888:
966:; however, some articles in the constitution, as well as other laws and policies, restrict those rights. In practice the government enforced those restrictions. "Muslims continue to experience the most severe forms of legal, economic, religious, educational, and social restrictions and discrimination". The military dictatorship rejects or ignores their requests when they want to build mosques in the country or to go abroad for religious ceremonies. Although there is limited freedom of religion in Burma, Muslims decided not to hold
763:
719:
907:
611:
738:, largely on foot. The refugees suffered terribly and thousands died. Some of the Indian community remained in Burma during the war; others returned after the war, although many never did. After independence, Burmese law treated a large percentage of the Indian community as 'resident aliens.' Though many had long ties to Burma or were born there, they were not considered citizens under the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823.
1123:, university lecturers, pharmacists, opticians, lawyers and doctors. They dominated several types of businesses such as auto parts and electrical goods, ironmongery and hardware, printing and bookbinding, books and stationery, paper and printing ink, tailoring and dry-cleaning, English tuition, and money lending. They traded in textiles, gold and jewellery, where the market was traditionally dominated by Burmese women. The
206:
1353:
236:
4004:
654:. By 1931, there were more than one million Indians in Burma, about 7% of the population, and were mostly concentrated in Lower Burma. The census of 1931 enumerated 1,017,825 Indians in Burma with 617,521 born in India. Per the census of 1931, the total population of Rangoon was 400,415 out of which comprised 212,929 Indians. They comprised 2.5% of population in
706:
escalated into large-scale anti-Indian riots in the city. Over 200 Indians were killed and their bodies flung into the river. Authorities ordered the police to fire upon any assembly of five or more who refused to lay down their arms, under
Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Within two days the riot spread throughout the country to locations such as
1137:
1127:
of Burma functioned as moneylenders and have been thought crucial in the growth in agricultural output of Burma during the colonial era. Today, many
Indians live in central Rangoon on both sides of the Su Lei Paya Road and are largely involved in businesses, including restaurants, jewellery shops and
745:
ordered a large-scale expulsion of
Indians. Although many Indians had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalisation of private ventures in 1964, led to the
705:
at the port of
Rangoon employed Burmese workers in an attempt to break a strike organised by its Indian workers. When, on 26 May, the strike ended and the Indians returned to work, clashes developed between the returning Indian workers and the Burmese workers who had replaced them. The clashes soon
694:). Indians played a prominent role in the British administration and became the target of Burmese nationalists. Racial animosity toward Indians because of their skin-colour and appearance also played a role. Meanwhile, the price of rice plummeted during the economic depression of the 1930s and the
284:
in 1937. During colonial times, ethnic
Indians formed the backbone of the government and economy serving as soldiers, civil servants, merchants, moneylenders, mobile laborers and dock workers. A series of anti-Indian riots in the 1930s and mass emigration at the onset of the Japanese invasion of
1118:
Historically, Burmese
Indians have made their livelihoods as merchants, traders and shopkeepers as well as manual labourers such as coolies, dockers, municipal workers, rickshaw men, pony cart drivers, malis and durwans. They were also heavily represented in certain professions such as
1397:
Manipuri language, Manipuri
Meiteilon, also called Meitei (Meetei), a Tibeto-Burman language spoken predominantly in Manipur, a northeastern state of India. Smaller speech communities exist in the Indian states of Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura, as well as in Bangladesh and Myanmar
673:
in 1885, numerous infrastructure projects started by the
British colonial government and increases in rice cultivation in the delta region caused an unprecedented economic boom in Burma that drew many Indians, particularly from southern India, to the
941:
Predominantly, Burmese
Indians are Hindu. The practice of Hinduism among Burmese Indians is also influenced by Buddhism. In addition of Hindu deities, the Buddha is also worshiped and many Hindu temples in Myanmar house statues of the Buddha.
280:. While Indians have lived in Burma for many centuries, most of the ancestors of the current Burmese Indian community emigrated to Burma from the start of British rule in the mid-19th century to the separation of British Burma from
746:
emigration of over 300,000 ethnic
Indians from Burma. Indian-owned businesses as well as Burmese businesses were nationalised due to the so-called "Burmese way to Socialism". Many Indians returned and were given 175
623:
Before the British conquest, the Indians in Lower Burma primarily engaged in trade. The small Indian community was located almost wholly in during and preceding eras. After 1852, they migrated to
1588:
750:
for their trip to India. This caused a significant deterioration in Indian-Burmese relations and the Indian government arranged ferries and aircraft to lift Burmese of Indian ethnicity out of
734:, and about 16% of the population of Burma was ethnically Indian. As a consequence of the Japanese invasion of 1942, half a million members of the Indian community fled Burma overland into
1646:
292:
Burmese Indians today are estimated to account for approximately 5% (about 2.0–2.5 million people) of the population of Burma and are concentrated largely in the two major cities (
2822:
4349:
1438:
Egreteau, Renaud (June 2014). "The Idealization of a Lost Paradise: Narratives of Nostalgia and Traumatic Return among Indian Repatriates from Burma since the 1960s".
690:, anti-Indian sentiments began to rise for a number of reasons. The number of ethnic Indians was growing rapidly (almost half of Yangon's population was Indian by the
2183:
1335:
669:, a steady stream of Indians moved to Burma as civil servants, engineers, river pilots, soldiers, indentured labourers, and traders. Following the annexation of
887:
374:
ascribes the origins of this term to a calque of two Burmese words: ကူး+ လာ (lit. "to cross over "), although this etymology has no scholarly basis. The term
1216:
was born in Sodugudi, Ilayangudi, a politician in South-East Asia of Indian origin. Before the Second World War Karim Ghani was a parliamentary secretary in
631:. Their population rapidly rose from 37,000 in 1871 in Lower Burma to 297,000 in 1901 with 86% being born outside Burma by that year. Most Indians were from
4240:
281:
5172:
5166:
4342:
1768:
1592:
5243:
4337:
3992:
3712:
2785:
1244:
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457:. During the pre-colonial era, Westerners, including those from the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and Europe, were collectively known as
4574:
2815:
2202:
4235:
4579:
4362:
2779:
US Department of State, Burma, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2005. Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2367:
2050:
2025:
1726:
1630:
2637:
Prasenjit K. Basu " Asia Reborn: A Continent Rises from the Ravages of Colonialism and War to a New Dynamism", Publisher: Aleph Book Company
4729:
1196:, a leader of Communist Party of Burma and founding member from the 1940s to the 1960s, killed in an internal purge in 1967. was an ethnic
1120:
2602:
2555:
5228:
5213:
5208:
4739:
4023:
1937:
1149:
869:
which has a militant wing and, despite a swelling of its ranks following anti-Muslim riots in the eighties, remains a very minor force.
