176:
445:
mission specialist's seats, as well as the operator of the
Onboard Manipulator System. The middeck or Habitation Compartment (BO), served as the living and sleeping quarters for the crew. It contained lockers, a galley, sleeping bags, and a toilet, in addition to three instrument bays with radio equipment and thermal control systems. Up to six crew members could be seated in the middeck during launch and reentry. The lower deck, known as the Aggregate Compartment (AO) housed the life support system, the power supply systems and parts of the thermal control system. The cockpit was similar in layout to that of the space shuttle, with three
393:
481:) designed for Buran would have been mounted into the forward part of the payload bay. It would be a spherical compartment with a diameter of 2.67 m (8.8 ft), with a cylindrical tunnel leading to the androgynous peripheral docking unit (APAS-89). Unlike the Space Shuttle, the docking compartment for Buran would feature an extendable tunnel to increase clearance between orbiter and station. Another hatch, facing into the payload bay, was designed to support extravehicular activities. The docking module was not installed for 1K's only spaceflight, however the
563:
464:
47:
437:
2168:
835:
554:) 37KB No.37070 was installed into the orbiter's payload bay. It carried recording equipment and accumulators providing power to onboard systems as the regular fuel cells based power system were not ready at the time. The second unit, 37KB No.37071 was built in 1987. A third unit 37KB No.37072 was planned, but this never happened because of the cancellation of the program.
765:. Buran was lifted into space, on an uncrewed mission, by the specially designed Energia rocket. The automated launch sequence performed as specified, and the Energia rocket lifted the vehicle into a temporary orbit before the orbiter separated as programmed. After boosting itself to a higher orbit and completing two orbits around the Earth, the ODU (
613:
376:
2363:
807:, Buran touched down under its own control at 06:24:42 UTC and came to a stop at 06:25:24, 206 minutes after launch. Under a crosswind of 61.2 kilometres per hour (38.0 mph), Buran landed 3 metres (9.8 ft) laterally and 10 metres (33 ft) longitudinally from the target mark. It was the first
598:
The first Buran flight was notable for the automatic landing system electing to perform an unlikely (estimated 3% probability) maneuver at the 20 kilometres (66,000 ft) key point, which was needed to extend the glide distance and bleed excessive energy. The standard approach was from the south
444:
The crew module was an all-metal, welded, pressurised compartment housing the crew's workplaces, control, and life support systems. It had three decks. The flight deck, known as the
Command Compartment (KO), was the workspace for the crew and served to accommodate the commander, pilot, engineer and
383:
The Buran orbiter was built around the airframe, which was its main structural component, since all other components were attached to it. The components necessary for flight made up about 20% of the weight of the orbiter, while another 11% of weight was added by payload systems and removable parts.
282:
The construction of the Buran spacecraft began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale orbiter was rolled out. Over 1,000 companies all over the Soviet Union were involved in construction and development. The Buran spacecraft was made to be launched on the Soviet Union's super-heavy lift vehicle,
594:
The automatic landing system was capable of performing a fully automatic descent, approach and landing from any point located in the "admissible starting conditions area" at 100 kilometres (62 mi) altitude, controlling the orbiter's flight during the descent. The descent profile covered 8,000
603:
course. Instead, it performed additional turns in both directions and overflew the field to its northern side, before making a right turn back onto the final course. The landing system elected to perform the maneuver as the orbiter's energy didn't decrease enough due to strong-gusty winds in the
423:
The Buran and Space
Shuttle orbiters were exposed to similar temperatures, and both had similar levels of insulation. Compared to the Space Shuttle, Buran had a different tile layout on its underside, in which all gaps between heat tiles are parallel or perpendicular to the direction of airflow
415:
coating. The black coating in the tiles helped dissipate heat, and, similarly to the tiles used in the Space
Shuttle, the Buran tiles were glued to the orbiter. The sides of the heat tiles facing the orbiter were left uncoated to equalize the material pressure with the surroundings, preventing
175:
585:
used four such AL-31 engines to perform powered atmospheric flight tests, however a decision was made in late 1987/early 1988 not to use the engines on flight articles. Accordingly, for the first Buran orbital flight the engines were not installed.
