53:
382:(usually a bitter or metallic taste) is present in about 60% of people with BMS, a factor which led to the concept of a defect in sensory peripheral neural mechanisms. Changes in the oral environment, such as changes in the composition of saliva, may induce neuropathy or interruption of nerve transduction. The onset of BMS is often spontaneous, although it may be gradual. There is sometimes a correlation with a major life event or stressful period in life. In women, the onset of BMS is most likely three to twelve years following menopause.
335:, as abnormal antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor can be found in the serum of more than 50% of persons with BMS, but these levels may also be seen in elderly people who do not have any of the symptoms of this condition. Whilst salivary flow rates are normal and there are no clinical signs of a dry mouth to explain a complaint of dry mouth, levels of salivary proteins and phosphate may be elevated and salivary pH or buffering capacity may be reduced.
872:, and may become a fixation which cannot be ignored, thus interfering with work and other daily activities. Two thirds of people with BMS have a spontaneous partial recovery six to seven years after the initial onset, but in others the condition is permanent. Recovery is often preceded by a change in the character of the symptom from constant to intermittent. No clinical factors predicting recovery have been noted.
769:
A burning sensation in the mouth may be primary (i.e. burning mouth syndrome) or secondary to systemic or local factors. Other sources refer to a "secondary BMS" with a similar definition, i.e. a burning sensation which is caused by local or systemic factors, or "where oral burning is explained by a
883:
BMS is fairly uncommon worldwide, affecting up to five individuals per 100,000 general population. People with BMS are more likely to be middle aged or elderly, and females are three to seven times more likely to have BMS than males. Some report a female to male ratio of as much as 33 to 1. BMS is
528:
as BMS. Some sources state that where there is an identifiable cause for a burning sensation, this can be termed "secondary BMS" to distinguish it from primary BMS. However, the accepted definitions of BMS hold that there are no identifiable causes for BMS, and where there are identifiable causes,
322:
In about 50% of cases of burning mouth sensation no identifiable cause is apparent; these cases are termed (primary) BMS. Several theories of what causes BMS have been proposed, and these are supported by varying degrees of evidence, but none is proven. As most people with BMS are postmenopausal
266:
Possible exacerbating factors (make the pain worse) include tension, fatigue, speaking, and hot, acidic or spicy foods. Possible relieving factors include sleeping, cold, distraction, and alcohol. The pain is often relieved by eating and drinking (unlike pain caused by organic lesions or
819:
If a cause can be identified for a burning sensation in the mouth, then treatment of this underlying factor is recommended. If symptom persist despite treatment a diagnosis of BMS is confirmed. BMS has been traditionally treated by reassurance and with
342:
are strongly associated with BMS. It is not known if depression is a cause or result of BMS, as depression may develop in any setting of constant unrelieved irritation, pain, and sleep disturbance. It is estimated that about 20% of BMS cases involve
731:, which objectively determines if there is any reduction of the salivary flow rate (hyposalivation). Oral candidiasis can be tested for with use of a swabs, smears, an oral rinse or saliva samples. It has been suggested that allergy testing (
2258:
2243:
739:) is inappropriate in the absence of a clear history and clinical signs in people with a burning sensation in the mouth. The diagnosis of a people with a burning symptom may also involve psychologic screening e.g. depression questionnaires.
719:, i.e. all other explanations for the symptoms are ruled out before the diagnosis is made. There are no clinically useful investigations that would help to support a diagnosis of BMS (by definition all tests would have normal results), but
836:
of treatment for burning mouth syndrome concluded that strong evidence of an effective treatment was not available, however, a systematic review in 2018 found that the use of antidepressants and alpha-lipoic acids gave promising results.
793:. BMS has been subdivided into three general types, with type two being the most common and type three being the least common. Types one and two have unremitting symptoms, whereas type three may show remitting symptoms.
124:
defines it as "an intra-oral burning sensation for which no medical or dental cause can be found". To ensure the correct diagnosis of burning mouth syndrome, Research
Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/BMS) have been developed.
1272:
770:
clinical abnormality". However this contradicts the accepted definition of BMS which specifies that no cause can be identified. "Secondary BMS" could therefore be considered a misnomer. BMS is an example of
1912:
Aggarwal, VR; Lovell, K; Peters, S; Javidi, H; Joughin, A; Goldthorpe, J (9 November 2011). Aggarwal, Vishal R (ed.). "Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain".
875:
If there is an identifiable cause for the burning sensation, then psychologic dysfunctions such as anxiety and depression often disappear if the symptom is successfully treated.
3495:
548:
or dental materials. However, allergic contact stomatitis is accompanied by visible lesions and gives positive response with patch testing. Acute (short term) exposure to the
1943:
Souza, Isadora Follak de; Mármora, Belkiss Câmara; Rados, Pantelis
Varvaki; Visioli, Fernanda (2018). "Treatment modalities for burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review".
2107:
Pereira, Juliana Vianna; Normando, Ana
Gabriela Costa; Rodrigues-Fernandes, Carla Isabelly; Rivera, César; Santos-Silva, Alan Roger; Lopes, Márcio Ajudarte (February 2021).
