2001:
981:) under the daimyo, with 80% of peasants under the 5% samurai class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification. The
2284:
2185:
5917:
38:
1035:
1928:
One concession was the passing of the
Special Measures Law for Assimilation Projects, which provided financial aid for the discriminated communities. In 1976, legislation was also approved banning third parties from investigating another person's family registry. This traditional system of registry,
3734:
Ichinomiya
Yoshinari and Group K21 and Terazono Atsushi (eds.) (2003), Dowa riken no shinso 2 (Jinken Mafia-ka suru "Buraku Kaiho Domei" no renkinjutsu o ou! — The true face of Dowa interests 2 (Chasing the alchemy of the "Buraku Liberation League" which Mafiaizes human rights) ("Invasion of human
1981:
rights, campaign on behalf of a wide range of other groups such as women, the disabled, ethnic minorities, foreign residents and released prisoners. Even into the early 1990s, however, discussion of the 'liberation' of these discriminated communities, or even their existence, was rare in public
1559:
villages ceased to exist by the 1960s because of either urban development or integration into mainstream society. However, in other regions, many of their residents continued to suffer from slum-like housing and infrastructure, lower economic status, illiteracy, and lower general educational
1880:
ancestors as "manly martyrs of industry" and argued that to submit meekly to oppression would be to insult and profane these ancestors. Despite internal divisions among anarchist, Bolshevik, and social democratic factions, and despite the
Japanese government's establishment of an alternate
1202:
Slow-changing social attitudes, especially in the countryside, meant that abattoirs and their workers were often met with hostility from local residents. Continued ostracism, the decrease of living standards and the development of modern construction and city sprawl resulted in former
816:(peripatetic or settled) would live outside common population centers and maintained some socio-ethical significance, albeit negligible. They were also employed as mediators in disputes. Spatial and geographic markers played a significant role in the distinction between the
392:
refers either to hamlet people per se or is used as an abbreviation of people from a discriminated community/hamlet. Very old people tend to use the word in the former meaning. Its use is sometimes frowned upon, though it is by far the most commonly used term in
English.
2021:
Early sessions were marked by occasions of violence and kidnapping, and several BLL activists have been arrested for such acts. The legality of these sessions is still disputed, but to this date the authorities have mostly ignored them except in the more extreme cases.
1128:
were deprived of the exclusive rights of disposal of dead bodies of horses and cattle. The elimination of their monopolies of certain occupations actually resulted in a decrease of their general living standards, while social discrimination simply continued.
2228:
We shouldn't disgrace our ancestors and violate humanity by our harsh words and terrible actions. We, who know how cold the human world is, and how to take care of humanity, can seek and rejoice from the bottom of our hearts in the warmth and light of human
875:
communities there would usually be a centralized chieftain who was given the exclusive license of tanning, candle wicks and other similar occupations, employing their peers and concentrating great wealth and local power. This chieftain took on the name of
1924:
publicised the problems of the group. The incident involved the murder conviction of a member of the discriminated communities based on circumstantial evidence, which is generally given little weight against physical evidence in
Japanese courts.
795:
and
Buddhist cultures, which aimed for a certain purity of body and mind, considered working with dead animals, blood, or any sort of decaying object as polluting, and hence occupations like butchery and leather tanning were besmirched. The
800:, people who held such occupations, dealt with pollution and were thus considered inferior or sub-human. However, because of their ability to deal with pollution, several myths emerged from the Heian through medieval periods about certain
2099:
often disputed the BLL, accusing them of chauvinism. The conflict between the two organizations increased during 1974 when a clash between teachers belonging to a JCP-affiliated union and BLL activists at a high school in Yoka, rural
994:, which comprised people guilty of certain crimes and their offspring. As Japanese society stabilized, the demand for leather declined, as it was used largely for warring purposes, and along with the Tokugawa caste policy, the
1604:, such as construction of new housing and community facilities such as health centers, libraries and swimming pools. The projects were terminated in 2002 with a total funding of an estimated 12 trillion yen over 33 years.
2018:'s rights groups. The BLL is known for its fierce "denunciation and explanation sessions", where alleged perpetrators of discriminatory actions or speech are summoned for a public hearing before a panel of activists.
2078:(JCP). It was formed in 1979 by BLL activists who were either purged from the organization or abandoned it during the late 1960s, due to, among other things, their opposition to the decision that subsidies to the
702:
parents sometimes do not tell their children about their ancestry in hopes of avoiding discrimination. Because of this, there is an increasingly large population that has no idea that others would consider them
985:
held occupations associated with religious impurity, and were subsequently relegated as outcastes and subject to ostracization in the mainstream
Japanese society. Among the members of the outcastes were the
1948:
populations, began special education programs which they hoped would encourage greater educational and economic success for young members of the group and decrease the discrimination they faced.
1185:
The practice of eating meat existed even during the Edo period, but the official ban of the consumption of meat from livestock was ended in 1871 in order to "Westernise" the country. Many former
1939:
ancestry if consulted. By the new legislation, these records could now be consulted only for legal cases, making it more difficult to identify or discriminate against members of the group.
1026:
were generally economically subsistent on the government's purchase of the war equipment they produced, and they adopted occupations in the military as jailers, torturers and executioners.
3806:"Zenkoku Buraku Kaihou Undou Rengkai" (National Buraku Liberation Alliance) (2004), "Zenkairen Dai 34 Kai Teiki Taikai Ni Tuite" ('About the Zenkairen 34th Regular Meeting), available at
3790:
Buraku
Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute (2005 ), Photo Document of the Post-war 60 Years-Development of the Buraku Liberation Movement, Osaka: Kaiho Publishing Company Ltd.
2148:
issue has basically been resolved" and formally disbanded. On March 4, 2004, they began a new organization known as the "National
Confederation of Human Rights Movements in The Community"
661:, as well as their social status and typical occupations varied over time, but typically included ex-convicts and vagrants who worked as town guards, street cleaners or entertainers.
4993:
2224:) was initiated in Kyoto, Mankichi Saiko, a founder of the society and Jodo Shinshu priest, said, critiquing aggressive postures on the denouncement of acts of discrimination:
1868:
to unite in resistance to discrimination, and sought to create a positive identity for the victims of discrimination, insisting that the time had come to be "proud of being
1651:
ancestry. These checks are now illegal, and marriage discrimination is diminishing; Nadamoto
Masahisa of the Buraku History Institute estimates that between 60 and 80% of
4084:
3441:[The History and Present Situation of Discriminated Buraku in Tokyo Full Text] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Buraku Liberation League. March 23, 2003. Archived from
5953:
1399:
asserted to be living in modern Japan varies from source to source. Japanese government statistics show the number of residents of assimilation districts who claim
1628:
ancestry, and if they are, this awareness may only be awareness of the history of feudal Japan. Due to the sensitive nature of the topic and the campaigns by the
1022:
were passed, and by the 18th century, they were prohibited from entering temples, homes of common citizens and schools without permission . At this point, the
4531:, January 15, 2009. Article by Norimitsu Onishi on Buraku history and current status, with a focus on Hiromu Nonaka, a prominent politician of Buraku descent.
2107:
In 1988, the BLL formed the International Movement Against All Forms of Discrimination and Racism (IMADR). The BLL sought for the IMADR to be recognized as a
4537:
3411:
2035:
prompted the BLL to demand the publisher halt publication of the Japanese translation of the book. Van Wolferen condemned this as an international scandal.
1447:. About three quarters of the districts are in rural areas. The size of each community ranged from less than five households to more than 1,000 households.
5721:
5596:
5606:
3880:
5864:
4512:
7121:
6429:
4762:
5713:
5651:
2124:
about the alleged human rights violations committed by the BLL in the course of their "denunciation sessions" held with accused "discriminators".
2616:
928:
established the Tokugawa Shogunate, systemically extirpating the previous disarray in Japan wrought by rampant internecine strife and warring by
3435:
2133:
often conducted denunciation sessions as fierce as those of the BLL. Nonetheless, the IMADR was designated a UN human rights NGO in March 1993.
5693:
5024:
4670:
3019:
1224:
There were many terms used to indicate former outcastes, their communities or settlements at the time. Official documents referred to them as
7156:
5688:
3109:
2855:
2824:"Problems with References to Historical Documents in J. M. Ramseyer, "On the Invention of Identity Politics: The Buraku Outcastes in Japan""
5698:
4009:
1663:, whereas for people born during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the rate was 10%. Over the past decades, the number of marriages between
1018:), and often used the two outcaste groups as scapegoats. Various humiliating injunctions mandating certain dress codes or hairstyles for
7181:
5946:
5731:
1818:
185:
came into use to refer to the former caste members and their descendants, who continue to experience stigmatization and discrimination.
48:
5879:
5859:
5838:
1579:
to provide funding to these communities. Communities deemed to be in need of funding were designated for various Assimilation Projects
1209:
communities becoming slum areas. Prejudice against the consumption of meat continued throughout the Meiji period. In 1872, a group of
5843:
5726:
5569:
4219:
3975:
3894:
3795:
3757:
3722:
3701:
3419:
3353:
2985:
2892:
2806:
2743:
2692:
2657:
1010:). As the Edo period witnessed local prosperity, the shogunate augmented the differences between the four classes (even between the
76:
1675:
have increased, and opinion polls have shown a decrease in the number of Japanese willing to state they would discriminate against
2909:
1632:
to remove any references in the media that may propagate discrimination against them, the issue is rarely discussed in the media.
7191:
7186:
7050:
5591:
4458:
4063:
3853:
3913:
3616:
3312:
1153:
7171:
7166:
6129:
5939:
5581:
4103:
1279:
2090:
were BLL members, and not all residents of the areas targeted for subsidies were historically descended from the outcastes.
3810:
1975:
have been established across the country by prefectural governments and local authorities; these, in addition to promoting
7201:
5995:
5977:
5874:
5646:
5641:
5125:
4620:
Hah, Chong-do; Lapp, Christopher C. (May 1978). "Japanese Politics of Equality in Transition: The Case of the Burakumin".
