69:(donkey) that is equally hungry and thirsty is placed precisely midway between a stack of hay and a pail of water. Since the paradox assumes the donkey will always go to whichever is closer, it dies of both hunger and thirst since it cannot make any rational decision between the hay and water. A common variant of the paradox substitutes the hay and water for two identical piles of hay; the ass, unable to choose between the two, dies of hunger.
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619:, Lincoln Case told his buddy Todd Stiles that he wasn't sure he wanted his discharge papers from the army or if he wanted to re-enlist after being on leave. Stiles then related the story of Buridan's ass, but wrongly attributed the theory to a Greek philosopher. After telling Case about Buridan's ass, he said that "indecision has killed more cats than curiosity."
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and a certain drink, each equally distant from him) would die of hunger and thirst. If I am asked, whether such a one should not rather be considered an ass than a man; I answer, that I do not know, neither do I know how a man should be considered, who hangs himself, or how we should consider children, fools, madmen, &c.
255:, and bears on man's rationalization of God's choices. He regarded the previous examples of the ass or dates as artificial, and pointed out there are many real instances in everyday life in which a person must make a choice in which the choice doesn't matter to him, and that this presents no problem.
360:
He points out that just because we do not see asses or people starving to death through indecision, or other examples of
Buridan's undecided states in real life, does not disprove the principle. The persistence of a Buridan's undecided state for a perceptible length of time may just be sufficiently
322:
treated this paradox experimentally. He demonstrated that lab rats experience difficulty when choosing between two equally attractive (approach–approach) goals. The typical response to approach–approach decisions is initial ambivalence, though the decision becomes more decisive as the organism moves
183:(1126–1198), in commentary on Ghazali, takes the opposite view. Although Buridan nowhere discusses this specific problem, its relevance is that he did advocate a moral determinism whereby, save for ignorance or impediment, a human faced by alternative courses of action must always choose the greater
222:
t may be objected, if man does not act from free will, what will happen if the incentives to action are equally balanced, as in the case of
Buridan's ass? I am quite ready to admit, that a man placed in the equilibrium described (namely, as perceiving nothing but hunger and thirst, a certain food
105:
in digital electronics, when a circuit must decide between two states based on an input that is in itself undefined (neither zero nor one). Metastability becomes a problem if the circuit spends more time than it should in this "undecided" state, which is usually set by the speed of the clock the
592:, Sheldon and Amy discuss the history of Buridan's ass (renamed donkey), and its application to their lives. Amy resolves the paradox (of Sheldon desiring to live in different apartments) by creating a more desirable option by engaging Sheldon in a discussion of the theory and its history.
391:. The voltage value can then be likened to the position of the ass, and the values 0 and 1 represent the bales of hay. As in the situation of the starving ass, there exists an input on which the converter cannot make a proper decision, and the output remains balanced in a
521:: "Mr. Speaker, we have all heard of the animal standing in doubt between two stacks of hay, and starving to death. The like would never happen to General Cass; place the stacks a thousand miles apart, he would stand stock still midway between them, and
348:
trying to decide whether he has time to cross before a train arrives. He proves that regardless of how "safe" the policy the driver adopts, because indecision can cause an indefinite delay in action a small percentage of drivers will be hit by the train.
566:. The Doctors stand exactly the same distance away from the Robot as it approaches them; unable to decide which to attack first (since the Robot attacks by sensing brain patterns, which are identical in the two Doctors), the Robot shuts down.
154:
discusses the application of this paradox to human decision making, asking whether it is possible to make a choice between equally good courses without grounds for preference. He takes the attitude that free will can break the stalemate.
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Suppose two similar dates in front of a man, who has a strong desire for them but who is unable to take them both. Surely he will take one of them, through a quality in him, the nature of which is to differentiate between two similar
304:) pick one instead of starving; although the decision that they are sufficiently the same is also subject to Buridan's ass. The idea that a random decision could be made is sometimes used as an attempted justification for
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of the
Buridan's ass problem, there is always some starting condition under which the ass starves to death, no matter what strategy it takes. He further illustrates the paradox with the example of a driver stopped at a
250:
authored some of the most comprehensive discussions of the problem. He recognized explicitly that if humans have the ability to make a decision between choices with no reason for preference, this means that humans have
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are used to make the decision. They guarantee that up to one outcome is selected at any given point in time, but may take an indeterminate (albeit typically extremely short) time to choose.
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Should two courses be judged equal, then the will cannot break the deadlock, all it can do is to suspend judgement until the circumstances change, and the right course of action is clear.
601:("Kimmy's Roommate Lemonades"), Kimmy learns about Buridan's Ass from Perry, a possible love interest and also a tour guide for prospective students at Robert Moses College for Everyone.
