187:
456:
mission specialist's seats, as well as the operator of the
Onboard Manipulator System. The middeck or Habitation Compartment (BO), served as the living and sleeping quarters for the crew. It contained lockers, a galley, sleeping bags, and a toilet, in addition to three instrument bays with radio equipment and thermal control systems. Up to six crew members could be seated in the middeck during launch and reentry. The lower deck, known as the Aggregate Compartment (AO) housed the life support system, the power supply systems and parts of the thermal control system. The cockpit was similar in layout to that of the space shuttle, with three
404:
492:) designed for Buran would have been mounted into the forward part of the payload bay. It would be a spherical compartment with a diameter of 2.67 m (8.8 ft), with a cylindrical tunnel leading to the androgynous peripheral docking unit (APAS-89). Unlike the Space Shuttle, the docking compartment for Buran would feature an extendable tunnel to increase clearance between orbiter and station. Another hatch, facing into the payload bay, was designed to support extravehicular activities. The docking module was not installed for 1K's only spaceflight, however the
574:
475:
58:
448:
2179:
846:
565:) 37KB No.37070 was installed into the orbiter's payload bay. It carried recording equipment and accumulators providing power to onboard systems as the regular fuel cells based power system were not ready at the time. The second unit, 37KB No.37071 was built in 1987. A third unit 37KB No.37072 was planned, but this never happened because of the cancellation of the program.
776:. Buran was lifted into space, on an uncrewed mission, by the specially designed Energia rocket. The automated launch sequence performed as specified, and the Energia rocket lifted the vehicle into a temporary orbit before the orbiter separated as programmed. After boosting itself to a higher orbit and completing two orbits around the Earth, the ODU (
624:
387:
2374:
818:, Buran touched down under its own control at 06:24:42 UTC and came to a stop at 06:25:24, 206 minutes after launch. Under a crosswind of 61.2 kilometres per hour (38.0 mph), Buran landed 3 metres (9.8 ft) laterally and 10 metres (33 ft) longitudinally from the target mark. It was the first
609:
The first Buran flight was notable for the automatic landing system electing to perform an unlikely (estimated 3% probability) maneuver at the 20 kilometres (66,000 ft) key point, which was needed to extend the glide distance and bleed excessive energy. The standard approach was from the south
455:
The crew module was an all-metal, welded, pressurised compartment housing the crew's workplaces, control, and life support systems. It had three decks. The flight deck, known as the
Command Compartment (KO), was the workspace for the crew and served to accommodate the commander, pilot, engineer and
394:
The Buran orbiter was built around the airframe, which was its main structural component, since all other components were attached to it. The components necessary for flight made up about 20% of the weight of the orbiter, while another 11% of weight was added by payload systems and removable parts.
293:
The construction of the Buran spacecraft began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale orbiter was rolled out. Over 1,000 companies all over the Soviet Union were involved in construction and development. The Buran spacecraft was made to be launched on the Soviet Union's super-heavy lift vehicle,
605:
The automatic landing system was capable of performing a fully automatic descent, approach and landing from any point located in the "admissible starting conditions area" at 100 kilometres (62 mi) altitude, controlling the orbiter's flight during the descent. The descent profile covered 8,000
614:
course. Instead, it performed additional turns in both directions and overflew the field to its northern side, before making a right turn back onto the final course. The landing system elected to perform the maneuver as the orbiter's energy didn't decrease enough due to strong-gusty winds in the
434:
The Buran and Space
Shuttle orbiters were exposed to similar temperatures, and both had similar levels of insulation. Compared to the Space Shuttle, Buran had a different tile layout on its underside, in which all gaps between heat tiles are parallel or perpendicular to the direction of airflow
426:
coating. The black coating in the tiles helped dissipate heat, and, similarly to the tiles used in the Space
Shuttle, the Buran tiles were glued to the orbiter. The sides of the heat tiles facing the orbiter were left uncoated to equalize the material pressure with the surroundings, preventing
186:
596:
used four such AL-31 engines to perform powered atmospheric flight tests, however a decision was made in late 1987/early 1988 not to use the engines on flight articles. Accordingly, for the first Buran orbital flight the engines were not installed.
