1452:
high correlation between the location of burrowing animal colonies, like those of ground squirrels, with the presence of burrowing owls. Rates of burrowing owl decline have also been shown to correlate with prairie dog decline. Western burrowing owls, for example, nest in burrows made by black-tailed prairie dogs since they are unable to dig their own. However, prairie dog populations have experienced a decline, one of the causes of this being prairie dog eradication programs. When prairie dogs dig burrows, they can uproot plants in the process. This is most common in agricultural areas, where burrows cause damage to existing crops, creating a problem for local farmers. In
Nebraska and Montana, eradication programs have already been put in place to manage the population of prairie dogs. Eradication programs for ground squirrels have also been put in place. In California, California ground squirrels have been known to feed on crop seedlings as well as grasses meant for cattle, which prevents crop growth and decreases food supply for cattle. However, as burrowing animal populations decrease, burrowing owls become more vulnerable to exposure to predators. With fewer burrows available, burrowing owl populations will be more concentrated, with more owls occupying fewer burrows . As a result, predators will more easily detect owl populations and be capable of eliminating larger broods of owls at once. Prairie dogs and ground squirrels also act as a buffer between owls and their predators, since they become the target prey rather than the owls. Another benefit prairie dogs in particular provide burrowing owls takes the form of their alarm calls, which alert burrowing owls if predators are nearby, therefore giving the owls ample time to hide or escape. Without burrowing animals, almost every aspect contributing to suitable and safe living for burrowing owls will no longer be available. Organizations have tried contributing to the conservation of burrowing owls by digging artificial burrows for these owls to occupy in areas with no active colony of burrowing animals. However, creating artificial burrows is not sustainable and is not effective as a long term solution.
42:
1479:, and are known to take advantage of artificial nest sites (plastic burrows with tubing for the entrance) and perches. Burrowing owls have demonstrated similar reproductive success in rural grasslands and urban settings. The urban-residing burrowing owls have also developed the behavior of digging their own burrows and exhibit different fear responses to human and domestic dogs compared to their rural counterparts. Research has suggested that this species has made adaptations to the rapid urbanization of their usual habitat, and conservation efforts should be considered accordingly. Genetic analysis of the two North American subspecies indicates that
1461:
1492:
on their own accord. The preparations need to start several months prior to the anticipated disturbance with observing the owl colony and noting especially their local movements and site preferences. After choosing a location nearby that has suitable ground and provides good burrowing owl breeding habitat, this new site is enhanced by adding burrows, perches, etc. Once the owls have accustomed to the changes and are found to be interested in the location – if possible, this should be at the onset of spring, before the breeding season starts – they are prevented from entering the old burrows. A simple one-way
834:
954:
895:
966:
993:
939:. Females tend to be heavier, but males tend to have longer linear measurements (wing length, tail length, etc.). Adult males appear lighter in color than females because they spend more time outside the burrow during daylight, and their feathers become "sun-bleached". The burrowing owl measures 19–28 cm (7–11 in) long and spans 50.8–61 cm (20–24 in) across the wings, and weighs 140–240 g (5–8 oz). As a size comparison, an average adult is slightly larger than an
251:
870:
852:
117:
1324:
978:
1316:
1052:
75:
1096:
1024:
common, and are known to inhabit every country on the continent, with the exception of the dense Amazon rainforest interior and the highest ranges of the Andes
Mountains. Their preference is for the cooler, possibly sub-tropical coastal and temperate regions. South of the Amazon, their population seems to again rebound, as they are widely distributed from southern Brazil and the
1140:
1451:
The major reasons for declining populations in North
America are loss of habitat, and control programs for prairie dogs. While some species of burrowing owl can dig their own burrows, most species rely on burrowing animals to burrow holes that the owls can use as shelter and nesting space. There is a
1023:
Burrowing owls range from the southern portions of the western
Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba) and all the way through Mexico to western Panamá. They are also found across the state of Florida, as well as some Caribbean islands. In South America, they are fairly
1491:
Where the presence of burrowing owls conflicts with development interests, a passive relocation technique has been applied successfully: rather than capturing the birds and transporting them to a new site (which may be stressful and prone to failure), the owls are half-coerced, half-enticed to move
1103:
The nesting season begins in late March or April in North
America. Burrowing owls usually only have one mate but occasionally a male will have two mates. Pairs of owls will sometimes nest in loose colonies. Their typical breeding habitat is open grassland or prairie, but they can occasionally adapt
931:
Adults have brown heads and wings with white spotting. Their chests and abdomens are white with variable brown spotting or barring, also depending on the subspecies. Juvenile owls are similar in appearance, but they lack most of the white spotting above and brown barring below. The juveniles have a
1111:
During the nesting season, burrowing owls will collect a wide variety of materials to line their nest, some of which are left around the entrance to the burrow. The most common material is mammal dung, usually from cattle. At one time it was thought that the dung helped to mask the scent of the
1500:
Some organizations like Center for
Biological Diversity and Urban Bird Foundation contend that the removal from their burrows, either through active or passive relocation, has been a factor in the extirpation of burrowing owl populations in California because of the species high site fidelity.
