783:: In 1940, the Russian archaeologist Evgeniy Yuryevich Krichevski proposed the theory that the Cucuteni-Trypillian houses were burned as a way to strengthen the structure of the walls, and to insulate the floor against dampness and mold. Krichevski proposed that the fire would harden the clay within the walls and floors, effectively turning it into a hard ceramic surface. However, arguments against this theory point out that the archaeological evidence includes burned rubble that came from the collapsed walls and destroyed floors. Additionally, valuable artefacts were also found burned and buried within the rubble, which would not likely have happened if the inhabitants set the fires to harden the clay in the structure, since they would most likely have removed such items before starting the fire.
850:). Using this theory, objects belonging to the house (including food, containers, and ritual objects) could possibly have been viewed as sharing the same "spirit" as the house structure itself. In destroying the house, it would then also be logical to destroy various other items that were deemed to be part of the house, which would explain why these kinds of items have been found buried in the rubble. The physical act of destroying the entire settlement by intentionally burning it to the ground would have required an organized joint-community effort, involving stacking huge amounts of fuel around the walls of the structures, and then torching the entire settlement. Such a systematic act of destruction would leave behind the kind of evidence that is to be found in the archeological sites.
810:
disrepair, posing a potential threat to its occupants and others. In such a case, it could be argued that the solution would be to have an entire settlement's structures burned in such a way as to produce a plentiful supply of hardened, fired ceramic material to use in reconstructing new houses out of the old. Shaffer discovered some of the walls in a
Cucuteni-Trypillian site that had been partially constructed from recycled ceramic wattle-and-daub material from a previous building, thus lending support to this claim.
816:: Another theory posits that the fires were used for sanitary reasons to smoke or fumigate a building, in order to get rid of pests, disease, insects, or witches. However, the evidence does not support this viewpoint. All of the structures within these settlements were completely burned and destroyed. Because the damage from the fire was almost total for the entire settlement, it would be illogical if fumigation was the only intent.
20:
789:: This theory holds that the settlements were burned as a result of attacks from enemies. However, as with the accident theory, this theory is also unable to satisfy all of the archaeological evidence that has been found at Cucuteni-Trypillian sites. For instance, there have not been any human remains discovered within the burned ruins of the buildings. Neither have there been found any human remains with projectile points such as
1876:
731:
457:
homogenous phenomenon (Chapman 1999; Stevanović 1996, 2002; Stevanović and
Tringham 1998). For example early Neolithic houses have more artifacts deposited in them, and it is in these early Neolithic phases that burned human remains are most likely to occur (Chapman 1999). Human remains occur again in the late Eneolithic (
717:
house, and then set it on fire in a way that would replicate how an accidental fire would have perhaps started from an untended cooking-hearth fire. They then allowed the fire to burn unchecked for over thirty hours. Although the fire rapidly spread to the thatched roof, destroying it in the process,
451:
to describe the extent of the geographical region that indicates this repetitive practice of house burning in southeast Europe. She, along with
Serbian archaeologist Mirjana Stevanović, mapped out this phenomenon from archaeological sites throughout the entire region, and came to the conclusion that:
401:
from the intense heat that would have turned it a bright orange color during the conflagration that destroyed the buildings, much the same way that raw clay objects are turned into ceramic products during the firing process in a kiln. Moreover, the sheer amount of fired-clay rubble found within every
456:
Although I have referred to the ubiquity of burned building rubble in south-east
European Neolithic settlements as the burned house horizon (Tringham 1984; 1990), it is clear from Stevanović's, Chapman's and my own analyses, that 'the burned house horizon' is neither a chronologically nor regionally
377:
Although there is still debate about why the house burning was practiced, the evidence seems to indicate that it was highly unlikely to have been accidental. There is also debate about why this would have been done deliberately and regularly, since these burnings could destroy the entire settlement.