515:
to support operations with payload. It could be operated both in manual and automatic modes. The orbiter could carry, depending on the mission, one or two manipulator arms. The
Onboard Manipulator System was not installed for 1K's orbital flight.
580:
jet engines in special nacelles either side of the tailfin, which could be used in the final phase of reentry to modify the approach path. Mock-up nacelles were installed on test articles OK-ML1 and OK-MT and aerodynamic analogue
265:. Besides describing the first operational Soviet/Russian shuttle orbiter, "Buran" was also the designation for the entire Soviet/Russian spaceplane project and its flight articles, which were known as "Buran-class orbiters".
512:
732:
536:. These modules had to be both compartments to conduct experiments and logistics volume, and could be mounted either in the payload bay and connected to the crew cabin via tunnel, or be temporarily docked to
711:, which was propelled by a combination of solid boosters and the orbiter's own liquid-propellant engines fuelled from a large tank, the Soviet/Russian Energia launch system used thrust from each booster's
2697:
1344:. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. Berlin ; New York : Chichester, UK: Springer ; Published in association with Praxis Pub. pp. 139–142, 327–328, 298–300.
424:
through the orbiter's lower surface. This layout was designed to reduce heat in between tiles, and in the boundary layer between the tiles and the atmosphere, while helping maintain a
1657:
407:
The lower surface of the Buran orbiter was covered in 38,600 carbon-carbon heat shielding tiles designed to withstand 100 reentries. These tiles were very similar to the ones on the
811:
to perform an uncrewed flight, including landing in fully automatic mode. It was later found that Buran had lost eight of its 38,000 thermal tiles over the course of its flight.
2682:
595:
kilometres (4,300 nmi) through the atmosphere during the approach and eventually slowed down from 28,000 kilometres per hour (15,000 kn) to zero.
2396:
254:. Buran completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988, and was destroyed in 2002 due to the collapse of its storage hangar. The Buran-class orbiters used the
2677:
1898:
2146:
489:
space station was equipped with an APAS-89 docking port for potential visits to the station by future Buran flights and was later used during the
440:
Top of the Buran crew module, at the front of the ship, with the flight deck (Command
Compartment - KO) visible through the payload bay windows.
2717:
2707:
2667:
1867:
1848:
1561:
1349:
1667:
2702:
1957:
458:
1745:
624:
The dry mass of Buran-class orbiters was quoted 62 tonnes, with a maximum payload of 30 tonnes, for a maximum launch mass of 105 tonnes.
2712:
2518:
2216:
1771:
2687:
416:
additional mechanical loads. There were deliberate gaps between tiles to allow for thermal expansion. The gaps were filled with
2389:
2242:
820:
819:
In 1989, it was projected that Buran would have an uncrewed second flight by 1993, with a duration of 15–20 days. However, the
392:
262:
2662:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1891:
877:
872:
867:
932:
604:
area, measured at 15 metres per second (29 kn) and gusting up to 20 metres per second (39 kn) at ground level.
2601:
2139:
2030:
762:
2722:
1662:
463:
1014:
2692:
2672:
2409:
2382:
1501:
754:
753:
The only orbital launch of a Buran-class orbiter, 1K1 (1К1: first orbiter, first flight) occurred at 03:00:02
1158:
562:
2405:
1530:
1381:
1188:
1129:
1441:
1311:
1248:
1218:
1094:
2281:
2225:
2209:
1884:
890:
255:
1471:
1278:
2271:
2251:
2132:
792:'Combined Propulsion System') engines fired automatically to begin the descent into the atmosphere,
775:
694:
2613:
2261:
2235:
1916:
1779:
848:
743:
436:
46:
2561:
2427:
2186:
2182:
1689:
896:
793:
412:
401:
2483:
2092:
1836:
1411:
2566:
2523:
2513:
2498:
2478:
2108:
2038:
2027:
787:
758:
2596:
2437:
2048:
840:
804:
1494:"Траектории спуска и посадки орбитального корабля "Буран". Алгоритмы автоматического управления"
2586:
1863:
1844:
1557:
1355:
1345:
884:
2452:
2113:
2087:
1930:
1631:
766:
716:
684:
617:
446:
258:
208:
196:
183:
1860:
History and
Transportation of the Russian Space Shuttle OK-GLI to the Technik Museum Speyer
2503:
2447:
2197:
2193:
1907:
680:
Total orbital manoeuvring engine thrust: 17,600 kgf (173,000 N; 39,000 lbf)
420:, rope, alkaline elements, inserts and brush seals, and the tiles were also waterproofed.
