748:
710:
36:
105:
1161:
1096:
83:
916:
520:, causing pain, swelling and blood clotting problems. Until recently, their venom has often been regarded as less toxic than that of many other species, perhaps because bites are uncommon, but this turned out not to be the case. There are now a number of reports of bites that have led to severe
1520:
DĂaz-Delgado, JosuĂ©; Marrow, Judilee C.; Flanagan, Joseph P.; Bauer, Kendra L.; Zhang, Meng; Rodrigues-Hoffmann, Aline; Groch, Katia R.; Gomez, Gabriel; Balamayooran, Gayathriy (1 November 2020).
1747:
339:
is also distinct and the snout is broad. The crown is covered with small imbricate or smooth scales, none of which is enlarged. The eyes are relatively large with elliptical
467:, but most have been described as opportunistic feeders. Prey is typically ambushed from a hanging position, held until it has succumbed to the venom, and then swallowed.
2175:
416:
Some species are threatened by habitat destruction. A major cause of illness and mortality in both caged and wild bush viper snakes is Snake fungal disease(SFD).
2201:
2252:
2149:
2188:
1450:
496:
is reported to do very well in captivity, needing only arboreal access and having no particular temperature requirements. Captive specimens take
358:
and have apical pits. Laterally these are smaller than the middorsals. Midbody there are 14–36 rows of dorsal scales. There are 133–175 rounded
1729:
2047:
1482:
1426:
1388:
1346:
1338:
1892:. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Genus
1174:
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2193:
1442:
1772:
1669:
1087:
320:
They are relatively small in size, with adults ranging in total length (body + tail) from 55 cm (22 in) for
2206:
2035:
1590:
Mebs D, Holada K, KornalĂk F, et al. (October 1998). "Severe coagulopathy after a bite of a green bush viper (
45:
1820:
747:
1244:
Until relatively recently, the following species, all of which are terrestrial, were also included in the genus
709:
104:
1862:
1187:
225:
1680:
958:
544:
envenomation. Symptomatic replacement therapy is applied due to the absence of an
Atheris specific antivenom.
1522:"Outbreak of Paranannizziopsis australasiensis Infection in Captive African Bush Vipers (Atheris squamigera)"
1885:
1259:
1142:
1005:
834:
928:
483:. Mating takes place in October and November, and the females give birth to live young in March and April.
2063:
1903:(1996). "A review of the tribe Atherini (Serpentes: Viperidae), with the descriptions of two new genera".
1900:
1521:
1075:
697:
584:
2247:
1890:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ...Viperidæ
1207:
1190:, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, northern Angola, Uganda, Tanzania (Rumanika Game Reserve), western Kenya, and
1186:
West and central Africa: Ivory Coast and Ghana, eastward through southern
Nigeria to Cameroon, southern
1038:
761:
634:
1751:
2136:
2110:
1326:
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971:
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does not exist and antivenom meant for bites from other species seem to have little effect, although
294:
282:
1748:"Investigadores portugueses dĂŁo o nome do vocalista dos Metallica a nova espĂ©cie de vĂbora africana"
996:
373:
Members of this genus come in a wide variety of colors and patterns, often within a single species.
1924:
1322:
1201:
1136:
1071:
1042:
952:
868:
716:
375:
322:
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1985:
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They inhabit rainforest regions and forests, mostly in remote areas far from human activity.
2242:
1972:
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278:
91:
1629:
Top LJ, Tulleken JE, Ligtenberg JJM, Meertens JHJM, van der Werf TS, Zijlstra JG (2006).
52:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1292:
1274:
1108:
626:
359:
290:
1607:
404:. Some species have only isolated populations, surviving in small sections of ancient
2236:
2101:
1553:
777:
480:
355:
351:
309:
1230:
1191:
1014:
785:
722:
344:
2128:
1916:
1573:
1160:
2005:
Love W (1988). "Bush vipers (Atheris): Experiences in breeding and maintenance".
1503:
2162:
2115:
2095:
1253:
851:
793:
773:
501:
286:
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Central Africa from east DR Congo, Uganda and west
Tanzania southward to north
1095:
1976:
1940:
1844:
1840:
1806:
1666:
1577:
1507:
1268:
1018:
1010:
915:
405:
367:
335:
All species have a broad, triangular head that is distinct from the neck. The
301:
82:
1963:(1863). "On new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum".
529:
517:
444:
440:
266:
186:
116:
1653:
1545:
504:. Food may be refused during the African winter months of July and August.
1615:
1331:
Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
17:
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672:
521:
425:
298:
156:
136:
1825:
2154:
809:
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146:
2167:
2018:
Pareti KS (1994). "Cannibalism in a captive West
African bush viper (
1125:
1121:
941:
781:
642:
597:
452:
448:
340:
126:
2057:
1333:. Washington: District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
1773:"New venomous snake species named after Metallica's James Hetfield"
1677:
538:
antivenom has been reported to have been of some help in a case of
1288:
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534:
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and can support the body while suspended from a branch or a twig.