219:
2667:
Tamil Studies Abroad, A Symposium edited by Xavier S. Thaninayagam, published by the International Association of Tamil Research, 1968:
1742:
5203:
4175:
3800:
2808:
1897:
1866:
1835:
1804:
1681:
1545:
2796:
3970:
2676:
5223:
5218:
4215:
4063:
2131:
2267:
1473:
Egreteau, Renaud (1 February 2011). "Burmese Indians in contemporary Burma: heritage, influence, and perceptions since 1988".
805:) also has Indian origins. Traditions of kingship including coronation ceremonies and formal royal titles as well as those of
5238:
5233:
1330:
285:
Burma in 1942 were followed in the 1960s by the forced migration of hundreds of thousands of ethnic Indians, exacerbated by
2197:
Okudaira, Ryuji; Huxley, Andrew (2001). "A Burmese Tract on Kingship: Political Theory in the 1782 Manuscript of Manugye".
4895:
3985:
1796:
2497:
4261:
3705:
286:
698:
from South India, who were prominent moneylenders in the rice belt, began to foreclose on land held by native Burmese.
4041:
841:
353:
2699:"Dialogue with a Shan Leader: H.R.H. Hso Khan Pha" - Tiger Yawnghwe or Prince Hso Khan Pha; he is the eldest son of
567:
in reference to a "native of continental India" was documented in dictionaries. Burma was administered as a part of
4890:
4875:
4479:
3861:
3826:
1310:
1187:
882:
2689:
Myanmar Muslim History, Myanmar Muslim Students Association, Rangoon Arts and Science University. Limited Edition.
1561:
4656:
4388:
3954:
3625:
2751:
945:
Burmese Muslims, some of them of mixed blood born of Burmese mothers and some of them with full Burmese blood, (
5143:
4373:
4271:
3978:
3944:
3780:
2831:
1240:
223:
345:
5148:
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1827:
854:
718:
666:
415:
239:
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5026:
4994:
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4317:
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2950:
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2532:
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571:
for the majority of its time under British occupation between 1826 and 1948. Colonial exploitation during
247:
3188:
5076:
4984:
4974:
4702:
4444:
4157:
4126:
4058:
4036:
3923:
3674:
2738:, Vol. XXVI, 1936, p. 6. and Mr. R. B. Smart, Burma Gazetteer-Akyab District, vol. A, Rangoon. 1957
2210:
774:
572:
453:
stone inscriptions dating to the 1100s, and was the name of a prominent 17th century Burmese historian,
906:
312:
and have a major socio-cultural presence within the country. Amongst the well-known Burmese Indians is
3108:
610:
5126:
5086:
4999:
4942:
4554:
4464:
4296:
4256:
4130:
3949:
3928:
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3564:
3143:
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2747:
2741:
2671:
2325:
1145:
866:
325:
3208:
2864:
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4947:
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4630:
4613:
4544:
4507:
4474:
4459:
4199:
4165:
4136:
4111:
4085:
3959:
3128:
3024:
2975:
2935:
2879:
2874:
1889:
1340:
963:
935:
194:
116:
3454:
3425:
3410:
3362:
3337:
3293:
3118:
3093:
2940:
2869:
2775:
575:
engendered nationalist and anti-Indian sentiment among locals, which was reinforced in the use of
4957:
4937:
4863:
4787:
4714:
4687:
4635:
4559:
4512:
4484:
4378:
4185:
3856:
3785:
3604:
3435:
3283:
3058:
3014:
3009:
2960:
2712:
2560:
2177:
2165:
2091:
2083:
1490:
1455:
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because of the jobs available in the expanding economy and the new provincial bureaucracy of the
602:
to its censored words, creating collateral censorship for related words like chair and chickpea.
462:
435:
309:
3584:
3579:
3484:
3342:
3053:
3034:
2715:
after Burma's independence from British colonial rule. Interview with Dr Tayza, Chief Editor of
2384:
2359:
1509:
722:
Indians on 39th Street, Rangoon, leaving Burma in the wake of the Japanese bombing December 1941
3504:
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2414:
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2363:
2046:
2021:
1893:
1883:
1862:
1852:
1831:
1821:
1800:
1722:
1719:
The Hidden History of Burma: Race, Capitalism, and the Crisis of Democracy in the 21st Century
1677:
1626:
1562:"Opening a Can of Worms in Burmese Teaching: Tackling Controversial Words in a Language Class"
1541:
1254:
1173:
1067:
878:
862:
849:, although exact figures do not exist due to uncertainties over census results and methods in
636:
632:
591:
190:
108:
100:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3288:
3268:
3138:
3113:
2965:
2722:
Dr Than Tun (History Professor, Mandalay University) "The Story of Myanmar Told in Pictures".
1946:
1790:
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1792:
The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852–1941
1482:
1447:
1264:
1163:
1095:
1091:
910:
The Bengali Sunni Jameh Mosque, built in the colonial era, is one of many mosques in Yangon.
858:
853:. Disaffected young Indians often flee the cities and join ethnic resistance movements. The
770:
337:
227:
213:
104:
84:
3233:
3223:
3203:
3173:
789:
presiding over important ceremonies such as weddings and ear-piercings but most notably in
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2527:
2237:
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1305:
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1182:
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833:
778:
675:
321:
96:
92:
3228:
3004:
2728:
D. G. E. Hall, Daniel George Edward Hall, "A History of South East Asia", New York, 1968.
1206:, born Helen Jairag Richardson Khan in Rangoon on 14 July 1938, she fled to India during
2789:
Burma's Rangoon University 1957, History lecture by Professor Kyaw Thet's YouTube video
2760:, Maurice Stewart Collis, Arakan's place in the civilization of the Bay, Journal of the
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2757:
2700:
2674:
2352:
1357:
1250:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1099:
1011:
1007:
840:. Today they form approximately 2% (about 950,000) of the population, according to the
810:
423:
378:
also phonetically resembles the word for "black" in several Indic languages, including
371:
88:
5197:
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5060:
5051:
5046:
4915:
4868:
4195:
4190:
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2651:
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1055:
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991:
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568:
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400:
112:
2780:
2139:
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2647:
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1786:
1345:
1286:
1270:
1227:
1207:
1193:
931:
747:
727:
691:
647:
313:
243:
138:
1982:
1647:"Let's Talk About Racism | Movies tell us to use 'kaala' as an all-weather insult"
820:
Burmese Indians came from various groups from different parts of India, including
392:), and is used by Indians as an ethnic slur for dark-skinned people and Africans.