1496:
design has been described that is placed over the burrow for this purpose. If everything has been correctly prepared, the owl colony will move over to the new site in the course of a few nights at most. It will need to be monitored occasionally for the following months or until the major human
1261:
are also preyed upon. Burrowing owls are also known to place the fecal matter of large herbivorous mammals around the outside of their burrows to attract dung beetles, which are used to provide a steady source of food for the owls. Burrowing owls can also predate on invertebrates attracted to
1126:
Site fidelity rates appear to vary among populations. In some locations, owls will frequently reuse a nest several years in a row. Owls in migratory northern populations are less likely to return to the same burrow every year. Also, as with many other birds, the female owls are more likely to
1082:
Burrowing owls often nest and roost in the burrows made by ground squirrels, a strategy also used by rattlesnakes. When threatened, the owl retreats to the burrow and produces rattling and hissing sounds similar to those of a rattlesnake. The behavior is suggested to be an example of acoustic
1107:
The owls nest in a burrow, hence the name burrowing owl. If burrows are unavailable and the soil is not hard or rocky, the owls may excavate their own. Burrowing owls will also nest in shallow, underground, man-made structures that have easy access to the surface.
3474:
1119:, which can consist of four to 12 eggs (usually 9). She then incubates the eggs for 3–4 weeks while the male brings her food. After the eggs hatch, both parents feed the chicks. Four weeks after hatching, the chicks can make short flights and begin
3027:
Conway, Courtney J.; Garcia, Victoria; Smith, Matthew D.; Ellis, Lisa A.; Whitney, Joyce L. (2006-09-11). "Comparative demography of
Burrowing Owls in agricultural and urban landscapes in southeastern Washington: Burrowing Owl Demography".
1164:(Marmotini), they rarely prey upon them. They also hunt bats. An analysis of burrowing owl diets in the Dominican Republic found the owls consumed ~53% invertebrates, ~28% other birds, ~15% reptiles, ~3% amphibians, and 1% mammals.
1020:, as well as in most of the western states. Known resident populations inhabit areas of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and California, where their population is reportedly threatened by human encroachment and construction.
363:, when they can use their night vision and hearing to their advantage. Living in open grasslands as opposed to forests, the burrowing owl has developed longer legs that enable it to sprint, as well as fly, when hunting.
3266:"Petition Before the California Fish and Game Commission To List California Populations of the Western Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) as Endangered or Threatened Under the California Endangered Species Act"
2597:"Petition Before the California Fish and Game Commission To List California Populations of theWestern Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) as Endangered or Threatened Under the California Endangered Species Act"
1104:
to other open areas like airports, golf courses, and agricultural fields. Burrowing owls are slightly tolerant of human presence, often nesting near roads, farms, homes, and regularly maintained irrigation canals.
1147:
When hunting, they wait on a perch until they spot prey. Then, they swoop down on prey or fly up to catch insects in flight. Sometimes, they chase prey on foot across the ground. The highly variable diet includes
3104:
Cavalli, Matilde; BaladrĂłn, Alejandro V.; Isacch, Juan Pablo; Biondi, Laura M.; BĂł, MarĂa Susana (March 2016). "Differential risk perception of rural and urban
Burrowing Owls exposed to humans and dogs".
1758:
Holt, D.W.; Berkley, R.; Deppe, C.; EnrĂquez Rocha, P.L.; Petersen, J.L.; Rangel
Salazar, J.L.; Segars, K.P.; Wood, K.L. (1999). "155. Burrowing Owl". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
1012:, but in North America, they have experienced some restrictions in distribution since then. In parts of South America, they are expanding their range due to deforestation. The western burrowing owls (
359:
spp.). Unlike most owls, burrowing owls are often active during the day, although they tend to avoid the midday heat. Like many other kinds of owls, though, burrowing owls do most of their hunting
3949:
833:
1187:), snakes, frogs, and toads predominate. Generally, most vertebrate prey is in the weight class of several grams per individual. The largest prey are usually birds, such as
3954:
2371:
RodrĂguez, Airam; Orozco-Valor, Paula Maiten; Sarasola, JosĂ© Hernán (7 October 2020). "Artificial light at night as a driver of urban colonization by an avian predator".