526:
to support operations with payload. It could be operated both in manual and automatic modes. The orbiter could carry, depending on the mission, one or two manipulator arms. The
Onboard Manipulator System was not installed for 1K's orbital flight.
591:
jet engines in special nacelles either side of the tailfin, which could be used in the final phase of reentry to modify the approach path. Mock-up nacelles were installed on test articles OK-ML1 and OK-MT and aerodynamic analogue
276:. Besides describing the first operational Soviet/Russian shuttle orbiter, "Buran" was also the designation for the entire Soviet/Russian spaceplane project and its flight articles, which were known as "Buran-class orbiters".
523:
743:
547:. These modules had to be both compartments to conduct experiments and logistics volume, and could be mounted either in the payload bay and connected to the crew cabin via tunnel, or be temporarily docked to
722:, which was propelled by a combination of solid boosters and the orbiter's own liquid-propellant engines fuelled from a large tank, the Soviet/Russian Energia launch system used thrust from each booster's
2708:
1355:. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. Berlin ; New York : Chichester, UK: Springer ; Published in association with Praxis Pub. pp. 139–142, 327–328, 298–300.
435:
through the orbiter's lower surface. This layout was designed to reduce heat in between tiles, and in the boundary layer between the tiles and the atmosphere, while helping maintain a
1668:
418:
The lower surface of the Buran orbiter was covered in 38,600 carbon-carbon heat shielding tiles designed to withstand 100 reentries. These tiles were very similar to the ones on the
822:
to perform an uncrewed flight, including landing in fully automatic mode. It was later found that Buran had lost eight of its 38,000 thermal tiles over the course of its flight.
2693:
606:
kilometres (4,300 nmi) through the atmosphere during the approach and eventually slowed down from 28,000 kilometres per hour (15,000 kn) to zero.
2407:
265:. Buran completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988, and was destroyed in 2002 due to the collapse of its storage hangar. The Buran-class orbiters used the
2688:
1909:
2157:
500:
space station was equipped with an APAS-89 docking port for potential visits to the station by future Buran flights and was later used during the
451:
Top of the Buran crew module, at the front of the ship, with the flight deck (Command
Compartment - KO) visible through the payload bay windows.
2728:
2718:
2678:
1878:
1859:
1572:
1360:
1678:
2713:
1968:
469:
1756:
635:
The dry mass of Buran-class orbiters was quoted 62 tonnes, with a maximum payload of 30 tonnes, for a maximum launch mass of 105 tonnes.
2723:
2529:
2227:
1782:
2698:
427:
additional mechanical loads. There were deliberate gaps between tiles to allow for thermal expansion. The gaps were filled with
2400:
2253:
831:
830:
In 1989, it was projected that Buran would have an uncrewed second flight by 1993, with a duration of 15–20 days. However, the
403:
273:
2673:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2022:
2017:
2012:
1902:
888:
883:
878:
943:
615:
area, measured at 15 metres per second (29 kn) and gusting up to 20 metres per second (39 kn) at ground level.
2612:
2150:
2041:
773:
2733:
1673:
474:
1025:
2703:
2683:
2420:
2393:
1512:
765:
764:
The only orbital launch of a Buran-class orbiter, 1K1 (1К1: first orbiter, first flight) occurred at 03:00:02
1169:
573:
2416:
1541:
1392:
1199:
1140:
1452:
1322:
1259:
1229:
1105:
2292:
2236:
2220:
1895:
901:
266:
1482:
1289:
2282:
2262:
2143:
803:'Combined Propulsion System') engines fired automatically to begin the descent into the atmosphere,
786:
705:
2624:
2272:
2246:
1927:
1790:
859:
754:
447:
57:
2572:
2438:
2197:
2193:
1700:
907:
804:
423:
412:
2494:
2103:
1847:
1422:
2577:
2534:
2524:
2509:
2489:
2119:
2049:
2038:
798:
769:
2607:
2448:
2059:
851:
815:
1505:"Траектории спуска и посадки орбитального корабля "Буран". Алгоритмы автоматического управления"
2597:
1874:
1855:
1568:
1366:
1356:
895:
2463:
2124:
2098:
1941:
1642:
777:
727:
695:
628:
457:
269:
219:
207:
194:
1871:
History and
Transportation of the Russian Space Shuttle OK-GLI to the Technik Museum Speyer
2514:
2458:
2208:
2204:
1918:
691:
Total orbital manoeuvring engine thrust: 17,600 kgf (173,000 N; 39,000 lbf)
431:, rope, alkaline elements, inserts and brush seals, and the tiles were also waterproofed.