251:
70:
2124:
384:
The wings of the orbiter contained elevators which could be deflected from +35° to −20°.
1840:
2508:
2043:
600:
59:
2167:
2656:
2639:
2530:
1374:"Средства обеспечения работ с полезным грузом: система бортовых манипуляторов "Аист""
708:
408:
274:
235:
2618:
2606:
2540:
2535:
958:
823:
led to funding drying up and the Buran programme was officially cancelled in 1993.
577:
425:
417:
91:
20:
513:
Central
Research and Development Institute for Robotics and Technical Cybernetics
2457:
1577:
902:
490:
471:
using the docking module in the forward part of the payload bay (artist concept)
2374:
1718:
936:
830:
808:
247:
1359:
2576:
986:
633:
Total mass of structure and landing systems: 42,000 kg (93,000 lb)
1339:
1802:
1022:
636:
Mass of functional systems and propulsion: 33,000 kg (73,000 lb)
1950:
541:
529:
508:
482:
223:
1493:
1154:
2362:
2319:
1992:
1945:
1940:
1180:
1121:
1065:
1044:
859:
720:
612:
533:
375:
1523:
1373:
1271:"Конструкция "Бурана" - система отображения информации (СОИ) в кабине"
1210:
1086:
2296:
1973:
1632:"S.P.Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia held a ceremony..."
1605:
1433:
1303:
1240:
853:
723:
liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engines attached to the central block.
715:
liquid oxygen/kerosene engine (each with four nozzles), developed by
712:
582:
397:
55:
1270:
700:
Average RCS specific impulse: 275–295 seconds (2.70–2.89 km/s)
2071:
2066:
1876:
1463:
730:
611:
561:
462:
435:
391:
374:
174:
570:
Orbital maneuvering was provided by the Joint
Propulsion System (
1728:
797:
731:
231:
2378:
2128:
1880:
1858:
Elser, Heinz; Elser-Haft, Margrit; Lukashevich, Vladim (2008).
703:
Normal maximum propellant load: 14,500 kg (32,000 lb)
1935:
1554:
Mirovaja pilotiruemaja kosmonavtika: istorija, technika, ljudi
537:
486:
468:
2361:
2166:
1406:[History of the Central Research Institute of RTK].
1746:"Russia starts ambitious super-heavy space rocket project"
1403:
1241:"Модуль кабины (МК) орбитального корабля "Буран" (11Ф35)"
697:
thrust: 14,866 kgf (145,790 N; 32,770 lbf)
642:
Maximum liftoff weight: 105,000 kg (231,000 lb)
1434:""Буран" - полет в никуда? (К 10-летию со дня запуска)"
1045:""Reusable space system "Energia – Buran" (in russian)"
1524:"Полет орбитального корабля "Буран" 15 ноября 1988 г."
1712:
1710:
1658:"The Forgotten Soviet Space Shuttle Could Fly Itself"
780:
2629:
2551:
2468:
2417:
2101:
2080:
2059:
2020:
1966:
1923:
528:capabilities, pressurized modules similar to ESA's
162:
154:
143:
125:
105:
97:
87:
79:
66:
35:
576:). The initial design of the orbiter included two
2698:Spacecraft launched by Zenit and Energia rockets
1552:Baturin, Ju M.; Baturin, Jurij M., eds. (2005).
664:Payload bay diameter: 4.65 m (15.3 ft)
639:Maximum payload: 30,000 kg (66,000 lb)
566:Orbital maneuvering engines at the back of Buran
1772:"Largest spacecraft to orbit and land unmanned"
959:"Eight feared dead in Baikonur hangar collapse"
738:during launch of flight 1K1 on 15 November 1988
661:Payload bay length: 18.55 m (60.9 ft)
1740:
1738:
616:Buran on launch configuration, attached to an
2390:
2140:
1892:
1717:Boris Chertok (2005). Asif A. Siddiqi (ed.).