374:, so it has been suggested that it is a disorder of reduced pain threshold and increased sensitivity. Often people with BMS have unusually raised taste sensitivity, termed
3677:
743:
1276:
46:
Glossodynia, orodynia, oral dysaesthesia, glossopyrosis, stomatodynia, burning tongue, stomatopyrosis, sore tongue, burning tongue syndrome, burning mouth, or sore mouth
532:
Some causes of a burning mouth sensation may be accompanied by clinical signs in the mouth or elsewhere on the body. For example, burning mouth pain may be a symptom of
1898:
1533:
1479:
1387:
136:
By definition, BMS has no signs. Sometimes affected persons will attribute the symptoms to sores in the mouth, but these are in fact normal anatomic structures (e.g.
2062:
109:
85:) is a burning, tingling or scalding sensation in the mouth, lasting for at least four to six months, with no underlying known dental or medical cause. No related
2724:
1847:
1298:
Currie, C. C.; Ohrbach, R.; Leeuw, R. De; Forssell, H.; Imamura, Y.; Jääskeläinen, S. K.; Koutris, M.; Nasri-Heir, C.; Tan, H.; Renton, T.; Svensson, P. (2021).
3682:
104:
of another disease when local or systemic factors are found to be implicated; this is not considered to be burning mouth syndrome, which is a syndrome of
1273:"Classification of Chronic Pain, Part II, B. Relatively Localized Syndromes of the Head and Neck; GROUP IV: LESIONS OF THE EAR, NOSE, AND ORAL CAVITY"
2336:
156:(swelling) of papillae on the tip of the tongue may be a sign that the tongue is being habitually pressed against the teeth. The number and size of
4309:
3507:
3458:
615:
105:
200:
Burning, scalded or tingling. Sometimes the sensation is described as 'discomfort', 'tender', 'raw' and 'annoying' rather than pain or burning.
1371:
1116:
998:
2192:
Scala A; Checchi L; Montevecchi M; Marini I; Giamberardino MA (2003). "Update on burning mouth syndrome: overview and patient management".
3992:
3835:
786:
52:
4344:
3109:
2593:
1882:
1463:
1172:
4236:
160:
may be reduced. If the tongue is very red and smooth, then there is likely a local or systemic cause (e.g. erythematous candidiasis,
2869:
1620:
Maltsman-Tseikhin, A; Moricca, P; Niv, D (June 2007). "Burning mouth syndrome: will better understanding yield better management?".
1563:
1517:
1429:
973:
611:
888:
symptoms, and BMS occurs in about 14% of postmenopausal women. Males and younger individuals of both sexes are sometimes affected.
727:
may be useful to rule out anemia, deficiency states, hypothyroidism and diabetes. Investigation of a dry mouth symptom may involve
370:(e.g. rubbing the tongue against the teeth or pressing it against the palate), may be involved. BMS is more common in persons with
4211:
4148:
4143:
4025:
3453:
3433:
2345:
1764:
4057:
3694:
3148:
524:
Several local and systemic factors can give a burning sensation in the mouth without any clinical signs, and therefore may be
4042:
3877:
356:
121:
3882:
845:
3406:
3015:
2719:
2704:
2642:
2588:
2511:
2329:
2076:
Zakrzewska, Jm; Glenny, Am; Forssell, H (23 October 2000). "Interventions for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome".
853:
698:
275:" by the IASP. Pain is not often relieved by systemic analgesics, but can sometimes be relieved by topical anesthetics.
1851:
3934:
3897:
3627:
2908:
2820:
556:. Chronic (long term) exposure to the allergen may appear as chronic inflammatory, lichenoid (lesions resembling oral
1047:
McMillan, Roddy; Forssell, Heli; Buchanan, John Ag; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Weldon, Jo C.; Zakrzewska, Joanna M. (2016).
1300:"Developing a Research Diagnostic Criteria for Burning Mouth Syndrome: Results from an International Delphi Process"
3944:
3892:
3699:
3632:
3401:
2901:
2896:
2847:
145:
331:
deficit, but a strong statistical correlation has not been demonstrated. Another theory is that BMS is related to
4354:
4349:
3949:
3667:
3571:
3042:
2506:
4256:
4035:
4020:
3716:
3672:
3617:
3490:
3448:
3216:
3062:
2273:
537:
228:
148:(see table). If clinical signs are visible, then another explanation for the burning sensation may be present.