776:
Although this theory may explain how some of the structures might have burned, it does not satisfactorily explain the cause for all of them. As discussed above, experimentation has given very strong evidence that would make it difficult to support the theory that these settlements were periodically
708:
Some historians claim that settlements were intentionally burned in a repeated cycle of construction and destruction. Serbian archeologist
Mirjana Stevanovic writes: "it is unlikely that the houses were burned as a result of a series of accidents or for any structural and technological reasons but
797:
heads lodged within the skeleton. This would indicate that, although acts of aggression were possible, they actually were not very common. Certainly, it indicates that warfare did not play a large role in the life of these people. Thus, due to the lack of supporting evidence for aggression, it is
722:
settlement ruins. Additionally, the experimental burning left the walls almost entirely intact. It would have been relatively easy for the roof to have been repaired quickly, the ash cleared away, and the house reoccupied. These results are typical for all of the modern experiments that have been
699:
Some of the burned sites contained large quantities of stored food that was partially destroyed by the fires that burned the houses. Additionally, there was a high risk of fire due to the use of the primitive ovens in these homes. These two facts support the theory that the buildings were burned
809:
houses were burned for the purpose of recycling the clay within their structure to use in the construction of new buildings. Wattle-and-daub construction is prone to dilapidation, which would suggest that after a period of time the buildings would naturally begin to show signs of much wear and
822:
to create space: This hypothesis argues that the residents of Late
Neolithic sites burned their own structures in order to free up space within the walls of the settlement. However, the archeological record shows that houses were rebuilt directly on top of the pre-existing foundations of the
410:
Although there have been some attempts to try to replicate the results of these ancient settlement burnings, no modern experiment has yet managed to successfully reproduce the conditions that would leave behind the type of evidence that is found in these burned
823:
destroyed buildings. It would be a logical conclusion that the inhabitants of the destroyed home would take up residence in the new house built directly on top of it. This would indicate that no new building space was created by burning the old structures.
977:
on 2008-05-16A senior honors thesis, presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with distinction in anthropology in the undergraduate colleges of the Ohio State
University, and published online by The Körös Regional Archaeological
1121:Кричевский (Krichevski), Евгений Юрьевич (Evgeniye Yurivich). "Трипольские площадки ; по раскопкам последних лет (Triploskiye ploshchadki : po raskopkam poslednič let)" [Trypillian ploshchadki : on the excavations of recent years].
439:. The second theory that holds that the settlements were burned deliberately is more recent, and broadens the focus to include the entire region of the culture, and even beyond (McPherron and Christopher 1988; Chapman 2000; and Stevanovic 1997).
712:
Some of the modern house-burning experiments include those done by Arthur
Bankoff and Frederick Winter in 1977, Gary Shaffer in 1993, and Stevanovic in 1997. In their experiment, Bankoff and Winter constructed a model of a partially dilapidated
442:
Although the phenomenon of house burning is pervasive throughout the
Cucuteni-Trypillian culture's existence, it was by no means the only southeastern European Neolithic society that experienced this. The British-American archaeologist
367:, lasting from as early as 6500 BCE (the beginning of the Neolithic in that region) to as late as 2000 BCE (the end of the Chalcolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age). A notable representative of this tradition is the
727:, describes how in order to produce the large amount of fired clay rubble found in the ruins, that enormous quantities of extra fuel would have had to be placed next to the walls to create enough heat to vitrify the clay.
422:
Whether the houses were set on fire in a ritualistic way all together before abandoning the settlement, or each house was destroyed at the end of its life (e.g. before building a new one) it is still a matter of debate.
671:
Although the practice of house burning took place among a handful of different
Neolithic cultures in southeast Europe, it is most widely known among the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture for a number of reasons:
1439:
Stevanović, Mirjana; Ruth Tringham (1998). "The significance of Neolithic houses in the archaeological record of south-east Europe" [Proceedings honoring Dragoslav Srejović]. In Živko Mikić (ed.).
1285:. Monumenta archaeologica (University of California, Los Angeles. Institute of Archaeology). Vol. 15. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. pp. 567–616.
734:
Recreation of a Cucuteni-Trypillian house burning; note the amount of extra fuel (straw and wood) added to the outside of the clay walls to increase the temperature needed for ceramic vitrification.
685:
The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture was considered by some scholars to be the largest and most influential of the Neolithic cultures of eastern Europe during the transition to the Eneolithic period.