1980:
932:
buff bar across their upper wings and their breasts may be buff-colored rather than white. Burrowing owls of all ages have grayish legs longer than those of other owls.
2921:
Pert, Heather and
Shannon Lucas. 2016. "Burrowing owls dispersal and natural habitat expansion in Western Riverside County”. California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
800:– that is, whether they were among the ancestors of that subspecies, or whether they represented a more distant lineage that completely disappeared later – is unknown.
2992:
Murray, Leigh; Desmond, Martha J.; Berardelli, Daniele (March 2010). "Reproductive Success of Burrowing Owls in Urban and Grassland Habitats in Southern New Mexico".
894:
3735:
1257:(Carabidae) are eaten in quantity, while larger ones are much less popular as burrowing owl food, perhaps due to the vigorous defense the large species can put up.
1017:
3944:
2570:
2289:
3800:
2518:
1979:
Klute, David S.; Ayers, Loren W.; Green, Michael T.; Howe, William H.; Jones, Stephanie L.; Shaffer, Jill A.; Sheffield, Steven R.; Zimmerman, Tara S. (2003).
2544:
2259:
3919:
869:
1059:
This species can live for at least 9 years in the wild and over 10 years in captivity. They are often killed by vehicles when crossing roads, and have many
953:
3974:
1414:
1112:
juvenile owls, but researchers now believe the dung helps to control the microclimate inside the burrow and to attract insects, which the owls may eat.
851:
3934:
3686:
2088:
Rowe, Matthew P.; Cross, Richard G.; Owings, Donald H. (1986). "Rattlesnake Rattles and Burrowing Owl Hisses: A Case of Acoustic Batesian Mimicry".
3761:
3265:
2596:
2884:
Green, Gregory A.; Anthony, Robert G. (May 1989). "Nesting Success and Habitat Relationships of Burrowing Owls in the Columbia Basin, Oregon".
2460:
1990:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Technical Publication FWS/BTP-R6001-2003. Archived from
41:
916:
Burrowing owls have bright eyes; their beaks can be dark yellow or gray depending on the subspecies. They lack ear tufts and have a flattened
2966:
1960:[New records of the geographical expansion of Athene cunicularia in central Amazonia with particular reference to human activities].
1679:
1343:
3939:
977:
819:). These birds became extinct towards the end of the Pleistocene, probably because of ecological and sea-level changes at the end of the
3964:
992:
3709:
1761:
2932:
3388:
2723:"Capturing pests and releasing ecosystem engineers: translocation of common but diminished species to re-establish ecological roles"
1774:
1410:
1367:
1203:
823:
rather than human activity. These fossil owls differed in size from present-day burrowing owls and their relationship to the modern
3424:
3969:
3878:
1991:
1958:"Novos registros da expansão geográfica de Athene cunicularia na Amazônia central com especial referência as atividades humanas"
3663:
1472:
1394:
1859:
1156:, which make up roughly one third and two thirds of the diet, respectively. Burrowing owls mainly eat large insects and small
3979:
1884:
1076:
3766:
3400:"A comparison of breeding season food habits of burrowing owls nesting in agricultural and nonagricultural habitat in Idaho"
2033:
1087:
and has been observed to be an effective strategy against animals that are familiar with the dangers posed by rattlesnakes.
3567:
1460:
3929:
2058:
1039:
Burrowing owls are year-round residents in most of their range. Birds that breed in Canada and the northern U.S. usually
965:
3538:
3160:"Evaluating cropland in the Canadian prairies as an ecological trap for the endangered Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia"
2292:[Comparative trophic ecology of five sympatric Strigiformes in central State of SĂŁo Paulo, south-east Brazil].
3959:
3748:
3601:
2301:
1433:
2230:
3805:
1931:
1917:
1724:
1267:
456:. Although distinct from each other, the relationship of the Florida subspecies to (and its distinctness from) the
3399:
2625:
2417:
3191:
2721:
Swaisgood, R. R.; Montagne, J.-P.; Lenihan, C. M.; Wisinski, C. L.; Nordstrom, L. A.; Shier, D. M. (2019-04-29).
1233:(Scarabaeidae) were eaten far more often than even closely related species by many burrowing owls across central
1819:
552::- southern burrowing owl – lowlands of southern Bolivia and southern Brazil south to Tierra del Fuego, probably
3813:
3455:
3325:
3240:
706:
623:
515:
116:
2057:
Basto, Natalia; RodrĂguez, Oscar A.; Marinkelle, Cornelis J.; Gutierrez, Rafael; Matta, Nubia Estela (2006).
