.de
518:Administration and name
333:from 1942–1945, during
313:Nazi concentration camp
125:50.035500°N 19.278000°E
18:Buna concentration camp
3601:Chemische Fabrik Kalle
3028:Soviet urban residents
2119:International response
2093:Contemporary knowledge
1433:. Free Press. p.
1344:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
992:
952:Liberation of the camp
928:B-17 Flying Fortresses
919:
890:, and Sosnowitz II in
870:, and Jawischowitz in
860:
838:Dr. Hans Wilhelm König
738:
727:
667:
659:
576:
400:, headed by SS member
3475:Memorials and museums
3413:Reparations Agreement
3408:Holocaust restitution
2986:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
2509:Human experimentation
2348:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1840:Holocaust History.Org
1798:Industry and Ideology
1605:Chroniques d'ailleurs
987:
917:
874:, the 3rd Company to
820:Dr. Friedrich Entress
733:
725:
665:
654:
567:
548:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
509:in the main camp and
384:was derived from the
3780:Georg von Schnitzler
2675:Jewish Ghetto Police
2544:Politische Abteilung
2439:Risiera di San Sabba
2300:Natzweiler-Struthof
1079:in the direction of
966:Victor "Young" Perez
843:Bernhard Rakers was
792:, Eintrachthütte in
674:On 10 February 1943
144:Monowitz (placename)
130:50.035500; 19.278000
3850:Christian Schneider
3835:Carl Lautenschläger
3820:Erich von der Heyde
3775:Wilhelm Rudolf Mann
3453:Days of remembrance
3366:Holocaust survivors
3361:Depopulated shtetls
3212:Rollkommando Hamann
3058:Jehovah's Witnesses
2876:Kamianets-Podilskyi
1938:Bohemia and Moravia
1583:. Wollheim Memorial
1320:on 10 December 2010
1153:. Wollheim Memorial
828:SS-Hauptsturmführer
810:SS-Hauptsturmführer
678:Obersturmbannführer
585:Monowitz Buna-Werke
121: /
3885:IG Farben Building
3815:Heinrich Bütefisch
3765:Heinrich Gattineau
3436:History and memory
3340:Forced euthanasia
3288:Nazi racial policy
2991:Danish underground
2838:Operation Reinhard
2833:Wannsee Conference
1663:The New York Times
1515:Günther Schwarberg
1118:Heinrich Bütefisch
993:
920:
835:SS-Obersturmführer
824:SS-Obersturmführer
817:SS-Obersturmführer
813:Dr. Helmuth Vetter
739:
728:
685:Some were sent to
668:
660:
577:
268:on 27 January 1945
44:Concentration camp
3935:
3934:
3863:
3862:
3788:
3787:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3371:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
3318:Jewish emigration
3308:Hitler's prophecy
3303:Haavara Agreement
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3237:Ypatingasis būrys
3134:Sicherheitsdienst
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3009:
3008:
2929:Bielski partisans
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2532:Totenkopfverbände
2191:
2190:
1850:Wollheim Memorial
851:Fritz Löhner-Beda
831:Dr. Horst Fischer
784:, Janinagrube in
751:held the post of
536:Auschwitz complex
473:, limestone from
390:Siemens-Schuckert
294:
293:
289:Fritz Löhner-Beda
246:Number of inmates
152:Forced labor camp
16:(Redirected from
3970:
3923:
3922:
3911:
3910:
3694:
3687:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3532:
3420:Holocaust denial
3398:Nuremberg trials
3388:Postwar violence
3343:
3278:
3255:
3217:Special Brigades
3207:Nederlandsche SS
3174:Police Regiments
3098:
3076:
2936:Ghetto uprisings
2924:Jewish partisans
2871:Harvest Festival
2843:Holocaust trains
2729:
2720:
2707:
2572:
2468:
2446:
2428:
2409:
2391:
2214:
2197:
1905:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1824:If This Is a Man
1764:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1703:
1697:
1696:
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1455:
1449:
1448:
1432:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1361:
1355:
1354:
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1350:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1282:
1276:
1252:
1246:
1224:
1218:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1000:British POW camp
788:, Golleschau in
766:Heinrich Schwarz
762:Hauptsturmführer
606:synthetic rubber
477:, and salt from
431:, author of the
424:If This Is a Man
367:Heinrich Schwarz
363:Hauptsturmführer
209:synthetic rubber
198:Heinrich Schwarz
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
126:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
80:
79:
73:
54:
32:
21:
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3973:
3972:
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3969:
3968:
3967:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3899:
3890:IG Farben Trial
3859:
3784:
3748:
3717:
3712:Hermann Schmitz
3676:
3635:
3609:
3564:
3559:
3529:
3516:
3431:
3347:
3341:
3330:Madagascar Plan
3323:Kindertransport
3272:
3271:
3241:
3183:
3155:
3140:Ordnungspolizei
3096:
3083:
3062:
3005:
2957:
2910:
2881:Maly Trostenets
2852:Mass executions
2847:
2817:
2755:
2714:
2689:
2659:
2618:
2556:
2518:
2477:
2466:
2444:
2426:
2407:
2389:
2377:
2334:
2208:
2187:
2107:
2098:Hidden children
2076:
1934:Czechoslovakia
1899:
1894:
1836:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1729:
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1491:
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1456:
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1408:
1398:
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1348:
1346:
1338:
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1323:
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1312:
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1307:
1283:
1279:
1253:
1249:
1225:
1221:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1113:IG Farben trial