262:
81:
2135:
395:
The wings of the orbiter contained elevators which could be deflected from +35° to −20°.
1851:
2519:
2054:
611:
70:
2178:
2667:
2650:
2541:
1385:"Средства обеспечения работ с полезным грузом: система бортовых манипуляторов "Аист""
719:
419:
285:
246:
2629:
2617:
2551:
2546:
969:
834:
led to funding drying up and the Buran programme was officially cancelled in 1993.
588:
436:
428:
102:
31:
524:
Central
Research and Development Institute for Robotics and Technical Cybernetics
2468:
1588:
913:
501:
482:
using the docking module in the forward part of the payload bay (artist concept)
2385:
1729:
947:
841:
819:
258:
1370:
17:
2587:
997:
644:
Total mass of structure and landing systems: 42,000 kg (93,000 lb)
1350:
1813:
1033:
647:
Mass of functional systems and propulsion: 33,000 kg (73,000 lb)
1961:
552:
540:
519:
493:
234:
1504:
1165:
2373:
2330:
2003:
1956:
1951:
1191:
1132:
1076:
1055:
870:
731:
623:
544:
386:
1534:
1384:
1282:"Конструкция "Бурана" - система отображения информации (СОИ) в кабине"
1221:
1097:
2307:
1984:
1643:"S.P.Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia held a ceremony..."
1616:
1444:
1314:
1251:
864:
734:
liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engines attached to the central block.
726:
liquid oxygen/kerosene engine (each with four nozzles), developed by
723:
593:
408:
66:
1281:
711:
Average RCS specific impulse: 275–295 seconds (2.70–2.89 km/s)
2082:
2077:
1887:
1474:
741:
622:
572:
473:
446:
402:
385:
185:
581:
Orbital maneuvering was provided by the Joint
Propulsion System (
1739:
808:
742:
242:
2389:
2139:
1891:
1869:
Elser, Heinz; Elser-Haft, Margrit; Lukashevich, Vladim (2008).
714:
Normal maximum propellant load: 14,500 kg (32,000 lb)
1946:
1565:
Mirovaja pilotiruemaja kosmonavtika: istorija, technika, ljudi
548:
497:
479:
2372:
2177:
1417:[History of the Central Research Institute of RTK].
1757:"Russia starts ambitious super-heavy space rocket project"
1414:
1252:"Модуль кабины (МК) орбитального корабля "Буран" (11Ф35)"
708:
thrust: 14,866 kgf (145,790 N; 32,770 lbf)
653:
Maximum liftoff weight: 105,000 kg (231,000 lb)
1445:""Буран" - полет в никуда? (К 10-летию со дня запуска)"
1056:""Reusable space system "Energia – Buran" (in russian)"
1535:"Полет орбитального корабля "Буран" 15 ноября 1988 г."
1723:
1721:
1669:"The Forgotten Soviet Space Shuttle Could Fly Itself"
791:
2640:
2562:
2479:
2428:
2112:
2091:
2070:
2031:
1977:
1934:
539:capabilities, pressurized modules similar to ESA's
173:
165:
154:
136:
116:
108:
98:
90:
77:
46:
587:). The initial design of the orbiter included two
2709:Spacecraft launched by Zenit and Energia rockets
1563:Baturin, Ju M.; Baturin, Jurij M., eds. (2005).
675:Payload bay diameter: 4.65 m (15.3 ft)
650:Maximum payload: 30,000 kg (66,000 lb)
577:Orbital maneuvering engines at the back of Buran
1783:"Largest spacecraft to orbit and land unmanned"
970:"Eight feared dead in Baikonur hangar collapse"
749:during launch of flight 1K1 on 15 November 1988
672:Payload bay length: 18.55 m (60.9 ft)
1751:
1749:
627:Buran on launch configuration, attached to an
2401:
2151:
1903:
1728:Boris Chertok (2005). Asif A. Siddiqi (ed.).