1250:
3438:
3055:
Mueller Jakob C.; Kuhl Heiner; Boerno Stefan; Tella Jose L.; Carrete Martina; Kempenaers Bart (2018-05-16).
2494:
576:
477:
3714:
3529:
3924:
3818:
3588:
3491:
3443:
1425:
2290:"Relações tróficas entre cinco Strigiformes simpátricas na região central do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil"
803:
In addition, prehistoric fossils of similar owls have been recovered from many islands in the Caribbean (
3852:
3294:"Strategies for Protecting Western Burrowing Owls (Speotyto cunicularia hypugaea) from Human Activities"
2657:"Spatial and Temporal Patterns In Population Trends and Burrow Usage of Burrowing Owls In North America"
1600:
1402:
1398:
1168:
820:
716:
211:
3606:
3326:"Density and abundance of burrowing owls in the agricultural matrix of the Imperial Valley, California"
3057:"Evolution of genomic variation in the burrowing owl in response to recent colonization of urban areas"
1544:
250:
3883:
3580:
3549:
2734:
2212:
2097:
1440:
1234:
1180:
1128:
885:
414:
2472:
3678:
3450:
1630:
1465:
775:
693:
613:
547:
376:
372:
228:
64:
3792:
3293:
2970:
1350:
countries, where they sometimes even inhabit fields and parks in cities. In regions bordering the
3140:
3009:
2901:
2804:
2796:
2678:
2468:
2442:
2398:
2353:
2157:
2070:
1841:
1833:
1429:
1421:
1339:
1335:
752:
673:
445:
430:
360:
284:
111:
3857:
2008:
1766:
644:: south Andean burrowing owl – Andes from central Peru to northwestern Argentina, might include
3740:
1794:
1634:
3839:
3779:
3624:
3384:
3132:
3086:
2831:
2703:
2345:
2267:
2149:
2124:
1770:
1675:
1351:
1347:
1215:
1196:
936:
812:
738:
2777:"Correlations between Burrowing Owl and Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Declines: A 7-Year Analysis"
3844:
3357:
3171:
3122:
3114:
3076:
3068:
3037:
3001:
2893:
2824:"Status assessment and conservation plan for the Western burrowing owl in the United States"
2788:
2742:
2668:
2434:
2425:
2388:
2380:
2335:
2141:
2132:
2105:
1981:"Status Assessment and Conservation Plan for the Western Burrowing Owl in the United States"
1823:
1815:
1728:
1539:
1288:
1084:
1033:
756:
521:
335:
found throughout open landscapes of North and South America. Burrowing owls can be found in
3593:
3554:
2207:
1008:
Before European colonization, burrowing owls probably inhabited every suitable area of the
3826:
3430:
2941:
1650:
1406:
1315:
1161:
1064:
3701:
2571:"Environmental groups seek new protections for burrowing owls, teetering near extinction"
1424:
status for burrowing owls in southwestern California, central-western California and the
1292:
2934:
Priority Habitat and Species Management Recommendations, Volume IV: Birds: Burrowing Owl
2738:
2101:
1521:
1323:
1051:
3468:
3081:
3056:
2109:
1695:
1280:
1276:
1040:
940:
808:
712:
560:
397:
1909:
1265:
Unlike other owls, they also eat fruits and seeds, especially the fruit of tasajillo (
3913:
3774:
3041:
2402:
1957:
1806:
1530:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1300:
1254:
1211:
1116:
1072:
785:
677:
596:
392:
380:
188:
84:
79:
3896:
3144:
3013:
2682:
1699:
1654:
3629:
2808:
2357:
2161:
1845:
1238:
1230:
1149:
760:
629:
426:
2853:
Montana Department of Agriculture. 2019. “PRAIRIE DOG MANAGEMENT,” 11.
2776:
3668:
3616:
3118:
2177:"Philopatry and nest site reuse by burrowing owls: implications for productivity"
1799:) population genetics: A comparison of North American forms and migratory habits"
1409:, Central Valley Bird Club and San Bernardino Valley Audubon Society submitted a
3870:
3787:
3722:
3523:
2519:"Fish & Game Commission urged to protect "imperiled" western burrowing owls"
1476:
1378:
1242:
1219:
1095:
921:
917:
816:
793:
487:
448:
of several of them needs to be validated. Most subspecies are found in/near the
352:
3345:
3218:"A simple one-way door design for passive relocation of Western Burrowing Owls"
2384:
1659:. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 153.