2258:
was not recognized until the BLL's criticism sessions became widespread. For example, in 1979 the Director-General of the
2111:
1502:
1300:, now considered inappropriate, started being used by officials during the 1900s, and resulted in the meaning of the word
4067:
3656:
7045:
6434:
5869:
5703:
5668:
5619:
5343:
3692:
Upham, Frank K. (1987), Instrumental Violence and the Struggle for Buraku Liberation, 146–190, in Michael Weiner (ed.),
2349:, politician of the Minshutō Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature)
2031:
474:, an official term for districts designated for government and local authority assimilation projects from 1969 to 2002.
812:, were associated with the tanning industry, and had the exclusive rights to tan hides. Prior to the Edo period, these
7092:
6838:
6023:
5823:
5813:
5680:
4888:
4417:
3586:
3495:
3370:
2582:
1930:
3464:
3143:[The Slaughtering System and the Slaughtering Industry in the First Year of the Meiji Era: A Case of Hyogo].
1595:
2355:, politician of the Minshutō Party of Japan, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature)
1505:
during 2003, 76% of Tokyo residents would not change their opinion of a close neighbor whom they discovered to be a
806:'s abilities to cleanse ritual pollution, and in some portrayals even possess magical powers. Another outcaste, the
5803:
5142:
4663:
4534:
4469:
3680:"Seeking to End Discrimination Through Dowa Education | Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs"
3679:
7161:
7009:
6106:
5986:
5828:
5768:
4463:
4211:
1645:. Traditionalist families have been known to check on the backgrounds of potential in-laws to identify people of
1642:
936:
position, consolidated central authority, managed to exert control over strategically important daimyo and their
7176:
5773:
5763:
5120:
4932:
4494:
4412:
3713:
Pharr, Susan J. (1990), Burakumin Protest: The incident at Yoka High School_, 133–145, in Michael Weiner(ed.),
3283:"Nihonjin wa Edo jidai ni mo 'niku' o ai shoku shite ita nikushoku o kihi shite ita to no tsūsetsu ga aru ga…"
3282:
2680:
2389:
2075:
2009:
1895:
1793:
1629:
1406:
1039:
3940:["Toru Hashimoto is a Buraku demon boy" Interview with the chairman of the Buraku Liberation League].
3288:[There is a common theory that the Japanese ate "meat" in the Edo period and avoided eating meat...].
4473:
6833:
5920:
5818:
5753:
3886:
3622:[Dōwa district] (in Japanese). Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute. Archived from
1221:
and four of them were killed. They claimed that gods would leave Japan because the Japanese had eaten meat.
1089:
5778:
5407:
5149:
4370:
4123:"Fighting the Taboo Cycle: Google Map Protests and Buraku Human Rights Activism in Historical Perspective"
2399:
2394:
1705:
Cases of continuing social discrimination are known to occur mainly in western Japan, particularly in the
1528:
7082:
7017:
6650:
6249:
6146:
5833:
5808:
5798:
5788:
5783:
5636:
4704:
4656:
4560:
4506:
2416:
1914:
1910:
1590:
1218:
2334:
1043:
171:, these occupations acquired a hereditary status of oppression, and became an unofficial class of the
2709:
2626:
1917:
parties, influenced the government into making important concessions during the late 1960s and 1970s.
7087:
6594:
5894:
5889:
5793:
5663:
5614:
5008:
4974:
4959:
4795:
4742:
4591:
4438:
3442:
3124:
1765:
1737:
1353:
philosophy which concentrated on confronting and criticising alleged perpetrators of discrimination.
54:
there is significant conflict between thematic and chronological organization throughout the article.
4426:
4122:
3371:"The Burakumin: The Complicity of Japanese Buddhism in Oppression and an Opportunity for Liberation"
2000:
1942:
During the 1980s, some educators and local governments, particularly in areas with relatively large
1172:" tried to buy alcohol, four men were killed, four men were injured and 25 houses were destroyed by
6784:
6439:
6379:
6316:
6272:
5278:
5083:
5058:
5038:
4942:
3034:
2551:
2518:
2328:
2263:
2101:
1777:
1761:
1727:
residents (whatever their ancestry) and associate them with squalor, unemployment and criminality.
1714:
1487:
1479:
1315:
Attempts to resolve the problem during the early 20th century were of two types: the 'assimilation'
1176:. In another village, as part of an anti-Government riot, 263 houses were destroyed and 18 former
4078:
The Burakumin: The Complicity of Japanese Buddhism in Oppression and an Opportunity for Liberation
2799:
Japan's Outcaste Abolition: the Struggle for National Inclusion and the Making of the Modern State
1478:
are in a majority; per a 1997 report, they accounted for more than 70 percent of all residents of
952:, ruled by dividing the people into four main categories. Older scholars believed that there were
7151:
7027:
6456:
6393:
5435:
5417:
5412:
5400:
5234:
5053:
5033:
5003:
4785:
4757:
4637:
4608:
4589:
Gottlieb, Nanette (1998). "Discriminatory language in Japan: Burakumin, the disabled and women".
4577:
4517:
4354:
4299:
4258:
4203:
4191:
4150:
3652:
3545:
3080:
2026:
1959:
1781:
1495:
1163:
1053:
881:
851:
841:
212:
4524:
4163:
2215:
1483:
4019:
3137:
1460:, wanting to avoid the negative attention that could come from explicitly declaring themselves
6055:
6046:
6018:
5440:
5358:
5095:
5048:
4986:
4815:
4558:
Shimahara, Nobuo (1984). "Toward the Equality of a Japanese Minority: The case of Burakumin".
4346:
4291:
4250:
4215:
4183:
4142:
4095:
3971:
3890:
3791:
3753:
3718:
3697:
3415:
3378:
3349:
3257:
3216:
3182:
3105:
3072:
2948:
2888:
2851:
2845:
2802:
2739:
2688:
2653:
2358:
2324:
1773:
1753:
1745:
1532:
1067:
788:
420:
is a term sometimes used by human rights groups, and has a degree of political meaning to it.
265:
152:
3465:"Hōritsu dai roku jū-gō (Akira shi shi nana ichi rei) dōwa taisaku jigyō tokubetsu sochi-hō"
3099:
2674:
1148:
6804:
6765:
6556:
6289:
5884:
5758:
5658:
5488:
5296:
5186:
5137:
5110:
4863:
4858:
4711:
4629:
4600:
4569:
4338:
4283:
4242:
4175:
4134:
3537:
2498:
1757:
1749:
1536:
949:
168:
6678:
1084:
7196:
6934:
6770:
6475:
6462:
6413:
6258:
6000:
5963:
5629:
5321:
5132:
4878:
4868:
4541:
4365:
4014:
3917:
3814:
2448:
2411:
2364:
2218:
originally patronized the lower castes. In 1922, when the National Levelers' Association (
1921:
1894:, the National Committee for Burakumin Liberation was initiated, changing its name to the
1466:. BLL has extrapolated Meiji-era figures to arrive at an estimate of nearly three million
948:, which scholars characterize as the unification of Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate, citing
925:
913:
905:
791:
in the first millennium led to the castigation of meat eating and similar activities. The
511:
290:
was used for an outcast community that was discriminated against officially and formally.
111:
3470:[Law No. 60 (Showa 44.7.10) Dowa countermeasures business special measures law].
2997:
1409:(BLL) figures are estimates of the total number of descendants of all former and current
1263:
1108:
893:
840:. Their position was more mobile, and they were usually thought to be less polluted. The
745:
3125:
Buraku Mondai in Japan: Historical and Modern Perspectives and Directions for the Future
769:
6881:
6824:
6742:
6659:
6070:
6004:
5586:
5530:
5369:
5326:
5254:
4998:
4969:
4894:
4848:
4790:
4747:
3963:
2823:
2760:
2557:
2433:
2370:
2121:
2108:
1807:
1439:
throughout the country. Most were located in western Japan, while none were located in
1366:
1192:
1113:
909:
855:
750:
284:
is still used in a non-pejorative sense to refer to any hamlet. Historically, the term
269:
144:
105:
5931:
3991:
3857:
3715:
Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan Volume II Indigenous and Colonial Others
3694:
Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan Volume II Indigenous and Colonial Others
2761:"Measuring Discrimination in Spatial Equilibrium: 100 Years of Japan's Invisible Race"
2283:
2184:
7145:
7073:
7022:
6979:
6710:
6696:
6343:
6088:
5427:
5224:
5013:
4883:
4873:
4831:
4805:
4800:
4737:
4697:
4612:
4422:: The Complicity of Japanese Buddhism in Oppression and an Opportunity for Liberation
4358:
4195:
4154:
3910:
3748:
Neary, Ian (1997), Burakumin In Contemporary Japan_, 50–78, in Michael Weiner (ed.),
3736:
3623:
3322:
2992:
2684:
2589:
2376:
2352:
2346:
2315:
2127:
According to a BLL-funded think tank, when cases of discrimination were alleged, the
1518:
4326:
4164:"Binding Burakumin: Marxist Historiography and the Narration of Difference in Japan"
3408:
Illustrated Today's Buraku Discrimination Based on Survey Results in Various Regions
3248:[A new aspect of the word "etagari": rethinking it in a context of history]
3201:
3173:[Phases of Popular Consciousness in Riots against the Buraku Emancipation].
3169:桐村 彰郎 (December 1, 1989). "Buraku kaihō hantai ikki ni miru minshū ishiki no shosō"
2936:
1641:
most often manifests itself in the form of marriage discrimination and sometimes in
1622:
region, people in general are often not aware of the issues experienced by those of
1337:
communities and integration with the mainstream Japanese society, and the 'levelers'
7097:
6444:
5460:
5387:
5166:
5156:
5075:
4825:
4732:
4682:
4376:
3207:[On Business History of Hokkaido Coal Mining and Shipping Corporation(3)].