262:
176:
166:
1631:"Serious envenomation after a snakebite by a Western bush viper (
408:. They once had a much wider distribution but are now declining.
801:
464:
456:
424:
All species have extreme aggressive tendencies. All species are
305:
2061:
1419:
True Vipers: Natural
History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers
2141:
1929:
Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
428:, although they can sometimes be found on or near the ground.
29:
1955:(2). Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: 47–48.
1724:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
1154:
southwestern
Tanzania, northeastern Zambia, northern Malawi
350:
The body is slender, tapering, and slightly compressed. The
2030:(1). Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: 17.
668:
Barbour's short-headed viper, Uzungwe
Mountain bush viper
1696:
Wang, He, et al. (2018). "Comparative Profiling of Three
1241:
Other species may be encountered in literature, such as:
1720:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
1421:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp.
1594:): case report and biochemical analysis of the venom".
463:. Some species or populations may specialize in eating
1927:(1862). "Notes upon some REPTILES of the Old World".
1383:. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp.
500:
and small birds. However, there have been reports of
347:
by 1–3 scale rows and from the nasal by 2–3 scales.
2070:
1994:
Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa
703:Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria, Congo
1793:(Serpentes: Viperidae) from northern Mozambique".
366:are single and number 38–67. The tail is strongly
48:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
281:) and many species have isolated and fragmented
1875:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
671:The Udzungwa and Ukinga mountains in southern
312:. Seventeen species are currently recognized.
8:
1711:(4): 353–360. doi:10.1007/s10930-018-9781-y.
1702:A. squamigera, A. nitschei and A. chlorechis
854:, and Igembe in the northern Nyambeni range
326:to a maximum of 78 cm (31 in) for
27:Genus of venomous vipers of tropical Africa
2058:
2042:. London: Codicote, Wheldon & Wesley.
843:Mount Kenya bush viper, Ashe's bush viper
551:
81:
70:
1869:, with the description of a new species,
1865:(1849). "On the Lorine genus of Parrots,
1477:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.
850:: in the forests at Chuka, south-eastern
1225:*) Not including the nominate subspecies
512:Limited understanding exist about their
1469:
1467:
1451:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1413:
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1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
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1304:
1965:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1836:
1834:
1789:, Bayliss J (2009). "A new species of
1499:
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1495:
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1437:
1435:
1371:
1369:
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1365:
1363:
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1359:
1357:
1355:
1417:Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003).
940:Central Africa: DR Congo, south-west
297:, they show many similarities to the
7:
1635:) in the Netherlands: a case report"
898:CerĂaco, Marques, & Bauer, 2020
1475:Living Snakes of the World in Color
343:. The eyes are separated from the
289:. Like all other vipers, they are
273:. They are found only in tropical
25:
2253:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
1722:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
1291:are sometimes referred to as the
1526:Journal of Comparative Pathology
1159:
1094:
914:
746:
708:
103:
34:
2040:A Guide to the Snakes of Uganda
1746:Maciel, Ana Rita (2020-09-05).
908:Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea
1905:African Journal of Herpetology
1381:The Dangerous Snakes of Africa
1:
1917:10.1080/21564574.1996.9649964
1826:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1608:10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00008-7
1947:(West African bush viper)".
1847:. Accessed 8 September 2007.
1580:. Accessed 8 September 2007.
1510:. Accessed 8 September 2007.
1212:
1179:
1147:
1113:
1088:Democratic Republic of Congo
1080:
1047:
1001:
967:Katanga mountain bush viper
963:
933:
900:
877:
846:Two isolated populations in
839:
766:
727:
693:
664:
618:
589:
285:due to their confinement to
516:except that it is strongly
439:species have been known to
396:They are found in tropical
385:are particularly variable.
2269:
1538:10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.10.004
354:are overlapping, strongly
1977:10.1080/00222936308681373
1828:. Accessed 2 August 2007.
1807:10.11646/zootaxa.2113.1.2
1687:. Accessed 2 August 2007.
937:African hairy bush viper
738:and Uzungwe Mountains in
218:
211:
100:Scientific classification
98:
89:
80:
73:
1667:Bitten by a Sedge Viper!
1269:Proatheris superciliaris
1188:Central African Republic
808:, isolated locations in
770:West African bush viper
443:upon a variety of small
1992:: fatal envenomation".
1117:Great Lakes bush viper
1084:Mongo hairy bush viper
1051:Matilda's horned viper
1006:Mount Mabu forest viper
731:Usambara eyelash viper
1151:Mt. Rungwe bush viper
904:Hetfield’s bush viper
524:. One case was fatal.