3891:
1480:
1207:
1188:
1153:
744:
592:
464:
441:
3514:
2707:
2699:
The ecological role of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi)
1828:
1765:. Vol. 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
17:
3753:
3650:
3241:"Passive relocation: A method to preserve burrowing owls on disturbed sites"
2835:
1939:
1258:
1246:
1167:
Rodent prey is usually dominated by locally superabundant species, like the
1139:
1060:
1029:
1009:
536:: east Colombian burrowing owl – eastern Colombia, doubtfully distinct from
457:
422:
418:
404:
390:
meaning "burrower" or "miner". The burrowing owl is now placed in the genus
340:
336:
128:
3136:
3090:
3072:
2349:
2153:
1732:
1566:
386:
from a specimen collected in Chile. The specific epithet is from the Latin
2931:
Larsen, Eric M.; Azerrad, Jeffrey M.; Nordstrom, Noelle, eds. (May 2004).
1342:
in Mexico. It is a state threatened species in Colorado and Florida and a
3831:
3508:
2775:
Desmond, Martha J.; Savidge, Julie A.; Eskridge, Kent M. (October 2000).
2673:
2656:
1493:
1176:
1025:
925:
453:
332:
178:
148:
55:
2393:
2322:
Levey, Douglas J.; Duncan, R. Scot; Levins, Carrie F. (September 2004).
2074:
1123:
the nest burrow. The parents still help feed the chicks for 1–3 months.
935:
Males and females are similar in size and appearance, so display little
3691:
3575:
3127:
2905:
2800:
2446:
2059:"Haematozoa in birds from la Macarena National Natural Park (Colombia)"
1837:
1272:
1115:
The female lays an egg every one or two days until she has completed a
804:
662:
483:
3463:
3176:
3159:
2747:
2722:
1417:
to get protections for five populations of the western burrowing owl.
924:
and a white "chin" patch which they expand and display during certain
682:: southwest Peruvian burrowing owl – southwestern Peru, might include
3727:
3562:
3005:
2697:
1639:(in Italian). Bologna: Stamperia di S. Tommaso d'Aquino. p. 263.
1437:
1284:
1157:
1120:
658:
344:
138:
3485:
3439:
Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge: Burrowing Owl Study
2897:
2823:
2792:
2438:
2340:
2323:
2145:
1956:
Gomes, F.B.R.; Mello Barreiros, M.H.; Krempel Santana, T.B. (2013).
1370:
in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. They are also included in
881:
3655:
3642:
3361:
3217:
3865:
3637:
1459:
1374:
1371:
1322:
1314:
1138:
1094:
1068:
1050:
824:
748:
491:
449:
444:
have been described, but they differ little in appearance and the
407:
101:
95:
3344:
Haug, E.A.; Milsap, B.A.; Martell, M.S. (1993). Poole, A. (ed.).
2176:
727:: west Colombian burrowing owl – western Colombia, might include
347:, or any other open, dry area with low vegetation. They nest and
2868:
Biology, legal status, control materials, and directions for use
1195:) which may weigh almost as much as a burrowing owl, as well as
348:
158:
3489:
2545:"Burrowing owl faces 'death by a thousand cuts,' advocates say"
2940:. Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. Archived from
168:
3158:
Scobie, Corey A.; Bayne, Erin M.; Wellicome, Troy I. (2020).
565:: Florida burrowing owl – Florida and the Bahamas; listed as
437:), and it is today placed in that genus by most authorities.
2626:"Environmentalists ask California to protect burrowing owls"
1043:
south to Mexico and the southern U.S. during winter months.
1820:
10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0464:BOACPG]2.0.CO;2
1700:"Ueber Classification, insonderheit der europäischen Vogel"
1319:
A burrowing owl makes a home out of a buried piece of pipe.
1206:. It is extremely fond of termites such as Termitidae, and
1202:
Regarding invertebrates, the burrowing owl seems less of a
1405:, Burrowing Owl Preservation Society, Santa Clara Valley
3480:
3061:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1237:(Brazil). Similarly, it was noted that among scorpions
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
1346:. It is common and widespread in open regions of many
628:: western burrowing owl – southern Canada through the
581:: Brazilian burrowing owl – central and eastern Brazil
3324:
DeSante, D.F.; Ruhlen, E.D.; Rosenberg, D.K. (2004).
796:
of the Bahamas. How these birds relate to the extant
2969:. Burrowing Owl Preservation Society. Archived from
1793:
Korfanta, N.M.; McDonald, D.B.; Glenn, T.C. (2005).
1067:, coyotes, and snakes. They are also killed by both
3498:
3398:Moulton, C.E.; Brady, R.S.; Belthoff, J.R. (2005).