317:
1486:
1263:, prominent Burmese lawyer and an expert on constitutional law, legal advisor to
3589:
3494:
3479:
3459:
3445:
3367:
3357:
3273:
3218:
3044:
2909:
2904:
2692:
Bertil Lintner, Swedish journalist, expert on Burma, 17th. of April 1988 in the
1213:
1043:
1027:
967:
707:
687:
670:
655:
628:
624:
301:
235:
2358:. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations. p.
2299:
2079:
1283:(20 January 1898 – 19 July 1947; Arabic: Abdul Razak) Burmese politician
1237:
Saya Rajan aka Aung Naing, a communist trade union leader captured in the 1950s
4517:
3549:
3430:
3383:
3347:
3318:
3083:
3019:
2790:
1769:"Facebook Bans Racist Word 'Kalar' in Myanmar, Triggers Collateral Censorship"
1325:
1031:
987:
895:
587:
439:
277:
269:
162:
17:
1413:
5110:
3544:
3078:
2607:
2354:
The Indian minority in Burma: the rise and decline of an immigrant community
1858:
1589:"(Mis)Interpretations of Burmese Words: In the case of the term Kala (Kula)"
1231:
1124:
1019:
806:
702:
72:
2800:
2471:
1094:
due to years of assimilation and lack of education in languages other than
2443:
1451:
387:
365:
268:(Burma). The term 'Burmese Indian' refers to a broad range of people from
3630:
2708:
2661:
1274:
1051:
1035:
1023:
927:
915:
837:
829:
795:
790:
786:
782:
695:
665:. Starting with the annexation of Tenasserim and Western Burma after the
639:. Over 60% in the last decades of 19th century were from Madras (present
595:
297:
146:
131:
68:
64:
590:
by some members of the Burmese Indian community. In 2017, following the
4067:
3749:
3539:
3298:
2472:"Manipur | History, Government, Map, Capital, & Facts | Britannica"
2087:
1280:
1103:
1087:
1083:
999:
952:
923:
850:
814:
640:
265:
178:
170:
2734:
D. G. E. Hall, Studies in Dutch Relations with Arakan, Journal of the
2686:
The Sikh Regiment in the Second World War, Colonel F. T. Birdwood OBE.
4618:
4539:
3835:
3730:
3404:
3263:
2894:
2704:
2172:. New York: The Norton Library 1963. pp. 436, 249–251, 348, 450.
1221:
1153:
1079:
1047:
1039:
1015:
983:
899:
821:
742:
646:
There were no effective curbs on Indian immigration until the eve of
503:
454:
293:
251:
60:
2731:
G. E. Harvey, Geoffrey Eric Harvey, "History of Burma", London 1925.
1743:"How the word 'kalar' is a depressing indictment of Myanmar society"
1376:
1374:
513:) were used as Burmese exonyms for Europeans. To this day, the word
1136:
982:
Burmese Indians are from an array of linguistic groups, mostly are
4003:
2792:
In English about Chittiers, Irrawaddy Delta Agriculture and loans.
1623:
Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities: Comparative Perspectives
1260:
1217:
1135:
1071:
1059:
919:
905:
886:
761:
751:
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717:
609:
379:
305:
273:
261:
234:
154:
3690:
2459:
Meitei, also spelled Meetei or Meithei, also called Manipuri, ...
2020:. London, New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 43–44, 98, 56–57, 176.
1922:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 111, 36, 37, 29, 30, 32.
1885:
South East Asia, Colonial History: High imperialism (1890s-1930s)
793:, the Burmese New Year festival. The Burmese poetry tradition of
399:
has been borrowed into a number of regional languages, including
5131:
383:
361:
3974:
3694:
2804:
741:
After he seized power through a military coup in 1962, General
661:
The majority of Indians arrived in Burma whilst it was part of
2750:, Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Purves Phayre, Journal of the
2670:
The Chettiars in Burma by Sean Turnell, Economics Department,
2068:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1977:
1975:
938:
have good and peaceful relationships with the native Burmese.
809:
in origin. Many Burmese dishes and breads came as a result of
730:, almost half of Rangoon's (modern-day Yangon) population was
2424:. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
861:
of Indian origin is routinely labelled by the government as "
1510:"Indian Migrants in Myanmar: Emerging Trends and Challenges"
1190:, a communist leader and founding member killed in the 1960s
2725:
Elizabeth Moore, Myanmar Historical Research Journal 2004.
308:). They wield considerable influence and control over the
2664:(History Professor, Mandalay University) "Bagan Culture",
2658:, Rangoon University Press, Rangoon, Burma, January 1960.
2112:. United Nations Human Rights Commission. 15 October 1982
1621:
Bhattacharya, Jayati; Kripalani, Coonoor (1 March 2015).
813:, prominently reflected in the Burmese version of Indian
1210:
and became famous for playing the vamp in Indian cinema.
1253:, an Indian freedom fighter and Minister of Health in
1034:. Prior to the expulsion of Indians, there were also
2138:. Vol. 7, no. 3. March 1999. Archived from
370:(ကုလ), which means "noble", "noble race", or "pure".
324:, a well-known Bollywood film actress who is also of
2764:, 50th Anniversary publications No.2, Rangoon, 1960.