2024:Herpetological Review
1971:(3). London: 20–25 .
1949:Herpetological Review
881:Tai hairy bush viper
593:Acuminate bush viper
1845:The World Of Atheris
1678:VenomousReptiles.org
1578:The World Of Atheris
1508:The World Of Atheris
1473:Mehrtens JM (1987).
1183:Variable bush viper
978:in eastern DR Congo
972:Upemba National Park
295:convergent evolution
2020:Atheris chloroechis
2000:. Stellenbosch: 29.
1706:The Protein Journal
622:Mayombe bush viper
412:Conservation status
293:. In an example of
1945:Atheris chlorechis
1775:. August 28, 2020.
1683:2008-04-09 at the
1672:2009-12-10 at the
1633:Atheris chlorechis
1329:, Touré T (1999).
1254:Montatheris hindii
2230:
2229:
2215:Open Tree of Life
2064:Taxon identifiers
1990:Atheris squamiger
1871:Eclectus cornelia
1734:Atheris broadleyi
1730:978-1-4214-0135-5
1592:Atheris squamiger
1278:
1263:
1222:
1221:
818:Equatorial Guinea
570:Geographic range
459:, and even other
398:subsaharan Africa
275:subsaharan Africa
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16:(Redirected from
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1855:Further reading
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1674:Wayback Machine
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1602:(10): 1333–40.
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1279:– lowland viper
1264:– montane viper
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402:southern Africa
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279:southern Africa
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92:Atheris hispida
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43:This article's
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970:Restricted to
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953:A. katangensis
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323:A. katangensis
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1470:
1468:
1464:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:0-89464-877-2
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:0-88359-029-8
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:1-893777-01-4
1344:
1340:
1339:1-893777-00-6
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
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1298:
1296:
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1256:
1255:
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1249:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:A. squamigera
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
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1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1066:A. mongoensis
1063:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
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994:
991:
989:
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981:
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957:
955:
954:
950:
948:
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944:, west Kenya
943:
939:
936:
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927:
925:
924:
920:
917:
913:
912:
909:
906:
903:
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883:
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865:
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799:
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791:
787:
783:
779:
778:Guinea-Bissau
775:
772:
769:
763:
759:
757:
756:
755:A. chlorechis
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
737:
733:
730:
724:
721:
719:
718:
714:
711:
707:
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687:
685:
684:
680:
678:
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670:
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661:
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655:
654:
650:
648:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:
615:
612:
610:
609:
608:A. anisolepis
605:
603:
602:
599:
595:
592:
586:
583:
581:
580:
576:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
547:
545:
543:
542:
541:A. squamigera
537:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
494:
493:A. squamigera
486:
484:
482:
481:ovoviviparous
478:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
431:
429:
427:
419:
417:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
388:
386:
384:
383:
382:A. squamigera
378:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:dorsal scales
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
330:
329:A. squamigera
325:
324:
315:
313:
311:
310:South America
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:distributions
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
246:
242:
241:Poecilostolus
239:
234:
231:
227:
223:
220:
219:
217:
214:
210:
205:
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142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
97:
94:
93:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
69:
61:
49:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2248:Snake genera
2071:
2039:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1968:
1964:
1961:GĂĽnther ACLG
1952:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1911:(2): 40–48.
1908:
1904:
1893:
1889:
1886:Boulenger GA
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:Bonaparte CL
1819:
1815:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1741:
1733:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1662:
1648:(5): 153–6.
1645:
1642:Neth. J. Med
1641:
1632:
1624:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1529:
1525:
1515:
1474:
1454:. Retrieved
1444:
1418:
1380:
1330:
1323:McDiarmid RW
1284:
1282:
1267:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1231:Type species
1228:
1224:
1223:
1200:
1192:Bioko Island
1166:
1135:
1101:
1064:
1027:
1015:Mount Namuli
987:A. mabuensis
985:
951:
921:
893:A. hetfieldi
891:
884:Ivory Coast
861:
827:
820:, and Gabon
786:Sierra Leone
753:
715:
683:A. broadleyi
681:
651:
606:
579:A. acuminata
577:
561:Taxon author
539:
533:
525:
522:hemorrhaging
511:
491:
490:
479:species are
476:
474:
471:Reproduction
436:
435:
423:
415:
400:, excluding
395:
392:
380:
374:
372:
349:
345:supralabials
334:
327:
321:
319:
287:rain forests
270:
257:
256:
255:
240:
232:
221:
197:
196:
90:
74:
68:
55:
44:
2163:iNaturalist
2096:Wikispecies
2013:(3): 22–25.
1935:: 337–344 .
1901:Broadley DG
1881:: 142–146 .