1788:
1786:
463:The 18 recognised subspecies, of which two are now
1389:California Endangered Species Act Listing Petition
792:, has been described from fossil remains from the
429:data, though, suggest that the burrowing owl is a
3192:"Are Burrowing Owls stuck in an ecological trap?"
2418:"The Birds of the Revilla Gigedo Islands, Mexico"
2416:Brattstrom, Bayard H.; Howell, Thomas R. (1956).
1545:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689353A93227732.en
1218:(Stenopelmatidae), true crickets (Gryllidae) and
698:: west Ecuadorean burrowing owl – western Ecuador
507:: Bolivian burrowing owl – the Bolivian altiplano
403:The burrowing owl is sometimes classified in the
2123:Levey, D.J.; Duncan, R.S.; Levins, C.F. (2004).
3425:Burrowing Owl Live Camera Feed & Fact Sheet
1018:Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge
928:, such as a bobbing of the head when agitated.
3950:Native birds of the Southeastern United States
2034:"Western Burrowing Owl | Conservation Program"
1241:were much preferred, among spiders Lycosidae (
1160:. Although burrowing owls often live close to
3379:Konig, C.; Weick, F.; Becking, J.-H. (1999).
3301:Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture
8:
1672:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
959:Wild burrowing owl near Santa Fe, New Mexico
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1483:is not a problem within those populations.
3486:
1475:landscapes, such as airport grasslands or
1287:prey is lacking, they feed essentially on
1079:of Colombia were free of blood parasites.
249:
73:
40:
31:
3955:Native birds of the Western United States
3175:
3126:
3080:
2746:
2672:
2392:
2339:
2324:"Use of dung as a tool by burrowing owls"
2125:"Use of dung as a tool by burrowing owls"
1951:
1949:
1827:
1674:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 124.
1543:
1366:. Burrowing owls are protected under the
3216:Clark, H.O. Jr.; Plumpton, D.L. (2005).
1936:Burrowing Owl Conservation Society of BC
1210:such as Conocephalinae and Copiphorinae
1131:to a different site than are male owls.
1075:cats and dogs. Two birds studied in the
778:, Argentina, probably not distinct from
396:that was introduced by German zoologist
1509:
1179:and amphibians, small lizards like the
949:
829:
351:in burrows, such as those excavated by
3381:Owls: A guide to the owls of the world
3356:. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
2822:Klute, David S. (David Scott) (2003).
2225:
2223:
1636:Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili
1515:
1513:
591:: Guadeloupe burrowing owl – formerly
3945:Native birds of the Canadian Prairies
2917:
2915:
2879:
2877:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2253:
2251:
2028:
2026:
1739:. International Ornithologists' Union
1719:
1717:
1344:California species of special concern
7:
3383:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2260:"Athene cunicularia (Burrowing Owl)"
2208:"Athene cunicularia (Burrowing owl)"
1471:Burrowing owls readily inhabit some
657:: Guyanese burrowing owl – southern
632:south to Central America; listed as
482:: Antiguan burrowing owl – formerly
3920:IUCN Red List least concern species
2870:. Vertebrate Pest Control Handbook.
2175:Lutz, R.S.; Plumpton, D.L. (1999).
1531:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1464:Burrowing owls at a golf course in
520:: Margarita Island burrowing owl –
3464:Burrowing Owl Conservation Network
2830:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
2781:The Journal of Wildlife Management
2288:Motta-Junior, José Carlos (2006).
2110:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00605.x
1762:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
3975:Taxa named by Juan Ignacio Molina
3354:The Birds of North America Online
2994:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
2655:Conway, Courtney J. (June 2018).
2461:"Species Profile – Burrowing Owl"
2294:Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia
2011:. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance
1432:status for burrowing owls in the
1411:California Endangered Species Act
642:(Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1902)
612:: Cuban burrowing owl – Cuba and
3715:burrowing-owl-athene-cunicularia
3042:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00054.x
1737:IOC World Bird List Version 10.2
1656:Check-List of Birds of the World
991:
986:, adult, Pembroke Pines, Florida
976:
964:
952:
920:. The owls have prominent white
893:
868:
850:
832:
711:: Revillagigedo burrowing owl –
115:
3935:Birds of the Dominican Republic
3431:BirdLife species factsheet for
3273:Center for Biological Diversity
2604:Center for Biological Diversity
2465:Species at Risk Public Registry
1520:BirdLife International (2016).
1497:construction nearby has ended.