352:). The origins of the term itself are disputed. The
5119:
5017:
5010:
4930:
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4801:
4780:
4759:
4752:
4680:
4644:
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4015:
3937:
3911:
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3444:
3392:
3376:
3327:
3043:
2984:
2928:
2849:
2385:"BURMA 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT"
517:features in many Burmese compound words, including
438:, a diverse community of migrants from present-day
184:
122:
78:
54:
40:
2351:
272:, most notably from present-day countries such as
2300:"Myanmar's Tamils seek to protect their identity"
1030:as well as the present-day independent nation of
643:). 30% were from Bengal in 1881 and 25% in 1901.
563:or 'chickpea')" By 1886, the conventional use of
2774:Office of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
2656:The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma
2642:Myanmar: A Neglected Area of Tamil Lexicography.
2132:"India and Burma: working on their relationship"
2018:Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
1336:Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin
1166:film and theatre actress who was born in Burma.
2496:Turnell, Sean; Ward, RL; Campbell, BJ (2008).
1920:Muslims of Burma - A study of a Minority Group
998:), coming from Myanmar's western neighborhood
990:. There is also significant population of the
614:Manipuri Brahmins in British Burma, circa 1900
3986:
3706:
2816:
946:
8:
1156:of mixed Burmese, Irish and French ancestry.
824:(majority) and also minority groups such as
356:officially traces the etymology of the word
35:
2261:
2259:
2244:. United States Central Intelligence Agency
2182:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1090:. All can and were able to communicate in
970:in 2012 due to Rakhine-Rohingya strikes in
545:
522:
493:
470:
5014:
4756:
4422:
4153:
4019:
3993:
3979:
3971:
3713:
3699:
3691:
2823:
2809:
2801:
1931:
1929:
962:The constitution grants limited rights to
34:
2591:. Rangoon University Islamic Association.
1181:, the wife of former President of India,
579:as an exonym with negative connotations.
5182:of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean
2784:Amnesty International's report on Burma
2603:"U.A. Khader, in his own words - KERALA"
1987:, Charles Scribner's Sons, November 2002
1851:Tanka B. Subba, A.C. Sinha, ed. (2015).
1823:Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
1408:
1406:
465:used by Burmese speakers. For instance,
316:, a leading practitioner and teacher of
5169:of France in the southwest Indian Ocean
2298:Natarajan, Swaminathan (6 March 2014).
2066:Christian, John (March 1943). "Burma".
1370:
883:Hinduism in Southeast Asia § Burma
781:as the cradle of Buddhism, and ancient
224:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2326:"Myanmar's Hindu community looks west"
2219:
2208:
2203:School of Oriental and African Studies
2175:
1102:is the most spoken Indian language in
449:has a long history; it is attested in
2159:
2157:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1540:. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993.
7:
1939:Burmese Indians: The Forgotten Lives
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1267:until 2017 when he was assassinated.
55:Regions with significant populations
2652:G.H. Luce or Gordon Hannington Luce
2556:"Veteran Actor Bhanumati Devi dead"
2350:Chakravarti, Nalini Ranjan (1971).
1854:Nepali Diaspora in a Globalised Era
1717:Myint-U, Thant (12 November 2019).
1587:Saw, Khin Maung (20 January 2016).
1172:, martyred after failed attempt of
1086:by faith hailing from the state of
766:A Hindu temple procession in Yangon
2502:Australian Economic History Review
1625:. Anthem Press. pp. 114–115.
1132:Notable Burmese Indians and others
650:despite the implementation of the
25:
2528:"Archbishop Alan Basil de Lastic"
2170:The Burman - His Life and Notions
1936:Butkaew, Samart (February 2005),
1026:hailing from the Indian state of
857:whose members consist largely of
5244:Burmese people of Indian descent
4226:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4002:
2611:. 11 August 2008. Archived from
2564:. 5 January 2013. Archived from
2514:10.1111/j.1467-8446.2007.00232.x
2266:Priestly, Harry (January 2006),
1382:"Manipuri language | Britannica"
1351:
204:
1699:Dictionary of Modern Spoken Mon
701:In May 1930, a British firm of
340:, Indians are typically called
2444:"Meitei | people | Britannica"
1945:, Burma Issues, archived from
1882:Paul H. Kratoska, ed. (2001).
1721:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1331:List of ethnic groups in Burma
1234:meditation teacher (born 1924)
714:The Second World War and after
50:4.5% of the Burmese population
1:
2415:"USCIRF – Annual Report 2014"
1797:University of Wisconsin Press
1148:- (1929–2000) was the fourth
865:". It operates alongside the
300:) and former colonial towns (
2711:(Nyaung-Shwe) and the first
1969:“The Muslims of Burma”, p.32
1487:10.1080/14631369.2010.510869
1002:state. Other minorities are
287:internal conflict in Myanmar
2795:History of South East Asia
2744:, "History of Burma", 1853.
1984:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
1110:are quite frequently used.
863:Muslim terrorist insurgents
594:, the social media company
388:
366:
354:Myanmar Language Commission
5260:
5229:Indian diaspora in Myanmar
5214:Culture of Indian diaspora
5209:Indian diaspora by country
3950:Pondicherry Tamil diaspora
2589:History of Myanmar Muslims
2080:10.1177/000271624322600112
1820:Donald M. Seekins (2017).
1767:Cebu, Juan (2 June 2017).
1701:. Oxford University Press.
1538:Myanmar-English Dictionary
1311:Burmese community in India
1194:H N Goshal (Thakin Ba Tin)
951:); with small numbers of
876:
658:and 10.9% in Lower Burma.
395:The Burmese language term
5175:of France in the Americas
5161:
5144:Non-Resident Indian Award
3960:Tamil Nadu Tamil diaspora
3955:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
3862:Sri Lanka (Indian Tamils)
3827:India (Sri Lankan Tamils)
3728:
2838:
2752:Asiatic Society of Bengal
2045:. London: Penguin Books.
947:
914:Burmese Indians practise
807:lawmaking were also Hindu
260:are a group of people of
189:
127:
83:
59:
45:
5204:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
5180:sui generis collectivity
3945:Malaysian Tamil diaspora
2832:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
2679:16 February 2012 at the
2498:"The Chettiars in Burma"
2041:Collis, Maurice (1945).
1828:Rowman & Littlefield
1440:Journal of Burma Studies
1243:, Minister of Health of
955:. The Burmese call them
775:particularly influential
5224:Indian diaspora history
5219:Indian diaspora in Asia
5149:Non-Resident Indian Day
2951:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
2383:State Department, USA.
