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to him, there is traditional resistance, typically led by scholar elites. Following this there is a transitional resistance, led by scholar elites trying to be progressive. Finally there is the modern resistance, led by
Western-educated leaders. When we overlay the Saya San narrative over David Marr's model of resistance, we can see that the Saya San movement contains elements of both traditional and modernity encapsulated within its nature. James Scott, in writing about revolts in Vietnam and Burma during the early 1900s, comments that these movements are not so much about objective economic conditions, but rather subjective economic conditions. He points to an idealized moral economy that existed before the Western colonial rule, where wealth was re-distributed, with reciprocal rights and obligations that linked village elites with the village people. With the arrival of colonial rule, the people that were able to survive from the distributive networks are thus unable to carry on their livelihoods like before. Other than framing the rebellion in terms of tradition or modernity, another way of looking at the rebellion is from the perspectives of violence, ideology, and utopia. For example, we can focus on how violence determined the contours of the movement, and also how ideological amalgamated with visions of utopia in the leaders moulded the eventual outcome of the movement.
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has even been immortalized in the
Burmese banknote. The Saya San rebellion is useful because it can help us to understand other revolts and revolutions throughout Southeast Asia especially during the colonial period. The Saya San rebellion case-study demonstrates how contesting historiographies do have an effect on the production of history. Because the colonial narrative formed the dominant discourse of the period, that discourse was able to control the narratives based on the archival data, despite them being biased and framed from only the colonial perspective. In other words, the so-called official archives about the Saya San rebellion did not tell us much about the rebellion, except for the administrative context that combined mostly only disciplines of ethnology, law and geography to reconstruct the narrative.
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properties of liquids. The liquid of the serpent is especially fascinating because it is a poison. The Galon is the killer of serpents, and thus the possessor of supernatural power against all forms of lethal poison. Therefore, it is not surprising that most
Burmans regarded certain tattoos as effective protection against snakebite. Perhaps at some time in history the tattoo dyes or needles had some genuine medicinal property. On this count we can only speculate, but, in any case, it was a well-entrenched article of Burmese belief. Thus the Galon itself was a symbol or effecter of invulnerability.
561:, one of the pioneers of writing history on Southeast Asia, who is also a famous historian on Burmese history, disagrees with the reportsâ finding. In terms of the cause of the rebellion, he posited political factors rather than economic ones. However, he also recognized the economic discontent present in Burma. While some scholars have suggested that economic hardship was at the heart of the revolts, others have suggested that initiating a new golden age of Buddhism was an important reason. After the independence of Burma, historians tend to analyze the rebellion in more diverse perspectives.
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372:(GCBA) which planned to participate more directly in political protest and demonstrations. In order to engage rural communities, members of GCBA would travel into the countryside conducting interviews, collecting data, and filling reports to establish lines of communication with emerging village activists. Saya San joined the GCBA and worked in the countryside for more than two years, so he was familiar with rural places and had direct connections with peasants.
400:, where a royal city, known as Buddharaja Myo, or âBuddhist Kingâs Townâ, was ceremonially plotted out. The new king disposed of the proper retinue of five queens, four ministers, and four regiments. Saya San promised supporters that he would restore the authority of the Burmese monarchy, revitalize the Buddhist religion and expel the British authorities. Also, he assured his oath-bound followers that they would be protected by his magical charms and tattoos.
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were constructed by imperial surveys that now sought to map the new territories. Indigenous healing practices, rituals, folktales, notions of authority and village life would be organized and categorized according to how well the district officer understood what he was observing. Moreover, when the
British government annexed the Kingdom of Burma in 1885â1886, they transferred the Burmese royal throne to a museum in
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231:, where employment opportunities were better because of the expansion of the rice frontier. Earning his living as a carpenter for some time and then more successfully as a fortuneteller and traditional healer, he wrote two treatises on traditional healing practices that questioned the authority and efficacy of Western medical treatment.
197:. The series of uprisings that have been called the Saya San Rebellion has been regarded as one of Southeast Asia's quintessential anti-colonial movements. Because of its national and historical nature, discussions about Saya San and the rebellion associated with him has persisted to this day, particularly within academic spheres.
