436:, holds a flag which is an ensign of the Kingdom of Great Britain with a pine tree on a white background in the top left corner. This period in New England's history also marked a shift in political feeling. With the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Plymouth Colony, the distinction New Englanders felt from Great Britain was chiefly a religious one. They saw themselves as a separate nation founded on Puritan religious teaching that was attempting to establish a pure society. As the New England settlements grew, Puritan based separatism waned with a want for greater political and commercial autonomy taking its place. One chief reason for the reorganization of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies into the Dominion of New England and the province of Massachusetts Bay was the inhabitants of New England were not abiding by the crown's trade policy and political mandates. The New England colonies were largely autonomous with an emphasis on direct democracy and localized authority. These attitudes can be seen as a driving force for New Englanders to create a flag of their own and as a symbol of their independent attitudes. Despite the attempts by Great Britain to further standardize the usage of the ensign of Great Britain, New England pine flags were still flown at the time. One such example is a New England pine flag with a gold or a buff field which was flown in the
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land, and provided the inhabitants with many forests of pine and other natural bounty. The pine could then be seen as a simple motif, in keeping with
Puritan tradition of the New Englanders religious ideals. Other researchers have pointed to the use of the pine in the ship building of the region, and suggested the importance of the symbol may be due to New England's maritime culture. Regardless of origin, the pine had become in the 17th century a symbol for New England. Another usage was
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vertical ones represent red. However, Benson John
Lossing writes in Field Book of the Revolution that he interviewed the daughter of a Bunker Hill veteran who told her that he hoisted a blue flag on Breed's Hill prior to the battle. Regardless of its authenticity, the blue variation has become a symbol of the Battle of Bunker Hill and also of Charlestown, Boston, the neighborhood encompassing Bunker and Breed's hills. It was also featured on a 1968 US Postage Stamp.
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272:, some flags in New England bore similar motifs and symbols. One of the Newburyport green ensigns depicted mailed hands arranged in a circle, which is a symbol of the divine in Puritan iconography. As Puritan militias grew in size, more units necessitated additional banners. Around 1652 new cavalry regiments were created. Examples of such flags are the "Three County Troop" flag or the militia flag, known today as the
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the colony sought to restore the use of the standard ensign. According to the moderates, the symbol was not a religious one but a political one. Though the cross had idolatrous origins, the
Reformation, they claimed, stripped these issues away. By the 1680s the moderates won out and the standard ensign containing the cross was restored. Some New Englanders were still not wholly comfortable with its presence. Judge
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This included style, color of the ensigns' field, and any defacements. As with the military on the
British Isles, the colonists' military banners corresponded more to an individual commander rather than an emblem of a national force. Colonial militias were relatively limited in size compared to the larger forces in Britain and so these changes never exceeded the defacements found on
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276:. These banners depicted an armored arm reaching from the heavens holding a sword. This was a symbol also seen in the English Civil War and was supposed to symbolize divine justice being carried out in defense of true believers. Other Puritan and religious symbols such as anchors, grapevines, oak trees were also flown. Grapevines were prominent in the
300:), and the motif of an armored divine arm still exists in Massachusetts today as a component of the state's official seal as the crest, and well as the symbol of the Massachusetts National Guard (the Massachusetts National Guard contains the oldest units in the United States Army and is a direct successor/continuation of these early militias).
473:. There are varying designs for these flags. These flags were red ensigns and featured an image of a pine, sometimes having the cross of St. George and sometimes without it. The banners without the cross were reminiscent of the blank ensign of the Massachusetts Bay Colony however the blank field was now defaced with a green pine.
343:. The Council of Assistants reviewed the matter and the case was dismissed against Endicott and Davenport. The General Court did rule however that the defaced flag was not to be used in any official capacity. The controversy remained, and some units refused to train for militia duty under a flag bearing St George's Cross.