579:, describe a similar situation: "In ancient Rome, there was a poem / About a dog who found two bones" who then, unable to choose between the two, "went in circles till he dropped dead."
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version of the real thing, which does allow the consideration of meta-arguments. In other words, it is entirely rational to recognize that both choices are equally good and arbitrarily (
610:, a note can be found on a notice board from a farmer that is selling the meat of his donkey, who died of starvation because it was unable to decide between two different piles of food.
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value into either a 0 or a 1, which is typically sampled and then processed. If the input is changing and at an intermediate value when sampled, the input stage acts like a
425:. In electronic devices, the probability of such an "undecided" state lasting longer than a matter of nanoseconds, while always possible, can be made negligibly low.
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idea that the Earth is stationary simply because it is spherical and any forces on it must be equal in all directions, says that is as ridiculous as saying that
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accepts that his determinist philosophy implies that such a state of indecision could happen, but that this should be classed with other irrational behavior:
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state between the two stable states for an undetermined length of time, until random noise in the circuit makes it converge to one of the stable states.
539:, Polish 19th-century poet, tells a story about a donkey who died from hunger because he could not decide between oats and hay, served in two troughs.
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269:, small perceived preferences below the threshold of consciousness that are always present, explains why people are able to make such a choice.
417:) occur. The ultimate reason the problem is manageable is that the probability of a metastable state persisting longer than a given time interval
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According to Edward
Lauzinger, Buridan's ass fails to incorporate the latent biases that humans always bring with them when making decisions.
312:). The argument is that, like the starving ass, we must make a choice to avoid being frozen in endless doubt. Other counter-arguments exist.
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132:...a man, being just as hungry as thirsty, and placed in between food and drink, must necessarily remain where he is and starve to death.
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Rescher, Nicholas (1959). "Choice
Without Preference: A Study of the History and of the Logic of the Problem of 'Buridan's Ass'".
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it satirizes. Although the illustration is named after
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A discrete decision based upon an input having a continuous range of values cannot be made within a bounded length of time.
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The situation of
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Other writers have opted to deny the validity of the illustration. A typical counter-argument is that
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187:. In the face of equally good alternatives Buridan believed a rational choice could not be made.
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However, the Greeks only used this paradox as an analogy in the context of the equilibrium of
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Many later philosophers have addressed this problem of "choice without preference". In his
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oneself in suggesting that a man might die between two equally plausible routes of action.
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1090:, 1960 reprint, New York: Dell, Vol. 1, Ch. 7, "Congressman Lincoln", p. 173.
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335:, in which Lamport presents an argument that, given certain assumptions about
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1163:. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 258, 400n71.
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Ullmann-Margalit, E.; Morgenbesser, S. (1977). "Picking and Choos-ing".
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as
Buridan's ass (in the two hay piles version), hesitating between a
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The paradox predates
Buridan; it dates to antiquity, being found in
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1202:"Competing interactions create functionality through frustration"
1125:. New York, NY: Oxford University (Clarendon) Press. p. 201.
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John Buridan: Portrait of a Fourteenth-Century Arts Master
1039:; Ebergen, Jo (August 2002). "Computers Without Clocks".
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forces. The 12th-century Persian scholar and philosopher
511:, a 1932 French comedy film, is named after the paradox.
460:
94:, who used a man faced with the choice of equally good
934:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 191.
697:"Buridan's ass: Oxford Companion to Phrase and Fable"
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as described in the paradox is so limited as to be a
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Principle of sufficient reason § Leibniz's view
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The metastability problem is a significant issue in
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409:, and metastable states are a possibility wherever
65:. It refers to a hypothetical situation wherein an
1012:Synchronization and Arbitration in Digital Systems
805:Synchronization and Arbitration in Digital Systems
613:In the episode "Peace, Pity, Pardon" of the show
352:Lamport calls this result "Buridan’s principle":
201:Later writers satirised this view in terms of an
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130:
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828:"Thought and Process", Lauzinger, Edward, 1994
413:inputs (digital signals not synchronized to a
308:or intuitivity (called by Aristotle noetic or
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778:Cosmos and Logos: Studies in Greek Philosophy
8:
72:The paradox is named after the 14th-century
34:Political cartoon c. 1900, showing the
375:A version of Buridan's principle occurs in
365:Application to digital logic: metastability
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421:is an exponentially declining function of
361:improbable that it has not been observed.
323:towards one choice and away from another.
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1114:The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
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27:Philosophical paradox regarding free will
747:A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will
1015:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2–6.
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101:A version of this situation appears as
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985:Unstable Singularities and Randomness
781:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 93–99.
7:
808:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3.