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the movement still continued. At the same time, Saya San today still evokes sentiments of nationalism, if not patriotism. Also, despite him existing in the modern period, post-colonial narratives still continue to focus on the superstitious aspects such as the tattoos and amulets that he and his people used.
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historiographies to tease out certain insinuations or biases. Once a re-reading is done, more comprehensive viewpoints whether retrospective or not, could literally change the future. As George Orwell puts it, "He who controls the past controls the future. He who controls the present controls the past."
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But can we consider the rebellion to be successful? Does the death of Saya San necessarily mean it was unsuccessful? At that point, to the colonial administrators, it does seem to have been an unsuccessful rebellion. However, the future repercussions were strong. In fact, two years after his capture,
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The Saya San rebellion was one of the greatest anti-colonial movements in
Southeast Asia in the 20th century, leaving thousands of people dead by the time it had concluded. However, the legacy left behind is that he is still regarded as a national hero to this day, a figure for national unity, and he
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While those interpretations have emerged, scholarship has raised many questions about Saya San's role in the revolt. For example, if the colonial government falsified and overstated Saya San's role in the revolt so as to make his execution seem more meaningful than it actually was. Several details of
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Secondly, The Galon-NÄga symbolism also had other meanings. In
Eastern mythology, the Galon represents the sun-force or solar energy, in natural opposition to the liquid quality of earthly waters. The NÄga is an earth symbol that, in its embodiment in serpentine form, partakes of the magical symbolic
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The transition Saya San made from a medical man to a political activist is not very clear. People tend to believe that he joined the
General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) led by U Soe Thein in 1920s. He began his political career as a representative of his village and soon progressed to lead
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provided in-depth analyses into the economic conditions underlying the uprisings in the 1930s. For these scholars (like their earlier
Burmese colleagues), the traditional vocabulary of the rebellion was less a factor in the cause of the insurgency than the unforgiving demands of the rational state's
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as well as the vast array of procedural structures that characterized the Indian Civil
Service. The new territories were divided into districts and assigned a commissioner with a small support staff. Through the prism and experience of British India, Burmese people, cultures, languages and histories
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Consider the Thai Nguyen rebellion or the Tinh Soviet movement that were also happening around the same time as the Saya San rebellion. There were also other sources that could allow us to acquire different perspectives. David Marr writing on
Vietnam posits a 'Resistance model' or schema. According
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By the 1890s, colonial officials had determined that the main pacification campaigns were successful, and they could concentrate on the business of building a social-economic infrastructure that could support their interest in the vast teak, mineral, and agricultural resources that their new colony
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tenets at an early age by studying at the local village monastery. Then he continued his studies at the nearby Hpo Hmu monastery until he was nearly twenty years old. Yar Kyaw left for the village of Nga Kaung Inn soon after with a hope that he could make a better living selling mats and baskets as
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Maitrii Aung-Thwin's book, âThe Return of the Galon King: history, law, and rebellion in colonial Burma.â offers a critical assessment of the history and impact of the narrative of the Saya San revolt, an event taken as formative for Burmese history and studies of peasant rebellion worldwide. This
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For those Burmese historians, Saya San was portrayed as an early nationalist hero. These interpretations stressed on economic factors, which was the cause of popular dissatisfaction. Differing from the established discourse, the economic grievances could form the base of the movement. The movement
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Perhaps what future generations can learn about from the Saya San rebellion is to never assume the complete legitimacy of a source simply because it is the dominant discourse. It could have political repercussions, but it is still useful to always re-examine sources, perspectives, narratives, and
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Within weeks of the first outbreak, Rangoon authorities responded by seeking special emergency power from India. By June 1931, a Special Rebellion Commissioner, Mr. Booth Gravely, was appointed to manage affairs in Burma. In July 1931, the authorities considered the situation so serious that they
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in fewer hands created a large number of disaffected landless laborers increasingly aggrieved with colonial government, whom they blamed for both their inability to work the land independently and for decline of their real incomes as rice worker. Thus, rural cultivators, already frustrated by the
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10 September to 13 October: Two columns were set up in the Minhla township of Thayetmyo. These columns were composed of detachments from the 14th Field Company and troops of mounted military police. This force was armed rifles, machine guns, and grenades. They visited almost every village in the
368:, drawing young clerks and educated elites into working for changes in colonial society through accepted and approved channels. The YMBA focused on improving social conditions and concentrating on educational government on issue of cultural identity. This would pave the way for formation of the
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throughout 1886â1890. These opposition movements became more intensive and extensive. Some of these rebellions were led by former members of the court, like the Myinzaing Prince, who continued to wield considerable influence over troops and villagers in provincial centers that had once been in
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First, after the establishment of British rule, the NÄga was generally recognized as the symbol for the British, while the Galon stood for Burma. Thus in one sense, the Galon acted as an unofficial symbol for anti-British sentiments in Burma, as the Galon was the vanquisher of the NÄga.