1757:5 September
1327:Campbell JA
1103:A. nitschei
1054:south west
1029:A. matildae
1017:, northern
852:Mount Kenya
794:Ivory Coast
774:West Africa
700:bush viper
653:A. barbouri
567:Common name
502:cannibalism
316:Description
277:(excluding
271:bush vipers
222:Chloroechis
183:Subfamily:
2237:Categories
2036:Pitman CRS
1984:Lanoie L,
1532:: 97–102.
1375:Spawls S,
1341:(series).
1299:References
1295:Atherini.
1124:and north
1019:Mozambique
1011:Mount Mabu
923:A. hispida
863:A. hirsuta
829:A. desaixi
776:including
698:Broadley's
528:-specific
445:amphibians
406:rainforest
368:prehensile
302:pit vipers
236:Cope, 1862
163:Suborder:
18:Bush viper
1988:(1991). "
1943:(1986). "
1801:: 41–54.
1787:Branch WR
1736:, p. 39).
1574:Captivity
1554:227955419
1349:(volume).
1275:W. Peters
1260:Boulenger
1218:Cameroon
1175:Hallowell
1039:Davenport
723:F. Werner
689:D. Lawson
660:Loveridge
530:antivenom
518:hemotoxic
487:Captivity
269:known as
226:Bonaparte
187:Viperinae
177:Viperidae
167:Serpentes
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
58:June 2011
2087:Q1017440
2081:Wikidata
2038:(1974).
2007:Vivarium
1986:Branch W
1888:(1896).
1867:Eclectus
1681:Archived
1670:Archived
1654:16702615
1559:20 March
1546:33288159
1504:Overview
1379:(1995).
1377:Branch B
1237:Taxonomy
1177:, 1856)
1056:Tanzania
959:de Witte
869:R. Ernst
814:Cameroon
764:, 1851)
740:Tanzania
736:Usambara
673:Tanzania
662:, 1930)
641:, north
639:DR Congo
614:Mocquard
596:Western
585:Broadley
426:arboreal
420:Behavior
389:Location
299:arboreal
291:venomous
213:Synonyms
173:Family:
157:Squamata
147:Reptilia
137:Chordata
133:Phylum:
127:Animalia
113:Domain:
2243:Atheris
2181:1404833
2155:2443751
2116:Atheris
2102:Atheris
2072:Atheris
1941:Freed P
1925:Cope ED
1894:Atheris
1824:at the
1821:Atheris
1795:Zootaxa
1791:Atheris
1752:PĂşblico
1698:Atheris
1616:9723832
1596:Toxicon
1456:13 July
1445:Atheris
1285:Atheris
1277:, 1855)
1262:, 1910)
1246:Atheris
1210:, 1888
1208:Fischer
1145:, 1940
1111:, 1902
1109:Tornier
1078:, 2020
1045:, 2011
1035:Menegon
999:, 2009
997:Bayliss
961:, 1953
931:, 1955
929:Laurent
875:, 2002
837:, 1968
810:Nigeria
790:Liberia
725:, 1895
691:, 1999
637:, west
616:, 1887
587:, 1998
564:Subsp.*
558:Species
548:Species
526:Atheris
477:Atheris
453:rodents
449:lizards
437:Atheris
337:canthus
258:Atheris
245:GĂĽnther
233:Atheris
198:Atheris
193:Genus:
153:Order:
143:Class:
75:Atheris
2207:110215
2194:634419
2046:
1728:
1652:
1614:
1552:
1544:
1481:
1425:
1387:
1345:
1337:
1289:genera
1143:Bogert
1126:Zambia
1122:Malawi
1074:&
1072:Collet
1043:Howell
1041:&
995:&
993:Branch
942:Uganda
871:&
782:Guinea
643:Angola
598:Uganda
461:snakes
362:. The
356:keeled
341:pupils
267:vipers
247:, 1863
228:, 1849
206:, 1862
2220:18031
2176:IRMNG
2168:30874
2142:35595
1638:(PDF)
1550:S2CID
1293:tribe
1076:Trape
873:Rödel
848:Kenya
806:Benin
798:Ghana
635:Congo
631:Gabon
625:West
555:Image
535:Echis
514:venom
508:Venom
465:frogs
457:birds
263:genus
261:is a
2202:NCBI
2189:ITIS
2150:GBIF
2129:34Z7
2044:ISBN
2022:)".
1841:Home
1799:2113
1759:2020
1726:ISBN
1650:PMID
1612:PMID
1561:2022
1542:PMID
1479:ISBN
1458:2006
1423:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1013:and
835:Ashe
802:Togo
734:The
498:mice
475:All
441:prey
432:Diet
379:and
308:and
306:Asia
204:Cope
2137:EoL
2124:CoL
2111:ADW
1973:doi
1913:doi
1873:".
1843:at
1803:doi
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2026:.
2009:.
1998:39
1996:.
1969:11
1967:.
1953:17
1951:.
1933:14
1931:.
1909:45
1907:.
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1877:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