2474:
2460:
1891:
1491:
1362:
998:
were relegated to the peripheries of villages or formed their own communities. The
932:, local feudal lords. He restored the power and influence of the hitherto vitiated
901:
897:
784:
6298:
4138:
3242:
1034:
477:
The social issue concerning "discriminated communities" is usually referred to as
4033:藤岡, 雅 (August 30, 2014). "Yunikuro Yanai ga fūin shita 'ichizoku' no monogatari"
1563:
In 1969, the government passed the Special Measures Law for Assimilation Projects
715:
ancestry may be viewed as one and discriminated against if they move to a former
7102:
6988:
6898:
6632:
6334:
6137:
6028:
5624:
5455:
5445:
5395:
5377:
5288:
5249:
5043:
4954:
4937:
3807:
3138:"Meijishonen ni okeru heigyūba shori-sei to to Chiku-Gyō – Hyōgo no jirei kara"
3029:
1955:
1098:
decree, giving outcasts equal legal status. It is currently known better as the
859:
447:
was a term used during the early 20th century but is now considered pejorative.
172:
136:
4547:
4062:. 'Religious Discrimination' and 'Jodo shinshu Honganji' sections adapted from
3934:
2331:, lawyer, the 52nd governor of Osaka Prefecture, and former Mayor of Osaka city
6886:
6701:
6623:
6484:
6204:
5470:
4810:
4604:
4521:, November 30, 1995. Nicholas Kristof on the state of toleration at that time.
4179:
3833:[National Federation of Regional Human Rights Movements] (in Japanese)
3735:
rights" incidents in liberation education and human rights education), Tokyo:
3661:
1212:
945:
709:. Discrimination is primarily based on ancestry and location; someone with no
176:
140:
6683:
6467:
4573:
4350:
4295:
4254:
4187:
4146:
4099:
3882:
Rights Make Might: Global Human Rights and Minority Social Movements in Japan
3594:
3382:
3220:
3186:
3076:
2952:
2451:, a collective term for the outcast endogamous communities of India and Nepal
2259:
1379:
was fixed to an ancestral home address, which allowed people to deduce their
774:
7107:
7036:
6925:
6756:
6361:
6195:
6186:
6097:
5516:
5511:
5478:
5450:
5338:
5333:
5269:
5244:
5191:
5105:
4820:
4752:
4554:, October 31, 2009. Blair McBride on Buraku status of North-East Tokyo area.
3510:
3261:
2470:
2440:
1718:
1278:
and denounced the discrimination against them when he campaigned during the
1071:
682:
because both classes were forced to live in separate village neighborhoods.
115:
4059:
3386:
3202:"Hokkaidō tankō kisen (kabu) hyaku-nen no keiei-shi to keiei-sha-zō (san)"
2594:
1444:
1199:, as they were thought to be experienced with the handling of dead bodies.
977:
4342:
7126:
7064:
6961:
6907:
6733:
6493:
6231:
6120:
5525:
5497:
5483:
5350:
5316:
5274:
5259:
5219:
4964:
4513:"Japan's Invisible Minority: Better Off Than in Past, but Still Outcasts"
4488:
3541:
3101:
Socio-economic Mobility and Low-status Minorities: Slow Roads to Progress
2937:"On Business History of Hokkaido Coal Mining and Shipping Corporation(2)"
2512:
1741:
1440:
1173:
4387:
The Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute, ed. (1986).
3935:"'Hashimototōru wa buraku no kizzu' buraku kaihō dōmei iin-chō ni kiku"
3549:
3525:
3084:
3060:
2266:" claiming that there was no discrimination against burakumin in Japan.
1721:
regions, where many people, especially the older generation, stereotype
1521:
for being a resident of certain areas associated traditionally with the
1361:
Although liberated legally during 1871 with the abolition of the feudal
1217:, who objected to the Emperor's consumption of meat, tried to enter the
7112:
7055:
6970:
6953:
6944:
6852:
6691:
6603:
6574:
6404:
6280:
6222:
6213:
6164:
6155:
6009:
5521:
5506:
5502:
5264:
5214:
5206:
5196:
5100:
5088:
4947:
4843:
4837:
4641:
4581:
4303:
2847:
Japanese Fiction of the Allied Occupation: Vision, Embodiment, Identity
2534:
2494:
2367:, writer, social critic and public figure known for his underworld ties
1702:
family was significantly less than the national average (60% in 1992).
1196:
968:
837:
148:
4500:
4476:(National Confederation of Human Rights Movements in the Community) →
4262:
4230:
2195: with: perspective and general expertise cleanup. You can help by
17:
6861:
6799:
6775:
6724:
6715:
6583:
6565:
6504:
6418:
6352:
6325:
6307:
6111:
6079:
6037:
5493:
5306:
5239:
5179:
5174:
4981:
4450:
4430:
2544:
2478:
2319:
1811:
1619:
1376:
933:
929:
836:
status, applying to certain criminals, beggars and camp followers of
792:
278:
issue is much less publicly prominent, such as Hokkaido and Okinawa,
121:
4633:
4287:
4271:
268:
term which refers literally to a small, generally rural, commune or
4246:
2249:, which disassociated from the BLL in 1968, regrets this decision.
1266:
was a late 19th century statesmen who worked for the liberation of
196:
were recognized as owners of fields, some with very large incomes (
6916:
6870:
6843:
6668:
6614:
6534:
6525:
6516:
6240:
5301:
5229:
4780:
4548:"Mysterious Past Meets Uncertain Future in Tokyo's Sanya District"
2454:
2428:
1999:
1769:
1710:
1706:
1033:
825:
47:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1887:, the Levelers Association remained active until the late 1930s.
1511:; 4.9% of respondents, on the other hand, would actively avoid a
1066:
The feudal caste system in Japan ended formally in 1869 with the
850:
and allowed them to beg in designated areas. They had to work as
6751:
6370:
6175:
5311:
4853:
3401:
Zusetsu kyō no buraku sabetsu kakuchi no jittai chōsa kekka yori
1881:
organization, the Yūma, designed to reduce the influence of the
1331:
philosophy which encouraged improvements in living standards of
937:
198:
5935:
5555:
4912:
4652:
4648:
4459:
Buraku: in Community, Democracy, and Performance by Bruce Caron
4037:[The story of the "clan" sealed by UNIQLO and Yanai].
2878:
Rekishi no naka no Amerika to niku shokumotsu to ten'nō sabetsu
1954:
rights groups exist presently in all parts of Japan except for
4231:"The Buraku in Modern Japanese Literature: Texts and Contexts"
2278:
2179:
335:
is a commonly used, polite term, with people from them called
31:
4115:
Embodying Difference: The Making of Burakumin in Modern Japan
3639:
Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld
2885:
Rice and Meat in History Food and the Emperor Discrimination
1798:
Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld
1618:
areas are still an issue in certain regions. Outside of the
1162:) happened around the country. For example, in a village in
892:
living in the hamlets located in the eight provinces of the
4477:
3827:
3641:. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. p. 133.
2457:
or Agotes, the former outcast community of France and Spain
1690:
addresses that were developed first in 1975 to exclude the
227:
throughout the country, as well as jurisdiction within the
4482:
3346:
Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan
2736:
Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan
2650:
Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan
1909:
during the 1950s. The league, with the endorsement of the
114:
commonly believed to be descended from members of the pre-
4413:
The Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute
2759:
Yamagishi, Atsushi; Sato, Yasuhiro (September 10, 2022).
1846:
organized a campaign, the "Levelers Association of Japan"
202:) and some economic power. Their chief held the title of
4407:
3526:"A Case Study of Buraku and Non-Buraku Couples in Japan"
2710:"Solving Anti-Burakujūmin Prejudice in the 21st Century"
3570:
Guest, Robert (July 9, 1992). "A tale of two sisters".
3493:
Guest, Robert (July 9, 1992). "From the Cutting Room".
2910:"Danzaemon — The Story of Old Japan's Underworld Kings"
2295:
2196:
1424:
A 1993 report by the Japanese government counted 4,533
1245:, while the newly liberated outcasts called themselves
58:
7127:
7113:
7074:
7065:
7056:
7037:
7028:
6989:
6980:
6971:
6962:
6954:
6945:
6936:
6926:
6917:
6908:
6899:
6888:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6844:
6825:
6805:
6791:
6785:
6776:
6757:
6743:
6734:
6725:
6716:
6702:
6669:
6660:
6651:
6642:
6633:
6624:
6615:
6604:
6595:
6584:
6575:
6566:
6557:
6526:
6517:
6505:
6494:
6485:
6476:
6446:
6419:
6405:
6380:
6371:
6362:
6353:
6344:
6335:
6326:
6317:
6308:
6299:
6290:
6281:
6259:
6250:
6241:
6232:
6223:
6214:
6205:
6196:
6187:
6177:
6165:
6156:
6147:
6138:
6121:
6112:
6098:
6089:
6080:
6071:
6062:
6056:
6047:
6038:
6029:
6010:
5987:
5978:
3436:"Tōkyō no hisabetsuburaku no rekishi to genjō zenbun"
2338:
2271:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2219:
2167:
2143:
2137:
2128:
2115:
2094:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2045:
2039:
2013:
1992:
1986:
1976:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1841:
1831:
1822:
1801:
1731:
1722:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1636:
1623:
1613:
1554:
1548:
1522:
1512:
1506:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1416:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1380:
1370:
1332:
1307:
1301:
1273:
1267:
1238:
1210:
1204:
1186:
1177:
1167:
1133:
1123:
1057:
1047:
870:
845:
831:
823:
807:
801:
730:
716:
710:
704:
697:
691:
677:
671:
665:
656:
619:
580:
556:
454:
442:
425:
415:
398:
387:
370:
330:
313:
285:
279:
273:
244:
180:
162:
156:
3319:
Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute
3145:
Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute
2538:
2516:
2488:
2482:
2464:
1933:
since the 19th century, would reveal an individual's
2438:
1612:
Cases of social discrimination against residents of
1375:
nor improve their living standards; until recently,
7008:
6817:
6545:
6392:
6271:
5970:
5852:
5744:
5712:
5679:
5605:
5568:
5469:
5426:
5386:
5368:
5287:
5205:
5165:
5074:
5067:
5022:
4925:
4771:
4725:
4452:
electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies
4443:Prejudice in the 21st Century: Suggestions from 21
4432:
electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies
3164:
3162:
2714:
Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
2511:; ''idle/lazy/fallen/indolent people'') in
2084:should be limited to the BLL members only. Not all
2029:'s criticism of the BLL in his much-acclaimed book
1415:residents, including current residents without any
4544:Sat May 2, 2009 – Jay Alabaster, Associated Press.