1093:
1032:, initially by
1030:in North Africa
1002:
954:
939:B-24 Liberators
912:
776:, Neu-Dachs in
749:Vinzenz Schöttl
745:Obersturmführer
720:
700:
649:
610:occupied Poland
562:
520:
447:
331:occupied Poland
299:(also known as
273:Notable inmates
129:
127:
123:
120:
115:
112:
110:
108:
107:
97:
96:
95:
94:
92:occupied Poland
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3845:Heinrich Oster
3842:
3840:Fritz ter Meer
3837:
3832:
3827:
3825:Gerhard Domagk
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3760:Fritz Gajewski
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3690:Industrialists
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3652:Nitrile rubber
3649:
3647:Synthetic dyes
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
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3558:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3526:
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3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3425:trivialization
3417:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3403:Eichmann trial
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Nuremberg Laws
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3281:Early elements
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:Early elements
3259:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Arajs Kommando
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3168:Einsatzgruppen
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3081:Responsibility
3079:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
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2955:
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2948:
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2931:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2860:Einsatzgruppen
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2824:Final Solution
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2685:Ústredňa Židov
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2650:Theresienstadt
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:Einsatzgruppen
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2403:
2398:
2393:
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2379:
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2365:
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2355:
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2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:Mittelbau-Dora
2292:
2283:
2278:
2276:Kraków-Płaszów
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2166:Rescue of Jews
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2109:
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2100:
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2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
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1951:
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1932:
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1911:
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1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1834:External links
1832:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1818:978-0521786386
1795:
1792:978-0671827557
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1750:
1727:
1720:
1698:
1675:
1649:
1645:978-2869700604
1625:
1618:
1594:
1572:
1561:
1546:
1526:
1506:
1489:
1465:
1450:
1444:978-0029046302
1443:
1417:
1406:
1383:
1356:
1331:
1305:
1301:978-0465049059
1277:
1273:978-0553272536
1247:
1243:978-0253208842
1219:
1216:978-0313246340
1196:
1178:
1164:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:Charles Coward
1094:
1092:
1089:
1077:Czechoslovakia
1036:troops. After
1001:
998:
970:French Tunisia
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
942:
935:
911:
908:
845:Kommandoführer
794:Świętochłowice
719:
716:
699:
696:
648:
645:
629:Italian Jewish
593:nitrile rubber
561:
556:
519:
516:
446:
443:
435:–winning book
433:Pulitzer Prize
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3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:Carl Duisberg
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Nazi eugenics
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Topf and Sons
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3189:Collaborators
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3127:Referat IV B4
3125:
3124:
3123: (RSHA)
3122:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3114:Schutzstaffel
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:Organizations
3099:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Romani people
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Working Group
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Kastner train
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:Kristallnacht
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2551:Sanitätswesen
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2514:Death marches
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2340:Extermination
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Sachsenhausen
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Herzogenbusch
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Bergen-Belsen
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2218:Concentration
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:United States
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:and colonies
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:The Holocaust
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1758:Simon Round.