4089:
3421:
2109:"The impact on quality of life in patients with burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
635:
144:). Symptoms of BMS are variable, but the typical clinical picture is given below, considered according to the
1994:
4153:
3954:
3919:
3745:
3612:
3416:
3196:
3037:
2983:
2913:
2835:
2815:
2802:
2779:
2322:
833:
2302:
4299:
4266:
3939:
3929:
3924:
3866:
3793:
3749:
3645:
3640:
3426:
3256:
3251:
3226:
3072:
3003:
2830:
2739:
2384:
841:
716:
561:
371:
2923:
2647:
4108:
4010:
3622:
3500:
3480:
3362:
3321:
3184:
3172:
3121:
2784:
2056:
541:
434:
348:
2857:
4206:
3845:
3830:
3396:
3329:
2935:
2667:
778:
671:
598:
367:
248:
271:) or when the person's attention is occupied. Temporary relief while eating is described as "almost
4261:
3997:
3977:
3967:
3840:
3773:
3655:
3650:
3576:
3475:
3128:
3052:
2891:
2840:
2789:
2769:
2682:
2672:
2598:
2573:
2431:
2262:
790:
498:
344:
2538:
781:. More recently, BMS has been described as one of the 4 recognizable symptom complexes of chronic
4339:
4304:
4158:
3962:
3778:
3726:
3687:
3384:
3300:
3231:
2940:
2764:
2744:
2697:
2583:
2528:
2491:
2481:
2466:
2396:
2144:
2044:
1976:
1892:
1645:
1527:
1473:
1381:
1335:
4251:
4226:
3887:
728:
1421:
1415:
552:(the substance triggering the allergic response) causes non-specific inflammation and possibly
4334:
4002:
3591:
3556:
3389:
3285:
3143:
3067:
2774:
2714:
2677:
2652:
2501:
2379:
2374:
2209:
2136:
2128:
2089:
2036:
1968:
1960:
1925:
1878:
1793:
1740:
1689:
1637:
1597:
1559:
1513:
1459:
1425:
1367:
1327:
1319:
1226:
1168:
1112:
1086:
1068:
994:
969:
658:
461:
244:
116:
entity characterized by unremitting oral burning or similar pain in the absence of detectable
65:
1299:
3972:
3607:
3597:
3561:
3470:
3221:
3160:
3094:
3084:
3032:
2930:
2825:
2662:
2201:
2120:
2081:
2028:
1952:
1917:
1824:
1783:
1773:
1730:
1720:
1679:
1629:
1311:
1216:
1208:
1076:
1060:
849:
704:
664:
645:
568:. Apart from BMS itself, a full list of causes of an oral burning sensation is given below:
508:
483:
236:
157:
137:
4128:
3914:
3709:
3602:
3438:
3357:
3337:
3261:
3246:
3116:
3020:
2988:
2959:
2881:
2807:
2603:
2486:
2476:
2421:
2406:
2171:
869:
677:
625:
589:
456:
360:
306:
Often multiple consultations and unsuccessful attempts at dental and/or medical treatment
182:
101:
97:(altered sensation such as tingling in the mouth), or an altered sense of taste or smell.
2019:
Charleston L, 4th (June 2013). "Burning mouth syndrome: a review of recent literature".
258:
Type 2 (most common) pain upon waking and throughout day, less commonly other patterns.
4294:
4246:
4216:
4084:
4015:
3982:
3704:
3443:
3177:
3057:
2852:
2637:
2450:
1788:
1759:
1735:
1708:
1221:
1196:
1081:
1048:
899:
829:
821:
782:
689:
Allergies and contact sensitivities to foods, metals, and other substances (see table).
604:
545:
424:
413:
89:
are found in the mouth. People with burning mouth syndrome may also have a subjective
2267:
1668:"Separating oral burning from burning mouth syndrome: unravelling a diagnostic enigma"
1244:
4328:
4196:
4074:
3902:
3721:
3485:
3465:
3374:
3241:
3201:
2998:
2759:
2734:
2709:
2687:
2471:
2461:
2426:
2148:
1684:
1667:
1633:
1339:
903:
692:
683:
557:
503:
352:
272:
181:
Usually bilaterally located on the tongue or less commonly the palate, lips or lower
70:
1980:
4047:
3823:
3818:
3803:
3783:
3753:
3586:
3295:
3236:
3167:
3089:
3079:
3047:
3010:
2971:
2963:
2578:
2533:
2518:
2416:
2411:
2314:
2048:
1921:
1649:
1064:
525:
403:
332:
328:
232:
94:
86:
120:
changes" and "burning pain in the tongue or other oral mucous membranes", and the
2278:
1588:
Grushka, M; Epstein, JB; Gorsky, M (15 February 2002). "Burning mouth syndrome".
93:(dry mouth sensation where no cause can be found such as reduced salivary flow),
4241:
4231:
4221:
4138:
4133:
4064:
3138:
3099:
2918:
2794:
2754:
2622:
2543:
2523:
865:
771:
553:
493:
488:
439:
375:
117:
2205:
2124:
868:), but as a cause of chronic pain which is poorly controlled, it can detriment
797:
Type 1 – Symptoms not present upon waking, and then increase throughout the day
4201:
3987:
3813:
3581:
3411:
3352:
3290:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3206:
3189:
3133:
3104:
3025:
2886:
2864:
2749:
2729:
2252:
2085:
2032:
1956:
1829:
1812:
825:
736:
724:
720:
631:
594:
573:
533:
216:
90:
17:
2132:
1964:
1323:
1072:
811:) are reserved for when the burning sensation is located only on the tongue.
4069:
4052:
3788:
3566:
3369:
2993:
2876:
2496:
2391:
2369:
2108:
1811:
Vučićević-Boras, V.; Alajbeg, I.; Brozovic, S.; Mravak-Stipetic, M. (2004).
1778:
885:
619:
581:
577:
565:
519:
471:
379:
284:
268:
220:
2213:
2140:
2093:
2040:
1972:
1929:
1797:
1744:
1725:
1693:
1641:
1601:
1556:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
1331:
1230:
1090:
966:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
2161:
Greenberg MS; Glick M; Ship JA. Burket's Oral
Medicine. 11th edition. 2012
1163:
Brad W. Neville; Douglas D. Damm; Carl M. Allen; Jerry E. Bouquot (2002).