2110:"Burma Citizenship Law"
1674:Shan-English Dictionary
1672:Sao Tern Moeng (1995).
1273:(1935–2020) is a noted
832:, Hindustani speakers,
667:First Anglo-Burmese War
652:Government of Burma Act
240:Shri Kali Temple, Burma
5120:Other related articles
2762:Burma Research Society
2736:Burma Research Society
2644:University of Cologne.
2533:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
2218:Cite journal requires
1170:Captain Ohn Kyaw Myint
1141:
1078:proper who are mostly
911:
903:
855:All Burma Muslim Union
767:
723:
682:Anti-Indian sentiments
615:
254:
248:Dravidian architecture
212:This article contains
5239:Burma in World War II
5234:Anti-Indian sentiment
4216:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3614:Unrecognised / Others
2016:Martin Smith (1991).
1697:Shorto, H.L. (1962).
1452:10.1353/jbs.2014.0002
1139:
936:Burmese-Indian Hindus
909:
890:
785:can still be seen in
765:
721:
613:
238:
185:Related ethnic groups
47:2,000,000 - 2,500,000
5173:Overseas departments
5127:South Asian diaspora
4740:United Arab Emirates
2672:Macquarie University
1952:on 28 September 2007
1918:Moshe Yegar (1972).
1890:Taylor & Francis
1146:Alan Basil de Lastic
867:Karen National Union
5167:overseas department
4241:U.S. Virgin Islands
4236:Trinidad and Tobago
3801:Trinidad and Tobago
1773:Global Voices Advox
1341:Pakistanis in Burma
1188:Dr Nath (Tun Maung)
1150:Archbishop of Delhi
964:freedom of religion
846:World Factbook 2006
264:origin who live in
195:Singaporean Indians
37:
4176:Dominican Republic
3000:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
2713:President of Burma
2561:The Indian Express
2476:www.britannica.com
2448:www.britannica.com
2280:on 19 January 2012
2166:James George Scott
1676:. Dunwoody Press.
1595:on 27 January 2016
1508:Medha Chaturvedi.
1386:www.britannica.com
1358:Myanmar portal
1257:from 1937 to 1940.
1247:from 1960 to 1962.
1204:Helen of Bollywood
1179:Daw Tint Tint Usha
1142:
1062:and two groups of
1054:from the state of
1018:region of India's
912:
904:
768:
724:
619:Indian immigration
616:
586:is now considered
430:). The Khmer term
255:
5189:
5188:
5157:
5156:
4926:
4925:
4748:
4747:
4414:
4413:
4145:
4144:
3968:
3967:
3688:
3687:
3299:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
2615:on 15 August 2008
2587:Pathi Ko Ko Lay.
2568:on 8 January 2013
2536:. David M. Cheney
2369:978-0-19-218194-7
2142:on 4 January 2014
2052:978-0-404-54812-4
2027:978-984-05-1499-1
1728:978-1-324-00330-4
1632:978-1-78308-362-6
1255:Madras Presidency
1152:. He was born in
1128:money exchanges.
1106:. Other minority
1022:state as well as
879:Buddhism in Burma
637:Bengal Presidency
633:Madras Presidency
592:Rohingya genocide
220:rendering support
200:
199:
191:Malaysian Indians
16:(Redirected from
5251:
5019:Ethnic diasporas
5015:
4757:
4423:
4338:British Columbia
4154:
4020:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3972:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3590:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
3279:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
3214:Mro-Khimi people
3109:Kaung Saing Chin
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2357:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2330:Frontier Myanmar
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2276:, archived from
2263:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2173:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1591:. Archived from
1584:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1378:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1265:Aung San Suu Kyi
1108:Indian languages
950:
949:
811:Indian influence
783:Hindu traditions
726:At the start of
692:Second World War
562:
559:
553:
550:
547:
540:or 'chair') and
539:
536:
530:
527:
524:
512:
509:
501:
498:
495:
487:
484:
478:
475:
472:
391:
369:
338:Burmese language
226: instead of
208:
207:
41:Total population
38:
27:Ethnic community
21:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5185:
5153:
5115:
5006:
4922:
4840:
4797:
4776:
4744:
4676:
4640:
4491:
4410:
4389:Punjabi Mexican
4301:
4245:
4141:
4100:
4011:
4009:Indian diaspora
4001:
3999:
3969:
3964:
3933:
3907:
3866:
3810:
3764:
3733:
3724:
3719:
3689:
3684:
3609:
3440:
3431:Mru (Taung Mro)
3395:
3388:
3372:
3323:
3194:Meithei (Kathe)
3144:Lai (Haka Chin)
3039:
2980:
2924:
2895:Lashi (La Chit)
2845:
2834:
2829:
2771:
2681:Wayback Machine
2640:Gregory, James
2634:
2632:Further reading
2629:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2394:. US Government
2387:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2217:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2174:
2164:Shway Yoe (Sir
2163:
2162:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2043:Trials in Burma
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2015:
2014:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1892:. p. 179.
1881:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:. p. 260.
1819:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1651:Hindustan Times
1645:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1620:
1619:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1475:Asian Ethnicity
1472:
1471:
1467:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1306:Burmese Chinese
1296:
1289:, mathematician
1134:
1116:
1058:who are mostly
980:
885:
877:Main articles:
875:
779:Burmese culture
760:
716:
688:First World War
684:
676:Irrawaddy Delta
621:
608:
560:
554:
551:
548:
537:
531:
528:
525:
510:
502:
499:
496:
492:(ဘရင်ဂျီကုလား,
490:bayinngyi kalar
485:
479:
476:
473:
334:
320:meditation and
310:Burmese economy
258:Burmese Indians
233:
232:
231:
218:Without proper
209:
205:
134:
49:
36:Burmese Indians
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5195:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5170:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5012:
5008:
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5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
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4962:
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4955:
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4945:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4896:Indo-Caribbean
4893:
4886:United Kingdom
4883:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4848:
4846:
4842:
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4799:
4798:
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4778:
4777:
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4763:
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4749:
4746:
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4727:
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4707:
4706:
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4695:
4690:
4684:
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4678:
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4605:
4604:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4550:Jawi Peranakan
4547:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
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4489:
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4457:
4452:
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4429:
4427:
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4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4374:Indo-Caribbean
4371:
4366:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
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4162:
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4151:
4147:
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4124:
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4114:
4108:
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4088:
4083:
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4081:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3903:United Kingdom
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3722:Tamil diaspora
3720:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
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3329:Bamar (Burman)
3325:
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3306:
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3296:
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3094:Gunte (Lyente)
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
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2897:
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2885:Maru (Lawgore)
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2842:Burmese people
2839:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2782:
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2770:
2769:External links
2767:
2766:
2765:
2755:
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2732:
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2701:Sao Shwe Thaik
2697:
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2255:
2242:World Factbook
2229:
2220:|journal=
2189:
2153:
2123:
2101:
2058:
2051:
2033:
2026:
1997:
1971:
1962:
1925:
1905:
1898:
1874:
1867:
1843:
1836:
1812:
1805:
1799:. p. 86.