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as his "New
England Flag". At that meeting, the governors approved a motion to adopt the flag as the "official emblem of the New England Conference". They did not make any claims as to its legitimacy as an official or authentic flag of the six-state region, nor did they adopt it as the official flag of the region.
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In 1998, Mr. Ebinger appeared before the New
England Governors' Conference, in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada during the annual Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers and suggested the promotion of New England tourism would benefit from the use of a common symbol, such
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The most enduring symbol of New
England iconography is the Pine tree. New Englanders wished to further distinguish themselves from other parts of the Empire and so made an addition to the flag. This new design would use the cross of St George but would also contain the image of a tree in the top left
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The issue of the cross-less flag remained unresolved in 1665. Royal
Commissioners arrived in the colony and delivered a royal edict demanding the standard ensign be flown. Their demands were not met and the red ensign with the blank canton continued to be used in the colony. Some leading moderates in
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The lack of uniformity of the red ensign existed with land forces of the
British Empire as well. In North America, the colonists relied for a large part on their own militias for security and defense. The same issues with naval flags were also found here. The designs of the flags changed by location.
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tribe (Pennacook meaning "Children of the Pine Tree") was located in what is now northern
Massachusetts and New Hampshire. This tribe had an influence on the early New England settlers, the Massachusetts Bay Colony even featuring a Pennacook tribe member on their seal (This seal also features a pine
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in Connecticut. The use of the pine could be theorized to be an extension of the tree motif this time for New England. Another theory refers more to the love of the New England settlers to their new homeland, a homeland they viewed as bestowed by divine providence. This new world was to be a holy
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According to author Boleslaw Mastai, the blue field was due to an error in a wood engraving which caused confusion among painters. The printing error might have been caused by incorrect "hatching", whereby parallel lines represent heraldic tinctures or colors; horizontal lines represent blue and
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in its canton rather than the English one. Despite this, many New England vessels continued to fly the older version with the pine tree defacement. A version of the New England flag that aims to fit these new specifications seems to have also existed. In 1768 an illustration featuring a colonist
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from 1701 also portrays an English flag defaced with a tree. Along with some French and Dutch sources, it appears towards the end of the 17th century this design was growing more popular for New England ships. Some accounts say there is an Oak rather than a pine (Oak trees were seen on other New
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sized regiments. Defacements could include circles, flames, or any distinguishing mark. Each regiment also had a particular color associated with it. A company with a green ensign could be referred to as the "green regiment", a blue ensign referred to as the "blue regiment", and so on. These
550:" it symbolized the bringing together of different tribes into the confederacy. A common symbol of the confederacy was a tall thin pine with an eagle mounted on the top. Though the Iroquois were largely concentrated outside of New England they exerted influence on neighboring tribes. The
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with an image of a pine. Sometimes the blue ensign is defaced with six stars in a circle symbolizing the six states of New England. Another variant has a red ensign with an image of a pine tree over a white field in the canton, and contains no cross; which is commonly used by the
495:. However, he later painted another version of this painting for the family of the fallen general which depicts a blue flag. Another variation commonly used to represent the battle has a blue field with a white canton, the canton quartered with St. George's Cross and a tree.
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In 1636 the General Court made another ruling concerning banners in the colony. It ordered that commissioners be made to standardize military banners. The commissioners ordered that the cross-less banners be used. An exception to the cross-less flags would be on
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and the early colonial patriot naval force. This flag was not used outside of New England as it was not deemed suitable to represent the entire United Colonies, with the pine being so strongly associated with New England and Massachusetts Bay in particular.
218:. The red ensign was first used in 1625, with merchant vessels being granted its usage by 1663. Although it was an official flag of Great Britain there was no official or standardized design of the banner. What was consistent was all the flags featured the
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A flag designed by William Cork was presented to Le Congres Mondial Acadien in Nova Scotia in 2004. Cork's flag was presented on behalf of the Acadian New Englanders who were attending the congress. The New England Acadian flag features a redesigned
339:, the bearer of the flag was to be the one to remove it. A freeman of the colony named Richard Browne was disturbed by this and feared it could signal to authorities in England that the colonists were rebelling. Browne brought the matter before the
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England flags such as the "Moulton Flag"), and others describe a globe or armillary sphere. It is not clear what exactly is the case however since some of these accounts may have been from poor sourcing or a misinterpretation of an illustration.