4079:
4030:
3798:
3551:
3532:
3512:
3333:
3211:
3155:
2401:
2297:
652:
549:
408:
324:
295:
224:
149:
113:
4165:
4123:
3808:
3768:
3662:
3536:
3325:
2692:
1315:
891:
Asian and Native
American people have considerably higher risk of BMS.
641:
451:
339:
240:
128:
Insufficient evidence leaves it unclear if effective treatments exist.
2235:
1212:
752:
A. Pain in the mouth present daily and persisting for most of the day,
3907:
3379:
2967:
2562:
2247:
1458:(10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 60–61, 332–333.
585:
466:
429:
419:
161:
1558:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 249–253.
1420:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp.
968:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 171–175.
1848:"2nd Edition of The International Headache Classification (ICHD-2)"
1760:"Multi-dimensionality of chronic pain of the oral cavity and face"
153:
989:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
283:
Moderate to severe, rated 5–8 out of 10, similar in intensity to
1813:"Burning mouth syndrome as the initial sign of multiple myeloma"
1512:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 302.
1267:
1265:
884:
reported in about 10–40% of women seeking medical treatment for
141:
4283:
4182:
4106:
3864:
3743:
3529:
3319:
2957:
2620:
2560:
2448:
2356:
2318:
1873:
Porter, R.A. Cawson, E.W. Odell; avec la collab. de S. (2002).
2358:
2113:
Oral
Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology
1877:(7. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 216.
1666:
Balasubramaniam, R; Klasser, GD; Delcanho, R (December 2009).
1167:(2. ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 752–753.
856:
may be helpful in the management of burning mouth syndrome.
746:
lists diagnostic criteria for "Glossodynia and Sore Mouth":
60:
Depiction of a person suffering from
Burning Mouth Syndrome.
1107:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
610:
Medications ("scalded mouth syndrome", unrelated to BMS) –
540:
reaction) in the oral tissues to common substances such as
294:
May not disturb sleep, or may change sleep patterns, e.g.
1615:
1613:
1611:
393:
Substances capable of causing an oral burning sensation.
1661:
1659:
1875:
Cawsonś essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine
2225:
2288:
2229:
1109:
1049:"Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome"
864:BMS is benign (importantly, it is not a symptom of
807:Sometimes those terms specific to the tongue (e.g.
64:
42:
37:
3758:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
758:C. Local and systemic diseases have been excluded.
744:International Classification of Headache Disorders
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
800:Type 2 – Symptoms upon waking and through the day
192:Pain is chronic, and rarely spontaneously remits
112:defines burning mouth syndrome as "a distinctive
1850:. International Headache Society. Archived from
1456:Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
651:Restriction of the tongue by poorly constructed
4113:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1508:Kalantzis, Crispian Scully, Athanasios (2005).
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
110:International Association for the Study of Pain
2725:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1362:Treister, Jean M. Bruch, Nathaniel S. (2010).
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
840:Other treatments which have been used include
3683:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
2330:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
852:. Supplementation with vitamin complexes and
8:
1897:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1532:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1478:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1454:Glick, Martin S. Greenberg, Michael (2003).
1386:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1366:. New York: Humana Press. pp. 137–138.
1195:Mock, David; Chugh, Deepika (1 March 2010).
564:, which may be accompanied by glossitis and
323:women, one theory of the cause of BMS is of
2061:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1053:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4280:
4179:
4103:
3861:
3740:
3526:
3316:
2954:
2617:
2557:
2445:
2353:
2337:
2323:
2315:
2226:
173:Usual findings in burning mouth syndrome.
100:A burning sensation in the mouth can be a
51:
34:
1842:
1840:
1828:
1787:
1777:
1734:
1724:
1683:
1220:
1102:
1100:
1080:
906:heritage, retired due to this condition.
386:Other causes of an oral burning sensation
640:Parafunctional activity, e.g. nocturnal
616:angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors
166:
4310:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
3459:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
2078:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1914:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1707:Gurvits, GE; Tan, A (7 February 2013).
915:
803:Type 3 – No regular pattern of symptoms
755:B. Oral mucosa is of normal appearance,
3496:As a manifestation of systemic disease
2054:
1890:
1525:
1510:Oxford handbook of dental patient care
1471:
1379:
1201:International Journal of Oral Science
777:Some consider BMS to be a variant of
7:
3342:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
1364:Clinical oral medicine and pathology
3993:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
3836:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1414:Coulthard , P; et al. (2008).
787:temporomandibular joint dysfunction
785:, along with atypical facial pain,
3110:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
2594:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
1165:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
25:
2021:Current Pain and Headache Reports
1713:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1111:. Saunders Elsevier. p. 63.
536:. This is a contact sensitivity (
529:the term BMS should not be used.
4212:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
4149:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
4144:Central hypoventilation syndrome
4026:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
3454:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
3434:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
2346:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1765:The Journal of Headache and Pain
1758:Zakrzewska, JM (25 April 2013).
1685:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01153.x
1634:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2007.00124.x
774:, or a distortion of sensation.
634:, caused by hyposalivation e.g.
366:Chronic low-grade trauma due to
4058:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
3695:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
3149:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
2172:"Sheila Chandra United Kingdom"
597:, e.g. following damage to the
357:sexually transmitted infections
146:Socrates pain assessment method
106:medically unexplained symptoms.
