878:, the business judgment rule is the offspring of the fundamental principle, codified in Del. Code Ann. tit. 8, § 141(a), that the business and affairs of a Delaware corporation are managed by or under its board of directors. In carrying out their managerial roles, directors are charged with an unyielding fiduciary duty to the corporation. The rationale for the rule is the recognition by courts that, in the inherently risky environment of business, Boards of Directors need to be free to take risks without a constant fear of lawsuits affecting their judgment.
913:, ruled, for example, that "courts of equity will not interfere in the management of the directors unless it is clearly made to appear that they are guilty of fraud or misappropriation of the corporate funds, or refuse to declare a dividend when the corporation has a surplus of net profits which it can, without detriment to its business, divide among its stockholders, and when a refusal to do so would amount to such an abuse of discretion as would constitute a fraud, or breach of that good faith which they are bound to exercise towards the stockholders."
791:; (2) with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would exercise under similar circumstances; and (3) in a manner the directors reasonably believe to be in the best interests of the corporation. As part of their duty of care, directors have a duty not to waste corporate assets by overpaying for property or employment services. The business judgment rule is very difficult to overcome and courts will not interfere with directors unless it is clear that they are guilty of fraud or misappropriation of the corporate funds, etc.
885:. "The business judgment rule is a presumption that in making a business decision, the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the company. Thus, the party attacking a board decision as uninformed must rebut the presumption that its business judgment was an informed one." Further, rebuttal typically requires a showing that the defendants violated duty of care or loyalty (with courts assuming director's good faith otherwise).
837:
person is (1) a party to the transaction; (2) has a beneficial financial interest in, or closely linked to, the transaction that the interest would reasonably be expected to influence the director's judgment if she were to vote on the transaction; or (3) is a director, general partner, agent, or employee of another entity with whom the corporation is transacting business and the transaction is of such importance to the corporation that it would in the normal course of business be brought before the board.
2429:
2443:
103:
893:/rational decision. In many cases, it is relatively easy for a director to find some rational reason for his actions and, with the courts using the business judgment rule, the case will likely be dismissed (U.S. courts disdain getting involved in business matters). All directors must have the option of vetoing the decision.
836:
Consequently, over time, one of the points of review that has entered the business judgment rule was the prohibition against self-interest transactions. Conflicting interest transactions occur when a director, who has a conflicting interest with respect to a transaction, knows that she or a related
820:
is often evaluated by courts in certain cases dealing with violations by the board. While the business judgment rule is historically linked particularly to the duty of care standard of conduct, shareholders who sue the directors often charge both the duty of care and duty of loyalty violations.
888:
If the plaintiff can show that an action should not be protected by the business judgment rule (such as when a director decides to give over a certain percentage of the company's profits to charity (duty of care violation) or lines his/her own pockets with company's money (self-interest/duty of
798:
in favor of the board of directors of a corporation, freeing its members from possible liability for decisions that result in harm to the corporation. The presumption is that "in making business decisions not involving direct self-interest or self-dealing, corporate directors act on an informed
824:
This forced the courts to evaluate duty of care (employing the business judgment rule standard of review) together with duty of loyalty violations that involve self-interest violations (as opposed to gross incompetence with duty of care). Violations of the duty of care are reviewed under a
896:
Frequently, the winning cases for plaintiffs involving the business judgment rule involve acts constituting corporate waste. Also, note that some Board decisions lie outside the business judgment rule. For instance, in the takeover context, courts will apply the more stringent
803:
has said, a court "will not substitute its own notions of what is or is not sound business judgment" if "the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the company."
74:." Failing to do so, a plaintiff "is not entitled to any remedy unless the transaction constitutes waste ... the exchange was so one-sided that no business person of ordinary, sound judgment could conclude that the corporation has received adequate consideration."
42:
that courts defer to the business judgment of corporate executives. It is rooted in the principle that the "directors of a corporation ... are clothed with presumption, which the law accords to them, of being in their conduct by a
799:
basis, in good faith, and in the honest belief that their actions are in the corporation's best interest." In short, it exists so that a board will not suffer legal action simply from a bad decision. As the
787:
Given that the directors cannot ensure corporate success, the business judgment rule specifies that the court will not review the business decisions of directors who performed their duties (1) in
1153:, 488 A.2d 858 (1985), at 872-73. The judgment notes "A director's duty to exercise an informed business judgment is in the nature of a duty of care, as distinguished from a duty of loyalty."