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has no official flag. However, there have been many historical or modern banners used to represent the region in its history. While there are some variations, common designs include a plain colored field (usually red) with a pine tree in the
395:, who ordered the royal ensign be restored wrote in his diary, "I was and am in great exercise about the Cross to be put into the Colours, and afraid if I should have a hand in 't whether it may not hinder my Entrance into the Holy Land."
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to represent the six New England states. Ebinger had copyrighted this design in 1965, which the NEGC was unaware of when they adopted it. The New England Vexillological Association sent a letter of concern to the NEGC, which responded:
359:. The fort, which was Boston's main defense naval fort, would be seen by all ships entering Boston harbor and therefore it was considered necessary for an English flag to be flown there. For a time, a version of the red ensign with the
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Some controversy exists concerning which flag flew at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 at the onset of the American Revolutionary War. An officer of the Royal Marines reported that no flags were used by the Americans, but
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1929:
THE Flags of The World:THEIR HISTORY, BLAZONRY, AND ASSOCIATIONS. FROM THE BANNER OF THE CRUSADER TO THE BURGEE OF THE YACHTSMAN; FLAGS NATIONAL, COLONIAL, PERSONAL; THE ENSIGNS OF MIGHTY EMPIRES; THE SYMBOLS OF LOST
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222:. These designs sometimes greatly varied by location, the type of vessel flying the flag, the rank of the commanding officer of the vessel, or the position of the vessel within the royal fleet.
177:, are not always displayed on the flag, but the pine almost always is. There is a blue ensign and a red ensign variant. In each, St. George's cross is in the canton, whose top left corner is
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officially revived the standard red ensign, emphasizing the need for the flag to be used in Boston. To not fly the colors in such a manner could be seen as rebellious. Governor
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team. The red ensign was a common banner for other American colonies as well, but the addition of a pine tree distinguished the New England colonies from their neighbors.
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The exact origin of the pine tree as a symbol of New England is unclear. Some point to the use of the pine as a symbol in the region before European colonization. The
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made a presentation to the New England Governor's Conference (NEGC) promoting a new design as the official flag of the NEGC. It is the blue "Bunker Hill Flag"
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colonies, and remain on the current state of Connecticut's flag and state seal. The anchor, a symbol of hope and providence, was common in
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Testi, Arnaldo (2010). Capture the Flag: The Stars and Stripes in American History. New York, N.Y: New York University Press.
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corner of the flag. The first recorded sighting of the flag came from Jack Graydon in 1686 and was featured in his book
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in the canton was controversial in the region. The cross of St. George was seen by many Puritans as a symbol of the
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The Stars and the Stripes. The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present
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tricolor with blue and white vertical stripes becoming sideways triangles. The flag features the traditional "
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in 1708 ordered that all British vessels use the British Ensign. This new version would have the flag of the
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Variant Blue Ensign with St. George's Cross in the Canton and an image of a pine tree in the top left corner
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Variant Red Ensign with St. George's Cross in the Canton and an image of a pine tree in the top left corner
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416:, where the ensign is referred to as "The Red Flag of New England". Other sources such as John Beaumont's
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differences are evident in colonial flags in the New England Colonies. Greens ensigns are associated with
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and oak tree). The oak tree which had been seen as a symbol for England for centuries was also used as a
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151:) is the most common and prominent symbol of New England and is featured on many of the region's flags.
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The flag of New England has two prominent symbols: a pine tree and red color. Other features, like the
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therefore ordered that the red ensign containing the cross be kept on Castle Island for this reason.