1855:
1817:
718:
in the end less than one percent of the clay in the walls was fired (turned into ceramic material), which is counter to the large amount of fired-clay wall rubble that is found in the
826:
Symbolic end of house: Some scholars have theorized that the buildings were burned ritually, regularly and deliberately in order to mark the end of the "life" of the house. The terms
1865:
1850:
427:
The first theory, holding that the burning of the settlements was due to reasons resulting from accident or warfare, originated in the 1940s, and referred only to some of the
616:
1845:
393:
Cucuteni-Trypillian settlements were completely burned every 75–80 years, leaving behind successive layers consisting mostly of large amounts of rubble from the collapsed
1840:
390:) would halt the spread of plague by sterilizing the bacteria, carriers and hosts. This would strongly support the domicide theory of Tringham, Stevanovic and others.
386:(the plague). It is possible that survivors of recurring plague events discovered the technique of high intensity fire destruction of all buildings in a community (
2006:
1448:(Proceedings honoring Dragoslav Srejović) (in Serbian and English). Belgrade: Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. pp. 193–208.
1104:
216:
208:
1860:
926:. Lichter, C. (2016), "Burning Down the House - Fakt oder Fiktion." In: K. Bacvarov; R. Gleser (eds.): Southeast Europe and Anatolia in Prehistory. Bonn: Habelt
1810:
402:
house of a settlement indicates that a fire of enormous intensity would have raged through the entire community to have created the volume of material found.
197:
889:
2016:
1910:
117:
1641:
1193:
McPherron, Alan; Christopher, K.C. (1988). McPherron, Alan; Srejović, Dragoslav (eds.). "The Balkan Neolithic and the Divostin Project in perspective".
755:: According to this theory, the houses were burned by accidental fire. To support this theory, the following conditions are to be found at these sites:
374:
There is still a discussion in the study of Neolithic and Eneolithic Europe whether the majority of burned houses were intentionally set alight or not.
378:
However, in recent years, the consensus has begun to gel around the "domicide" theory supported by Tringham, Stevanovic and others. Recent studies in
682:
This culture practiced house burning for a longer period of time (1600 years), and for a later date (up to 3200 BC), than any of the other cultures.
2001:
1803:
962:
1332:]. GOTARC, Series A (in Swedish and English). Vol. 3. Göteborg, Sweden: Göteborg University, Department of Archaeology. pp. 113–26.
846:, in that the "soul" of the old, burned house would be "reborn" into the new, rebuilt structure above it (compare this to the Buddhist concept of
271:
1363:
1033:
335:
1542:
1337:
1290:
1235:
1202:
931:
904:
700:
accidentally or due to enemy attack, as it could be argued that nobody would intentionally burn their food supplies along with their homes.
1459:
1197:(Book: Government publication). Ethnology monographs #10. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh: 463–492.
1760:
264:
1567:
157:
1700:
1991:
1966:
834:
have been coined to refer to this practice. This theory postulates that members of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture may have been
382:
from ancient mass burial sites of possible victims of epidemic disease, showing no visible signs of trauma, have yielded DNA of
1996:
1981:
1976:
1826:
744:
719:
649:
428:
368:
131:
2011:
1986:
1971:
1408:
989:
1361:
Stevanović, Mirjana (December 1997). Renfrew, A. Colin (ed.). "The Age of clay: the social dynamics of house destruction".
1262:. 83rd Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association.
1608:Маркевич (Markevič), Всеволод Иванович (Vsevolod Ivanovič); Массон (Masson), Вадим Михайлович (Vadim Michailovič) (1981),
458:
1705:
1490:
632:
60:
397:. This rubble was mostly ceramic material that had been created as the raw clay used in the daub of the walls became
1167:], Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (in Russian), vol. 10, Moscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR,
1961:
418:
There has also been a debate between scholars whether these settlements were burned accidentally or intentionally.
328:
296:
149:
1158:
665:
Note: Data based on Ruth Tringham, 2005, and Liz Mellish and Nick Green. All locations and dates are approximate.