1778:
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1574:
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1529:
1500:
1465:
1446:(1): 137–180.
1430:
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1160:Bhanumati Devi
1157:
1133:
1130:
1121:civil servants
1115:
1112:
1008:Andhra Pradesh
979:
976:
892:Bengali Hindus
874:
871:
759:
756:
715:
712:
683:
680:
620:
617:
607:
604:
434:refers to the
386:(cf. Sanskrit
372:Folk etymology
333:
330:
228:Burmese script
222:, you may see
214:Burmese script
210:
203:
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201:
198:
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187:
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125:
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119:
81:
80:
76:
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57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
31:
26:
24:
18:Burmese Indian
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5256:
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5077:South Indians
5075:
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5050:
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5028:
5027:Bengali Hindu
5025:
5024:
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5016:
5013:
5009:
5001:
4998:
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4991:
4988:
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4981:New Caledonia
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4306:Anglo-America
4304:
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4280:
4278:
4275:
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4272:French Guiana
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4260:
4258:
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4250:Latin America
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3806:United States
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3781:French Guiana
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3644:
3641:
3639:
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3629:
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3627:
3624:
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3621:Anglo-Burmese
3619:
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3455:Danaw (Danau)
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3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Kwangli (Sim)
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
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3018:
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3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
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2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:Kayin (Karen)
2983:
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2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:, the former
2702:
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2327:
2324:Han, Thi Ri.
2320:
2317:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2279:
2275:
2274:The Irrawaddy
2271:
2270:
2269:The Outsiders
2262:
2260:
2256:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2141:
2137:
2136:The Irrawaddy
2133:
2127:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2097:
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2054:
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2037:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1914:
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1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:9780415215428
1895:
1891:
1887:
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1878:
1875:
1870:
1868:9781317411031
1864:
1860:
1856:
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1847:
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1837:9781538101834
1833:
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1806:9780299283537
1802:
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1693:
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1683:0-931745-92-6
1679:
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1653:. 19 May 2017
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1547:1-881265-47-1
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1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Indian people
1319:
1317:
1316:Greater India
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Anglo-Burmese
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:Sultan Mahmud
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:K R Narayanan
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
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1147:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1114:Economic role
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
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1057:
1053:
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1041:
1037:
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1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
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993:
989:
985:
977:
975:
973:
972:Rakhine State
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
943:
939:
937:
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925:
921:
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908:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
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839:
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831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
799:(notably the
798:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
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772:
764:
757:
755:
753:
749:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
720:
713:
711:
709:
704:
699:
697:
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689:
681:
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
663:British India
659:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
618:
612:
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
573:British Burma
570:
569:British India
566:
557:
543:
534:
521:(ကုလားထိုင်,
520:
516:
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505:
491:
483:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Pagan Kingdom
448:
443:
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425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
407:), Mon (ဂလာ,
406:
402:
398:
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390:
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381:
377:
373:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
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343:
339:
331:
329:
327:
326:Anglo-Burmese
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
283:
282:British India
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
196:
192:
188:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
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86:
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66:
62:
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5191:
5139:Little India
5106:Anglo-Indian
4990:Maori-Indian
4975:South Indian
4730:Saudi Arabia
4591:
4361:
4318:Anglo-Indian
4127:South Africa
3760:South Africa
3652:
3480:Khmu (Khamu)
3426:Miram (Mara)
3069:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
2840:
2758:M. S. Collis
2748:A. P. Phayre
2742:A. P. Phayre
2717:Burma Digest
2716:
2707:(Prince) of
2694:Bangkok Post
2693:
2648:Pe Maung Tin
2641:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2606:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2559:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2531:
2522:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2475:
2466:
2458:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2421:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2391:
2378:
2353:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:
2293:
2282:, retrieved
2278:the original
2268:
2246:. Retrieved
2241:
2232:
2211:cite journal
2198:
2192:
2169:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:the original
2135:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2104:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2042:
2036:
2017:
1989:, retrieved
1983:
1965:
1954:, retrieved
1947:the original
1938:
1919:
1884:
1877:
1853:
1846:
1822:
1815:
1791:
1787:Michael Adas
1781:
1772:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1718:
1698:
1692:
1673:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1622:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1565:. Retrieved
1556:
1537:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1503:
1481:(1): 33–54.
1478:
1474:
1468:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1396:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:
1346:Burma Bazaar
1287:Nalini Joshi
1208:World War II
1117:
981:
961:
956:
944:
940:
932:Christianity
913:
898:festival in
844:
819:
800:
794:
769:
740:
728:World War II
725:
700:
685:
660:
651:
648:World War II
645:
622:
599:
583:
581:
576:
564:
555:
541:
532:
518:
514:
506:
489:
481:
466:
458:
446:
444:
431:
427:
419:
412:
408:
404:
396:
394:
375:
357:
349:
341:
335:
291:
257:
256:
244:Hindu temple
211:
174:
166:
158:
150:
142:
139:Christianity
135:
128:
91:(majority),
46:
32:Ethnic group
29:
5087:In the Gulf
4985:New Zealand
4881:Switzerland
4876:Netherlands
4609:Philippines
4433:Afghanistan
4363:by location
4221:Saint Lucia
3929:New Zealand
3898:Switzerland
3893:Netherlands
3605:Hkun (Khün)
3475:Khamti Shan
3396:(Arakanese)
3358:Kadu (Kado)
3284:Torr (Tawr)
3079:Dai (Yindu)
3010:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
2662:Dr Than Tun
2508:(1): 1–25.