1304:"Сменные отсеки и универсальное оборудование"
1008:
1006:
1004:
571:
549:
502:
476:
250:to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian
36:
8:
2230:(OV-101, atmospheric tests, retired in 1979)
1600:
1598:
28:
1464:"Объединенная двигательная установка (ОДУ)"
658:Height on gear: 16.35 m (53.6 ft)
213:
2397:
2383:
2375:
2177:
2147:
2133:
2125:
1899:
1885:
1877:
316:Start of comprehensive electrical testing
283:Energia. The Buran program ended in 1993.
27:
1298:
1296:
599:and consisted of two left turns onto the
2683:Partially reusable space launch vehicles
1833:Energiya-Buran: The Soviet Space Shuttle
1341:Energiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle
935:. NASA. 12 November 1997. Archived from
905:– Soviet air-launched spaceplane concept
887:– Soviet air-launched spaceplane concept
285:
1149:
1147:
915:
1116:
1114:
1112:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
803:After making an automated approach to
782:Ob"yedinennaya Dvigatel'naya Ustanovka
1578:"The orbiters and the launch vehicle"
1333:
1331:
1329:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
655:Wingspan: 23.92 m (78.5 ft)
207:
101:Russian for "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"
7:
1958:Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
1606:"Экипажи "Бурана" Несбывшиеся планы"
1161:from the original on 9 November 2020
652:Length: 36.37 m (119.3 ft)
459:Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
379:Buran OK-1.01 orbiter general layout
345:15 November 1987 – 15 February 1988
1831:Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007).
1338:Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007).
771:Объединенная Двигательная Установка
573:Объединенная Двигательная Установка
548:maiden flight, the Accessory Unit (
1533:from the original on 16 April 2022
1504:from the original on 16 April 2022
1474:from the original on 17 April 2020
1444:from the original on 30 April 2020
1384:from the original on 30 April 2020
1314:from the original on 30 April 2020
1281:from the original on 30 April 2020
1251:from the original on 30 April 2020
1221:from the original on 30 April 2020
1191:from the original on 30 April 2020
1132:from the original on 30 April 2020
1097:from the original on 27 April 2020
856:– Buran Analog BST-02 test vehicle
690:Total manoeuvring impulse: unknown
507:), similar to the Space Shuttle's
14:
985:Zak, Anatoly (25 December 2018).
308:Fuselage delivery to NPO Energia
2678:Man-made disasters in Kazakhstan
1835:. Springer-Praxis. p. 526.
1656:Brian Handwerk (12 April 2016).
1414:from the original on 13 May 2020
893:– Soviet spaceplane test program
833:
501:The Onboard Manipulator System (
396:Buran heat tiles visible on the
45:
821:dissolution of the Soviet Union
411:. The tiles had an antioxidant
263:super heavy-lift launch vehicle
687:: 362 seconds (3.55 km/s)
504:Система Бортовых Манипуляторов
400:aerotester, on display at the
163:
144:
1:
899:– American spaceplane program
544:radial docking port. On Buran
16:Soviet winged orbital vehicle
2718:2002 disasters in Kazakhstan
2708:Tailless delta-wing aircraft
2668:Aircraft first flown in 1988
1776:www.guinnessworldrecords.com
667:Wing chine sweep: 78 degrees
551:Блок Дополнительных Приборов
428:airflow around the orbiter.
19:For the cruise missile, see
2703:Spacecraft launched in 1988
2300:(BTS-02, atmospheric tests)
1690:"Buran-Energia: 1st Flight"
1663:National Geographic Society
781:
683:Orbital manoeuvring engine
532:were designed based on the
182:on a Soviet stamp, with an
2739:
2519:Command and service module
741:
456:
272:
18:
2359:
2276:(OV-105, retired in 2011)
2266:(OV-104, retired in 2011)
2256:(OV-103, retired in 2011)
2175:
2164:
1914:
1862:. Technik Museum Speyer.