4317:Neary, Ian. "Burakumin in contemporary Japan", in
1856:, to advance their rights. The Declaration of the
990:(hereditary outcastes), landless peasants and the
179:. After the feudal system was abolished, the term
4449:, discussion paper by Alastair McLauchlan in the
3781:Ichinomiya, Group K21 and Terazono (eds.) (2003).
2337:, politician and businessman who was called the "
363:, 'person from a discriminated community/hamlet')
4535:Old Japanese maps on Google Earth unveil secrets
2549:
2445:, the former outcast community of Korean society
1684:Many companies were known to have used lists of
944:leader of Japan. His rule brought out about the
783:formed as a distinct group some time during the
4381:The Japan We Never Knew: A Journey of Discovery
4319:Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity
3750:Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity
2652:. University of California Press. p. 113.
2233:After many petitions from the BLL, in 1969 the
2226:
2157:
2059:
1900:
1849:
1588:
1572:
1425:
1346:
1324:
1286:
1246:
1225:
1139:
1099:
1075:
1056:. He was a statesman and termed "the father of
953:
760:
736:
625:
601:
586:
562:
515:
493:
478:
460:
351:
336:
250:
203:
119:
90:
3348:. University of California Press. p. 92.
2871:
2869:
2867:
2738:. University of California Press. p. 86.
2151:
2053:
1968:
1582:
1566:
1432:
1340:
1318:
1293:
1272:. He transferred his resident registration to
1253:
1232:
1146:
1106:
1082:
960:
879:
767:
743:
632:
608:
593:
569:
522:
500:
485:
467:
432:
405:
377:
358:
343:
320:
257:
210:
128:
99:
61:to make improvements to the overall structure.
5947:
4664:
3808:http://www.geocities.jp/zenkairen21/01-5.html
3768:
3766:
2908:Strusiewicz, Cezary Jan (December 21, 2022).
2556:, the outcast community of Vietnam after the
2294: with: Expert expansion. You can help by
2012:is considered one of the most militant among
1736:communities were identified in the following
888:and was given the authority to supervise the
8:
5348:
4525:"Japan's Outcasts Still Wait for Acceptance"
4408:The Headquarters of Buraku Liberation League
348:, 'discriminated community (hamlet) people')
4085:"Portrait of a Tokugawa Outcaste Community"
3997:. Buraku Liberation League. September 1983.
2584:第35回 教科書から『士農工商』が消えた ー後編ー 令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号
2577:
2575:
2262:Sect of Buddhism made a speech at the "3rd
1498:, they accounted for more than 60 percent.
638:
528:
155:. The term encompasses both the historical
6549:
5954:
5940:
5932:
5574:
5565:
5552:
5071:
4922:
4909:
4722:
4671:
4657:
4649:
2839:
2837:
4427:Cooperativeness and Buraku Discrimination
3717:, London and New York: Routledge Curzon.
3696:, London and New York: Routledge Curzon.
2708:McLauchlan, Alastair (January 31, 2003).
2533:; ''nine name fishermen'' in the
219:and had the authority to issue orders to
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
7122:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
4429:, discussion paper by Takuya Ito in the
4272:"The Creation of the Edo Outcaste Order"
1827:account for about 60 percent of yakuza.
1817:Mitsuhiro Suganuma, an ex-member of the
1806:account for about 70% of the members of
1553:settlements built on the site of former
292:
118:feudal class which were associated with
3285:日本人は江戸時代にも｢肉｣を愛食していた 肉食を忌避していたとの通説があるが…
2972:
2784:
2571:
1501:According to a survey performed by the
830:, meaning 'non-human', was another pre-
4472:(National Buraku Liberation Alliance)→
3828:"Zenkoku chiiki jinken undō sō rengō"
3637:Kaplan, David E.; Dubro, Alec (1986).
2264:World Conference on Religion and Peace
1132:During the early Meiji era, many anti-
4008:Tim Larimer Sonobe (March 26, 2001).
3911:"Hashimoto needs a much thicker skin"
3530:Journal of Comparative Family Studies
2828:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
2379:, chief cabinet secretary (1998–1999)
2252:Religious discrimination against the
1454:communities chose not to register as
1096:, 'Edict Abolishing Ignoble Classes')
624:may have been descended included the
188:On the other hand, in practice, both
7:
4383:(Stoddart Publishing, Toronto: 1996)
4060:Library of Congress, Country Studies
3879:Tsutsui, Kiyoteru (August 3, 2018).
3587:"Japan's Burakumin: An Introduction"
2004:Flag of the Buraku Liberation League
1574:dōwa taisaku jigyō tokubetsu sochihō
1543:Discrimination in access to services
1312:villages in certain parts of Japan.
555:, a term now considered derogatory.
272:. In the regions of Japan where the
4121:Amos, Timothy (September 2, 2015).
3472:The House of Representatives, Japan
3061:""Burakumin" at the End of History"
2159:Zenkoku Chiiki Jinken Undō Sōrengō'
1840:As early as 1922, officials of the
1819:Public Security Intelligence Agency
4914:
4491:(Burakumin in Kyoto research data)
3854:"Shin Buddhism and the Buraku-min"
2935:OBA, Yoshirō (December 25, 2012).
2061:Zenkoku Buraku Kaihō Undō Rengōkai
1450:It is estimated that around 1,000
1306:('hamlet') coming to imply former
1002:were eventually forced to join in
696:as a separate group is difficult.
664:During the 19th century, the term
585:refer to their own communities as
25:
4327:"Burakumin at the End of History"
2887:] (in Japanese). Tokyo: 平凡社.
1874:". The declaration portrayed the
787:, AD 794–1185. The permeation of
327:'Discriminated community/hamlet'
5916:
5915:
4314:(1996 Honolulu Higashi Honganji)
4312:Shin Buddhism and the Buraku-min
4162:Amos, Timothy (September 2007).
3944:(in Japanese). December 30, 2012
3369:Leslie D. Alldritt (July 2000).
3147:(in Japanese). November 20, 2004
2282:
2183:
1965:"Human Rights Promotion Centers"
1038:The most famous official of the
618:Other outcaste groups from whom
36:
3511:"Kyoto Ijin: Nadamoto Masahisa"
3292:(in Japanese). November 8, 2017
3200:OBA, Yoshirō (March 25, 2013).
3098:Meerman, Jacob (June 2, 2009).
2044:activist group is the National
6130:Light skin in Japanese culture
5557:
4485:(Burakumin research institute)
4466:(Burakumin research institute)
3662:"Speech by Mitsuhiro Suganuma"
3414:. March 15, 1997. p. 31.
2987:「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて
2529:
2524:
2507:
2502:
1547:In many parts of the country,
975:), craftsmen, and merchants" (
820:and other members of society.
1:
5996:Blood type personality theory
5962:Japanese social concepts and
4393:Burakumin Problems Dictionary
4139:10.1080/10371397.2015.1119028
3321:(in Japanese). Archived from
3033:(in Japanese). Archived from
2996:(in Japanese). Archived from
2625:(in Japanese). Archived from
2593:(in Japanese). Archived from
1929:kept for all Japanese by the
1503:Tokyo Metropolitan Government
353:hisabetsu buraku shusshin-sha
7157:Human rights abuses in Japan
7046:Japanese blue collar workers
3852:Kasahara, Toshinori (1996).
3467:法律第六十号(昭四四・七・一〇) 同和対策事業特別措置法
2801:. Routledge. pp. 34–5.
2032:The Enigma of Japanese Power
1377:Japanese family registration
1070:. In 1871, the newly formed
1046:(1887–1966), who was born a
514:, the outcastes were termed
7128:
7114:
7075:
7066:
7057:
7038:
7029:
6990:
6981:
6972:
6963:
6955:
6946:
6937:
6927:
6918:
6909:
6900:
6889:
6872:
6863:
6854:
6845:
6826:
6806:
6792:
6786:
6777:
6758:
6744:
6735:
6726:
6717:
6703:
6670:
6661:
6652:
6643:
6634:
6625:
6616:
6605:
6596:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6558:
6527:
6518:
6506:
6495:
6486:
6477:
6447:
6420:
6406:
6381:
6372:
6363:
6354:
6345:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6260:
6251:
6242:
6233:
6224:
6215:
6206:
6197:
6188:
6178:
6166:
6157:
6148:
6139:
6122:
6113:
6099:
6090:
6081:
6072:
6063:
6057:
6048:
6039:
6030:
6011:
5988:
5979:
4276:Journal of Japanese Studies
4235:Journal of Japanese Studies
3572:Far Eastern Economic Review
3524:Morgan, Charlie V. (2007).
3496:Far Eastern Economic Review
3140:明治初年における斃牛馬処理制とと畜業 -兵庫の事例から
2797:McCormack, Noah Y. (2012).