1956:
918:
1900:
1674:
798:
difficult to support this theory as the reason for the cyclical and repetitive burning of these settlements.
461:). The presence or absence of human remains in the rubble of burned houses is clearly of great significance.
1406:
Stevanović, Mirjana (2002). Gheorghiu, Dragos (ed.). "Burned houses in the Neolithic of southeast Europe".
229:
1915:
1649:
1258:
Tringham, Ruth (1984). "Architectural investigation into household organization in Neolithic Yugoslavia".
1228:
Fragmentation in archaeology: people, places, and broken objects in the prehistory of south eastern Europe
802:
770:
565:
519:
709:
rather that they were destroyed by deliberate burning and most likely for reasons of a symbolic nature".
971:
321:
1077:
145:
1925:
1895:
509:
360:
178:
165:
161:
153:
140:
109:
1031:
Stevanović, Mirjana (December 1997). "The Age of Clay: the social dynamics of house destruction".
482:
1003:
224:
1002:
Zimmer C (2015-10-22). "In Ancient DNA, Evidence of Plague Much Earlier Than Previously Known".
964:
House construction and destruction patterns of the Early Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain
679:
There is evidence that every single settlement in this culture probably practiced house burning.
533:
23:
A map showing the extent of the Burned House practice in Southeastern Europe, based on Tringham.
1467:
1905:
1764:
1730:
1722:
1666:
1658:
1620:
1579:
1548:
1538:
1504:
1421:
1413:
1388:
1380:
1343:
1333:
1296:
1286:
1263:
1241:
1231:
1208:
1198:
1168:
1138:
1130:
1098:
1087:
1058:
1050:
983:
927:
910:
900:
201:
170:
356:
is the geographical extent of the phenomenon of presumably intentionally burned settlements.
1935:
1920:
1890:
1714:
1372:
1042:
549:
398:
349:
252:
122:
1587:
1578:. Piatra Neamț, Romania: Muzeul de Istorie Piatra Neamț (Historical Museum Piatra Neamț).
1495:
1412:. BAR International series (Supplementary). Fire in archaeology, no. 1089. Oxford: 55–62.
1176:
723:
done to try to recreate these ancient house burnings. Stevanovic, an expert archeological
394:
383:
79:
75:
19:
847:
676:
The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture had the largest settlements in history up to their time.
1738:
780:
763:
364:
71:
67:
1950:
1930:
1619:] (in Russian), Kishinev, Moldovan SSR (Chișinău, Moldova): Штиинца (Shtiintsa),
1531:
843:
655:
595:
582:
444:
379:
371:, which was centered on the burned-house horizon both geographically and temporally.
257:
248:
238:
193:
174:
136:
126:
83:
1792:
The French Government's Ministry of Culture's page on Cucuteni Culture (in English).
1129:. Moscow: институтом археологии АН СССР (Archeological Institute A.N. USSR): 20–45.
1147:
This journal later changed its title to Российская археология (Russian archeology).
806:
730:
555:
185:
30:
1875:
890:"Weaving house life and death into places: a blueprint for a hypermedia narrative"
724:
102:
1718:
1281:
Tringham, Ruth (1990). "Conclusion". In Tringham, Ruth; Krstić, Dušan (eds.).
1260:
Program of the 83rd annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association
819:
813:
786:
306:
287:
98:
1795:
1734:
1726:
1662:
1624:
1583:
1552:
1425:
1417:
1384:
1134:
1091:
1054:
1789:
1508:
1347:
1300:
1267:
1245:
1212:
1180:
1172:
1142:
914:
714:
523:
499:
412:
90:
47:
42:
1670:
1392:
1376:
1062:
1046:
1642:"A house-burning in Serbia: what do burned remains tell an archaeologist?"
1491:"Archeological transformations: crossing the pastoral/agricultural bridge"
895:, in Bailey, Douglass W.; Whittle, Alasdair W.R.; Cummings, Vicki (eds.),
752:
601:
539:
491:
487:
387:
311:
244:
220:
1713:. Boston: Boston University: Association for Field Archaeology: 59–75.