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There were other pine flags flown in the region as well. One of the most well known examples is the
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in place of the cross of St. George was used, but this practice ended following the outbreak of the
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holding a banner showed this design. The colonist, dressed in hunting clothes and wearing a
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and is still a symbol of the state today. Other symbols that can be seen as derived from
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influence can be seen on some company and settlement banners as well. Influenced by the
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576:. The reverse of the flag of Massachusetts featured a pine tree from 1908 to 1971.
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1309:
David B. Martucci. "The New England Flag". D. Martucci. Archived from the original
514:, sometimes known as the "Appeal to Heaven" flag. This flag was the ensign of the
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ordered that the cross be cut out from flags in the colony. Richard Davenport of
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The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775
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was an early opponent of the use of the cross on New England banners.
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Red Ensign with image of a pine tree on a white field in the canton.
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1949:
Liberty and Freedom: A Visual History of America's Founding Ideas
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1974:
So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag
1883:
The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy
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the pine flags gained more prominence. Pine flags were seen on
2070:
1320:"The Revolutionary Flags That Fell to the Stars and Stripes"
1720:"Flags of the Early North American Colonies and Explorers"
2007:
Mastai, Boleslaw; Mastai, Marie-Louise D'Otrange (1973).
502:
The flag of New England is a cultural and regional symbol
2039:. North American Vexillological Association. p. 33.
1675:"THE FLAG OF NEW ENGLAND: NEW ENGLAND'S OFFICIAL SYMBOL"
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placed a red flag with a pine tree in his 1786 painting
1284:"The Flag of New England | New England Revolution"
688:
Blue ensign, field defaced with six stars. Flag of the
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who was inspired by Williams and then a member of the
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McCandless, Byron; Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovery (1917).
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2048:. Washington D.C.: The National Geographic Society.
1978:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
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New England red ensign (without St. George's Cross)
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73:
62:
47:
2008:
1971:
1951:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
660:Red Ensign with St. George's cross in the canton
327:and a vestige of papal authority over the king.
210:The origin of the New England flag lay with the
1334:"Early Flags | The Joseph Bucklin Society"
615:with six five-pointed stars in a circle in the
1912:. Maplewood, New Jersey: Hammond and Company.
672:Blue Ensign of New England, also known as the
350:Red ensign stripped of the Cross of St. George
2086:
465:New Englander naval vessels off the coast of
319:, a prominent religious leader then based in
8:
341:Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay
29:
1693:"The New England Flag by David B. Martucci"
2416:
2093:
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2033:Flag and Symbol Usage in Early New England
884:New England green ensign after defacement
546:used such a symbol. Referred to as the "
1257:
1080:
1030:
893:
715:
638:
564:which began being minted in 1652 under
1999:Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution
1476:Furlong and McCandless 1981, pp. 40–41
1467:Furlong and McCandless 1981, pp. 40–41
1431:Furlong and McCandless 1981, pp. 38–39
1404:Furlong and McCandless 1981, pp. 38–39
607:On June 8, 1998, K. Albert Ebinger of
28:
2203:Place names of Native-American origin
1600:McCandless and Grosvenor 1917, p. 345
1214:, featuring the New England pine tree
1057:, green ensign defaced with town seal
414:Insignia Navalia by Lt. Graydon, 1686
7:
2652:
480:Banner of the Massachusetts Bay Navy
268:and the parliamentary forces of the
1718:Historical Flags of Our Ancestors.
1568:"heraldic hatching - Google Search"
1359:Furlong, McCandless 1981, pp. 35–36
1350:Furlong, McCandless 1981, pp. 32–34
1151:tribe flag, usage of pine symbolism
323:declared the symbol counter to the
303:The use of the red ensign with the
1932:. London: Frederick Warne and Co.
1677:. February 2, 2009. Archived from
1548:Furlong and McCandless 1981, p. 67
1539:Furlong and McCandless 1981, p. 87
1503:Furlong and McCandless 1981, p. 42
311:and a symbol of religious heresy.