2481:12 February
2453:12 February
2284:3 September
2074:: 120–128.
1991:3 September
1747:Myanmar Mix
1423:12 February
1391:12 February
1251:T S S Rajan
1214:Karim Ghani
1174:coup d'état
1028:West Bengal
968:Eid al-Adha
902:, c.1941-42
894:gather for
671:Upper Burma
656:Upper Burma
629:British Raj
625:Lower Burma
544:(ကုလားပဲ,
469:(ကုလားဖြူ,
436:Kula people
416:S'gaw Karen
302:Pyin U Lwin
5198:Categories
4518:Klingalese
4445:Bangladesh
4211:Martinique
4186:Guadeloupe
4074:Seychelles
4059:Mozambique
4037:Madagascar
3796:Martinique
3786:Guadeloupe
3755:Seychelles
2956:Manu Manaw
2936:Geba Karen
2572:16 January
2540:21 January
2422:uscrif.gov
1517:Mea.gov.in
1418:Ethnologue
1365:References
1326:Indosphere
1271:U A Khader
1228:S N Goenka
1070:-speaking
1032:Bangladesh
988:Tamil Nadu
896:Durga Puja
802:Dhammaniti
703:stevedores
686:After the
588:pejorative
519:kalahtaing
440:Shan State
314:S N Goenka
278:Bangladesh
270:South Asia
163:Sanamahism
117:Hindustani
5111:Chindians
5082:Malayalis
4938:Australia
4657:Hong Kong
4614:Singapore
4523:Mardijker
4513:Indonesia
4496:Southeast
4465:Sri Lanka
4343:Vancouver
4297:Venezuela
4257:Argentina
4158:Caribbean
4105:Elsewhere
4042:Mauritius
4024:Southeast
3919:Australia
3847:Indonesia
3842:Singapore
3745:Mauritius
3675:Pakistani
3505:Shan Gale
3421:Maramagyi
3244:Saing Zan
3089:Eik-swair
3035:Shu (Pwo)
2995:Pa-Le-Chi
2971:Yin Talai
2929:Kayah (9)
2619:12 August
2608:The Hindu
2392:State.gov
2248:8 October
2178:cite book
2146:3 January
2116:9 October
2096:220854395
1859:Routledge
1522:17 August
1495:143621311
1460:162378961
1232:vipassana
1220:under Dr
1125:Chettiars
1076:Gujaratis
1064:Gujaratis
1036:Malayalis
1020:Rajasthan
1014:from the
996:Manipuris
978:Languages
957:Zaydabayi
948:ဗမာမူစလင်
834:Gujaratis
773:has been
582:The term
445:The term
332:Etymology
328:descent.
318:vipassanā
136:Minority:
129:Majority:
79:Languages
73:Myitkyina
5037:Kashmiri
5032:Gujarati
5011:See also
4970:Gujarati
4943:Malayali
4901:Gujarati
4831:Portugal
4802:Southern
4781:Northern
4631:Thailand
4555:Malayali
4545:Gujarati
4535:Malaysia
4508:Cambodia
4470:Bharatha
4460:Pakistan
4450:Maldives
4379:Gujarati
4231:Suriname
4166:Barbados
4150:Americas
4137:Zimbabwe
4112:Botswana
4086:Tanzania
3938:See also
3857:Pakistan
3852:Maldives
3832:Malaysia
3769:Americas
3680:Taungtha
3665:Rohingya
3638:Bayingyi
3600:Maingtha
3595:Maw Shan
3510:Shan Gyi
3416:Daingnet
3394:Rakhine
3259:Tangkhul
3254:Senthang
3134:Kwelshin
3030:Monnepwa
2920:Ngochang
2709:Yawnghwe
2677:Archived
2413:US GOV.
2304:BBC News
2168:) 1882.
1789:(2011).
1414:"Meitei"
1398:(Burma).
1294:See also
1277:novelist
1275:Malayali
1068:Gujarati
1052:Punjabis
1024:Bengalis
1012:Marwaris
953:Twelvers
928:Buddhism
916:Hinduism
873:Religion
838:Punjabis
830:Bengalis
791:Thingyan
787:Brahmans
696:Chettiar
678:region.
596:Facebook
467:kalaphyu
348:, spelt
298:Mandalay
147:Buddhism
132:Hinduism
123:Religion
109:Gujarati
101:Manipuri
69:Taunggyi
65:Mandalay
5099:Telugus
5057:Punjabi
5042:Mirpuri
4995:Punjabi
4948:Punjabi
4931:Oceania
4906:Punjabi
4864:Germany
4845:Western
4788:Finland
4760:Eastern
4715:Lebanon
4688:Bahrain
4636:Vietnam
4592:Myanmar
4585:Sarawak
4560:Punjabi
4438:Punjabi
4384:Punjabi
4369:Bengali
4350:Toronto
4323:Punjabi
4292:Uruguay
4206:Jamaica
4200:Marabou
4181:Grenada
4068:Malbars
4064:Réunion
3912:Oceania
3883:Germany
3750:Réunion
3631:Panthay
3626:Chinese
3560:Yin Net
3555:Yin Kya
3545:Wa (Va)
3540:Taungyo
3535:Taishon
3530:Tai-Lay
3525:Tai-Lon
3520:Tai Nua
3515:Tai-Loi
3500:Palaung
3407:(Kaman)
3377:Mon (1)
3289:Yin Gog
3269:Tay-Zan
3139:Kwe Myi
3114:Kaungso
3104:Hualngo
2966:Yin Baw
2946:Karenni
2865:Dalaung
2860:Jingpaw
2754:, 1846.