1807:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1556:. Moskva: Izdat. RTSoft.
1019:Encyclopedia Astronautics
794:return to the launch site
770:
757:on 15 November 1988 from
572:
550:
503:
477:
340:Final assembly completed
200:
44:
37:
2713:1988 in the Soviet Union
2324:(1.02, 95–97% completed)
987:"Buran reusable orbiter"
891:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105
590:Automatic landing system
467:Shuttle Buran docked to
332:Start of final assembly
2688:Rocket-powered aircraft
1727:]. History Series.
511:, was developed at the
242:, construction number:
2366:
2340:(partially dismantled)
2286:(OV-098, ground tests)
2171:
1780:Guinness World Records
1087:"Конструкция "Бурана""
849:List of Buran missions
744:List of Buran missions
739:
670:Wing sweep: 45 degrees
621:
567:
472:
441:
404:
380:
353:19 May – 10 June 1988
187:
131:; 35 years ago
113:; 22 years ago
2365:
2183:Space Shuttle program
2170:
1694:www.buran-energia.com
897:Space Shuttle program
734:
615:
565:
466:
439:
413:molybdenum disilicide
402:Technik Museum Speyer
395:
378:
371:Technical description
364:Orbital flight (1K1)
324:Delivery to Baikonur
273:Further information:
178:
129:15 November 1988
2663:Buran-class orbiters
1066:"ground preparation"
475:The docking module (
2524:Apollo Lunar Module
2028:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1841:2007ebss.book.....H
989:. Russian Space Web
860:Buran shuttle 1.02
759:Baikonur Cosmodrome
727:Operational history
719:, and another four
261:rocket, a class of
80:Construction number
32:
2723:2002 in Kazakhstan
2367:
2172:
2155:Space Shuttle and
1782:. 15 November 1988
1752:. 19 November 2013
1725:Rockets and People
1637:. 14 November 2008
1404:"История ЦНИИ РТК"
1181:"Типы теплозащиты"
878:Buran shuttle 2.03
873:Buran shuttle 2.02
868:Buran shuttle 2.01
841:Spaceflight portal
798:horizontal landing
740:
622:
568:
520:Laboratory modules
497:Remote manipulator
478:Стыковочный Модуль
473:
442:
405:
381:
348:Testing in MIK OK
188:
2693:Soviet inventions
2673:Crewed spacecraft
2650:
2649:
2406:Crewed spacecraft
2372:
2371:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2315:
2312:destroyed in 2002
2301:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2243:destroyed in 2003
2231:
2221:
2217:destroyed in 1986
2122:
2121:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1869:978-3-9809437-7-2
1850:978-0-387-69848-9
1563:978-5-9900271-2-1
1351:978-0-387-69848-9
1025:on 20 August 2016
885:MAKS (spacecraft)
815:Projected flights
791:
779:
368:
367:
361:15 November 1988
337:15 November 1987
300:Assembly started
173:
172:
2730:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2309:
2299:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2255:
2239:
2229:
2213:
2178:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2126:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1917:List of missions
1901:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1873:
1854:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1670:on 15 April 2016
1666:. Archived from
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1335:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1122:"Раскрой плиток"
1118:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1021:. Archived from
1010:
999:
998:
996:
994:
982:
967:
966:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
939:on 4 August 2006
929:
843:
838:
837:
836:
786:
784:
774:
772:
717:Valentin Glushko
685:specific impulse
575:
574:
553:
552:
547:
527:
506:
505:
480:
479:
409:US Space Shuttle
286:
246:) was the first
229:
226:
221:
218:
215:
211:
209:[bʊˈran]
206:
202:
165:
146:
139:
137:
132:
121:
119:
114:
111:12 May 2002
49:
40:
39:
33:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2625:
2547:
2464:
2413:
2403:
2373:
2368:
2357:
2352:
2290:
2194:Buran programme
2192:Soviet/Russian
2173:
2160:
2159:-class orbiters
2153:
2123:
2118:
2097:
2076:
2055:
2016:
1962:
1919:
1910:
1908:Buran programme
1905:
1870:
1857:
1851:
1830:
1827:
1825:Further reading
1822:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
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1716:
1715:
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1625:
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1576:
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1571:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1387:
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1372:
1371:
1367:
1352:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1315:
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1269:
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1254:
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1239:
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1234:
1224:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1155:"Buran Orbiter"
1153:
1152:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1002:
992:
990:
984:
983:
970:
963:Spaceflight Now
957:
956:
952:
942:
940:
931:
930:
917:
912:
839:
834:
832:
829:
817:
751:
746:
729:
610:
592:
560:
545:
525:
524:To expand Buran
522:
499:
461:
455:
434:
390:
373:
280:
271:
227:
222:
219:
216:
204:
135:
133:
130:
117:
115:
112:
110:
62:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2636:United States
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2593:United States
2591:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2552:In development
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:United States
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:United States
2442:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
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2342:
2334:
2326:
2316:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2232:
2222:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2181:United States
2176:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:Landing sites
2033:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1793:
1763:
1734:
1731:. p. 179.