1570:[Cucuteni B period in the lower Carpathian region of Moldova].
1318:
835:
638:
622:
605:
571:
515:
466:
Periodization table of Neolithic cultures that practiced house burning
436:
432:
1572:
Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis (BMA) (Memorial Library Antiquities)
842:
or spirits. It also possibly indicates that these people believed in
495:
234:
1319:"Burning the ancestors: deliberate housefiring in Balkan Prehistory"
1160:
Periodizatsiia tripolʹskikh poseleniĭ, iii-ii tysiacheletie do n. ė.
1324:. In Gustafsson, Anders; Karlsson, Håkan; Nordbladh, Jarl (eds.).
794:
790:
729:
291:
18:
1701:"An archaeomagnetic study of a wattle and daub building collapse"
1123:Советская археология (Sovyetskaya Arkheologiya Soviet Archeology)
747:
settlements burned periodically produces the following theories:
359:
This was a widespread and long-lasting tradition in what are now
839:
1799:
1533:
In search of the Indo-Europeans: language, archaeology and myth
1330:
Glyphs and archaeological room: a fanbook for Jarl Nordbladh
801:
Recycling of building materials: In 1993, Gary Shaffer used
1640:
Bankoff, H. Arthur; Winter, Frederick A. (September 1979).
1081:
970:, The Körös Regional Archaeological Project, archived from
769:
Improperly stored grain in the house increased the risk of
1326:
Glyfer och arkeologiska rum: en vänbok till Jarl Nordbladh
838:, believing that inanimate objects, including houses, had
415:
sites, had the structures burned under normal conditions.
16:
Phenomenon of presumably intentionally burned settlements
1657:. New York: Archaeological Institute of America: 8–14.
1078:"The Tripolye house, a sacred and profane coexistence!"
587:
northern Bulgaria, Muntenia, southeast Transylvania
1883:
1833:
1530:
1568:"Faza Cucuteni B în zona subcarpatică a Moldovei"
805:and experimentation to test the theory that old,
1763:. ©Çatalhöyük Research Project. Archived from
1460:"South East Europe history - pre-history maps"
217:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation
1811:
743:An analysis of the possibilities for why the
329:
8:
1610:Позднетрипольские племена Северной Молдавии
1195:Divostin and the Neolithic of Central Serbia
1116:
1114:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
759:Close proximity of the houses to one another
1041:(4). Orlando, FL: Academic Press: 334–395.
654:Moldavia, Transylvania, Western Ukraine to
1911:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
1818:
1804:
1796:
1635:
1633:
1617:Late-Tripolian tribes of Northern Moldavia
1612:Pozdnetripolskie plemena Severnoi Moldavii
1312:
1310:
1283:Selevac: a Neolithic village in Yugoslavia
1103:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
336:
322:
118:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
26:
1371:(4). New York: Academic Press: 334–395.
1083:6th World Archaeological Congress (WAC6)
464:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
861:
777:burned as a result of accidental fires.
29:
2007:Building and structure fires in Europe
1364:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1096:
1034:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
981:
1446:Zbornik posvecen Dragoslavu Srejovicu
1442:Zbornik posvecen Dragoslavu Srejovicu
1165:Trypillian settlement periodization…)
7:
1157:Passek, Tatiana Sergeyevna (1949),
574:, Vojvodina, northern Transylvania
766:materials were stored in the house
518:, Serbia, Drina Valley in Eastern
14:
2017:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
1874:
1503:. Leiden: E.J. Brill: 151–190.
1230:, London, New York: Routledge,
690:Accident vs. intentional debate
1409:British Archaeological Reports
1:
1537:. London: Thames and Hudson.
633:Bubanj-Sălcuța-Krivodol group
1706:Journal of Field Archaeology
621:eastern Wallachia, northern
514:northwest Bulgaria, Eastern
1076:Menotti, Francesco (2007),
650:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
369:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
2033:
2002:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
1827:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
1719:10.1179/009346993791974334
988:: CS1 maint: postscript (
897:(Un)settling the neolithic
762:Grain, textiles and other
617:Gumelnița-Karanovo culture
297:Domestication of the horse
158:Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture
132:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
1872:
1699:Shaffer, Gary M. (1993).