1315:"Сменные отсеки и универсальное оборудование"
1019:
1017:
1015:
582:
560:
513:
487:
261:to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian
47:
8:
2241:(OV-101, atmospheric tests, retired in 1979)
1611:
1609:
39:
1475:"Объединенная двигательная установка (ОДУ)"
669:Height on gear: 16.35 m (53.6 ft)
224:
2408:
2394:
2386:
2188:
2158:
2144:
2136:
1910:
1896:
1888:
327:Start of comprehensive electrical testing
294:Energia. The Buran program ended in 1993.
38:
1309:
1307:
610:and consisted of two left turns onto the
2694:Partially reusable space launch vehicles
1844:Energiya-Buran: The Soviet Space Shuttle
1352:Energiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle
946:. NASA. 12 November 1997. Archived from
916:– Soviet air-launched spaceplane concept
898:– Soviet air-launched spaceplane concept
296:
1160:
1158:
926:
1127:
1125:
1123:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
814:After making an automated approach to
793:Ob"yedinennaya Dvigatel'naya Ustanovka
1589:"The orbiters and the launch vehicle"
1344:
1342:
1340:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
666:Wingspan: 23.92 m (78.5 ft)
218:
112:Russian for "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"
7:
1969:Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
1617:"Экипажи "Бурана" Несбывшиеся планы"
1172:from the original on 9 November 2020
663:Length: 36.37 m (119.3 ft)
470:Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
390:Buran OK-1.01 orbiter general layout
356:15 November 1987 – 15 February 1988
1842:Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007).
1349:Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007).
782:Объединенная Двигательная Установка
584:Объединенная Двигательная Установка
559:maiden flight, the Accessory Unit (
1544:from the original on 16 April 2022
1515:from the original on 16 April 2022
1485:from the original on 17 April 2020
1455:from the original on 30 April 2020
1395:from the original on 30 April 2020
1325:from the original on 30 April 2020
1292:from the original on 30 April 2020
1262:from the original on 30 April 2020
1232:from the original on 30 April 2020
1202:from the original on 30 April 2020
1143:from the original on 30 April 2020
1108:from the original on 27 April 2020
867:– Buran Analog BST-02 test vehicle
701:Total manoeuvring impulse: unknown
518:), similar to the Space Shuttle's
25:
996:Zak, Anatoly (25 December 2018).
319:Fuselage delivery to NPO Energia
2689:Man-made disasters in Kazakhstan
1846:. Springer-Praxis. p. 526.
1667:Brian Handwerk (12 April 2016).
1425:from the original on 13 May 2020
904:– Soviet spaceplane test program
844:
512:The Onboard Manipulator System (
407:Buran heat tiles visible on the
56:
832:dissolution of the Soviet Union
422:. The tiles had an antioxidant
274:super heavy-lift launch vehicle
698:: 362 seconds (3.55 km/s)
515:Система Бортовых Манипуляторов
411:aerotester, on display at the
174:
155:
1:
910:– American spaceplane program
555:radial docking port. On Buran
27:Soviet winged orbital vehicle
2729:2002 disasters in Kazakhstan
2719:Tailless delta-wing aircraft
2679:Aircraft first flown in 1988
1787:www.guinnessworldrecords.com
678:Wing chine sweep: 78 degrees
562:Блок Дополнительных Приборов
439:airflow around the orbiter.
30:For the cruise missile, see
2714:Spacecraft launched in 1988
2311:(BTS-02, atmospheric tests)
1701:"Buran-Energia: 1st Flight"
1674:National Geographic Society
792:
694:Orbital manoeuvring engine
543:were designed based on the
193:on a Soviet stamp, with an
2750:
2530:Command and service module
752:
467:
283:
29:
2370:
2287:(OV-105, retired in 2011)
2277:(OV-104, retired in 2011)
2267:(OV-103, retired in 2011)
2186:
2175:
1925:
1873:. Technik Museum Speyer.
1818:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1567:. Moskva: Izdat. RTSoft.