1027:
948:
652:
1208:
610:
368:
58:, a plaintiff assumes "the burden of providing evidence that directors, in reaching their challenged decision, breached any one of the triads of their
956:
2410:
565:
774:
47:
regard for the interests of the corporation whose affairs the stockholders have committed to their charge." The rule exists in some form in most
469:
278:
813:
457:
401:
360:
71:
339:
898:
127:
1836:
1394:
1293:
406:
1950:
1819:
875:
483:
384:
2405:
1752:
1653:
1077:
991:
1912:
1546:
849:, 539 A.2d 180 (Del. 1988), as a guideline for satisfaction of the business judgment rule. Directors in a business should:
1265:
309:
243:
2072:
1551:
493:
2067:
767:
680:
157:
2042:
1541:
376:
152:
137:
1135:
2125:
1009:
725:
660:
449:
319:
147:
1920:
1902:
1238:
1121:
620:
487:
162:
122:
1571:
904:, also called intermediate scrutiny. Illegal decisions are also not protected by the business judgment rule.
889:
loyalty violation)), then the burden will shift to the defendant to show that the action meets the burden of
2295:
2082:
1556:
1222:
1071:
909:
329:
250:
2483:
2350:
2335:
800:
760:
416:
289:
203:
168:
132:
86:
2454:
2047:
1725:
1536:
1022:
585:
117:
1098:
2175:
1521:
710:
647:
2330:
1470:
1387:
1181:
1149:
685:
439:
411:
265:
238:
233:
223:
2145:
1804:
1658:
1643:
1621:
1365:
1345:
1298:
1288:
1004:
942:
605:
525:
498:
178:
173:
142:
55:
2130:
2052:
1890:
1633:
1628:
1581:
1506:
1500:
1340:
1258:
665:
535:
423:
298:
260:
255:
2135:
2102:
1601:
1465:
1460:
1425:
1092:
1065:
932:
826:
743:
730:
675:
575:
39:
2384:
2357:
2345:
2325:
2259:
2254:
2237:
2217:
2212:
2192:
2057:
2037:
2032:
1935:
1895:
1606:
1531:
1455:
1440:
1360:
817:
715:
670:
393:
218:
67:
2461:
2269:
2187:
1776:
1742:
1693:
1678:
1450:
1355:
1335:
1325:
937:
59:
2477:
2315:
2274:
2160:
2140:
2112:
2062:
2027:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1940:
1880:
1720:
1710:
1668:
1591:
1586:
1516:
1475:
1399:
927:
595:
477:
444:
94:
2447:
2197:
2165:
2120:
1858:
1853:
1824:
1737:
1715:
1683:
1616:
1596:
1490:
1430:
1420:
1372:
1330:
1308:
1251:
1164:
555:
545:
51:
countries, including the United States, Canada, England and Wales, and
Australia.
17:
2428:
2369:
2310:
2300:
2097:
2092:
1930:
1831:
1747:
1706:
1673:
1638:
1561:
1485:
1435:
1350:
795:
691:
228:
213:
208:
2433:
2362:
2242:
2180:
1925:
1846:
1841:
1799:
1781:
1769:
1730:
1576:
1566:
1526:
1511:
1495:
1445:
1382:
1377:
890:
830:
788:
748:
514:
464:
63:
48:
44:
881:
The presumption raised by the business judgement rule may be rebutted by the
2340:
2305:
2247:
2222:
2087:
1984:
1972:
1957:
1945:
1873:
1791:
1764:
1648:
882:
1198:, 683 A.2d 1049, 1052 (Del. Ch. 1996) (setting out rationale for the rule).
2389:
2374:
2077:
1962:
1759:
1303:
720:
35:
2279:
2227:
2207:
2155:
1967:
1885:
1701:
1663:
1611:
922:
198:
865:
not involve self-interest (duty of loyalty concept plays a role here).
2379:
2232:
1977:
1868:
1863:
1809:
1480:
102:
2320:
2264:
2170:
2011:
1814:
1313:
2202:
2150:
2006:
1404:
1320:
1247:
1274:
361:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
1028:
Australian
Securities and Investments Commission v Rich
949:
In re
Caremark International Inc. Derivative Litigation
794:
In effect, the business judgment rule creates a strong
1243:
1041:
Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc., 634 A.2d 345, 361
845:
The following test was constructed in the opinion for
2398:
2288:
2111:
2020:
1911:
1790:
1692:
1413:
1281:
1209:Miller v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
1053:In re The Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litigation
369:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
1259:
1081:, Del. Ch., 14 Del. Ch. 193, 126 A. 46 (1926)
856:act in the best interests of the corporation;
768:
27:Case law-derived doctrine in corporations law
8:
812:Although a distinct common law concept from
54:To challenge the actions of a corporation's
1266:
1252:
1244:
775:
761:
285:
81:
1176:
1174:
1078:Robinson v. Pittsburgh Oil Refinery Corp.