1720:Raketi i lyudi
1706:
1681:
1648:
1623:
1594:
1569:
1562:
1544:
1515:
1485:
1470:(in Russian).
1455:
1440:(in Russian).
1425:
1395:
1380:(in Russian).
1365:
1350:
1325:
1310:(in Russian).
1292:
1262:
1247:(in Russian).
1232:
1202:
1172:
1143:
1108:
1078:
1057:
1036:
1000:
968:
965:. 16 May 2002.
950:
914:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
900:
894:
888:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
857:
851:
845:
844:
828:
825:
816:
813:
750:
749:Orbital flight
747:
742:Main article:
728:
725:
707:Unlike the US
705:
704:
701:
698:
691:
688:
681:
672:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
628:Mass breakdown
609:
608:Specifications
606:
601:final approach
591:
588:
559:
556:
521:
518:
498:
495:
485:module of the
454:
453:Docking system
451:
433:
430:
389:
386:
372:
369:
366:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
330:
326:
325:
322:
321:December 1984
318:
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306:
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294:
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290:
270:
267:
171:
170:
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127:
123:
122:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
74:-class orbiter
68:
64:
63:
60:Paris Air Show
50:
42:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2735:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
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2689:
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2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2641:
2640:SpaceShip III
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
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2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Space Shuttle
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:Soviet Union
2474:
2473:
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2467:
2459:
2456:
2454:
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2204:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
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2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
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2058:
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2047:
2045:
2042:
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2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
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1932:
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1913:
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1266:
1263:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:"Теплозащита"
1206:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
988:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
969:
964:
960:
954:
951:
938:
934:
928:
926:
924:
922:
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916:
909:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
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883:
882:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
831:
826:
824:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
801:
800:on a runway.
799:
795:
789:
783:
777:
768:
764:
760:
756:
748:
745:
737:
733:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:Space Shuttle
702:
699:
696:
692:
689:
686:
682:
679:
678:
677:
676:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
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631:
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629:
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619:
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589:
587:
584:
579:
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557:
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543:
539:
535:
531:
519:
517:
514:
510:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
470:
465:
460:
452:
450:
448:
438:
431:
429:
427:
421:
419:
414:
410:
403:
399:
394:
387:
385:
377:
370:
363:
360:
359:
356:Test rollout
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
343:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
295:
291:
288:
287:
284:
279:
277:
268:
266:
264:
260:
257:
253:
252:Buran program
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:serial number
233:
225:
210:
198:
194:
193:
185:
181:
177:
168:
161:
157:
153:
149:
142:
128:
124:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
34:
31:
26:
22:
2619:Dream Chaser
2607:Starship HLS
2541:SpaceShipTwo
2536:SpaceShipOne
2488:
2348:(dismantled)
2332:(incomplete)
2318:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2241:
2234:
2224:
2215:
2208:
2156:
2093:An-225 Mriya
1991:
1982:
1981:
1859:
1832:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1749:
1724:
1719:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1661:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1634:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1612:(in Russian)
1609:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:
1572:
1553:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1526:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1497:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1377:
1368:
1340:
1316:. Retrieved
1307:
1283:. Retrieved
1275:www.buran.ru
1274:
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1244:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1215:www.buran.ru
1214:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1185:www.buran.ru
1184:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1134:. Retrieved
1126:www.buran.ru
1125:
1099:. Retrieved
1091:www.buran.ru
1090:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1018:
1013:Wade, Mark.