1030:Encyclopedia Astronautics
805:return to the launch site
781:
768:on 15 November 1988 from
583:
561:
514:
488:
351:Final assembly completed
211:
55:
48:
2724:1988 in the Soviet Union
2335:(1.02, 95–97% completed)
998:"Buran reusable orbiter"
902:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105
601:Automatic landing system
478:Shuttle Buran docked to
343:Start of final assembly
2699:Rocket-powered aircraft
1738:]. History Series.
522:, was developed at the
253:, construction number:
2377:
2351:(partially dismantled)
2297:(OV-098, ground tests)
2182:
1791:Guinness World Records
1098:"Конструкция "Бурана""
860:List of Buran missions
755:List of Buran missions
750:
681:Wing sweep: 45 degrees
632:
578:
483:
452:
415:
391:
364:19 May – 10 June 1988
198:
142:; 35 years ago
124:; 22 years ago
2376:
2194:Space Shuttle program
2181:
1705:www.buran-energia.com
908:Space Shuttle program
745:
626:
576:
477:
450:
424:molybdenum disilicide
413:Technik Museum Speyer
406:
389:
382:Technical description
375:Orbital flight (1K1)
335:Delivery to Baikonur
284:Further information:
189:
140:15 November 1988
2674:Buran-class orbiters
1077:"ground preparation"
486:The docking module (
2535:Apollo Lunar Module
2039:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1852:2007ebss.book.....H
1000:. Russian Space Web
871:Buran shuttle 1.02
770:Baikonur Cosmodrome
738:Operational history
730:, and another four
272:rocket, a class of
91:Construction number
43:
2734:2002 in Kazakhstan
2378:
2183:
2166:Space Shuttle and
1793:. 15 November 1988
1763:. 19 November 2013
1736:Rockets and People
1648:. 14 November 2008
1415:"История ЦНИИ РТК"
1192:"Типы теплозащиты"
889:Buran shuttle 2.03
884:Buran shuttle 2.02
879:Buran shuttle 2.01
852:Spaceflight portal
809:horizontal landing
751:
633:
579:
531:Laboratory modules
508:Remote manipulator
489:Стыковочный Модуль
484:
453:
416:
392:
359:Testing in MIK OK
199:
2704:Soviet inventions
2684:Crewed spacecraft
2661:
2660:
2417:Crewed spacecraft
2383:
2382:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2326:
2323:destroyed in 2002
2312:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2254:destroyed in 2003
2242:
2232:
2228:destroyed in 1986
2133:
2132:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1880:978-3-9809437-7-2
1861:978-0-387-69848-9
1574:978-5-9900271-2-1
1362:978-0-387-69848-9
1036:on 20 August 2016
896:MAKS (spacecraft)
826:Projected flights
802:
790:
379:
378:
372:15 November 1988
348:15 November 1987
311:Assembly started
184:
183:
16:(Redirected from
2741:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2320:
2310:
2296:
2286:
2276:
2266:
2250:
2240:
2224:
2189:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1928:List of missions
1912:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1884:
1865:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1681:on 15 April 2016
1677:. Archived from
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1133:"Раскрой плиток"
1129:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:. Archived from
1021:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
993:
978:
977:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
950:on 4 August 2006
940:
854:
849:
848:
847:
797:
795:
785:
783:
728:Valentin Glushko
696:specific impulse
586:
585:
564:
563:
558:
538:
517:
516:
491:
490:
420:US Space Shuttle
297:
257:) was the first
240:
237:
232:
229:
226:
222:
220:[bʊˈran]
217:
213:
176:
157:
150:
148:
143:
132:
130:
125:
122:12 May 2002
60:
51:
50:
44:
21:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2636:
2558:
2475:
2424:
2414:
2384:
2379:
2368:
2363:
2301:
2205:Buran programme
2203:Soviet/Russian
2184:
2171:
2170:-class orbiters
2164:
2134:
2129:
2108:
2087:
2066:
2027:
1973:
1930:
1921:
1919:Buran programme
1916:
1881:
1868:
1862:
1841:
1838:
1836:Further reading
1833:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
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1755:
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1747:
1727:
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1666:
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1640:
1636:
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1615:
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1607:
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1557:
1547:
1545:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1473:
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1468:
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1456:
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1442:
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1428:
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1413:
1412:
1408:
1398:
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1383:
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1328:
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1235:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1166:"Buran Orbiter"
1164:
1163:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
981:
974:Spaceflight Now
968:
967:
963:
953:
951:
942:
941:
928:
923:
850:
845:
843:
840:
828:
762:
757:
740:
621:
603:
571:
556:
536:
535:To expand Buran
533:
510:
472:
466:
445:
401:
384:
291:
282:
238:
233:
230:
227:
215:
146:
144:
141:
128:
126:
123:
121:
73:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2647:United States
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2604:United States
2602:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2563:In development
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:United States
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:United States
2453:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2327:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2243:
2233:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2192:United States
2187:
2185:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:Landing sites
2044:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1804:
1774:
1745:
1742:. p. 179.