1529:Mallory, James P (1989).
704:Intentional fire argument
664:
1901:Old Europe (archaeology)
1489:Khol, Philip L. (2002).
1006:. ISSN 0362-4331.
961:Patel, Nisha K. (2004),
695:Accidental fire argument
604:, Transylvania, western
34:Eneolithic, Aeneolithic,
1992:Archaeology of Slovakia
1967:Archaeology of Bulgaria
888:Tringham, Ruth (2005),
637:northwestern Bulgaria,
150:Decea Mureşului culture
1997:Archaeology of Ukraine
1982:Archaeology of Romania
1977:Archaeology of Moldova
1916:Linear Pottery culture
1566:Cucoș, Ștefan (1999).
1377:10.1006/jaar.1997.0310
1317:Chapman, John (1999).
1226:Chapman, John (2000),
1047:10.1006/jaar.1997.0310
803:archaeomagnetic dating
771:spontaneous combustion
735:
520:Bosnia and Herzegovina
463:
425:
348:In the archaeology of
24:
2012:Urban fires in Europe
1987:Archaeology of Serbia
1972:Archaeology of Kosovo
1761:"Remixing Çatalhöyük"
733:
477:Duration of Practice
459:Gumelniţa/Karanovo VI
454:
420:
395:wattle-and-daub walls
22:
474:Location of culture
449:Burned House Horizon
447:has coined the term
354:burned house horizon
1926:Sredny Stog culture
1896:Chalcolithic Europe
1856:Religion and ritual
745:Cucuteni-Trypillian
720:Cucuteni-Trypillian
600:Hungary, Moldavia,
467:
429:Cucuteni-Trypillian
361:Southeastern Europe
179:Monte Claro culture
1767:on 31 October 2009
1741:on 24 January 2008
1464:www.eliznik.org.uk
1004:The New York Times
764:highly combustible
736:
641:, southern Serbia
465:
230:Ahar–Banas culture
225:Hakra Ware culture
99:Ghassulian culture
25:
1962:Copper Age Europe
1944:
1943:
1906:Kurgan hypothesis
1544:978-0-500-05052-1
1339:978-91-85952-21-2
1292:978-0-917956-68-3
1237:978-0-415-15803-9
1204:978-0-945428-00-8
932:978-3-7749-4066-6
906:978-1-84217-179-0
899:, Oxford: Oxbow,
669:
668:
660:4800 to 3200 BC.
644:4300 to 3800 BC.
431:sites located in
346:
345:
202:Afanasevo culture
171:Remedello culture
146:Cernavodă culture
63:(2600 BC–1600 AD)
2024:
1957:Neolithic Europe
1936:Catacomb culture
1891:Neolithic Europe
1878:
1834:Topical articles
1820:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1790:Cucuteni Culture
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1737:. Archived from
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1673:. Archived from
1646:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1586:. Archived from
1563:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1470:on 4 August 2010
1466:. Archived from
1456:
1450:
1449:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1028:
1007:
1000:
994:
993:
987:
979:
976:
969:
958:
935:
925:
923:
917:, archived from
894:
885:
627:4400 to 3800 BC
611:4880 to 4400 BC
590:5250 to 4400 BC
577:5260 to 4880 BC
560:5500 to 4000 BC
544:5500 to 5250 BC
528:5750 to 5250 BC
510:Starčevo culture
504:5900 to 4750 BC
471:Name of Culture
468:
350:Neolithic Europe
338:
331:
324:
253:Anarta tradition
221:Bhirrana culture
166:Coțofeni culture
162:Petreşti culture
154:Gorneşti culture
27:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1879:
1870:
1866:Decline and end
1829:
1824:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1574:(in Romanian).