718:"On The Heavens, Book 2 Part 13.III"
595:On episode 2 of the third season of
1088:Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years
573:, the title track from their album
171:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
61:in philosophy in the conception of
1593:What the Tortoise Said to Achilles
1200:Vassiliy Lubchenko (August 2008).
463:by removing the content or adding
25:
1982:Thought experiments in philosophy
1063:10.1038/scientificamerican0802-62
928:Xanthopoulos, Thucydides (2009).
840:"On the Origin of Conflict Types"
318:Social Psychologist Kurt Lewin's
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1935:
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903:Leslie Lamport (December 1984).
879:Leslie Lamport (December 1984).
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124:. Aristotle, in ridiculing the
931:Clocking in Modern VLSI Systems
749:. New York: Oxford. p. 37.
459:Please help Knowledge (XXG) to
383:gate must convert a continuous
379:. Specifically, the input to a
261:(1646–1716) believed, from his
235:, book 2, proposition 49,
838:Smith, Noel W. (Apr 1, 1968).
263:principle of sufficient reason
1:
676:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
1206:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1144:10.1515/kant.1960.51.1-4.142
1009:Kinniment, David J. (2008).
802:Kinniment, David J. (2008).
562:Doctors are confronted by a
371:Metastability in electronics
82:, whose philosophy of moral
1112:Knowles, Elizabeth (2006).
955:Niederman, Derrick (2012).
641:Dining philosophers problem
1998:
982:Zbilut, Joseph P. (2004).
865:– via Springer Link.
775:Rescher, Nicholas (2013).
398:In asynchronous circuits,
368:
1972:Decision-making paradoxes
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1105:The Columbia Encyclopedia
722:Internet Classics Archive
598:Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
326:
259:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
961:. Penguin. p. 130.
844:The Psychological Record
607:The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt
569:The lyrics of a song by
57:is an illustration of a
18:Buridan's principle
1512:Paradoxes of set theory
1227:10.1073/pnas.0805716105
988:. Elsevier. p. 7.
531:run-up to the Civil War
179:Andalusian philosopher
407:digital circuit design
377:electrical engineering
241:
199:
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144:
51:
48:Atlantic–Pacific canal
36:United States Congress
1195:at Wikimedia Commons
1121:Mawson, T.J. (2005).
1107:(6th ed.). 2006.
958:The Puzzler's Dilemma
905:"Buridan's Principle"
881:"Buridan's Principle"
745:Kane, Robert (2005).
527:"popular sovereignty"
523:eat them both at once
285:, since one does not
196:Jean Buridan, c. 1340
33:
1878:Kavka's toxin puzzle
1650:Income and fertility
1159:Zupko, Jack (2003).
564:Raston Warrior Robot
461:improve this article
166:Abu Hamid al-Ghazali
1537:Temperature paradox
1460:Free choice paradox
1324:Fitch's knowability
1218:2008PNAS..10510635L
1055:2002SciAm.287b..62S
1042:Scientific American
1037:Sutherland, Ivan E.
589:The Big Bang Theory
473:independent sources
327:Buridan's principle
277:Some proponents of
267:petites perceptions
246:(1647–1706) in his
1913:Prisoner's dilemma
1599:Heat death paradox
1587:Unexpected hanging
1552:Chicken or the egg
856:10.1007/BF03393765
699:. Encyclopedia.com
631:Analysis paralysis
429:In popular culture
341:mathematical model
52:
1977:Fictional donkeys
1959:
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1630:Arrow information
1191:Media related to
646:Fredkin's paradox
576:Freedom of Choice
551:The Eight Doctors
537:Aleksander Fredro
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346:railroad crossing
216:Baruch de Spinoza
106:system is using.
16:(Redirected from
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1883:Morton's fork
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1796:Apportionment
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1655:Downs–Thomson
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1572:Plato's beard
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1123:Belief in God
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1084:Carl Sandburg
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713:
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664:
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661:Morton's fork
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541:
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495:Buridan's Ass
492:
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446:This article
444:
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381:digital logic
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109:
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104:
103:metastability
99:
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81:
78:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:Buridan's ass
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1903:Preparedness
1822:
1735:Productivity
1715:Mandeville's
1507:Opposite Day
1435:Burali-Forti
1430:Bhartrhari's
1209:
1205:
1185:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1135:
1132:Kant-Studien
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1098:Bibliography
1087:
1079:
1049:(2): 62–69.