1731:Raketi i lyudi
1717:
1692:
1659:
1634:
1605:
1580:
1573:
1555:
1526:
1496:
1481:(in Russian).
1466:
1451:(in Russian).
1436:
1406:
1391:(in Russian).
1376:
1361:
1336:
1321:(in Russian).
1303:
1273:
1258:(in Russian).
1243:
1213:
1183:
1154:
1119:
1089:
1068:
1047:
1011:
979:
976:. 16 May 2002.
961:
925:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
911:
905:
899:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
868:
862:
856:
855:
839:
836:
827:
824:
761:
760:Orbital flight
758:
753:Main article:
739:
736:
718:Unlike the US
716:
715:
712:
709:
702:
699:
692:
683:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
639:Mass breakdown
620:
619:Specifications
617:
612:final approach
602:
599:
570:
567:
532:
529:
509:
506:
496:module of the
465:
464:Docking system
462:
444:
441:
400:
397:
383:
380:
377:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
361:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
345:
344:
341:
337:
336:
333:
332:December 1984
329:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
301:
281:
278:
182:
181:
178:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
152:
151:
138:
134:
133:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
85:-class orbiter
79:
75:
74:
71:Paris Air Show
61:
53:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2746:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2652:
2651:SpaceShip III
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Space Shuttle
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:Soviet Union
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
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2427:
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2399:
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2392:
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2275:
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2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:
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2248:
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2239:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
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1894:
1893:
1890:
1882:
1876:
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1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1792:
1788:
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1752:
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1737:
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1724:
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1718:
1706:
1702:
1696:
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1670:
1663:
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1612:
1610:
1606:
1594:
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1576:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1556:
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1536:
1530:
1527:
1514:
1510:
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1497:
1484:
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1476:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1372:
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1358:
1354:
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1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
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1310:
1308:
1304:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:"Теплозащита"
1217:
1214:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
999:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
980:
975:
971:
965:
962:
949:
945:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
927:
920:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
893:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
842:
837:
835:
833:
825:
823:
821:
817:
812:
811:on a runway.
810:
806:
800:
794:
788:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
756:
748:
744:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:Space Shuttle
713:
710:
707:
703:
700:
697:
693:
690:
689:
688:
687:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
661:
660:
659:
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641:
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636:
630:
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613:
607:
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598:
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568:
566:
554:
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546:
542:
530:
528:
525:
521:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
481:
476:
471:
463:
461:
459:
449:
442:
440:
438:
432:
430:
425:
421:
414:
410:
405:
398:
396:
388:
381:
374:
371:
370:
367:Test rollout
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
330:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
314:
310:
307:
306:
302:
299:
298:
295:
290:
288:
279:
277:
275:
271:
268:
264:
263:Buran program
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:serial number
244:
236:
221:
209:
205:
204:
196:
192:
188:
179:
172:
168:
164:
160:
153:
139:
135:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
54:
45:
42:
37:
33:
19:
18:Buran Shuttle
2630:Dream Chaser
2618:Starship HLS
2552:SpaceShipTwo
2547:SpaceShipOne
2499:
2359:(dismantled)
2343:(incomplete)
2329:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2235:
2226:
2219:
2167:
2104:An-225 Mriya
2002:
1993:
1992:
1870:
1843:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1760:
1735:
1730:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:the original
1672:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1645:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1623:(in Russian)
1620:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:
1583:
1564:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1537:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1508:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1418:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1351:
1327:. Retrieved
1318:
1294:. Retrieved
1286:www.buran.ru
1285:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1255:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1226:www.buran.ru
1225:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1196:www.buran.ru
1195:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1145:. Retrieved
1137:www.buran.ru
1136:
1110:. Retrieved
1102:www.buran.ru
1101:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1029:
1024:Wade, Mark.