2539:
2517:
2489:
2483:
2465:
2439:
2339:
2318:, founder and president of
2272:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2237:changed its opinion on the
2220:
2168:
2158:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2116:
2112:Non-Government Organization
2095:
2086:
2080:
2070:
2060:
2046:
2040:
2014:
1993:
1987:
1977:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1901:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1832:
1823:
1802:
1732:
1723:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1637:
1624:
1614:
1589:
1573:
1555:
1549:
1523:
1517:neighbor. There is still a
1513:
1507:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1381:
1371:
1347:
1333:
1325:
1308:
1302:
1287:
1274:
1268:
1247:
1239:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1187:
1178:
1168:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1100:
1076:
1058:
1048:
954:
871:
846:
832:
824:
808:
802:
761:
737:
731:
717:
711:
705:
698:
692:
678:
672:
666:
657:
626:
620:
602:
587:
581:
563:
557:
516:
494:
479:
472:, 'assimilation districts')
461:
455:
443:
426:
416:
399:
388:
371:
352:
337:
331:
314:
286:
280:
274:
251:
245:
204:
181:
163:
157:
120:
91:
7218:
7182:Identity politics in Japan
4763:Weberian (three-component)
3813:December 23, 2008, at the
3752:, London: Routledge p. 66
3375:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
3344:Hankins, Joseph D (2014).
2844:Orbaugh, Sharalyn (2007).
2822:Toriyama, Hiroshi (2021).
2734:Hankins, Joseph D (2014).
2648:Hankins, Joseph D (2014).
2373:, writer, critic, and poet
1991:Liberation League and the
1814:crime syndicate in Japan.
1696:. The average income of a
1365:, this did not end social
538:an abundance of defilement
412:'Unliberated communities'
6552:
6107:Japanese political values
5911:
5577:
5564:
5551:
4921:
4908:
4721:
4692:
4605:10.1080/10357829808713193
4212:Stanford University Press
4180:10.1080/10371390701494168
4083:Amos, Timothy P. (2006).
3937:「橋下徹は部落の鬼っ子」 部落解放同盟委員長に聞く
3924:, October 28, 2012, p. 9.
3916:January 12, 2013, at the
3104:. Routledge. p. 98.
2152:
2054:
1969:
1821:, testified in 2006 that
1583:
1567:
1437:, assimilation districts)
1433:
1341:
1319:
1294:
1254:
1233:
1147:
1107:
1083:
961:
900:, as well as in parts of
880:
768:
744:
670:was invented to name the
633:
609:
594:
570:
523:
501:
486:
468:
433:
406:
378:
359:
344:
321:
258:
211:
129:
100:
5885:Pre-industrial East Asia
4574:10.1080/0305006840200305
4509:(Burakumin rights group)
4503:(Burakumin rights group)
4497:(Burakumin rights group)
4388:
4270:Groemer, Gerald (2001).
4210:. Stanford, California:
4038:
4034:
3992:"Buraku Liberation News"
3936:
3829:
3618:
3466:
3437:
3403:
3313:
3284:
3244:
3204:北海道炭鉱汽船(株)百年の経営史と経営者像(三)
3203:
3170:
3139:
3020:
2986:
2880:
2681:Harvard University Press
2673:Frédéric, Louis (2002).
2617:
2583:
2390:Buraku Liberation League
2176:Religious discrimination
2076:Japanese Communist Party
2010:Buraku Liberation League
1896:Buraku Liberation League
1630:Buraku Liberation League
1407:Buraku Liberation League
1040:Buraku Liberation League
490:, 'assimilation issues')
7192:Discrimination in Japan
7187:Social history of Japan
7051:Japanese business terms
7023:Business card etiquette
6834:Japanese street fashion
4933:Administrative detainee
4478:Zenkoku Jinken Ren Blog
4229:Fowler, Edward (2000).
3887:Oxford University Press
3243:"'Eta kari' ni tsuite"
3127:– Emily A. Su-lan Reber
2406:Discrimination in Japan
52:. The reason given is:
5349:
4371:The Broken Commandment
4109:on September 28, 2023.
4022:on September 30, 2007.
3404:図説 今日の部落差別 各地の実態調査結果より
2876:Harada, Nobuo (1993).
2850:. BRILL. p. 393.
2550:
2400:Departures (2008 film)
2395:Feudal Japan hierarchy
2231:
2136:On March 3, 2004, the
2104:, put 29 in hospital.
2005:
1920:During the 1960s, the
1405:ancestry, whereas the
1074:government issued the
1063:
7172:Japanese caste system
7167:Demographics of Japan
7083:Labor unions in Japan
5890:Pre-industrial Europe
4561:Comparative Education
4540:May 26, 2009, at the
4395:]. 解放出版社(Kaihou).
4343:10.1353/sor.2003.0019
4321:, Michael Weiner, ed.
4310:Kasahara, Toshinori.
4208:The Meiji Restoration
3585:Alastair McLaughlan.
3410:] (in Japanese).
3389:on November 25, 2005.
2487:('small people') and
2469:) ('boat people') in
2417:Human rights in Japan
2216:Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism
2003:
1608:Social discrimination
1527:, and some lingering
1260:, among other terms.
1219:Tokyo Imperial Palace
1120:, Emancipation Edict)
1037:
1030:End of the feudal era
548:an abundance of filth
453:A term used much for
173:Tokugawa class system
27:Japanese ethnic group
7202:Class discrimination
5971:Sociocultural values
5747: or countries
5558:By country or region
4796:Class discrimination
4592:Asian Studies Review
4076:Alldritt, Leslie D.
3542:10.3138/jcfs.38.1.31
3000:on November 30, 2023
2543:('music people') in
2327:, politician of the
2142:announced that "the
2074:, affiliated to the
1298:, 'special hamlets')
1282:from Osaka and won.
1141:Kaihōrei-hantai-ikki
950:neo-Confucian theory
844:regarded beggars as
729:The predecessors to
655:. The definition of
7088:Lifetime employment
6440:Japanese honorifics
5279:Vanniar (Chieftain)
4455:, January 31, 2003.
4435:, October 31, 2005.
4325:Neary, Ian (2003).
4204:Beasley, William G.
4035:ユニクロ・柳井が封印した「一族」の物語
3668:. October 19, 2006.
3059:NEARY, IAN (2003).
2683:Reference Library.
2329:Nippon Ishin no Kai
2114:, but in 1991, the
2050:Liberation Alliance
1931:Ministry of Justice
1531:in matters such as
852:restroom attendants
789:Buddhism into Japan
613:, 'village people')
492:or, less commonly,
338:hisabetsu-burakumin
295:
59:editing the article
7093:Management culture
6513:Sitting positions
5860:18th-century Spain
5714:Standard of living
5418:Upper middle class
5413:Lower middle class
5004:Political prisoner
4786:Chattering classes
4758:Spoon class theory
4529:The New York Times
4518:The New York Times
4092:East Asian History
4010:"Head of the Pack"
3171:部落解放反対一揆にみる民衆意識の諸相
2881:歴史のなかの米と肉 食物と天皇・差別
2676:Japan Encyclopedia
2597:on August 30, 2023
2343:liberation father"
2335:Jiichirō Matsumoto
2169:Zenkoku Jinken Ren
2027:Karel van Wolferen
2006:
1902:Buraku Kaihō Dōmei
1796:and Alec Dubro in
1635:Prejudice against
1591:dōwa taisaku jigyō
1496:Fukuoka Prefecture
1357:Post-war situation
1064:
1054:Fukuoka prefecture
1044:Jiichirō Matsumoto
842:Tokugawa shogunate
725:Historical origins
600:and themselves as
561:towns were termed
505:, 'hamlet issues')
439:'Special hamlets'
293:
169:Japan's feudal era
7139:
7138:
7004:
7003:
6049:Hara hachi bun me
6019:Celibacy syndrome
5929:
5928:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5740:
5739:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5441:Lumpenproletariat
4943:illegal immigrant
4904:
4903:
4816:Classless society
4113:Amos, Timothy P.
4094:(32/33): 83–108.
3968:ikizama shinizama
3597:on April 30, 2006
3574:. pp. 28–29.
3499:. pp. 28–29.
3438:東京の被差別部落の歴史と現状・全文
3111:978-1-135-97281-3
2857:978-90-04-15546-6
2312:
2311:
2221:Zenkoku-suiheisha
2213:
2212:
1788:Yakuza membership
1472:. In some areas,
1258:, 'new citizens')
1191:began to work in
1068:Meiji restoration
451:
450:
167:outcasts. During
108:/village people')
87:
86:
79:
49:layout guidelines
16:(Redirected from
7209:
7162:Society of Japan
7131:
7117:
7078:
7069:
7060:
7041:
7032:
6993:
6984:
6975:
6966:
6958:
6949:
6940:
6930:
6921:
6912:
6903:
6892:
6875:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6829:
6809:
6807:Yamato nadeshiko
6795:
6789:
6780:
6766:Net cafe refugee
6761:
6747:
6738:
6729:
6720:
6706:
6687:
6673:
6664:
6655:
6646:
6637:
6628:
6619:
6608:
6599:
6588:
6579:
6570:
6561:
6550:
6530:
6521:
6509:
6498:
6489:
6480:
6471:
6450:
6435:Honorific speech
6430:Dining etiquette
6423:
6409:
6384:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6303:
6294:
6285:
6263:
6254:
6245:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6181:
6169:
6160:
6151:
6142:
6125:
6116:
6102:
6093:
6084:
6075:
6066:
6060:
6051:
6042:
6033:
6014:
5991:
5982:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5933:
5919:
5918:
5746:
5647:Mexican-American
5575:
5566:
5553:
5354:
5297:Business magnate
5187:Knowledge worker
5072:
4960:dual or multiple
4923:
4910:
4864:Social exclusion
4859:Social cleansing
4773:
4723:
4712:Economic classes
4673:
4666:
4659:
4650:
4645:
4616:
4585:
4396:
4366:Shimazaki, Toson
4362:
4307:
4266:
4225:
4199:
4168:Japanese Studies
4158:
4127:Japanese Studies
4110:
4108:
4102:. Archived from
4089:
4058:originally from
4043:
4042:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4018:. Archived from
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3942:Business Journal
3931:
3925:
3909:Brasor, Philip,
3907:
3901:
3900:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3856:. Archived from
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3824:
3818:
3804:
3798:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3761:
3746:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3626:on May 22, 2006.
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3593:. Archived from
3582:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3385:. Archived from
3366:
3360:
3359:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3290:Toyo keizai Inc.