4043:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
3878:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1922:10.1002/14651858.CD008456.pub2
1304:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
1065:10.1002/14651858.CD002779.pub3
846:histamine receptor antagonists
263:Exacerbating/Relieving factors
122:International Headache Society
1:
4237:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
4186:Soft tissues around the mouth
3883:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
3407:Gingival cyst of the newborn
3016:Failure of eruption of teeth
2720:Hand, foot and mouth disease
2705:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
2643:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
2589:Palatal cysts of the newborn
2512:Transient lingual papillitis
2000:. Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals
1945:Clinical Oral Investigations
854:cognitive behavioral therapy
699:Human immunodeficiency virus
3935:Salivary gland diverticulum
3898:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
2909:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
2821:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
534:allergic contact stomatitis
4371:
3945:Salivary gland hyperplasia
3893:HIV salivary gland disease
3402:Gingival cyst of the adult
2848:Oral florid papillomatosis
2206:10.1177/154411130301400405
2125:10.1016/j.oooo.2020.11.019
742:The second edition of the
517:
347:, and some consider BMS a
4345:Neurocutaneous conditions
4290:
4279:
4192:
4184:Orofacial soft tissues –
4178:
4119:
4102:
3950:Salivary gland hypoplasia
3873:
3860:
3764:
3739:
3678:Bisphosphonate-associated
3572:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
3547:
3525:
3348:
3315:
3043:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
2979:
2953:
2633:
2616:
2569:
2556:
2507:Median rhomboid glossitis
2457:
2444:
2365:
2352:
2086:10.1002/14651858.CD002779
2033:10.1007/s11916-013-0336-9
1957:10.1007/s00784-018-2454-6
1830:10.1016/j.ooe.2003.11.003
1672:Australian Dental Journal
1590:American Family Physician
991:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
964:Scully, Crispian (2008).
223:(altered taste), thirst,
59:
50:
4257:Orofacial granulomatosis
4036:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
4021:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
3955:Salivary gland neoplasms
3746:Temporomandibular joints
3717:Periapical periodontitis
3449:Linear gingival erythema
3217:Regional odontodysplasia
3063:Enamel hypocalcification
1995:"Burning mouth syndrome"
1709:"Burning mouth syndrome"
1245:"Burning Mouth Syndrome"
1197:"Burning Mouth Syndrome"
538:type IV hypersensitivity
229:irritable bowel syndrome
4154:Obstructive sleep apnea
3920:Salivary duct stricture
3700:Paget's disease of bone
3197:Pulp canal obliteration
3038:Dentin hypersensitivity
2984:Amelogenesis imperfecta
2836:Squamous cell carcinoma
2816:Adenosquamous carcinoma
2803:Squamous cell papilloma
2780:Melanocytic oral lesion
1779:10.1186/1129-2377-14-37
842:atypical antipsychotics
4300:Hemifacial hypertrophy
4267:Pyostomatitis vegetans
3940:Salivary gland fistula
3930:Salivary gland atresia
3925:Salivary gland aplasia
3779:Mandibular dislocation
3750:muscles of mastication
3628:Calcifying odontogenic
3257:Vertical root fracture
3252:Cracked tooth syndrome
3227:Shovel-shaped incisors
3122:Wisdom tooth impaction
3004:Early childhood caries
2870:Benign mucous membrane
2831:Spindle cell carcinoma
2740:Intraoral dental sinus
2658:Burning mouth syndrome
2194:Crit Rev Oral Biol Med
1726:10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.665
1275:. IASP. Archived from
902:, a British singer of
717:diagnosis of exclusion
562:plasma cell gingivitis
243:, decreased appetite,
79:Burning mouth syndrome
38:Burning mouth syndrome
4109:Stomatognathic system
4011:Acinic cell carcinoma
3633:Glandular odontogenic
2785:Molluscum contagiosum
542:sodium lauryl sulfate
435:Sodium metabisulphite
368:parafunctional habits
349:psychosomatic illness
249:personality disorders
227:, chronic back pain,
4252:Oral Crohn's disease
4207:Basal cell carcinoma
3846:Condylar hyperplasia
3831:Maxillary hypoplasia
3397:Gingival enlargement
3330:periodontal ligament
2936:Verruciform xanthoma
2668:Condyloma acuminatum
2174:. Real World Records
1854:on 28 September 2013
993:. St. Louis: Mosby.
779:atypical facial pain
672:herpes simplex virus
670:Herpetic infection (
599:chorda tympani nerve
572:Deficiency of iron,
215:Possibly subjective
4262:Perioral dermatitis
3998:Pleomorphic adenoma
3978:Monomorphic adenoma
3968:Canalicular adenoma
3841:Condylar hypoplasia
3774:Condylar resorption
3618:Lateral periodontal
3577:Mandibular fracture
3476:Periodontal abscess
3073:Turner's hypoplasia
2841:Verrucous carcinoma
2790:Morsicatio buccarum
2770:Lupus erythematosus
2683:Erythema multiforme
2599:Stomatitis nicotina
1817:Oral Oncology Extra
1279:on 19 December 2012
791:atypical odontalgia
612:protease inhibitors
499:Methyl methacrylate
399:Foods and additives
378:("super tasters").