1002:. Retrieved
973:
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:the original
872:
829:
813:
763:
746:
717:
685:
684:
657:
656:
638:
637:
634:
608:
604:
589:Saturn AL-31
580:
534:
511:
485:
454:
433:
429:quartz fiber
417:
393:
316:August 1983
292:
286:
280:Construction
254:
250:
202:
201:
200:
190:
166:Crew members
137:First flight
103:Soviet Union
82:
69:at the 1989
62:
40:
36:
32:RSS-40 Buran
2469:New Shepard
2459:Crew Dragon
2113:Space suits
1812:Mark Wade.
1767:13 December
1761:Space Daily
1652:3 September
1296:29 November
1236:29 November
1206:29 November
1176:29 November
1147:29 November
1112:29 November
914:Tupolev OOS
502:Shuttle-Mir
443:Crew module
340:April 1986
324:March 1984
158:of missions
109:Named after
2668:Categories
2293:Pathfinder
2237:Enterprise
2221:Challenger
2060:Yubileyniy
1935:Components
1646:Energia.ru
921:References
820:spaceplane
774:pad 110/37
686:Propulsion
658:Dimensions
569:Propulsion
545:37K design
468:See also:
460:displays.
303:Milestone
267:expendable
259:spaceplane
147:1988-11-15
129:2002-05-12
2641:Cancelled
2625:Blue Moon
2588:Gaganyaan
2464:Starliner
2283:Endeavour
2263:Discovery
2251:(OV-102,
2225:(OV-099,
1371:153582339
954:15 August
787:romanized
504:program.
177:of orbits
120:Destroyed
2613:Starship
2573:Mengzhou
2439:Shenzhou
2421:programs
2273:Atlantis
2247:Columbia
2209:orbiters
2198:orbiters
2050:Baherove
2042:Site 110
1988:(BTS-02)
1978:Orbiters
1962:Kristall
1797:10 March
1710:20 March
1685:12 April
1627:5 August
1621:Buran.ru
1593:Buran.su
1542:Archived
1538:Буран.ру
1513:Archived
1509:Буран.ру
1489:13 April
1483:Archived
1479:Buran.ru
1459:13 April
1453:Archived
1449:Buran.ru
1429:13 April
1423:Archived
1399:13 April
1393:Archived
1389:Buran.ru
1329:13 April
1323:Archived
1319:Buran.ru
1290:Archived
1266:13 April
1260:Archived
1256:Buran.ru
1230:Archived
1200:Archived
1170:Archived
1141:Archived
1106:Archived
1082:12 April
1061:12 April
838:See also
816:Site 251
553:Kristall
541:Spacelab
494:Kristall
399:Exterior
249:: 11F35
235:blizzard
2594:Russia
2515:Mercury
2495:Voskhod
2480:Retired
2445:Russia
2331:Ptichka
2321:(1.01,
2092:Support
2071:Testing
2004:Ptichka
1957:Kvant-2
1952:Kvant-1
1942:Energia
1848:Bibcode
1814:"Buran"
1598:28 June
1548:15 July
1519:15 July
1040:28 June
1026:"Buran"
1004:28 June
944:"Buran"
873:Ptichka
801:
789::
778:Russian
772:launch
732:RD-0120
629:Energia
437:laminar
289:program
270:Energia
228:
208:Russian
197:rocket.
195:Energia
145: (
127: (
99:Country
2584:India
2578:Lanyue
2569:China
2525:Apollo
2520:Gemini
2490:Vostok
2435:China
2429:Active
2308:OK-GLI
2120:Strizh
2055:Khorol
2008:(1.02)
1998:(1.01)
1985:OK-GLI
1877:
1858:
1823:2 July
1571:
1419:RTC.ru
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