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3251:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3026:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2873:
2862:
2861:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2629:on March 7, 2024
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2579:
2555:
2542:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2509:
2504:
2492:
2486:
2468:
2444:
2342:
2307:
2304:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2223:
2208:
2205:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2119:
2102:Hyōgo Prefecture
2098:
2089:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2038:The other major
2017:
1996:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1947:
1945:hisabetsu buraku
1938:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1843:hisabetsu buraku
1835:
1826:
1805:
1735:
1726:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1640:
1627:
1617:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1526:
1516:
1510:
1488:Kōchi Prefecture
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1384:
1374:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1280:election of 1890
1277:
1271:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1216:
1208:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1143:
1137:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1079:
1077:Senmin Haishirei
1061:
1051:
966:
964:
963:
957:
887:
885:
884:
874:
849:
835:
829:
811:
805:
782:
780:
779:
778:
764:
758:
756:
755:
754:
740:
734:
720:
714:
708:
701:
695:
681:
675:
669:
660:
654:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
629:
623:
614:
612:
611:
605:
599:
597:
596:
590:
584:
575:
573:
572:
566:
560:
554:
552:
549:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
526:
525:
519:
506:
504:
503:
497:
491:
489:
488:
482:
473:
471:
470:
464:
458:
446:
436:
435:
429:
419:
409:
408:
402:
391:
384:'Hamlet people'
381:
380:
374:
364:
362:
361:
355:
349:
347:
346:
340:
334:
332:Hisabetsu-buraku
324:
323:
317:
315:Hisabetsu-buraku
296:
289:
283:
277:
263:
261:
260:
254:
249:is derived from
248:
218:
216:
215:
207:
184:
166:
160:
134:
132:
131:
125:
109:
103:
102:
96:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7177:Japanese values
7142:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7000:
6813:
6771:Parasite single
6681:
6546:Types of people
6541:
6535:Other positions
6465:
6414:Bowing in Japan
6397:
6388:
6267:
6261:Yamato-damashii
6001:Brother complex
5966:
5960:
5930:
5925:
5899:
5848:
5736:
5708:
5675:
5659:Underprivileged
5601:
5560:
5559:
5535:
5465:
5422:
5382:
5364:
5283:
5201:
5161:
5063:
5018:
4917:
4916:
4900:
4879:Social position
4869:Social mobility
4767:
4717:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4634:10.2307/2643462
4619:
4588:
4557:
4552:Digital Journal
4542:Wayback Machine
4404:
4399:
4390:
4386:
4331:Social Research
4324:
4288:10.2307/3591967
4269:
4228:
4222:
4202:
4161:
4120:
4106:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3964:Mikuni, Rentaro
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3922:The Japan Times
3918:Wayback Machine
3908:
3904:
3897:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3815:Wayback Machine
3805:
3801:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3729:
3712:
3708:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3666:Japanese Yakuza
3660:
3657:Wayback Machine
3650:
3646:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3445:on June 6, 2011
3439:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3325:on May 22, 2006
3315:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3256:(in Japanese).
3249:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3211:(in Japanese).
3205:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3177:(in Japanese).
3175:Nara Law Review
3172:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3065:Social Research
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3040:on June 6, 2023
3037:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2914:Tokyo Weekender
2907:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2858:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2425:
2412:Racism in Japan
2408:
2386:
2365:Manabu Miyazaki
2308:
2302:
2299:
2292:needs expansion
2277:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2193:needs expansion
2178:
2162:
2149:
2064:
2051:
1998:
1966:
1922:Sayama Incident
1905:
1898:
1862:encouraged the
1847:
1838:
1836:rights movement
1794:David E. Kaplan
1790:
1610:
1593:
1580:
1564:
1545:
1430:
1391:
1359:
1338:
1316:
1291:
1251:
1230:
1182:s were killed.
1151:
1144:
1111:
1104:
1087:
1080:
1032:
958:
940:and became the
926:Tokugawa Ieyasu
922:
877:
856:prison officers
772:
765:
757:, lowly people)
748:
741:
727:
688:
650:
647:
644:
641:
630:
606:
591:
567:
550:
547:
544:
540:
537:
534:
531:
520:
498:
483:
465:
459:settlements is
356:
341:
255:
241:
208:
133:, 'defilement')
126:
112:Japanese people
97:
83:
72:
66:
63:
57:Please help by
56:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7215:
7213:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7144:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7124:
7119:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7071:
7062:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7034:
7025:
7020:
7014:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6986:
6977:
6968:
6951:
6942:
6932:
6914:
6905:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6868:
6859:
6841:
6831:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6802:
6797:
6782:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6754:
6749:
6740:
6731:
6722:
6713:
6708:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6648:
6639:
6630:
6621:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6581:
6572:
6553:
6547:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6523:
6511:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6491:
6473:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6442:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6411:
6401:
6399:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6377:
6368:
6359:
6350:
6341:
6332:
6323:
6314:
6305:
6296:
6287:
6277:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6256:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6134:Mental states
6132:
6127:
6118:
6109:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6073:Ichi-go ichi-e
6068:
6053:
6044:
6035:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6007:
6005:Sister complex
5998:
5993:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5936:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5880:Ottoman Empire
5877:
5872:
5867:
5865:Ancient Greece
5862:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5839:United Kingdom
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5732:Home-ownership
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5685:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5587:American Dream
5584:
5578:
5572:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5500:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5392:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5355:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5080:
5078:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4999:Migrant worker
4996:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4915:By demographic
4913:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4895:Status Anxiety
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:Ranked society
4846:
4841:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4791:Class conflict
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4774: topics
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4748:Mudsill theory
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4628:(5): 487–504.
4617:
4586:
4555:
4545:
4532:
4522:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4489:京都部落問題研究資料センター
4486:
4480:
4467:
4464:ひょうご部落解放・人権研究所
4461:
4456:
4436:
4424:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4402:External links
4400:
4398:
4397:
4384:
4374:
4363:
4337:(1): 269–294.
4322:
4315:
4308:
4282:(2): 263–293.
4267:
4247:10.2307/133390
4226:
4220:
4200:
4174:(2): 155–171.
4159:
4133:(3): 331–353.
4118:
4111:
4080:
4073:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:(in Japanese).
4025:
4000:
3983:
3976:
3966:(March 2006).
3955:
3926:
3902:
3895:
3871:
3860:on May 3, 2005
3844:
3819:
3799:
3783:
3774:
3762:
3741:
3727:
3706:
3685:
3671:
3644:
3629:
3608:
3577:
3562:
3516:
3502:
3485:
3456:
3427:
3420:
3392:
3361:
3354:
3336:
3303:
3274:
3233:
3192:
3158:
3129:
3117:
3110:
3090:
3071:(1): 269–270.
3051:
3011:
2977:
2965:
2927:
2900:
2893:
2863:
2856:
2833:
2814:
2807:
2789:
2777:
2765:CIRJE F-Series
2751:
2744:
2726:
2700:
2693:
2687:. p. 93.
2665:
2658:
2640:
2608:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:Fall of Saigon
2547:
2537:River region,
2458:
2452:
2446:
2434:Untouchability
2431:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2371:Kenji Nakagami
2368:
2362:
2359:Rentarō Mikuni
2356:
2350:
2344:
2332:
2325:Tōru Hashimoto
2322:
2310:
2309:
2289:
2287:
2276:
2268:
2211:
2210:
2190:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2122:United Nations
2109:United Nations
1997:
1984:
1837:
1829:
1810:, the largest
1808:Yamaguchi-gumi
1789:
1786:
1609:
1606:
1544:
1541:
1529:discrimination
1393:The number of
1390:
1387:
1367:discrimination
1358:
1355:
1288:tokushu buraku
1031:
1028:
921:
918:
726:
723:
687:
684:
449:
448:
444:Tokushu buraku
440:
437:
430:
427:Tokushu buraku
422:
421:
417:Mikaihō-buraku
413:
410:
403:
400:Mikaihō-buraku
395:
394:
385:
382:
375:
367:
366:
328:
325:
318:
310:
309:
306:
303:
300:
240:
237:
145:slaughterhouse
85:
84:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7214:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7132:
7130:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7018:Black company
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7007:
6995:
6992:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6959:
6957:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6810:
6808:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6788:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6700:
6698:
6697:Herbivore men
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6613:
6609:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:Shinoukoushou
6555:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6503:
6499:
6497:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6464:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6346:Mono no aware
6342:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6091:Ishin-denshin
6087:
6085:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6059:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5957:
5952:
5950:
5945:
5943:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5922:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5844:United States
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5745:Other regions
5743:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5570:United States
5567:
5563:
5554:
5550:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Socioeconomic
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:Social stigma
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:Social orphan
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4832:Nouveau riche
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Class traitor
4804:
4802:
4801:Class society
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Gilbert model
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4599:(2): 157–73.
4598:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4568:(3): 339–53.
4567:
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4533:
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4468:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4439:Solving Anti-
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
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4340:
4336:
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4309:
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4297:
4293:
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4285:
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4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4221:0-8047-0815-0
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:Shindharmanet
4061:
4057:
4049:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4004:
4001:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3977:4-8454-2071-6
3973:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3943:
3939:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3896:9780190853129
3892:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3872:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3832:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3796:4-7592-4116-7
3793:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3772:Upham (1987).
3769:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3758:0-415-15218-6
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3737:Takarajimasha
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:0-415-20856-4
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3702:0-415-20856-4
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:"Dōwa chiku"
3612:
3609:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3551:
3547:
3543:
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3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3486:
3474:(in Japanese)
3473:
3469:
3460:
3457:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3421:4-7592-0193-9
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3396:
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3362:
3357:
3355:9780520959163
3351:
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3307:
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3206:
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3159:
3146:
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3062:
3055:
3052:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3012:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2993:Tokyo Shoseki
2989:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2916:(in Japanese)
2915:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2894:4-582-84147-3
2890:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2808:9781136283673
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2787:, p. 97.