2238:"Burma"
2088:1024343
1752:16 June
1657:18 June
1599:18 June
1567:16 June
1281:U Razak
1198:Bengali
1140:U Razak
1104:Myanmar
1096:English
1092:Burmese
1088:Gujarat
1084:Muslims
1066:, both
1004:Telugus
1000:Manipur
992:Meiteis
924:Sikhism
900:Rangoon
859:Muslims
851:Myanmar
826:Telugus
815:biryani
758:Culture
641:Chennai
606:History
549:
542:kala be
526:
497:
474:
426:(កុឡា,
422:), and
403:(ၵလႃး,
360:to the
336:In the
266:Myanmar
179:Jainism
171:Sikhism
105:Bengali
85:Burmese
5094:Tamils
5072:Sindhi
5067:Romani
4958:Sindhi
4911:Sindhi
4891:London
4852:France
4809:Cyprus
4793:Sweden
4772:Russia
4767:Poland
4753:Europe
4735:Turkey
4710:Kuwait
4698:Israel
4672:Taiwan
4619:Chitty
4575:Penang
4570:Telugu
4540:Chitty
4503:Brunei
4485:Telugu
4475:Chetty
4404:Telugu
4394:Sindhi
4328:Sindhi
4313:Canada
4282:Panama
4277:Mexico
4262:Brazil
4191:Guyana
4171:Belize
4096:Zambia
4091:Uganda
4047:Bihari
4016:Africa
3878:France
3871:Europe
3836:Chitty
3791:Guyana
3776:Canada
3738:Africa
3731:Tamils
3658:Tamils
3653:Indian
3643:Gurkha
3570:Man Zi
3490:Kokang
3405:Kamein
3353:Yabein
3314:Zotung
3309:Zophei
3304:Sizang
3264:Tapong
3249:Saline
3239:Rongtu
3209:Lusayy
3169:Lyente
3164:Lhinbu
3159:Laymyo
3154:Lawhtu
3149:Laizao
3124:Khawno
3025:Monpwa
2976:Zayein
2910:Rawang
2880:Duleng
2875:Hkahku
2851:Kachin
2705:Saopha
2428:27 May
2398:27 May
2366:
2335:4 June
2309:4 June
2205:: 253.
2094:
2086:
2049:
2024:
1956:7 July
1896:
1865:
1834:
1803:
1725:
1680:
1629:
1544:
1493:
1458:
1222:Ba Maw
1154:Maymyo
1080:Hindus
1072:Parsis
1056:Punjab
1048:Odisha
1040:Kerala
1016:Marwar
984:Tamils
822:Tamils
743:Ne Win
732:Indian
708:Maymyo
598:added
480:white
463:exonym
459:kalar,
455:U Kala
294:Yangon
262:Indian
252:Yangon
177:
175:·
173:
169:
167:·
165:
161:
159:·
157:
153:
151:·
149:
145:
143:·
141:
97:Meitei
93:Telugu
61:Yangon
5061:Sikhs
5000:Tamil
4953:Tamil
4916:Tamil
4869:Tamil
4857:Tamil
4836:Spain
4826:Malta
4819:Tamil
4814:Italy
4725:Qatar
4667:Korea
4662:Japan
4652:China
4624:Tamil
4602:Tamil
4580:Sabah
4565:Tamil
4528:Tamil
4480:Tamil
4455:Nepal
4426:South
4399:Tamil
4333:Tamil
4267:Chile
4196:Haiti
4131:Tamil
4122:Ghana
4117:Egypt
4079:Tamil
4052:Tamil
4032:Kenya
3888:Italy
3822:Burma
3670:Malay
3465:Intha
3411:Khami
3363:Ganan
3338:Dawei
3294:Zahau
3274:Thado
3234:Panun
3229:Oo-Pu
3224:Ngawn
3204:Mi-er
3184:Marma
3179:Malin
3174:Magun
3119:Kebar
3099:Guite
3074:Cumtu
3005:S'gaw
2941:Gheko
2915:Taron
2870:Gauri
2418:(PDF)
2388:(PDF)
2201:(2).
2092:S2CID
2084:JSTOR
1950:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1513:(PDF)
1491:S2CID
1456:S2CID
1261:Ko Ni
1245:Burma
1218:Burma
1162:, an
1100:Tamil
1060:Sikhs
1046:from
1044:Odias
1038:from
1006:from
986:from
920:Islam
771:India
752:Burma
736:Assam
600:kalar
584:kalar
577:kalar
565:kalar
556:kalar
533:kalar
515:kalar
507:kalar
504:Frank
488:) or
482:kalar
447:kalar
424:Khmer
409:h'lea
397:kalar
380:Hindi
376:kalar
364:term
358:kalar
350:kula:
346:ကုလား
342:kalar
322:Helen
306:Kalaw
274:India
246:with
155:Islam
89:Tamil
5132:Desi
5052:Odia
5047:Mizo
4965:Fiji
4720:Oman
4703:Jews
4693:Iran
4681:West
4645:East
4597:Mizo
4419:Asia
4287:Peru
3924:Fiji
3815:Asia
3648:Mizo
3575:Pyin
3495:Lahu
3470:Pa-O
3460:Danu
3448:(33)
3446:Shan
3436:Thet
3368:Hpon
3343:Beik
3219:Naga
3199:Mgan
3189:Matu
3064:Asho
3059:Anun
3047:(53)
3045:Chin
3015:Paku
2988:(11)
2961:Pale
2905:Lisu
2900:Atsi
2890:Hpon
2853:(12)
2650:and
2621:2016
2574:2013
2542:2015
2483:2023
2455:2023
2430:2015
2400:2015
2364:ISBN
2337:2018
2311:2018
2286:2009
2250:2009
2224:help
2184:link
2148:2014
2118:2009
2047:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1993:2009
1958:2006
1894:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1754:2020
1723:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1659:2020
1627:ISBN
1601:2020
1569:2020
1542:ISBN
1524:2018
1425:2023
1393:2023
1230:, a
1164:Odia
1074:and
1010:and
930:and
881:and
836:and
796:niti
748:kyat
635:and
558:bean
546:lit.
535:seat
523:lit.
494:lit.
471:lit.
432:kola
428:kola
420:kola
405:kala
401:Shan
389:kāla
384:Urdu
382:and
367:kula
362:Pali
304:and
296:and
276:and
242:, a
113:Odia
5165:An
3585:Son
3580:Eng
3565:Yun
3550:Yao
3485:Kwi
3398:(7)
3384:Mon
3348:Yaw
3331:(9)
3319:Zou
3084:Dim
3054:Anu
3020:Bwe
2510:doi
2360:191
2076:doi
2072:226
1483:doi
1448:doi
1082:or
842:CIA
777:in
461:an
250:in
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