957:Benihana of Tokyo, Inc. v. Benihana, Inc.
2411:History of the American legal profession
974:
972:
968:
506:
431:
350:
288:
93:
1075:, Del. Ch., 284 A.2d 119, 124 (1971);
470:Limited liability limited partnership
385:Industrial and provident society
1226:, 204 Mich. 459, 170 N.W. 668 (1919).
1102:, Del. Ch., 283 A.2d 693, 695 (1971).
567:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
7:
981:, 316 A.2d 599, 608 (Del. Ch. 1974).
995:, 2008 SCC 69 (CanLII), 3 SCR 560.
1055:, 906 A.2d 27 (Del. June 8, 2006).
25:
1395:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2442:
2441:
2427:
1196:Gagliardi v. TriFoods Int’l Inc.
876:Delaware General Corporation Law
808:Duty of care and duty of loyalty
612:Société à responsabilité limitée
101:
2406:History of the legal profession
1139:, 280 A.2d 717, 720 (Del. 1971)
1125:, 280 A.2d 717, 720 (Del. 1971)
992:BCE Inc v 1976 Debentureholders
829:standard, as opposed to simple
952:, 698 A.2d 959 (Del. Ch. 1996)
1:
1212:507 F.2d 759 (3rd Cir. 1974).
1111:Black's Law Dictionary. 2001.
1168:, 5 A.2d 503 (1939), at 510.
1136:Sinclair Oil Corp. v. Levien
1122:Sinclair Oil Corp. v. Levien
1096:, 473 A.2d 805, 812 (1984);
1069:, 473 A.2d 805, 812 (1984);
494:Massachusetts business trust
1185:, 488 A.2d 858 (Del. 1985).
907:One of the earliest cases,
681:Piercing the corporate veil
377:Community interest company
352:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
340:Economic interest grouping
2500:
2073:International legal theory
1552:International slavery laws
1547:International human rights
1542:International criminal law
1010:Re Smith & Fawcett Ltd
450:Limited liability company
2421:
2126:Administration of justice
1239:Companies House in the UK
859:act on an informed basis;
661:Internal affairs doctrine
656:and estoppel corporations
1903:Basic structure doctrine
1753:Natural and legal rights
1634:Public international law
85:This article is part of
2083:Principle of typicality
1557:International trade law
1223:Dodge v. Ford Motor Co.
910:Dodge v. Ford Motor Co.
331:Societas unius personae
193:General corporate forms
1072:Kaplan v. Centex Corp.
801:Delaware Supreme Court
643:Business judgment rule
32:business judgment rule
2078:Principle of legality
1837:Delegated legislation
1537:Intellectual property
1023:Corporations Act 2001
979:Gimbel v. Signal Cos.
587:Naamloze vennootschap
577:Kabushiki gaisha
394:Limited company
38:-derived doctrine in
2296:Barristers' chambers
2238:Legal representation
2176:Justice of the peace
1522:Financial regulation
711:Beneficial ownership
648:Corporate governance
484:Delaware corporation
311:Societas cooperativa
2331:Election commission
2043:Expressive function
1572:Landlord–tenant law
1471:Consumer protection
1182:Smith v. Van Gorkom
1150:Smith v. Van Gorkom
726:Corporate registers
686:Rochdale Principles
440:Benefit corporation
266:Sole proprietorship
2289:Legal institutions
2156:Lawsuit/Litigation
2146:Dispute resolution
1951:Catholic canon law
1659:State of emergency
1622:Will and testament
1346:Law of obligations
1299:Constitutional law
1289:Administrative law
1025:, section 180(2);
1005:Companies Act 2006
943:German company law
853:act in good faith;
841:Standard of review
527:Aktiengesellschaft
499:Nevada corporation
56:board of directors
2471:
2470:
2131:Constitutionalism
2053:Law and economics
1891:Act of parliament
1629:Product liability
1582:Legal archaeology
1507:Environmental law
1501:Entertainment law
1341:International law
785:
784:
666:Limited liability
628:
627:
537:Ansvarlig selskap
424:Unlimited company
261:Shelf corporation
256:Shell corporation
244:Limited liability
18:Business judgment
16:(Redirected from
2491:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2431:
2255:Question of fact
2136:Criminal justice
1466:Construction law
1461:Conflict of laws
1426:Agricultural law
1268:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1099:Puma v. Marriott
1093:Aronson v. Lewis
1088:
1082:
1066:Aronson v. Lewis
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1020:
1014:
1002:
996:
988:
982:
976:
933:US corporate law
862:not be wasteful;
827:gross negligence
777:
770:
763:
731:Registered agent
676:Drag-along right
616:
601:
591:
581:
571:
561:
551:
541:
531:
521:
490:
473:
453:
397:
388:
380:
372:
364:
353:
343:
335:
325:
321:Societas privata
315:
305:
286:
105:
82:
40:corporations law
21:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2440:
2426:
2417:
2394:
2385:Political party
2358:Legal education
2346:Law enforcement
2326:Court of equity
2284:
2260:Question of law
2213:Practice of law
2193:Judicial review
2107:
2058:Legal formalism
2038:Comparative law
2033:Contract theory
2016:
1936:Legal pluralism
1907:
1896:Act of Congress
1820:Executive order
1786:
1688:
1607:Nationality law
1532:Immigration law
1456:Competition law
1409:
1277:
1272:
1235:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1089:
1085:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1021:
1017:
1003:
999:
989:
985:
977:
970:
966:
919:
872:
847:Grobow v. Perot
843:
818:duty of loyalty
810:
781:
736:
735:
716:Civil procedure
706:
698:
697:
671:Tag-along right
638:
630:
629:
614:
599:
589:
579:
569:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
488:statutory trust
482:
471:
451:
395:
392:
386:
378:
370:
362:
351:
341:
333:
323:
313:
303:
283:
281:by jurisdiction
280:
279:Corporate forms
271:
270:
251:Private limited
219:Holding company
194:
186:
185:
167:
113:
112:By jurisdiction
80:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2437:
2434:Law portal
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:Trial advocacy
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1800:Ballot measure
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1777:Legal treatise
1774:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1743:Letters patent