1447:Dependency on burrowing animals
1395:Center for Biological Diversity
1291:and prickly pear fruit, adding
272: Winter non-breeding range
1143:A burrowing owl on the lookout
1077:Parque Nacional de La Macarena
743:: Hispaniolan burrowing owl –
413:based on an overall different
1:
3444:Burrowing Owl Species Account
3196:British Ornithologists' Union
1611:. Owl Species ID: 220.040.000
1305:Zenaida macroura clarionensis
774:: Corrientes burrowing owl –
278: Resident breeding range
3477:at VIREO (Drexel University)
3446:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
3248:Journal of Field Ornithology
3119:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.12.006
3030:Journal of Field Ornithology
2300:(4): 359–377. Archived from
1358:. It is therefore listed as
1175:) in southern Brazil. Among
998:Five southern burrowing owls
3940:Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
3475:Burrowing owl photo gallery
1988:U.S. Department of Interior
1262:artificial night lighting.
755:) and surrounding islands (
433:member of the little owls (
266: Summer breeding range
3996:
3965:Subterranean nesting birds
3407:Journal of Raptor Research
2661:Journal of Raptor Research
2385:10.1007/s10980-020-01132-3
2231:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
2181:Journal of Raptor Research
1932:"All about Burrowing Owls"
1918:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1885:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
1860:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
1670:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1268:Cylindropuntia leptocaulis
1099:A family of burrowing owls
460:birds is not quite clear.
331:, is a small, long-legged
243:About 20 living, see text
3469:Burrowing Owl Photo Essay
3239:Trulio, Lynne A. (1995).
2038:conservation.stanford.edu
1962:Atualidades OrnitolĂłgicas
1368:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
1016:) are most common in the
875:Brazilian burrowing owl (
440:A considerable number of
290:
283:
257:
248:
241:
236:
217:
210:
112:Scientific classification
110:
93:
71:
62:
48:
39:
34:
3456:Internet Bird Collection
3333:Studies in Avian Biology
3222:California Fish and Game
2696:Lenihan, Colleen Marie.
2235:explorer.natureserve.org
1889:explorer.natureserve.org
1864:explorer.natureserve.org
1631:Molina, Giovanni Ignazio
1538:: e.T22689353A93227732.
1415:Fish and Game Commission
1413:listing petition to the
1354:they are spreading with
1330:by its burrow in Florida
1228:Dichotomius anaglypticus
1004:Distribution and habitat
900:Southern burrowing owl (
3970:Birds described in 1782
3374:(subscription required)
2630:San Francisco Chronicle
1311:Status and conservation
1055:Burrowing owl in flight
857:Florida burrowing owl (
839:Western burrowing owl (
827:has not been resolved.
49:Brazilian burrowing owl
3073:10.1098/rspb.2018.0206
2828:U.S. Fish and Wildlife
1468:
1426:San Francisco Bay Area
1420:The petition requests
1331:
1320:
1144:
1100:
1056:
375:by Spanish naturalist
371:The burrowing owl was
343:, agricultural areas,
3980:Owls of South America
3853:Paleobiology Database
3481:Urban Bird Foundation
3451:"Burrowing owl media"
3107:Behavioural Processes
2624:Cabanatuan, Michael.
1463:
1456:Anthropogenic impacts
1403:Defenders of Wildlife
1399:Urban Bird Foundation
1381:lists the species as
1334:The burrowing owl is
1326:
1318:
1169:delicate vesper mouse
1142:
1098:
1054:
1047:Behaviour and ecology
717:Revillagigedo Islands
304:Spheotyto cunicularia
3930:Owls of the Americas
2967:"Artificial Burrows"
2674:10.3356/jrr-16-109.1
2213:Animal Diversity Web
1599:Lewis, D.P. (2005).
1567:"Appendices | CITES"
1299:) and young Clarion
1249:(Diplopoda) certain
1185:Hemidactylus mabouia
1181:tropical house gecko
607:A. c. guantanamensis
586:A. c. guadeloupensis
361:during dusk and dawn
300:Speotyto cunicularia
3471:at The Ark in Space
2973:on 30 November 2010
2866:Clark, J.P (1986).
2739:2019AnCon..22..600S
2727:Animal Conservation
2475:on 23 November 2004
2102:1986Ethol..72...53R
1297:Troglodytes tanneri
776:Corrientes Province
741:& Swales, 1931)
614:Isla de la Juventud
377:Juan Ignacio Molina
327:), also called the
203:A. cunicularia
65:Conservation status
3960:Tool-using animals
3897:Athene-cunicularia
3568:athene-cunicularia
3555:Athene_cunicularia
3530:Athene cunicularia
3500:Athene cunicularia
3433:Athene cunicularia
3427:at critterzoom.com
3348:Athene cunicularia
3067:(1878): 20180206.