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July: The government published an amnesty offer in Henzada, Prome, Thayetmyo, Insein and Tharrawaddy to allow âmisguided villagersâ to âreturn to respectability and freedom by surrenderingâ. This offer was not open to those who had participated in a dacoity, or murder of officials or
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In late December 1930, Saya San organized a peasant revolt and proclaimed himself a pretender to the throne who, like Alaungpaya, would unite the people and expel the British authorities. He organized his followers into the âGalon Armyâ and he was proclaimed âkingâ at Insein, near
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The revolt was defeated, and the casualties were not much certain. By the end of 1932, more than 1,000 rebels were killed and a further 9,000 rebels were surrendered or captured. Saya San and 125 other rebels were hanged and almost 1,400 were sentenced to terms of imprisonment or
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John Cady is the first Western historian to term the rebellion the âSaya San rebellionâ. He used a vast amount of British documents, including parliamentary papers and police reports, to create a narrative by recognizing the localized form of political expression. In his book
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From 1970s onwards, the âautonomous historyâ seems to become the tendency of historiography, which reconstructed those historical figures and events by analyzing indigenous culture from the local people's point of view. Another important book regarding Saya San is
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Discussions about the Saya San Rebellion often revolve around its causes and characters. Scholars have studied on it and produced several interpretations in order to locate Saya San's position in Burmese history and examine the rebellion from different aspects.
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alliance with the throne. Other pockets of resistance were led by local headmen and monks but were limited by size and scope. These were often short-lived either due to lack of support or the overwhelming technical advantage of the colonial government.
251:). Quickly, the rebellion drew colonial authority's attention and was suppressed by colonial government. As the revolt collapsed, Saya San fled to the Shan Plateau in the east. By August 1931, however, he was captured at Hokho and brought back to
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23 September: A âcult of the sun and the moonâ led by two leaders Saya Chit and Yin Gyi Aung attacked Tazaung village, killing one person. Headmen of the neighbouring Shweindon village arrived to fight, shooting seven rebels and catching twenty
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to examine the Saya San rebellion. It represented a transition from those earlier studies which trapped in a context of colonialism or nationalism to those discourses which paid attention to the cultural ideas within a more indigenous context.
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August: News emerges about two rebel armies called the âTigerâ and the âLionâ in the Paungde sub-division. Government accounts described them as just two dacoit gangs. At this time there is also news of âwidespread disloyaltyâ in the
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of 1930 had a devastating impact on rice prices. Rice was Burma's most important export commodity and its fortunes on commercial markets affected much of the rural population. The high population density in central Burma and the
388:. These were heralded as portents, recalling prophesies that the throne of the King of Burma would not remain unoccupied. At the auspicious moment, the coronation of Saya San proceeded in the traditional manner, at a pagoda near
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counterparts to dispatch armed forces to quell the rebellion. However, the military support did not produce immediate results. The outbreaks continued to spread in neighboring districts. The rebellion spread to the districts of
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On the eve of the rebellion, the leading Burmese newspaper, Thu-ri-ya (The Sun) had published an article âA Warning to the British Governmentâ which spoke of Burma as a âkeg of dynamiteâ which could explode at any time.