235:and red ensigns were flown in the
25:
2060:A History of the New England Flag
690:New England Governor's Conference
602:New England Governors' Conference
418:The Present State of the Universe
2678:Flags of the American Revolution
2651:
2642:
2641:
2629:
1270:Revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com
1229:, featuring the New England pine
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448:Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy
115:
90:
54:
39:
2552:New England road marking system
1947:Fischer, David Hackett (2004).
1881:Barnes, Viola Florence (1923).
1761:Lossing, Chapter 23, endnote 19
766:with a pine tree in the canton.
1645:"The Flag of New England Page"
538:featuring the Bunker Hill Flag
407:New England Red Ensign hanging
1:
2066:Lossing's version of the flag
2015:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
797:in canton instead of the Pine
743:Red ensign with cross removed
1620:"A New England Acadian Flag"
198:Background and early designs
842:variant flag of New England
827:variant flag of New England
809:New England variant of the
526:The Red Flag of New England
247:Puritan religious influence
2699:
1772:"New England flags (U.S.)"
857:banner, also known as the
158:
145:. The eastern white pine (
2623:
2191:New England Confederation
1927:Hulme, F. Edward (1896).
1910:Flags of American History
1908:Crouthers, David (1962).
1136:, showing use of the pine
793:Blue ensign variant with
373:abolition of the monarchy
371:in 1642 and the eventual
131:
114:
110:
106:
89:
85:
81:
38:
34:
2030:Martucci, David (2005).
1609:Martucci 2004, pp. 26–30
1458:Martucci 2004, pp. 17–18
1422:Martucci 2004, pp. 17–18
1413:Martucci 2004, pp. 11–12
1395:Martucci 2004, pp. 21–22
1198:Green Mountain Boys flag
1180:Washington County, Maine
1055:Haverhill, Massachusetts
872:New England Green Ensign
544:Five Nations Confederacy
429:Kingdom of Great Britain
313:Reverend William Hubbard
298:Worcester, Massachusetts
237:Massachusetts Bay Colony
2186:Dominion of New England
2062:with several variations
1591:Mastai 1973, pp. 19, 58
1119:Ensign of Massachusetts
855:Dominion of New England
762:in 1686, consisting of
635:Flags with modern usage
377:Commonwealth of England
266:Commonwealth of England
2683:History of New England
2636:New England portal
2493:Hartford Line (Amtrak)
1966:Furlong, William Rea;
1804:Crouthers 1962, p. 25.
1752:Crouthers 1962, p. 26.
1743:Crouthers 1962, p. 24.
1377:Martucci 2005, pp. 8–9
1368:Martucci 2005, pp. 8–9
1070:Newbury, Massachusetts
908:Massachusetts Bay Navy
627:
609:Ipswich, Massachusetts
604:
539:
527:
516:Massachusetts Bay Navy
503:
481:
454:
408:
375:in 1649. In 1651, the
351:
258:
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184:New England Revolution
53:Regional and Cultural
1867:Martucci 2006, p. 23.
1858:Martucci 2006, p. 23.
1849:Martucci 2006, p. 23.
1840:Martucci 2006, p. 24.
1831:Martucci 2006, p. 33.
1530:Barnes 1962, pp. 1–25
1164:Flag of Massachusetts
1041:Lincoln County, Maine
622:
599:
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525:
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479:
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333:Council of Assistants
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205:
2545:(CT, RI, MA, NH, ME)
2181:New England Colonies
1822:Martucci 2006, p. 14
1795:Hulme 1896, fig. 14.
1521:Martucci 2004, p. 36
1512:Martucci 2004, p. 33
1494:Martucci 2004, p. 30
1485:Martucci 2004, p. 26
1449:Martucci 2004, p. 15
1440:Martucci 2004, p. 25
1288:Revolutionsoccer.net
998:Lieutenant colonel's
781:of early New England
600:Flag adopted by the
1813:Martucci 2006, p.12
1290:. 23 February 2012.