372:Parkinson's disease
345:psychogenic factors
4305:Facial hemiatrophy
4159:Periodic breathing
4090:Sjögren's syndrome
3963:Basal cell adenoma
3727:Torus mandibularis
3705:Periapical abscess
3688:Osteoradionecrosis
3613:Buccal bifurcation
3592:Intraosseous cysts
3481:Periodontal trauma
3385:Pyogenic granuloma
3232:Supernumerary root
3185:Pulp calcification
3173:Premature eruption
3144:Odontogenic tumors
2941:White sponge nevus
2914:Submucous fibrosis
2858:Smoker's melanosis
2745:Irritation fibroma
2584:High-arched palate
2492:Foliate papillitis
2482:Cunnilingus tongue
2467:Black hairy tongue
2397:Congenital lip pit
2289:External resources
1316:10.1111/joor.13123
636:Sjögren's syndrome
554:mucosal ulceration
303:Previous treatment
132:Signs and symptoms
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4275:
4274:
4174:
4173:
4098:
4097:
4003:Sebaceous adenoma
3856:
3855:
3735:
3734:
3646:Median mandibular
3641:Nasopalatine duct
3557:Alveolar osteitis
3521:
3520:
3508:Perio-endo lesion
3390:Congenital epulis
3311:
3310:
3068:Enamel hypoplasia
2949:
2948:
2924:Riga–Fede disease
2775:Melanocytic nevus
2715:Hairy leukoplakia
2678:Epulis fissuratum
2612:
2611:
2552:
2551:
2502:Geographic tongue
2440:
2439:
2312:
2311:
1554:Scully C (2013).
1373:978-1-60327-519-4
1249:www.nidcr.nih.gov
1213:10.4248/IJOS10008
1118:978-0-7216-2921-6
1000:978-1-4160-2999-1
850:dopamine agonists
659:Geographic tongue
516:
515:
310:
309:
158:filiform papillae
76:
75:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4362:
4355:Gastroenterology
4350:Tongue disorders
4281:
4180:
4104:
3973:Ductal papilloma
3862:
3741:
3638:Non-odontogenic:
3623:Globulomaxillary
3562:Buccal exostosis
3527:
3471:Peri-implantitis
3317:
3033:Dentin dysplasia
2955:
2931:Verruca vulgaris
2826:Mucosal melanoma
2673:Darier's disease
2648:Behçet's disease
2618:
2574:Bednar's aphthae
2558:
2446:
2432:Trumpeter's wart
2354:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2227:
2217:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1951:(5): 1893–1905.
1940:
1934:
1933:
1916:(11): CD008456.
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1888:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1505:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1451:
1436:
1435:
1417:Master dentistry
1411:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1123:
1122:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1059:(11): CD002779.
1044:
1005:
1004:
986:
980:
979:
961:
705:Multiple myeloma
665:Oral candidiasis
646:tongue thrusting
509:Propylene glycol
484:Benzoyl peroxide
390:
389:
355:, concern about
237:globus pharyngis
167:
138:lingual papillae
87:signs of disease
55:
35:
21:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4314:
4286:
4271:
4227:Ludwig's angina
4188:
4170:
4129:Mouth breathing
4115:
4094:
3915:Pneumoparotitis
3888:Frey's syndrome
3869:
3867:Salivary glands
3852:
3760:
3731:
3710:Phoenix abscess
3543:
3539:hard tissues –
3517:
3439:Hypercementosis
3358:Cementoblastoma
3344:
3307:
3021:Dens evaginatus
2975:
2945:
2897:Denture-related
2882:Plasmoacanthoma
2808:Keratoacanthoma
2629:
2627:Lining of mouth
2608:
2604:Torus palatinus
2565:
2548:
2529:Lingual thyroid
2487:Fissured tongue
2477:Crenated tongue
2453:
2436:
2422:Nasolabial cyst
2407:Herpes labialis
2361:
2348:
2343:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2284:
2283:
2238:
2224:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2080:(3): CD002779.
2075:
2074:
2070:
2053:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1889:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1587:
1586:
1573:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1524:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1439:
1432:
1413:
1412:
1395:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1347:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1194:
1193:
1182:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1126:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1046:
1045:
1008:
1001:
988:
987:
983:
976:
963:
962:
917:
912:
897:
881:
870:quality of life
862:
834:Cochrane review
830:anticonvulsants
822:antidepressants
817:
767:
713:
678:Fissured tongue
626:Type 2 diabetes
522:
457:Cobalt chloride
388:
361:hypochondriasis
338:Depression and
320:
315:
291:Effect on sleep
183:alveolar mucosa
134:
33:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4368:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:Eagle syndrome
4291:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Cystic hygroma
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4107:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4085:Sialolithiasis
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:Adenocarcinoma
4013:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3983:Myoepithelioma
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3744:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3656:Traumatic bone
3653:
3651:Median palatal
3648:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3530:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3444:Hypocementosis
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3178:Neonatal teeth
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3058:Ectopic enamel
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2958:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2853:Oral melanosis
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2805:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Bohn's nodules
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:Amalgam tattoo
2634:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2255:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:Classification
2223:
2222:External links
2220:
2219:
2218:
2186:
2185:
2163:
2154:
2119:(2): 186–194.
2099:
2068:
2011:
1986:
1935:
1904:
1884:978-0443071065
1883:
1865:
1836:
1803:
1750:
1699:
1655:
1607:
1571:
1564:
1539:
1518:
1485:
1465:978-1550091861
1464:
1437:
1430:
1393:
1372:
1345:
1310:(3): 308–331.