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in 1886. He was born on 24 October 1876. His original name was Yar Kyaw. His parents were U Kyaye and Daw Hpet, who lived with their five children in the rural agricultural village of Thayetkan. Yar Kyaw was exposed to
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an alternative to working in the agricultural sector. Eventually, he met and married Ma Kay, and had two children, Ko Po Thin and Ma Sein. As economic condition failed to improve, Yar Kyaw left for Moulmein in
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There are also researches that focus on the economic perspective. Written a generation later and no doubt infused with the intellectual currents that informed both peasant studies and Southeast Asian studies,
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As regards the causes it is well known: (1) that the Burman is by nature restless and excitable; (2) that in spite of a high standard of literacy the Burman peasantry are incredibly ignorant and superstitiousâŠ
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1 August: The Emergency Powers Ordinance 1931 was promulgated, and effectively muzzled the press. The government version of the rebellion was given full exposure, and leaflets, posters and handbills were
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in 1886, but the more difficult task of maintaining stability remained, as the colonial government authorities immediately faced a number of uprisings that erupted throughout the formal Burmese Kingdom.
465:. Other rebellion leaders such as U Aung Hla, Bo Aung Shwe, and Bo Aung Pe led uprisings in neighboring districts to secure weapons, raid police stations, and attack government representatives.
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restored the kingdom, and went to war with all its neighbors. The kingdom fought three wars with the British. In 1885, the kingdom was defeated in the Third Anglo-Burmese War, and the King
469:(unsuccessfully) asked permission from the government of India to introduce martial law. By August 1931, Saya San was captured. By then, the rebellion had gone on for nearly two years.
337:, which was seen as offensive by the Burmese. In other words, the establishment colonial rule had changed the social landscape of ancient Burma in a manner that caused much resentment.
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2 August: Saya San is arrested by Hsipaw State officials in Hsumhsai with five others. Saya San's movement is on the decline, and government pressure increases almost everywhere.
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October: Several important leaders of the âLionsâ were killed, some were arrested, and some surrendered. This put the group under pressure. The âTigersâ also struggled.
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drop of the price of rice were quick to respond to Saya San's appeals involving a mixture of anti-tax rhetoric, Buddhist prophecies and guarantees of invulnerability.
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Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.
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Thus, to the authorities, the rebellion could be explained with the framework of superstition. In addition, it rejected any political causes for the rebellion.
239:. In 1924, at the annual congress of the GCBA, 45-year-old Saya San was elected to chair a commission to survey the living conditions of the Burmese peasantry.
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associations with contemporary forms of organization and structure were founded by lay members in an effort to preserve the religion and its place in society.
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24 October: The âTiger's camp was surrounded by the military. They fought, leaving fifteen of their people dead, including a number of their leaders.
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299:'s Mongol forces invaded northern Burma and sacked Pagan city itself, the kingdom fall in 1287. In the second half of the 16th century, the
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Maitrii, Aung-Thwin (June 2008). "Structuring revolt: communities of interpretation in the historiography of the Saya San rebellion".
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Maitrii Aung-Thwin (June 2008). "Structuring revolt: communities of interpretation in the historiography of the Saya San rebellion".
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reunified the country, and founded the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a brief period. In the 18th century, the
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would come to represent ideas about the power of nature, the dualities of the world, and the challenges of the human conditions.
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In a few weeks it became clear that the violence that began in Tharrawaddy had escalated. The colonial government officials in
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speaking Burmese, began migrating to the Irrawaddy valley from present-day Yunnan's Nanzhao kingdom and then established the
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township. At this time, the government also began to put relatives and sympathisers of the rebels into concentration camps.
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the trial, including a diary produced by the police which outlines Saya San's plan, are not considered to be trustworthy.
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One can also consider E. Manuel Sarkisyanz's Buddhist Background of the Burmese Revolution employed the idea of Buddhist
573:, Cady wrote that "it was a deliberately planned affair based on traditional Burmese political and religious patterns".
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24 December: Rebels raided Weywa, killing two. They also attack a 50-strong military post of military police in Yedaik.
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and Ian Brown's A colonial economy in crisis: Burma's rice cultivators and the world depression of the 1930s (2005)
551:, which was published by 1934. It became the fundamental resource for over eighty years. According to the reportïŒ
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12 July: Decisive showdown near Sinsakan when a party of 80 rebels attacked government troops under Captain Dart.
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is a well-recognized figure in the literature of Hindu-Buddhist Southeast Asia. Galon was a fabulous bird of
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23 December: Authorities call up 100 military police from Rangoon. Rebels descended on Inywa, killing three.
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May: Government beefs up forces in Tharrawaddy and Insein with additional strength of 728 civil police.