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1694:Sources of law
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1679:Unenforced law
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1451:Commercial law
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:External links
1231:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1200:
1187:
1170:
1155:
1141:
1127:
1113:
1104:
1083:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1015:
997:
983:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
953:
945:
940:
938:UK company law
935:
930:
925:
918:
915:
871:
868:
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
842:
839:
809:
806:
783:
782:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
754:
753:
752:
751:
746:
744:Company portal
738:
737:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
650:
645:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
626:
625:
624:
623:
618:
608:
603:
593:
583:
573:
563:
553:
543:
533:
523:
509:
508:
504:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
480:
475:
467:
462:
461:
460:
458:Low-profit LLC
447:
442:
434:
433:
429:
428:
427:
426:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
390:
382:
374:
366:
355:
354:
348:
347:
346:
345:
337:
327:
317:
307:
293:
292:
290:European Union
284:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
247:
246:
241:
236:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
169:European Union
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
138:Cayman Islands
135:
130:
125:
120:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
98:
97:
91:
90:
79:
76:
60:fiduciary duty
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2496:
2485:
2484:Corporate law
2482:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Civil society
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Trier of fact
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Legal opinion
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Court-martial
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2113:Jurisprudence
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Statutory law
2000:
1998:
1997:Socialist law
1995:
1991:
1990:Byzantine law
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:Religious law
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1913:Legal systems
1910:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:Statutory law
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Statutory law
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Transport law
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Legal fiction
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:Financial law
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Corporate law
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:Statutory law
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:Core subjects
1280:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:section 172;
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
987:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
963:
959:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:Corporate law
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
914:
912:
911:
905:
903:
901:
894:
892:
886:
884:
879:
877:
869:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
850:
848:
840:
838:
834:
832:
828:
822:
819:
815:
807:
805:
802:
797:
792:
790:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
758:
756:
755:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
739:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
705:Related areas
702:
701:
694:
693:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
655:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
634:
633:
622:
619:
617:
613:
609:
607:
604:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
582:
578:
574:
572:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
552:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
532:
528:
524:
522:
517:
513:
512:
511:
510:
505:
500:
497:
495:
492:
489:
485:
481:
479:
478:S corporation
476:
474:
468:
466:
463:
459:
456:
455:
454:
448:
446:
445:C corporation
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
432:United States
430:
425:
422:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
391:
389:
383:
381:
375:
373:
367:
365:
359:
358:
357:
356:
349:
344:
338:
336:
332:
328:
326:
322:
318:
316:
312:
308:
306:
301:
297:
296:
295:
294:
291:
287:
282:
275:
274:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
190:
189:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
166:
164:
161:
159:
158:United States
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:Corporate law
92:
88:
84:
83:
77:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2460:
2453:
2439:
2425:
2198:Jurisdiction
2166:Legal remedy
2121:Adjudication
2021:Legal theory
1859:Ratification
1854:Promulgation
1825:Proclamation
1805:Codification
1738:Human rights
1726:Divine right
1716:Constitution
1684:Women in law
1602:Military law
1597:Marriage law
1592:Maritime law
1491:Election law
1431:Aviation law
1421:Abortion law
1373:Property law
1309:Criminal law
1221:
1217:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1165:Guth v. Loft
1163:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1018:
1008:
1000:
990:
986:
978:
955:
947:
908:
906:
899:
895:
887:
880:
873:
846:
844:
835:
823:
814:duty of care
811:
793:
786:
690:
653:
642:
611:
596:
586:
576:
566:
557:Aksjeselskap
556:
547:Aktieselskab
546:
536:
526:
515:
402:by guarantee
330:
320:
310:
299:
204:Conglomerate
148:South Africa
53:
31:
29:
2370:Legislature
2301:Bureaucracy
2098:Rule of man
2093:Rule of law
2068:Libertarian
1931:Chinese law
1832:Legislation
1782:Regulations
1770:Law reports
1748:Natural law
1644:Reparations
1639:Refugee law
1562:Jurimetrics
1503:(Media law)
1441:Banking law
1436:Amnesty law
1414:Disciplines
1351:Private law
1043:(Del. 1993)
1031:NSWSC 1229.