1166:reverse (1908–1971)
459:American Revolution
457:By the time of the
220:Cross of St. George
187:Major League Soccer
31:
2439:Northeast Corridor
2046:Flags of the World
1994:Lossing, Benson J.
1338:Bucklinsociety.net
1266:"Bunker Hill Flag"
730:Kingdom of England
605:
562:Pine tree shilling
540:
528:
504:
482:
455:
438:Connecticut Colony
409:
381:Puritan parliament
352:
259:
208:
206:English Red Ensign
175:St. George's Cross
165:St. George's Cross
2665:
2664:
2619:
2618:
2586:Manchester–Boston
2022:978-0-394-47217-1
1985:978-0-87474-448-4
1968:McCandless, Byron
1892:978-0-8044-1065-6
925:banner. Flown by
840:Revolutionary War
825:Revolutionary War
764:St George's cross
270:English Civil War
135:
134:
16:(Redirected from
2690:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2525:I-90 (Mass Pike)
2459:(CT, MA, NH, VT)
2417:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2072:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2003:
1989:
1977:
1962:
1943:
1923:
1904:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
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1741:
1735:
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1715:
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1708:
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1704:
1699:on April 1, 2007
1695:. Archived from
1689:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:on April 1, 2007
1651:. Archived from
1641:
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1632:
1631:
1622:. Archived from
1616:
1610:
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1601:
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1323:
1322:. June 14, 2014.
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
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1262:
1223:
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1196:, also known as
1194:Vermont Republic
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1087:
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938:
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881:
869:
851:
836:
821:
806:
795:armillary sphere
790:
775:
752:
740:
722:
712:Historical flags
700:
685:
669:
657:
645:
243:for some units.
119:
94:
58:
43:
32:
21:
18:Bunker Hill flag
2698:
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2463:Shore Line East
2406:
2363:
2260:
2217:
2104:
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2029:
2023:
2006:
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1246:1901 Maine Flag
1237:
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1224:
1215:
1212:Flag of Vermont
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1167:
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1116:
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1091:1901 Maine Flag
1088:
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1038:
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1010:
1001:
989:
980:
968:
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723:
707:
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661:
658:
649:
646:
632:
591:Star of the Sea
582:
450:displaying the
401:
399:Pine tree flags
305:flag of England
290:Oliver Cromwell
249:
241:Saybrook Colony
200:
195:
171:
169:Flag of England
159:Main articles:
157:
23:
22:
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12:
11:
5:
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2055:
2054:External links
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2021:
2004:
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1797:
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1710:
1684:
1681:on 2009-02-02.
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1241:Pine Tree Flag
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361:Royal Standard
317:Roger Williams
294:New Model Army
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1958:9780195162530
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1626:on 2011-09-07
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1557:Mastai, p. 16
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1077:Related flags
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452:Tree of Peace
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393:Samuel Sewall
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357:Castle Island
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2539:(MA, NH, VT)
2533:(CT, MA, VT)
2487:Valley Flyer
2453:(ME, NH, MA)
2447:(CT, MA, RI)
2441:(CT, MA, RI)
2266:Major cities
2251:Rhode Island
2150:
2136:Demographics
2045:
2032:
2010:
1998:
1973:
1948:
1928:
1909:
1882:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
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1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1687:
1679:the original
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1649:Midcoast.com
1648:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1571:
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1544:
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1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1132:Flag of the
1105:Maine ensign
1076:
1075:
1026:
1025:
942:Bedford Flag
921:New England
889:
888:
760:John Graydon
711:
710:
703:New England
634:
633:
623:
606:
583:
541:
509:
505:
490:
483:
456:
434:phrygian cap
423:
417:
413:
410:
389:
353:
302:
296:are hearts (
286:Rhode Island
274:Bedford Flag
260:
256:Bedford Flag
224:
209:
172:
146:
136:
67:
26:
2580:T. F. Green
2505:Interstates
2469:Metro-North
2344:Springfield
2314:New Bedford
2231:Connecticut
2102:New England
2002:. New York.