2786:
2781:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2745:9780520959163
2741:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2694:9780674017535
2690:
2686:
2685:Belknap Press
2682:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2659:9780520959163
2655:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2590:Uki, Kumamoto
2586:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2530:jiǔxìng yúmín
2521:
2520:
2519:jiuxing yumin
2514:
2510:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
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2442:
2437:
2436:
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2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2377:Hiromu Nonaka
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2353:Toru Matsuoka
2351:
2348:
2347:Ryu Matsumoto
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:Tadashi Yanai
2314:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2290:This section
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2191:This section
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2120:informed the
2118:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1792:According to
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
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1725:
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1708:
1703:
1700:
1694:
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1682:
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1661:
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1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1575:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1519:social stigma
1515:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1428:
1422:
1419:
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1408:
1403:
1397:
1388:
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1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1335:
1327:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1249:
1241:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:when "former
1165:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1110:
1102:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:settlements (
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
980:
979:
974:
970:
956:
955:Shi-nō-kō-shō
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
873:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
834:
828:
827:
821:
819:
815:
810:
804:
799:
794:
790:
786:
776:
771:
763:
752:
747:
739:
733:
724:
722:
719:
713:
707:
700:
694:
690:Defining the
685:
683:
680:
674:
668:
662:
659:
628:
622:
616:
604:
598:, 'villages')
589:
583:
577:
565:
559:
518:
513:
508:
496:
495:buraku mondai
481:
475:
463:
457:
445:
441:
438:
431:
428:
424:
423:
418:
414:
411:
404:
401:
397:
396:
390:
386:
383:
376:
373:
369:
368:
354:
339:
333:
329:
326:
319:
316:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
291:
288:
282:
276:
271:
267:
253:
247:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
206:
201:
200:
195:
191:
186:
183:
178:
174:
170:
165:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
124:
123:
117:
113:
107:
95:
94:
81:
78:
70:
60:
55:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7098:Nenko system
7010:Work culture
6800:Yakuza ranks
6677:
6641:
6461:
6398:social norms
6176:
5895:Soviet Union
5870:Ancient Rome
5727:Homelessness
5652:Upper Middle
5524: /
5505: /
5496: /
5461:Working poor
5357:
5344:Robber baron
5167:Intellectual
5157:Royal family
5121:Ancient Rome
4975:second-class
4893:
4836:
4835: /
4830:
4826:High society
4733:Elite theory
4710:
4703:
4696:
4683:Social class
4625:
4622:Asian Survey
4621:
4596:
4590:
4565:
4559:
4551:
4528:
4516:
4451:
4444:
4440:
4431:
4419:
4392:
4380:
4377:Suzuki, D.T.
4369:
4334:
4330:
4318:
4311:
4279:
4275:
4238:
4234:
4207:
4171:
4167:
4130:
4126:
4114:
4104:the original
4091:
4077:
4055:
4054:
4050:Bibliography
4028:
4020:the original
4013:
4003:
3986:
3967:
3958:
3948:February 17,
3946:. Retrieved
3941:
3929:
3921:
3905:
3881:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3858:the original
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3822:
3802:
3786:
3777:
3749:
3744:
3730:
3714:
3709:
3693:
3688:
3674:
3665:
3653:Ghostarchive
3651:Archived at
3647:
3638:
3632:
3624:the original
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:the original
3590:
3580:
3571:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3536:(1): 31–54.
3533:
3529:
3519:
3505:
3494:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3471:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3443:the original
3430:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3387:the original
3374:
3364:
3345:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3318:
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3289:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3253:
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3212:
3208:
3195:
3187:120005847717
3178:
3174:
3149:. Retrieved
3144:
3132:
3120:
3100:
3093:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3035:the original
3028:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2998:the original
2991:
2980:
2975:, p. 22
2973:Beasley 1972
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2944:
2940:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2913:
2903:
2884:
2877:
2846:
2827:
2817:
2798:
2792:
2785:Meerman 2009
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2764:
2754:
2735:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2713:
2703:
2675:
2668:
2649:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:the original
2622:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2588:
2528:
2506:
2497:, Gaibu and
2475:Fuzhou Tanka
2300:
2296:adding to it
2291:
2251:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2214:
2201:
2197:adding to it
2192:
2135:
2126:
2106:
2092:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2007:
1982:discussion.
1964:
1941:
1927:
1919:
1892:World War II
1889:
1839:
1816:
1797:
1791:
1729:
1704:
1683:
1657:marry a non-
1634:
1611:
1562:
1546:
1500:
1451:
1449:
1423:
1392:
1389:Demographics
1363:caste system
1360:
1314:
1284:
1264:Nakae Chōmin
1262:
1223:
1201:
1184:
1131:
1065:
1062:liberation".
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
976:
972:
971:, peasants (
941:
923:
898:Izu Province
894:Kanto region
890:hisabetsumin
889:
866:
864:
860:executioners
822:
817:
813:
797:
785:Heian period
728:
689:
663:
617:
603:mura-no-mono
578:
509:
476:
452:
242:
232:
228:
224:
220:
197:
193:
189:
187:
137:executioners
92:
88:
73:
64:
53:
46:
29:
7103:Office lady
6901:Netto-uyoku
6818:Subcultures
6745:Kyōiku mama
6682: [
6466: [
6457:Gift-giving
5814:New Zealand
5531:Untouchable
5456:Proletariat
5446:Pea-pickers
5396:Bourgeoisie
5084:Aristocracy
4970:naturalized
4965:native-born
4507:部落解放同盟全国連合会
4474:全国地域人権運動総連合
4470:全国部落解放運動連合会
4441:Burakujūmin
4379:, Oiwa, K.
4241:(1): 1–39.
3970:. ロングセラーズ.
3830:全国地域人権運動総連合
3591:Japan Focus
3555:January 12,
3329:February 2,
3262:40016155268
3181:(3): 1–30.
3030:Shimonoseki
3021:人権意識のアップデート
2770:January 12,
2719:January 12,
2153:全国地域人権運動総連合
2055:全国部落解放運動連合会
1738:prefectures
1594: [
1568:同和対策事業特別措置法
1560:standards.
1248:shin-heimin
1152: [
1122:. However,
1112: [
1088: [
916:Provinces.
865:Within the
773: [
749: [
510:During the
480:dōwa mondai
308:Annotation
239:Terminology
175:during the
141:undertakers
7146:Categories
7076:Kyariaūman
6839:Genderless
6704:Hikikomori
6487:Giri choco
6273:Aesthetics
6207:Omotenashi
5804:Luxembourg
5694:Inequality
5359:Superclass
5150:Hereditary
5126:Post-Roman
5117:Patrician
4987:adolescent
4811:Classicide
4068:BLHRRI.Org
3296:October 8,
3267:October 8,
3226:October 6,
3209:北海学園大学学園論集
3151:October 6,
2958:October 6,
2941:北海学園大学学園論集
2566:References
2303:April 2023
1643:employment
1537:employment
1457:dōwa chiku
1427:dōwa chiku
1421:ancestry.
1385:ancestry.
1237:, 'former
946:Edo period
920:Edo Period
718:dōwa chiku
686:Definition
512:feudal era
462:dōwa chiku
177:Edo period
135:, such as
67:April 2023
7152:Burakumin
7108:Salaryman
7039:Ho-Ren-Sō
6928:Akiba-kei
6759:Otokonoko
6644:Burakumin
6394:Etiquette
6364:Wabi-sabi
6301:Jo-ha-kyū
6198:Nemawashi
6189:Mottainai
6100:Isagiyosa
5829:Sri Lanka
5722:Education
5689:Household
5582:Affluence
5517:Rat tribe
5479:Ant tribe
5451:Precariat
5436:Lazzaroni
5378:Bohemians
5339:Overclass
5334:Old money
5270:Spartiate
5245:Kshatriya
5235:Hashashin
5192:Professor
5133:Political
5106:Oligarchy
5096:Hanseaten
5014:Stateless
4994:Convicted
4926:By status
4889:Subaltern
4821:Euthenics
4753:New class
4613:144197076
4447:Residents
4420:Burakumin
4359:142516741
4351:1944-768X
4296:0095-6848
4255:0095-6848
4196:144444326
4188:1037-1397
4155:146819883
4147:1037-1397
4100:1036-6008
4056:Main text
3478:August 7,
3449:April 29,
3383:1076-9005
3254:立命館大学経済学会
3245:「穢多狩」について
3221:0385-7271
3077:0037-783X
2953:0385-7271
2920:April 18,
2501:(To min;
2471:Guangdong
2441:Baekjeong
2273:burakumin
2255:burakumin
2246:Zenkairen
2240:burakumin
2204:June 2021
2139:Zenkairen
2130:Zenkairen
2117:Zenkairen
2096:Zenkairen
2087:burakumin
2081:burakumin
2071:Zenkairen
2025:In 1990,
2015:burakumin
1994:Zenkairen
1978:burakumin
1951:Burakumin
1915:communist
1911:socialist
1884:Suiheisha
1877:burakumin
1865:burakumin
1859:Suiheisha
1851:Suiheisha
1833:Burakumin
1824:burakumin
1803:burakumin
1766:Fukushima
1733:burakumin
1719:Hiroshima
1693:burakumin
1678:burakumin
1672:burakumin
1666:burakumin
1660:burakumin
1654:burakumin
1524:burakumin
1514:burakumin
1508:burakumin
1480:Yoshikawa
1475:burakumin
1469:burakumin
1463:burakumin
1396:burakumin
1382:burakumin
1372:burakumin
1348:suiheisha
1285:The term
1269:burakumin
1213:Yamabushi
1193:abattoirs
1174:commoners
1125:burakumin
1049:burakumin
1024:burakumin
1020:burakumin
1012:burakumin
983:burakumin
924:In 1603,
876:Danzaemon
833:burakumin
818:burakumin
814:burakumin
735:, called
732:burakumin
712:burakumin
706:burakumin
699:Burakumin
693:burakumin
667:burakumin
648:non-human
582:burakumin
543: or
389:Burakumin
372:Burakumin
275:burakumin
246:burakumin
243:The term
205:Danzaemon
182:burakumin
147:workers,
93:burakumin
7129:Zaibatsu
7067:Keiretsu
6964:Shotacon
6938:moe zoku
6910:Omorashi
6827:Bōsōzoku
6736:Jouhatsu
6662:Chūnibyō
6635:Bishōnen
6234:Tsundoku
6140:Fudōshin
6123:Kotodama
6031:Gekokujō
5921:Category
5853:Historic
5774:Colombia
5764:Cambodia
5699:Personal
5597:Mobility
5526:Freedman
5512:Plebeian
5498:Prisoner
5484:Commoner
5370:Creative
5351:Seigneur
5317:Nobility
5275:Vanniyar
5260:Pendekar
5220:Cossacks
4854:Snobbery
4726:Theories
4538:Archived
4206:(1972).