1290:
1261:
1236:
1180:
1174:978-0721690032
1173:
1124:
1117:
1096:
1006:
999:
981:
974:
914:
913:
911:
908:
900:Sheila Chandra
896:
893:
880:
877:
861:
858:
816:
813:
805:
804:
801:
798:
766:
765:Classification
763:
762:
761:
760:
759:
756:
753:
712:
709:
708:
707:
702:
696:
690:
687:
681:
675:
668:
662:
656:
649:
638:
628:
623:
608:
605:Hypothyroidism
602:
592:
546:cinnamaldehyde
514:
513:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
425:Nicotinic acid
422:
416:
414:Cinnamaldehyde
411:
406:
395:
394:
387:
384:
319:
316:
314:
311:
308:
307:
304:
300:
299:
292:
288:
287:
281:
277:
276:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
213:
209:
208:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
179:
175:
174:
171:
152:(redness) and
133:
130:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
28:
24:
18:Burning tongue
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4367:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:Actinomycosis
4195:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Sialodochitis
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:malocclusions
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:Stafne defect
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:Osteonecrosis
3671:
3669:
3668:Osteomyelitis
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3541:Bones of jaws
3538:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:Periodontitis
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Pericoronitis
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Granulomatous
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:Eruption cyst
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Pulp necrosis
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:Dens in dente
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Discoloration
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Lichen planus
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Herpes zoster
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Fordyce spots
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Erythroplakia
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Caviar tongue
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Ankyloglossia
2460:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Sun poisoning
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:(4): 275–91.
2199:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1719:(5): 665–72.
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:(2): 151–62.
1627:
1623:
1622:Pain Practice
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1596:(4): 615–20.
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:9780702049484
1561:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1521:
1519:9780198566236
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:9780443068966
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
975:9780443068188
971:
967:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
916:
909:
907:
905:
901:
895:Notable cases
894:
892:
889:
887:
878:
876:
873:
871:
867:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
814:
812:
810:
802:
799:
796:
795:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
764:
757:
754:
751:
750:
749:
748:
747:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:Hiatal hernia
691:
688:
685:
684:Lichen planus
682:
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
627:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
596:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:lichen planus
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
527:
521:
510:
507:
505:
504:Octyl gallate
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
479:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
397:
396:
392:
391:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
353:cancerophobia
350:
346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
317:
312:
305:
302:
301:
297:
293:
290:
289:
286:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:pathognomonic
270:
265:
262:
261:
257:
254:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
203:
199:
196:
195:
191:
188:
187:
184:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
72:
71:Oral medicine
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:Human disease
27:
19:
4185:
4112:
4048:Sialadenitis
4007:
3959:
3824:Scissor bite
3819:Retrognathia
3804:Overeruption
3784:Malocclusion
3757:
3637:
3596:
3587:Micrognathia
3540:
3531:Periapical,
3417:Desquamative
3341:
3322:Periodontium
3296:Acid erosion
3237:Taurodontism
3168:Open contact
3080:Enamel pearl
3048:Dilaceration
3011:Concrescence
2812:
2799:
2657:
2626:
2579:Cleft palate
2539:Microglossia
2534:Macroglossia
2519:Glossoptosis
2417:Microcheilia
2412:Macrocheilia
2296:
2272:
2257:
2242:
2197:
2193:
2176:. Retrieved
2166:
2157:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2077:
2071:
2057:cite journal
2024:
2020:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1989:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1913:
1907:
1874:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1820:
1816:
1806:
1769:
1763:
1753:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1678:(4): 293–9.
1675:
1671:
1625:
1621:
1593:
1589:
1555:
1509:
1455:
1416:
1363:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1204:
1200:
1164:
1108:
1056:
1052:
990:
984:
965:
898:
890:
882:
879:Epidemiology
874:
863:
839:
818:
808:
806:
776:
768:
741:
732:
714:
584:e.g. due to
531:
526:misdiagnosed
523:
494:Epoxy resins
477:
476:
445:
444:
404:Benzoic acid
398:
365:
351:, caused by
337:
333:autoimmunity
329:progesterone
321:
233:dysmenorrhea
212:Associations
135:
127:
99:
95:paraesthesia
82:
78:
77:
26:
4242:Microstomia
4232:Macrostomia
4222:Gnathophyma
4139:Catathrenia
4134:Sleep apnea
4065:Sialectasis
3608:Dentigerous
3598:Odontogenic
3427:Plasma cell
3363:Gigantiform
3139:Microdontia
3129:Macrodontia
3100:Hyperdontia
2795:Oral cancer
2755:Leukoplakia
2663:Candidiasis
2623:Oral mucosa
2544:Rhabdomyoma
2524:Hypoglossia
2385:Plasma cell
866:oral cancer
826:anxiolytics
809:glossodynia
783:facial pain
772:dysesthesia
721:blood tests
576:or various
489:Bisphenol A
440:Sorbic acid
376:hypergeusia
255:Time course
114:nosological
43:Other names
4329:Categories
4202:Angioedema
4008:Malignant:
3988:Oncocytoma
3814:Prognathia
3603:periapical
3582:Microgenia
3533:mandibular
3491:Aggressive
3412:Gingivitis
3353:Cementicle
3291:Abfraction
3281:Tooth wear
3274:Edentulism
3269:Tooth loss
3222:Resorption
3207:Pulp polyp
3190:Pulp stone
3134:Meth mouth
3105:Hypodontia
3095:Gemination
3026:Talon cusp
2919:Ulceration
2887:Stomatitis
2865:Pemphigoid
2813:Malignant:
2765:Linea alba
2750:Leukoedema
2730:Herpangina
2698:Giant-cell
2027:(6): 336.