1875:Works cited
1781:25 November
1577:25 November
1386:Fisher 2004
1027:Territorial
927:Connecticut
859:Andros Flag
674:Bunker Hill
580:Other flags
469:and on the
467:Nova Scotia
325:Reformation
278:Connecticut
233:Newburyport
138:New England
30:New England
2672:Categories
2574:Burlington
2451:Downeaster
2402:Providence
2397:Montpelier
2339:Somerville
2309:Manchester
2299:Fall River
2284:Burlington
2274:Bridgeport
2198:Literature
2176:Prehistory
2166:Government
1729:30 October
1659:30 October
1630:2011-10-02
1572:Google.com
1252:References
811:Union Flag
756:Naval jack
726:Red Ensign
536:U.S. stamp
425:Queen Anne
216:Royal Navy
212:Red Ensign
161:Red Ensign
2610:Worcester
2598:New Haven
2457:Vermonter
2433:CapeFLYER
2359:Worcester
2354:Waterbury
2319:New Haven
2289:Cambridge
2156:Geography
2146:Elections
1776:Fotw.info
1724:Loeser.is
1149:Pennacook
1019:Colonel's
758:drawn by
566:John Hull
552:Pennacook
369:Civil War
365:Charles I
337:Watertown
2647:Category
2604:Portland
2561:Airports
2549:defunct:
2521:(NH, VT)
2515:(CT, MA)
2495:(CT, MA)
2489:(CT, MA)
2477:(CT, MA)
2429:(MA, RI)
2392:Hartford
2349:Stamford
2329:Portland
2279:Brockton
2208:Politics
1996:(1850).
1970:(1981).
1703:14 March
1235:See also
1178:Flag of
1134:Iroquois
1021:regiment
1000:regiment
979:regiment
956:Saybrook
890:Military
705:Acadians
282:Saybrook
68:de facto
2657:Commons
2568:Bradley
2387:Concord
2377:Augusta
2324:Norwalk
2294:Danbury
2256:Vermont
2171:History
2161:Geology
2141:Economy
2131:Culture
2126:Cuisine
2121:Climate
1016:militia
1013:Suffolk
995:militia
992:Suffolk
977:Major's
974:militia
971:Suffolk
958:militia
929:militia
906:of the
728:of the
630:Gallery
613:defaced
574:Vermont
463:Patriot
262:Puritan
228:company
214:of the
193:History
179:defaced
63:Adopted
2503:Major
2382:Boston
2334:Quincy
2304:Lowell
2223:States
2213:Sports
2116:Autumn
2109:Topics
2019:
1982:
1955:
1936:
1930:CAUSES
1916:
1901:395292
1899:
1889:
557:symbol
309:Papacy
167:, and
155:Design
143:canton
124:Design
99:Design
74:Design
2592:Logan
2445:Acela
2236:Maine
2037:(PDF)
570:Maine
534:1968
321:Salem
2612:(MA)
2606:(ME)
2600:(CT)
2594:(MA)
2588:(NH)
2582:(RI)
2576:(VT)
2570:(CT)
2543:I-95
2537:I-93
2531:I-91
2527:(MA)
2519:I-89
2513:I-84
2483:(CT)
2471:(CT)
2465:(CT)
2435:(MA)
2427:MBTA
2151:Flag
2017:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1897:OCLC
1887:ISBN
1783:2018
1731:2014
1705:2015
1661:2014
1579:2018
923:Buff
676:flag
572:and
280:and
239:and
617:fly
379:'s
363:of
292:'s
49:Use
2674::
1895:.
1885:.
1774:.
1722:.
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1570:.
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1286:.
1268:.
440:.
163:,
2094:e
2087:t
2080:v
2025:.
1988:.
1961:.
1942:.
1922:.
1903:.
1785:.
1733:.
1707:.
1663:.
1633:.
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1272:.
20:)
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