3914:Archived
3864:July 26,
3837:July 29,
3811:Archived
3655:and the
3550:41604121
3241:畑中, 敏之.
3085:40971613
3044:March 7,
3004:March 7,
2633:March 7,
2623:Kotobank
2601:March 7,
2513:Zhejiang
2384:See also
2270:Notable
2235:Honganji
1970:人権啓発センター
1956:Hokkaidō
1800:(1986),
1778:Ishikawa
1762:Yamagata
1742:Hokkaido
1669:and non-
1533:marriage
1441:Hokkaido
1369:against
1197:butchers
1135:Kaihōrei
1101:Kaihōrei
1014:and the
973:hyakushō
942:de facto
360:被差別部落出身者
305:Meaning
266:Japanese
149:butchers
110:are the
7115:Shinise
7058:Karoshi
6973:Reki-jo
6956:Lolicon
6947:Fujoshi
6935:Figure
6887:Visual
6855:Ganguro
6692:Freeter
6626:Bishōjo
6606:Sukeban
6577:Shizoku
6445:Manual
6407:Aizuchi
6225:Sontaku
6216:Shuhari
6167:Zanshin
6158:Shoshin
6064:tatemae
6012:Bushido
5824:Romania
5819:Nigeria
5704:Poverty
5607:Classes
5592:History
5503:Peasant
5489:Outcast
5428:Working
5408:Burgher
5265:Samurai
5255:Ocēlōtl
5215:Chhetri
5207:Warrior
5197:Scholar
5111:Russian
5101:Magnate
5089:Aristoi
5068:By type
4955:Citizen
4948:refugee
4844:Poverty
4838:Parvenu
4772:Related
4743:Marxian
4705:Stratum
4642:2643462
4582:3098878
4483:部落問題研究所
4304:3591967
2552:Bụi đời
2535:Yangtze
2508:duò mín
2495:Jiangsu
2423:General
2361:, actor
2243:issue.
1960:Okinawa
1782:Okinawa
1227:kyu-eta
1195:and as
1164:Okayama
1149:解放令反対一揆
1138:riots (
969:samurai
838:samurai
642:
564:etamura
532:
213:ja:弾左衛門
153:tanners
7197:Yakuza
6994:fandom
6882:Lolita
6864:Gyaruo
6787:Senpai
6778:Sensei
6727:Ikemen
6718:Iemoto
6653:Chikan
6597:Banchō
6586:Heimin
6568:Kazoku
6507:Kamiza
6421:Dogeza
6355:Shibui
6328:Miyabi
6310:Kawaii
6149:Mushin
6114:Kaizen
6082:Ikigai
6040:Hansei
5964:values
5779:France
5759:Belize
5754:Africa
5681:Income
5637:Middle
5630:Gentry
5494:Outlaw
5401:Petite
5388:Middle
5322:Landed
5307:Gentry
5240:Knight
5180:Priest
5175:Clergy
5138:Family
5076:Ruling
5025:collar
4982:Clique
4698:Status
4640:
4611:
4580:
4501:全日本同和会
4445:Buraku
4389:部落問題事典
4357:
4349:
4302:
4294:
4263:133390
4261:
4253:
4218:
4194:
4186:
4153:
4145:
4117:(2011)
4098:
3974:
3893:
3794:
3756:
3721:
3700:
3601:May 8,
3548:
3418:
3412:BLHRRI
3381:
3352:
3311:野口道彦.
3260:
3219:
3185:
3108:
3083:
3075:
2951:
2891:
2854:
2805:
2742:
2691:
2656:
2545:Shanxi
2540:yoh-hu
2499:Duomin
2490:mianhu
2484:si-min
2479:Fujian
2340:buraku
2320:Uniqlo
2145:buraku
2047:Buraku
2041:buraku
1988:Buraku
1936:buraku
1890:After
1812:yakuza
1780:, and
1774:Toyama
1754:Miyagi
1746:Aomori
1724:buraku
1717:, and
1699:buraku
1687:buraku
1648:buraku
1638:buraku
1625:buraku
1620:Kansai
1615:buraku
1584:同和対策事業
1550:buraku
1452:buraku
1445:Tōhoku
1418:buraku
1412:buraku
1402:buraku
1334:buraku
1303:buraku
1275:buraku
1059:buraku
1008:buraku
978:chōnin
934:shogun
930:daimyo
914:Mikawa
906:Suruga
896:, the
809:kawata
793:Shinto
738:kawata
621:buraku
456:buraku
345:被差別部落民
302:Kanji
299:Roman
294:Terms
287:buraku
281:buraku
270:hamlet
252:buraku
151:, and
122:kegare
106:hamlet
18:Buraku
7030:Haken
6919:Otaku
6873:Kogal
6846:Gyaru
6793:kōhai
6686:]
6679:Ebune
6671:Denpa
6617:Bijin
6528:Seiza
6519:Agura
6496:Ninjō
6470:]
6448:keigo
6382:Yūgen
6243:Ukiyo
6058:Honne
5875:Aztec
5834:Tibet
5809:Nepal
5799:Italy
5789:India
5784:Haiti
5769:China
5669:Under
5664:Lower
5642:Black
5625:Donor
5620:Black
5615:Upper
5522:Slave
5471:Under
5327:Petty
5302:Elite
5289:Upper
5230:Harii
5225:Cuāuh
5059:White
5039:Green
4938:Alien
4781:Caste
4638:JSTOR
4609:S2CID
4578:JSTOR
4495:自由同和会
4391:[
4355:S2CID
4300:JSTOR
4259:JSTOR
4192:S2CID
4151:S2CID
4107:(PDF)
4088:(PDF)
3995:(PDF)
3546:JSTOR
3406:[
3250:(PDF)
3081:JSTOR
3038:(PDF)
3025:(PDF)
2883:[
2466:danhu
2461:Tanka
2455:Cagot
2449:Dalit
2429:Caste
2229:life.
2068:, or
1770:Tokyo
1758:Akita
1750:Iwate
1715:Hyogo
1711:Kyoto
1707:Osaka
1598:]
1490:. In
1486:) in
1484:Kōnan
1482:(now
1156:]
1116:]
1092:]
1085:賤民廃止令
1072:Meiji
1016:hinin
1000:hinin
992:hinin
938:fiefs
910:Mutsu
867:hinin
858:, or
847:hinin
826:Hinin
777:]
753:]
679:hinin
658:hinin
627:hinin
579:Some
407:未解放部落
322:被差別部落
233:hinin
225:hinin
194:hinin
164:hinin
116:Meiji
6991:Yaoi
6982:Wota
6790:and
6752:NEET
6711:Idol
6478:Giri
6463:Gimu
6373:Yabo
6283:Ensō
6179:Miai
6061:and
6024:Face
5989:Amae
5980:Aiki
5794:Iran
5507:Serf
5312:Lord
5250:Nair
5143:List
5054:Pink
5044:Grey
5034:Blue
5023:By "
4418:The
4347:ISSN
4292:ISSN
4251:ISSN
4216:ISBN
4184:ISSN
4143:ISSN
4096:ISSN
4066:and
4039:週刊現代
4015:Time
3972:ISBN
3950:2013
3891:ISBN
3866:2005
3839:2019
3792:ISBN
3754:ISBN
3719:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3619:同和地区
3603:2006
3557:2023
3480:2020
3451:2010
3416:ISBN
3379:ISSN
3350:ISBN
3331:2020
3314:同和地区
3298:2020
3269:2020
3258:NAID
3228:2020
3217:ISSN
3183:NAID
3153:2020
3106:ISBN
3073:ISSN
3046:2024
3006:2024
2960:2020
2949:ISSN
2922:2023
2889:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2772:2023
2740:ISBN
2721:2023
2689:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2635:2024
2618:弾座衛門
2603:2024
2525:九姓魚民
2260:Sōtō
2093:The
2008:The
1958:and
1913:and
1535:and
1443:and
1434:同和地区
1326:dōwa
1295:特殊部落
967:of "
962:士農工商
912:and
882:弾左衛門
869:and
676:and
639:lit.
588:mura
529:lit.
502:部落問題
487:同和問題
469:同和地区
434:特殊部落
264:, a
231:and
223:and
199:koku
192:and
161:and
89:The
6890:kei
6396:and
6337:Moe
6292:Iki
5049:New
4630:doi
4601:doi
4570:doi
4339:doi
4284:doi
4243:doi
4176:doi
4135:doi
3538:doi
3213:155
2945:154
2493:in
2477:in
2298:.
2199:.
2166:or
1871:eta
1730:No
1556:eta
1492:Ōtō
1342:水平社
1309:eta
1255:新平民
1240:eta
1234:旧穢多
1206:eta
1188:eta
1179:eta
1169:eta
1109:解放令
1052:in
1004:eta
996:eta
988:eta
902:Kai
872:eta
803:eta
798:eta
762:eta
759:or
746:かわた
673:eta
610:村の者
571:穢多村
558:Eta
517:eta
379:部落民
350:or
229:eta
221:eta
190:eta
158:eta
104:, '
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