796:presumption
692:Ultra vires
412:proprietary
229:Partnership
224:Joint-stock
214:Corporation
209:Cooperative
2363:Law school
2243:Prosecutor
2181:Magistrate
1968:Jewish law
1926:Common law
1847:Rulemaking
1842:Regulation
1792:Law making
1731:Divine law
1707:Legal code
1654:Sports law
1577:Law of war
1527:Health law
1512:Family law
1496:Energy law
1446:Bankruptcy
1383:Punishment
1378:Public law
891:good faith
874:Under the
831:negligence
789:good faith
749:Law portal
597:Osakeyhtiö
516:Aktiebolag
465:Series LLC
64:good faith
49:common law
45:bona fides
2341:Judiciary
2336:Executive
2311:The bench
2248:Solicitor
2223:Barrister
2103:Sociology
2088:Pseudolaw
2028:Anarchist
1985:Roman law
1973:Parsi law
1958:Hindu law
1946:Canon law
1921:Civil law
1874:Concordat
1765:Precedent
1674:Trust law
1649:Space law
1486:Drugs law
1356:Procedure
1294:Civil law
883:plaintiff
870:Rationale
637:Doctrines
407:by shares
123:Australia
2478:Category
2448:Category
2390:Tribunal
2375:Military
2218:Attorney
2188:Judgment
2048:Feminist
1963:Jain law
1760:Case law
1481:Cyberlaw
1388:Corporal
1366:Criminal
1336:Evidence
1326:Doctrine
1304:Contract
917:See also
721:Contract
654:De facto
486: /
300:Societas
118:Anguilla
87:a series
72:due care
36:case-law
2462:Outline
2399:History
2306:The bar
2280:Verdict
2228:Counsel
2208:Justice
2063:History
1886:Statute
1702:Charter
1664:Tax law
1612:Probate
1013:Ch 304.
923:Company
621:more...
239:Limited
234:General
199:Company
179:Germany
163:Vietnam
68:loyalty
2380:Police
2351:Agency
2233:Lawyer
1978:Sharia
1869:Treaty
1864:Repeal
1810:Decree
1721:Custom
1617:Estate
1567:Labour
1331:Equity
900:Unocal
615:(SARL)
590:(N.V.)
580:(K.K.)
570:(GmbH)
518:
507:Others
472:(LLLP)
417:public
396:(Ltd.)
371:(SCIO)
342:(EEIG)
302:
174:France
133:Canada
2455:Index
2321:Court
2265:Trial
2171:Judge
2012:Yassa
1815:Edict
1361:Civil
1314:Crime
964:Notes
550:(A/S)
540:(ANS)
452:(LLC)
387:(IPS)
379:(CIC)
363:(CIO)
334:(SUP)
324:(SPE)
314:(SCE)
143:India
78:Basis
70:, or
34:is a
2203:Jury
2151:Fiqh
2007:Xeer
1405:Tort
1321:Deed
1194:See
1162:See
1090:See
902:test
606:S.A.
600:(Oy)
560:(AS)
530:(AG)
520:(AB)
304:(SE)
30:The
1275:Law
833:.
128:BVI
2480::
1709:/
1173:^
971:^
816:,
153:UK
89:on
66:,
62:—
1267:e
1260:t
1253:v
776:e
769:t
762:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