1565:
1564:
1560:
1545:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1496:Iranica Antiqua
1488:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1340:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1293:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1095:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1030:
1029:
1010:
1001:
997:
980:
974:
967:
960:
959:
938:
921:
907:
892:
887:
886:
863:
858:
853:
781:Weatherproofing
775:
741:
706:
697:
692:
566:Szakálhát group
534:Dudești culture
408:
384:Yersinia pestis
342:
309:
300:
299:
295:
285:
277:
276:
245:Savalda Culture
80:C-Group culture
76:A-Group culture
57:
45:
35:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1884:Related topics
1881:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:External links
1782:
1779:
1778:
1752:
1691:
1680:on 4 June 2011
1629:
1600:
1558:
1543:
1521:
1481:
1451:
1431:
1398:
1353:
1338:
1306:
1291:
1273:
1250:
1236:
1218:
1203:
1185:
1149:
1125:(in Russian).
1110:
1068:
1008:
995:
936:
905:
860:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:
832:"Domithanasia"
824:
817:
811:
799:
784:
778:
774:
773:
767:
760:
756:
749:
740:
737:
705:
702:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
683:
680:
677:
667:
666:
662:
661:
658:
652:
646:
645:
642:
635:
629:
628:
625:
619:
613:
612:
609:
598:
592:
591:
588:
585:
579:
578:
575:
568:
562:
561:
558:
552:
546:
545:
542:
536:
530:
529:
526:
512:
506:
505:
502:
485:
479:
478:
475:
472:
407:
404:
365:Eastern Europe
344:
343:
341:
340:
333:
326:
318:
315:
314:
302:
301:
286:
284:Related topics
283:
282:
279:
278:
274:(6500–1000 BC)
267:(5000–2900 BC)
261:
260:
255:
242:
235:Kaytha culture
232:
227:
211:(4300–1800 BC)
205:
204:
188:(3700–1700 BC)
182:
181:
168:
143:
134:
129:
120:
112:(5500–2200 BC)
106:
105:
93:(6000–3500 BC)
87:
86:
72:Gerzeh culture
68:Naqada culture
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
38:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2029:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Yamna culture
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Vinča culture
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:House burning
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1590:on 2010-10-09
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
991:
985:
973:
966:
965:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:on 2011-07-19
920:
916:
912:
908:
902:
898:
891:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
862:
855:
849:
845:
844:reincarnation
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
782:
779:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
757:
754:
751:
750:
748:
746:
738:
732:
728:
726:
721:
716:
710:
703:
701:
694:
689:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
673:
663:
659:
657:
656:Dnieper River
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
624:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
597:
596:Tisza culture
594:
593:
589:
586:
584:
583:Boian culture
581:
580:
576:
573:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
553:
551:
550:Vinča culture
548:
547:
543:
541:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
473:
470:
469:
462:
460:
453:
450:
446:
445:Ruth Tringham
440:
438:
434:
430:
424:
419:
416:
414:
405:
403:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:paleogenetics
375:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
320:
319:
317:
316:
313:
308:
304:
303:
298:
293:
289:
281:
280:
275:
273:
269:
268:
266:
259:
256:
254:
250:
249:Jorwe culture
246:
243:
240:
239:Malwa culture
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
210:
203:
199:
195:
194:Botai culture
192:
191:
190:
189:
187:
180:
176:
175:Gaudo culture
172:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
142:
138:
137:Yamna culture
135:
133:
130:
128:
127:Varna culture
124:
123:Vinča culture
121:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
111:
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:
92:
85:
84:Kerma culture
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
64:
62:
53:
52:
49:
44:
40:
39:
36:or Copper Age
32:
28:
21:
1846:Architecture
1769:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:the original
1710:
1704:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1654:
1648:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1575:
1571:
1561:
1532:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1500:
1494:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:the original
1463:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1407:
1401:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1329:
1325:
1282:
1276:
1259:
1253:
1227:
1221:
1194:
1188:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1126:
1122:
1082:
1071:
1038:
1032:
998:
972:the original
963:
919:the original
896:
831:
827:
742:
711:
707:
698:
670:
608:, Vojvodina
556:Transylvania
483:Criș culture
455:
448:
441:
426:
421:
417:
409:
392:
376:
373:
358:
353:
347:
270:
263:
262:
258:Ajay culture
207:
206:
198:BMAC culture
186:Central Asia
184:
183:
108:
107:
89:
88:
59:
31:Chalcolithic
1841:Settlements
1771:28 November
1650:Archaeology
1514:21 November
807:dilapidated
522:, southern
272:Mesoamerica
141:Corded Ware
103:Uruk period
1951:Categories
1745:6 December
1684:6 December
1594:2010-01-14
1474:12 January
1086:, Dublin,
934:p.305-316.