1046:
1040:
1031:
1011:
1004:
984:
977:
957:
950:
930:
923:
911:. Retrieved
898:
887:. Retrieved
859:. Retrieved
847:
843:
833:
824:
804:
797:
777:
746:
725:. Retrieved
721:
712:
701:. Retrieved
691:
614:
605:
596:
587:
574:
549:
543:
507:
498:
478:
448:may contain
447:
422:
418:
415:clock signal
411:asynchronous
404:
397:
374:
359:
351:
339:in a simple
330:
320:Field Theory
317:
314:
291:
276:
266:
257:
248:Dictionnaire
247:
244:Pierre Bayle
242:
221:
209:
207:
200:
190:
178:
169:
158:
147:
145:
138:
131:
119:
113:
100:
80:Jean Buridan
71:
54:
53:
40:Panama route
1833:Condorcet's
1685:Giffen good
1645:Competition
1399:White horse
1374:Omnipotence
671:Search cost
294:rationality
214:(ca 1661),
137:Aristotle,
84:determinism
77:philosopher
1966:Categories
1908:Prevention
1898:Parrondo's
1888:Navigation
1873:Inventor's
1868:Hedgehog's
1828:Chainstore
1811:Population
1806:New states
1740:Prosperity
1720:Mayfield's
1562:Entailment
1542:Barbershop
1455:Epimenides
1176:: 757–785.
995:0080474691
913:2010-07-09
889:2010-07-09
788:393720265X
703:2009-12-15
683:References
545:Doctor Who
515:Lewis Cass
450:irrelevant
393:metastable
389:comparator
337:continuity
287:contradict
273:Discussion
174:, c. 1100
152:Al-Ghazali
92:Al-Ghazali
1923:Willpower
1918:Tolerance
1893:Newcomb's
1858:Fredkin's
1745:Scitovsky
1665:Edgeworth
1660:Easterlin
1625:Antitrust
1522:Russell's
1517:Richard's
1490:Pinocchio
1445:Crocodile
1364:Newcomb's
1334:Goodman's
1329:Free will
1314:Epicurean
1285:paradoxes
1152:171037127
465:citations
298:straw man
253:free will
116:Aristotle
88:Aristotle
63:free will
1951:Category
1848:Ellsberg
1700:Leontief
1680:Gibson's
1675:European
1670:Ellsberg
1640:Braess's
1635:Bertrand
1613:Economic
1547:Catch-22
1527:Socratic
1369:Nihilism
1339:Hedonism
1299:Analysis
1283:Notable
1246:18669666
1086:(1954),
1071:12140955
727:16 April
636:Catch-22
624:See also
616:Route 66
481:May 2023
469:reliable
400:arbiters
302:randomly
237:scholium
226:—
194:—
181:Averroes
163:—
148:physical
135:—
1853:Fenno's
1818:Arrow's
1801:Alabama
1791:Abilene
1770:Tullock
1725:Metzler
1567:Lottery
1557:Drinker
1500:Yablo's
1495:Quine's
1450:Curry's
1413:Logical
1389:Sorites
1379:Preface
1359:Moore's
1344:Liberal
1319:Fiction
1237:2504771
1214:Bibcode
1051:Bibcode
861:May 15,
542:In the
529:in the
385:voltage
283:paradox
160:things.
126:Sophist
110:History
59:paradox
46:for an
1760:Thrift
1730:Plenty
1705:Lerner
1695:Jevons
1690:Icarus
1620:Allais
1582:Ross's
1420:Barber
1404:Zeno's
1349:Meno's
1244:
1234:
1150:
1069:
1019:
992:
965:
938:
918:, p. 8
812:
785:
560:Eighth
554:, the
548:novel
310:noesis
233:Ethics
211:Ethics
74:French
1863:Green
1843:Downs
1775:Value
1710:Lucas
1577:Raven
1485:No-no
1440:Court
1425:Berry
1148:S2CID
908:(PDF)
884:(PDF)
556:Fifth
500:Fargo
306:faith
96:dates
42:or a
1941:List
1765:Toil
1480:Card
1475:Liar
1242:PMID
1067:PMID
1017:ISBN
990:ISBN
963:ISBN
936:ISBN
863:2023
810:ISBN
783:ISBN
729:2024
571:Devo
558:and
471:and
185:good
1232:PMC
1222:doi
1210:105
1140:doi
1059:doi
1047:287
852:doi
604:In
586:of
582:In
467:to
203:ass
118:'s
67:ass
1968::
1240:.
1230:.
1220:.
1208:.
1204:.
1174:44
1172:.
1146:.
1136:51
1134:.
1065:.
1057:.
1045:.
871:^
848:18
846:.
842:.
755:^
737:^
720:.
533:.)
231:,
168:,
98:.
1595:"
1591:"
1276:e
1269:t
1262:v
1248:.
1224::
1216::
1154:.
1142::
1116:.
1073:.
1061::
1053::
1025:.
998:.
971:.
944:.
916:.
892:.
854::
818:.
791:.
731:.
706:.
503:.
493:"
483:)
479:(
475:.
457:.
423:t
419:t
50:.
20:)
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