1207:(1): 1–4.
910:References
886:menopausal
737:patch test
729:sialometry
725:urinalysis
632:xerostomia
595:Neuropathy
578:B vitamins
574:folic acid
518:See also:
245:depression
217:xerostomia
91:xerostomia
4340:Syndromes
4070:Sialocele
4053:Parotitis
3794:Open bite
3789:Crossbite
3567:Cherubism
3537:maxillary
3370:Cementoma
3301:Attrition
3117:Impaction
3085:Fluorosis
2994:Anodontia
2989:Ankylosis
2877:Pemphigus
2497:Glossitis
2392:Cleft lip
2370:Cheilitis
2149:229689619
2133:2212-4411
2004:23 August
1965:1432-6981
1893:cite book
1823:: 13–15.
1772:(1): 37.
1528:cite book
1474:cite book
1382:cite book
1340:226269391
1324:1365-2842
1073:1469-493X
860:Prognosis
832:. A 2016
815:Treatment
723:and / or
715:BMS is a
711:Diagnosis
620:captopril
582:glossitis
566:cheilitis
520:Glossitis
472:Palladium
409:Chestnuts
380:Dysgeusia
285:toothache
269:neuralgia
225:headaches
221:dysgeusia
205:Radiation
197:Character
170:Parameter
66:Specialty
4335:Symptoms
4080:Sialosis
4031:Lymphoma
3903:Mucocele
3799:Overbite
3552:Agnathia
3513:Teething
3338:alveolus
3334:cementum
3286:Abrasion
3262:Occlusal
3247:Avulsion
3212:Pulpitis
3156:Odontoma
2902:Herpetic
2892:Aphthous
2402:Eclabium
2298:Orphanet
2214:12907696
2178:1 August
2141:33353825
2094:11687027
2041:23645183
1981:13662324
1973:29696421
1930:22071849
1798:23617409
1745:23429751
1694:20415926
1642:17559486
1602:11871678
1332:33155292
1254:23 March
1231:20690412
1091:27855478
653:dentures
550:allergen
478:Plastics
418:Instant
325:estrogen
318:Theories
296:insomnia
280:Severity
150:Erythema
4166:Snoring
4124:Bruxism
3960:Benign:
3809:Overjet
3769:Bruxism
3663:Osteoma
3501:Chronic
3326:gingiva
2800:Benign:
2693:Fibroma
2380:Angular
2375:Actinic
2279:D005926
2049:7538974
1789:3642003
1736:3574592
1650:4820793
1422:231–232
1222:3475590
1082:6464255
642:bruxism
462:Mercury
452:Cadmium
430:Peanuts
340:anxiety
241:anxiety
142:varices
118:mucosal
102:symptom
3908:Ranula
3380:Epulis
3242:Trauma
3090:Fusion
2999:Caries
2972:enamel
2968:dentin
2563:Palate
2451:Tongue
2303:353253
2212:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2092:
2047:
2039:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1928:
1881:
1796:
1786:
1743:
1733:
1692:
1648:
1640:
1600:
1562:
1516:
1462:
1428:
1370:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1229:
1219:
1171:
1115:
1089:
1079:
1071:
997:
972:
904:Indian
848:, and
648:habit.
618:(e.g.
588:), or
586:anemia
560:), or
467:Nickel
446:Metals
420:coffee
313:Causes
162:anemia
4285:Other
2960:Teeth
2268:529.6
2253:K14.6
2145:S2CID
2045:S2CID
1998:(PDF)
1977:S2CID
1858:7 May
1646:S2CID
1336:S2CID
1283:7 May
644:or a
630:True
359:, or
189:Onset
154:edema
4247:Noma
3752:and
3535:and
3340:) –
2964:pulp
2359:Lips
2274:MeSH
2263:9-CM
2210:PMID
2180:2013
2137:PMID
2129:ISSN
2090:PMID
2063:link
2037:PMID
2006:2022
1969:PMID
1961:ISSN
1926:PMID
1899:link
1879:ISBN
1860:2013
1794:PMID
1741:PMID
1690:PMID
1638:PMID
1598:PMID
1560:ISBN
1534:link
1514:ISBN
1480:link
1460:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1388:link
1368:ISBN
1328:PMID
1320:ISSN
1285:2013
1256:2022
1227:PMID
1169:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1087:PMID
1069:ISSN
1057:2016
995:ISBN
970:ISBN
789:and
733:e.g.
614:and
590:zinc
247:and
178:Site
108:The
2259:ICD
2244:ICD
2202:doi
2121:doi
2117:131
2082:doi
2029:doi
1953:doi
1918:doi
1825:doi
1784:PMC
1774:doi
1731:PMC
1721:doi
1680:doi
1630:doi
1312:doi
1217:PMC
1209:doi
1077:PMC
1061:doi
828:or
327:or
164:).
83:BMS
4331::
4111:–
3756:–
3748:,
3336:,
3332:,
3328:,
2970:,
2966:,
2625:–
2301::
2277::
2266::
2251::
2248:10
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2198:14
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