991:. Retrieved
962:
953:
941:. Retrieved
937:the original
861:
818:
802:
752:
735:
706:
674:
673:
646:
645:
627:
626:
623:
597:
593:
578:Saturn AL-31
569:
523:
500:
474:
443:
422:
418:quartz fiber
406:
382:
305:August 1983
281:
275:
269:Construction
243:
239:
191:
190:
189:
179:
155:Crew members
126:First flight
92:Soviet Union
71:
58:at the 1989
51:
29:
25:
21:RSS-40 Buran
2458:New Shepard
2448:Crew Dragon
2102:Space suits
1801:Mark Wade.
1756:13 December
1750:Space Daily
1641:3 September
1285:29 November
1225:29 November
1195:29 November
1165:29 November
1136:29 November
1101:29 November
903:Tupolev OOS
491:Shuttle-Mir
432:Crew module
329:April 1986
313:March 1984
147:of missions
98:Named after
2657:Categories
2282:Pathfinder
2226:Enterprise
2210:Challenger
2049:Yubileyniy
1924:Components
1635:Energia.ru
910:References
809:spaceplane
763:pad 110/37
675:Propulsion
647:Dimensions
558:Propulsion
534:37K design
457:See also:
449:displays.
292:Milestone
256:expendable
248:spaceplane
136:1988-11-15
118:2002-05-12
2630:Cancelled
2614:Blue Moon
2577:Gaganyaan
2453:Starliner
2272:Endeavour
2252:Discovery
2240:(OV-102,
2214:(OV-099,
1360:153582339
943:15 August
776:romanized
493:program.
166:of orbits
109:Destroyed
2602:Starship
2562:Mengzhou
2428:Shenzhou
2410:programs
2262:Atlantis
2236:Columbia
2198:orbiters
2187:orbiters
2039:Baherove
2031:Site 110
1977:(BTS-02)
1967:Orbiters
1951:Kristall
1786:10 March
1699:20 March
1674:12 April
1616:5 August
1610:Buran.ru
1582:Buran.su
1531:Archived
1527:Буран.ру
1502:Archived
1498:Буран.ру
1478:13 April
1472:Archived
1468:Buran.ru
1448:13 April
1442:Archived
1438:Buran.ru
1418:13 April
1412:Archived
1388:13 April
1382:Archived
1378:Buran.ru
1318:13 April
1312:Archived
1308:Buran.ru
1279:Archived
1255:13 April
1249:Archived
1245:Buran.ru
1219:Archived
1189:Archived
1159:Archived
1130:Archived
1095:Archived
1071:12 April
1050:12 April
827:See also
805:Site 251
542:Kristall
530:Spacelab
483:Kristall
388:Exterior
238:: 11F35
224:blizzard
2583:Russia
2504:Mercury
2484:Voskhod
2469:Retired
2434:Russia
2320:Ptichka
2310:(1.01,
2081:Support
2060:Testing
1993:Ptichka
1946:Kvant-2
1941:Kvant-1
1931:Energia
1837:Bibcode
1803:"Buran"
1587:28 June
1537:15 July
1508:15 July
1029:28 June
1015:"Buran"
993:28 June
933:"Buran"
862:Ptichka
790:
778::
767:Russian
761:launch
721:RD-0120
618:Energia
426:laminar
278:program
259:Energia
217:
197:Russian
186:rocket.
184:Energia
134: (
116: (
88:Country
2573:India
2567:Lanyue
2558:China
2514:Apollo
2509:Gemini
2479:Vostok
2424:China
2418:Active
2297:OK-GLI
2109:Strizh
2044:Khorol
1997:(1.02)
1987:(1.01)
1974:OK-GLI
1866:
1847:
1812:2 July
1560:
1408:RTC.ru
1358:
1348:
854:OK-GLI
796:, and
713:RD-170
693:Total
620:rocket
583:OK-GLI
546:'s
526:'s
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