1754:
1751:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1721:9781786731944
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1547:9780312198381
1543:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Stalag VIII-B
999:
997:
990:
986:
982:
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
951:
946:
943:
940:
936:
933:
929:
925:
924:
923:
916:
909:
907:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
854:
852:
848:
846:
841:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:
763:
756:
755:
750:
747:
746:
736:
732:
724:
717:
715:
713:
708:
704:
697:
695:
693:
688:
683:
680:
679:
672:
664:
657:
653:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:Auschwitz III
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
597:synthetic oil
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
570:
566:
560:
557:
555:
553:
549:
546:-main camp);
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
515:
512:
508:
503:
499:
496:
492:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:raw materials
460:
456:
452:
444:
442:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
414:
410:
405:
403:
402:Alfried Krupp
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
309:Auschwitz III
306:
302:
301:Monowitz-Buna
298:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:Around 12,000
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:
192:
189:
188:
187:Schutzstaffel
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
106:
104:
100:
93:
72:
63:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3924:
3912:
3894:
3855:Carl Wurster
3657:Polyurethane
3569:Predecessors
3505:Yizkor books
3166:
3113:
2858:
2806:in Lithuania
2766:
2664:
2549:
2542:
2531:
2465:
2443:
2424:
2405:
2388:
2171:by Catholics
2040:Soviet Union
1908:By territory
1823:
1797:
1775:
1770:Bibliography
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1730:
1707:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1652:
1628:
1604:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1575:
1564:
1536:
1529:
1509:
1483:
1461:
1453:
1428:
1420:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1369:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1308:
1284:
1280:
1254:
1250:
1226:
1222:
1199:
1190:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1074:
1066:
1055:
1022:Commonwealth
1003:
994:
955:
921:
904:
863:
861:
856:
849:
844:
842:
834:
827:
823:
816:
809:
782:Fürstengrube
774:Jawischowitz
769:
759:
752:
742:
740:
709:
705:
701:
684:
675:
673:
669:
655:
620:
618:
600:
584:
580:
578:
558:
551:
539:
521:
504:
500:
483:
448:
436:
422:
421:, author of
417:
406:
381:
371:
350:
335:World War II
327:Nazi Germany
322:Arbeitslager
320:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:
281:Victor Perez
262:Liberated by
222:October 1942
204:Original use
185:
116:19°16′40.8″E
113:50°02′07.8″N
90:Monowitz in
36:
29:
3875:American IG
3805:Otto Ambros
3745:(1940–1945)
3743:Carl Krauch
3739:(1935–1940)
3733:(1925–1935)
3714:(1935–1945)
3708:(1925–1935)
3511:Never again
3342:(Action T4)
3268:Remembrance
3053:Homosexuals
3023:Soviet POWs
2951:Częstochowa
2499:Gas chamber
2310:Ravensbrück
2251:Gross-Rosen
2246:Flossenbürg
2129:Philippines
2061:Yugoslavia
2020:Netherlands
1948:Sudetenland
1802:Peter Hayes
1668:11 December
1587:11 December
1349:25 December
1324:11 December
1157:11 December
1047:Blechhammer
991:, ca. 1950s
958:death march
872:Jawiszowice
770:Lagerführer
754:Lagerführer
735:Ostarbeiter
614:slave labor
544:Auschwitz I
475:Krzeszowice
467:Jawiszowice
429:Elie Wiesel
413:Reichsmarks
285:Elie Wiesel
227:Operational
219:First built
182:Operated by
141:Other names
128: /
103:Coordinates
3942:Categories
3880:Buna Werke
3830:Hans Kühne
3810:Otto Bayer
3800:Kurt Alder
3770:Max Ilgner
3737:Carl Bosch
3706:Carl Bosch
3614:Successors
3500:Yad Vashem
3480:Uniqueness
3335:Nisko Plan
3108:Nazi Party
2916:Resistance
2886:Ninth Fort
2751:Vel' d'Hiv
2523:Nazi units
2461:Westerbork
2451:Amersfoort
2305:Neuengamme
2286:Mauthausen
2266:Kaiserwald
2236:Buchenwald
2015:Luxembourg
1828:Primo Levi
1810:052178638X
1784:0671827553
1638:2869700601
1619:0805060642
1523:3882437154
1293:0465049052
1265:0553272535
1235:025320884X
1209:0313246343
1135:References
1070:Denis Avey
1051:Heydebreck
1020:and other
989:Primo Levi
979:Primo Levi
900:Blachownia
888:Laurahütte
656:Buna-Werke
641:trade name
633:Primo Levi
581:Buna Werke
559:Buna Werke
419:Primo Levi
378:Buna Werke
365:(Captain)
317:labor camp
277:Primo Levi
194:Commandant
37:Buna-Werke
3953:IG Farben
3662:Prontosil
3562:IG Farben
3458:Education
3353:Aftermath
3265:Aftermath
3227:Trawnikis
3151:Wehrmacht
3146:Waffen-SS
2946:Białystok
2774:Bucharest
2746:Marseille
2623:Elsewhere
2584:Białystok
2396:Breendonk
2373:Treblinka
2226:Auschwitz
2010:Lithuania
1460:, a.k.a.