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movement. He also provides four other examples to justify his theory in bigger colonial situations.
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Briefly, the imperial history of Burma had sustained almost eight centuries. In the 9th century the
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255:. He was tried and sentenced by a Special Rebellion Tribunal. Despite the efforts of his lawyer,
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work shows that despite all efforts to write social science objectively, ideology still rules.
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The Galon has a third vital symbolic role: in most depictions, the Galon is a vehicle for
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2 July: 150 rebels lost 40 men trying to check government troops crossing the Nulu river.
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universe. Therefore, the Galon is also regarded a super-potent, triple-threat protector.
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Prophets of rebellion: millenarian protest movements against the European colonial order
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Prophets of Rebellion: Millenarian Protest Movements Against the European Colonial Order
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End July: Three of his followers are arrested, and Saya San retreats to Shan territory.
589:'s The moral economy of the peasant: Rebellion and subsistence in Southeast Asia (1976)
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Constructing an Intelligence State: the Colonial Security Services in Burma, 1930-1942
489:(King). This name could be understood in three dimensions within the Burmese context.
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On the one hand, Adas emphasized that a âProphetic leaderâ has ability to start up a
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31 December: 500 rebels challenged military police and get fired upon. Deaths ensue.
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22 December: Rebels strike in the villages around Pashwegyaw. At least two killed.
1199:(Communities of Interpretation and the Construction of Modern Myanmar): 297â317.
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217:(or Alaungpaya) dynasty, which controlled Myanmar from 1752 until the end of the
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This is a timeline of the rebellion as outlined by historian Parimal Ghosh.
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The Return of the Galon King: history, law, and rebellion in colonial Burma
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The Return of the Galon King: history, law, and rebellion in colonial Burma
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30 December: Rebels attempt to dynamite the railway bridge north of Inywa.
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April: Dacoit gangs attack village headmen and other village officers.
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411:, suffered severe economic dislocation during the âHoover Slumpâ. The
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The colonial government had recorded the event into a report titled
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7 January: A better-organized revolt took place in Dedaye township.
1086:. Melbourne: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies: Monash University.
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Solomon, Robert L (1969). "Saya San and the Burmese Rebellion".
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On the night of 22 December the first outbreak occurred in the
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Burmese Buddhist monk executed for leading a revolt (1876â1931)
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rom Sangha to Laity: Nationalist Movements of Burma, 1920-194
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Thu-ri-ya (The Sun). "A Warning to the British Government".
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1 July: Rebels open fire on a police party from Taungbyauk.
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was not aimless, instead, it was rational and justifiable.
333:. Meanwhile, the Palace of Mandalay was converted into a
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in 1057. Pagan's power slowly waned in the 13th century.
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The Origin and Causes of the Burma Rebellion (1930-1932)
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The colonial government had faced numerous outbreaks of
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The Origin and Causes of the Burma Rebellion 1930-1932
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Let-hkanu-zu-kyan,Weik-za theik-pan in got-taya-kyan
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June: 500 rebels attack the Wettigan police station.
500:mythology. It is often depicted in combat with the
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669:4 January: Rising spreads into Yamethin district.
392:. Saya San was proclaimed the Thupannaka Galuna
1084:The Hsaya San Rebellion (1930-1032) Reappraised
485:Saya San took the name of the Thupannaka Galon
380:In October 1930, there had been earthquakes at
1344:20th-century executions by the United Kingdom
1228:Buddhist Background of the Burmese Revolution
360:In 1906, political organizations such as the
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1268:Resistance and Rebellion in Burma, 1825-1932
168:also spelled Hsaya (original name Yar Kyaw,
1379:People executed by British Burma by hanging
750:promotes the subject in a subjective manner
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1170:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1060:(PhD thesis). University of Exeter.
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341:Resistance movements before Saya San
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1270:. USA: University of Hawaii Press.
747:This Section contains wording that
364:(YMBA) came into prominence within
1193:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1023:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
752:without imparting real information
634:Timeline of the Saya San Rebellion
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968:. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books.
943:. Athens: Ohio University Press.
854:. Athens: Ohio University Press.