856:References
828:"Domicide"
820:Demolition
814:Fumigation
787:Aggression
753:Accidental
725:ceramicist
538:southeast
307:Bronze Age
288:Metallurgy
209:South Asia
1735:470139946
1727:0093-4690
1663:0003-8113
1625:251415547
1584:223302267
1553:246601873
1426:107498618
1418:0143-3059
1385:0278-4165
1181:22401126M
1135:0869-6063
1092:368044032
1055:0278-4165
836:animistic
715:Neolithic
570:southern
524:Vojvodina
500:Wallachia
413:Neolithic
399:vitrified
91:West Asia
56:By region
48:Neolithic
43:Stone Age
1509:60616426
1348:49282940
1301:21409843
1268:73208263
1246:41886018
1213:18844214
1173:27000780
1143:26671888
1099:citation
984:citation
915:62472378
739:Theories
602:Slovakia
554:Serbia,
540:Muntenia
492:Moldavia
488:Bulgaria
406:Evidence
388:domicide
312:Iron Age
1861:Economy
1671:1481828
1393:7810050
1063:7810050
978:Project
848:Saṃsāra
639:Oltenia
623:Dobruja
606:Ukraine
572:Hungary
516:Croatia
437:Ukraine
433:Moldova
1733:
1725:
1669:
1661:
1623:
1582:
1551:
1541:
1507:
1424:
1416:
1391:
1383:
1346:
1336:
1299:
1289:
1266:
1244:
1234:
1211:
1201:
1179:
1171:
1141:
1133:
1090:
1061:
1053:
930:
913:
903:
496:Serbia
352:, the
110:Europe
61:Africa
1678:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1615:[
1328:[
1322:(PDF)
1163:[
975:(PDF)
968:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
840:souls
795:spear
791:arrow
292:Wheel
265:China
1773:2009
1747:2009
1731:OCLC
1723:ISSN
1686:2009
1667:OCLC
1659:ISSN
1621:OCLC
1580:OCLC
1549:OCLC
1539:ISBN
1516:2009
1505:OCLC
1476:2022
1422:OCLC
1414:ISSN
1389:OCLC
1381:ISSN
1344:OCLC
1334:ISBN
1297:OCLC
1287:ISBN
1264:OCLC
1242:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1209:OCLC
1199:ISBN
1169:OCLC
1139:OCLC
1131:ISSN
1105:link
1088:OCLC
1059:OCLC
1051:ISSN
990:link
928:ISBN
911:OCLC
901:ISBN
830:and
435:and
363:and
1715:doi
1373:doi
1043:doi
793:or
1953::
1729:.
1721:.
1711:20
1709:.
1703:.
1665:.
1655:32
1653:.
1647:.
1632:^
1547:.
1501:37
1499:.
1493:.
1462:.
1444:.
1420:.
1387:.
1379:.
1369:16
1367:.
1342:.
1309:^
1295:.
1240:,
1207:.
1177:OL
1175:,
1137:.
1113:^
1101:}}
1097:{{
1080:,
1057:.
1049:.
1039:16
1037:.
1011:^
986:}}
982:{{
939:^
909:,
864:^
498:,
494:,
490:,
310:↓
305:↓
290:,
251:,
247:,
237:,
223:,
219:,
200:,
196:,
177:,
173:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
139:,
125:,
101:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
46:↑
41:↑
1819:e
1812:t
1805:v
1775:.
1749:.
1717::
1688:.
1597:.
1576:6
1555:.
1518:.
1478:.
1428:.
1395:.
1375::
1350:.
1303:.
1270:.
1215:.
1145:.
1127:6
1107:)
1065:.
1045::
992:)
337:e
330:t
323:v
294:,
241:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