1058:Red Cross
1026:Wehrmacht
892:Sosnowiec
798:Sosnowitz
718:Overseers
631:chemist,
573:Auschwitz
569:IG Farben
491:Sosnowiec
479:Wieliczka
451:IG Farben
386:butadiene
374:IG Farben
339:Holocaust
325:) run by
176:IG Farben
149:Known for
57:IG Farben
35:Monowitz
3914:Category
3793:Chemists
3672:Zyklon B
3667:Resochin
3640:Products
3591:Cassella
3443:Academia
2896:Piaśnica
2866:Babi Yar
2794:Jedwabne
2733:Roundups
2666:Judenrat
2630:Budapest
2401:Mechelen
2363:Majdanek
2320:Stutthof
2281:Majdanek
2176:by Poles
2134:Portugal
2112:Response
2103:Timeline
2081:Overview
1943:Slovakia
1930:Bulgaria
1556:41368222
1091:See also
1085:Moosburg
1010:Lamsdorf
975:Red Army
962:Gleiwitz
884:Jaworzno
868:Goleszów
802:Lagischa
790:Goleszów
778:Jaworzno
712:Katowice
687:Birkenau
589:Oświęcim
579:The new
511:Birkenau
495:Chrzanów
471:Jaworzno
459:Oświęcim
355:Monowice
337:and the
311:) was a
297:Monowitz
266:Red Army
213:Zyklon B
172:Built by
162:Oświęcim
157:Location
84:Monowitz
3926:Commons
3605:Hoechst
3470:Lessons
2906:Rumbula
2779:Dorohoi
2760:Pogroms
2712:Victims
2562:Ghettos
2494:Gas van
2482:Methods
2456:Schoorl
2434:Bolzano
2382:Transit
2368:Sobibor
2358:Chełmno
2325:Vaivara
2261:Hinzert
2206:ghettos
2159:Vatican
2065:Croatia
2055:Ukraine
2045:Belarus
2035:Romania
1987:Hungary
1970:Germany
1960:Estonia
1955:Denmark
1925:Belgium
1920:Austria
1915:Albania
1743:19 July
1691:19 July
1517:(2000)
1399:18 July
1376:18 July
1368:. From
1081:Bavaria
1042:Silesia
1034:Italian
1018:British
1014:Teschen
960:to the
896:Gliwice
526:of the
524:subcamp
455:Silesia
445:History
345:of the
343:subcamp
238:Mainly
235:Inmates
3682:People
3631:Sanofi
3376:Bricha
3142:(Orpo)
3015:Others
3001:Żegota
2963:Rescue
2941:Warsaw
2901:Ponary
2811:Kaunas
2614:Warsaw
2599:Lublin
2589:Kraków
2576:Poland
2420:Drancy
2353:Belzec
2330:Warsaw
2241:Dachau
2149:Turkey
2144:Sweden
2070:Serbia
2050:Russia
2030:Poland
2025:Norway
2005:Latvia
1975:Greece
1965:France
1816:
1808:
1790:
1782:
1718:
1643:
1636:
1616:
1554:
1544:
1521:
1441:
1299:
1291:
1271:
1263:
1241:
1233:
1214:
1207:
932:Foggia
880:Libiąż
876:Bobrek
804:, and
786:Libiąż
612:using
575:, 1942
550:; and
507:typhus
469:, and
394:Bobrek
359:Poland
254:Killed
3868:Other
3753:Other
3626:Bayer
3586:Bayer
3490:Humor
3463:Films
3160:Units
2891:Odesa
2741:Izieu
2655:Vilna
2640:Minsk
2635:Kovno
2609:Radom
2473:Sereď
2290:Gusen
2271:Kauen
2202:Camps
2139:Spain
2124:Japan
1998:Libya
1992:Italy
1256:Night
1008:) in
806:Brünn
486:Nazis
438:Night
398:Krupp
361:. SS
257:2,500
160:Near
3958:BASF
3621:BASF
3581:BASF
3576:AGFA
3381:List
3136:(SD)
3116:(SS)
2799:Lviv
2784:Iași
2724:Jews
2645:Riga
2604:Lwów
2594:Łódź
2566:list
2415:Gurs
2288:and
2204:and
1814:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1745:2014
1716:ISBN
1693:2014
1670:2012
1641:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1589:2012
1552:OCLC
1542:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1401:2014
1378:2014
1351:2018
1326:2012
1297:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1159:2012
1049:and
637:BASF
409:Jews
382:Buna
315:and
307:and
305:Buna
240:Jews
2530:SS-
1800:by
1712:182
1610:192
1435:250
1016:).
760:SS-
743:SS-
676:SS-
583:or
493:or
392:'s
329:in
3944::
2467:sk
2445:nl
2427:it
2408:fr
2390:be
1826:,
1812:,
1786:,
1714:.
1661:.
1612:.
1550:.
1492:^
1482:,
1468:^
1437:.
1342:.
1295:,
1267:,
1237:,
1181:^
1142:^
1087:.
981:.
902:.
840:.
800:,
796:,
780:,
538::
532:SS
303:,
287:,
283:,
279:,
164:,
3554:e
3547:t
3540:v
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2568:)
2564:(
1889:e
1882:t
1875:v
1820:.
1794:.
1747:.
1724:.
1695:.
1672:.
1647:.
1622:.
1591:.
1558:.
1447:.
1403:.
1380:.
1353:.
1328:.
1303:.
1275:.
1245:.
1161:.
542:(
319:(
20:)
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