725:28 November: Saya San is executed
1349:Nationalist movements of Myanmar
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362:Young Men's Buddhist Association
418:concentration of land ownership
213:that was the birthplace of the
1245:. Cambridge University Press.
1230:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
915:. University of Hawaii Press.
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1226:E. Manuel Sarkisyanz (1965).
1056:Clipson, Edmund Bede (2010).
504:. This cosmic battle between
18:Burmese Rebellion (1930â1932)
1112:Government of Burma (1934).
850:Maitrii, Aung-Thwin (2011).
939:Maitrii Aung-Thwin (2011).
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1364:People from Sagaing Region
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1205:10.1017/s0022463408000222
1168:A History of Modern Burma
1082:Patricia Herbert (1982).
1035:10.1017/s0022463408000222
1000:10.1017/s0026749x0000233x
907:Robert H. Taylor (2009).
571:A history of modern Burma
535:Different interpretations
428:were soon asked by their
205:Saya San was a native of
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1374:Executed revolutionaries
614:âs Prophet of Rebellion.
581:' The Burma delta (1974)
1369:Executed Burmese people
1359:Burmese revolutionaries
1295:Famous People, Saya San
1266:Parimal, Ghosh (2001).
819:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
283:Anglo-Burmese conflicts
277:Galon Peasant Rebellion
219:Third Anglo-Burmese War
154:Statue of Saya San and
1354:Burmese Buddhist monks
1141:D. G .E. Hall (2008).
189:and the leader of the
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1241:Michael Adas (1987).
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1145:. Hesperides Press.
988:Modern Asian Studies
964:Maung Maung (1980).
911:The State in Myanmar
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347:resistance movements
133:Execution by hanging
1099:Thu-ri-ya (The Sun)
182:[sÊ°ÉjĂ sĂ É°Ì]
129:Cause of death
1166:John Cady (1958).
875:Saya, San (1927).
263:Saya San Rebellion
191:Saya San Rebellion
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96:Kingdom of Myanmar
950:978-0-8968-0276-6
922:978-0-8248-3362-6
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305:Konbaung dynasty
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108:(1931-11-28)
35:
32:Burmese name
1339:1931 deaths
1334:1876 births
1066:10036/98382
620:millenarian
603:millenarian
559:D.G.E. Hall
463:Shan States
409:Lower Burma
405:Tharrawaddy
398:Tharrawaddy
313:British Raj
297:Kublai Khan
253:Tharrawaddy
229:Lower Burma
139:Nationality
114:Tharrawaddy
1328:Categories
824:14 October
815:"Saya San"
705:broadcast.
685:villagers.
481:Galon Raja
80:1876-10-24
44:given name
1213:144943696
1195:. No. 2.
1122:cite book
1043:144943696
1008:145194086
885:cite book
801:Footnotes
701:villages.
598:economy.
529:Brahmanic
459:Thayetmyo
426:New Delhi
376:Rebellion
326:New Delhi
53:Saya San
40:honorific
1300:Saya San
879:. Burma.
355:Buddhist
331:Calcutta
237:Moulmein
224:Buddhist
215:Konbaung
166:Saya San
42:, not a
30:In this
716:others.
451:Toungoo
439:Henzada
430:Rangoon
390:Rangoon
366:Rangoon
245:Rangoon
170:Burmese
143:Burmese
88:Dabayin
1274:
1249:
1211:
1174:
1149:
1041:
1006:
947:
919:
858:
595:amazon
591:amazon
583:amazon
525:Vishnu
443:Insein
435:Pyapon
309:Thebaw
257:Ba Maw
249:Yangon
207:Shwebo
38:is an
1209:S2CID
1143:Burma
1039:S2CID
1025:. 2.
1004:S2CID
990:. 3.
506:galon
498:Hindu
494:galon
455:Prome
322:India
211:Burma
174:áááŹá
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57:áááŹá
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1272:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1128:link
945:ISBN
917:ISBN
891:link
856:ISBN
826:2012
664:1931
642:1930
585:and
510:nÄga
508:and
502:NÄga
492:The
487:Raja
447:Pegu
394:Raja
384:and
382:Pegu
187:monk
103:Died
74:Born
36:Saya
1201:doi
1062:hdl
1031:doi
996:doi
386:Pyu
274:and
158:at
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769:(
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760:(
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247:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