2947:on August 26, 2010
2469:Environment Canada
1797:Athene cunicularia
1727:; Donsker, David;
1603:Athene cunicularia
1524:Athene cunicularia
1469:
1332:
1321:
1216:Jerusalem crickets
1193:Zenaida auriculata
1145:
1101:
1057:
945:Turdus migratorius
790:A. c. providentiae
753:Dominican Republic
599:Islands, extinct (
494:Islands, extinct (
379:in 1782 under the
373:formally described
324:Athene cunicularia
221:Athene cunicularia
3907:
3906:
3840:Open Tree of Life
3492:Taxon identifiers
3177:10.1111/ibi.12711
2748:10.1111/acv.12509
2549:Los Angeles Times
2373:Landscape Ecology
2296:(in Portuguese).
2268:UWI St. Augustine
1964:(in Portuguese).
1829:20.500.11919/2971
1767:227–228, plate 17
1729:Rasmussen, Pamela
1681:978-1-4081-2501-4
1651:Peters, James Lee
1601:"Burrowing Owl –
1383:Apparently Secure
1352:Amazon Rainforest
937:sexual dimorphism
902:A. c. cunicularia
845:California (U.S.)
780:A. c. cunicularia
773:
742:
734:A. c. troglodytes
726:
710:
697:
681:
656:
643:
634:Apparently Secure
627:
611:
590:
580:
564:
551:
543:A. c. cunicularia
535:
519:
511:A. c. brachyptera
506:
481:
384:Strix cunicularia
315:
314:
297:
293:Strix cunicularia
105:
88:
16:(Redirected from
3987:
3900:
3899:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3860:
3848:
3847:
3835:
3834:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3597:
3596:
3584:
3583:
3581:B9EE9676FFEC8B11
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3487:
3460:
3414:
3404:
3394:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3346:"Burrowing owl (
3340:
3330:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3270:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3130:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3006:10.1676/09-034.1
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2854:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2772:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2471:. Archived from
2457:
2451:
2450:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2204:
2189:
2188:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1938:. Archived from
1928:
1922:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1831:
1803:
1795:"Burrowing owl (
1790:
1781:
1780:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1710:. Cols 545–564 .
1692:
1686:
1685:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1517:
1162:ground squirrels
1135:Food and feeding
1085:Batesian mimicry
1034:Tierra del Fuego
995:
980:
968:
956:
897:
872:
854:
836:
771:
769:A. c. partridgei
736:
724:
704:
691:
689:A. c. pichinchae
684:A. c. intermedia
671:
654:
641:
639:A. c. juninensis
621:
609:
588:
574:
558:
545:
533:
524:, might include
522:Margarita Island
513:
505:(L. Kelso, 1939)
504:
475:
295:
277:
271:
265:
253:
223:
120:
119:
99:
82:
77:
76:
44:
32:
21:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3827:Observation.org
3825:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3494:
3449:
3421:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3343:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3318:Further reading
3315:
3305:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3026:
3025:
3021:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2898:10.2307/1368313
2883:
2882:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2843:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2793:10.2307/3803217
2774:
2773:
2756:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2551:. 11 March 2024
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2495:"Burrowing owl"
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2439:10.2307/1364977
2420:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2341:10.1038/431039a
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2206:
2205:
2192:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2146:10.1038/431039a
2127:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2009:"Burrowing Owl"
2007:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1914:All About Birds
1910:"Burrowing Owl"
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1731:, eds. (2020).
1723:
1722:
1715:
1696:Boie, Friedrich
1694:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1598:
1597:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1489:
1458:
1449:
1407:Audubon Society
1393:In March 2024,
1391:
1328:A. c. floridana
1313:
1307:) on occasion.
1137:
1093:
1061:natural enemies
1049:
1006:
999:
996:
987:
984:A. c. floridana
981:
972:
969:
960:
957:
914:
907:
905:
898:
889:
880:
877:A. c. grallaria
873:
864:
862:
859:A. c. floridana
855:
846:
844:
837:
798:A. c. floridana
786:paleosubspecies
729:A. c. carrikeri
610:(Garrido, 2001)
589:(Ridgway, 1874)
572:A. c. grallaria
556:A. c. floridana
531:A. c. carrikeri
526:A. c. apurensis
502:A. c. boliviana
369:
302:
298:
279:
275:
273:
269:
267:
263:
232:
225:
219:
206:
114:
106:
89:
78:
74:
67:
54:
52:A. c. grallaria
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3993:
3991:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3888:
3875:
3862:
3849:
3836:
3823:
3810:
3797:
3784:
3771:
3758:
3745:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3696:
3683:
3673:
3660:
3647:
3634:
3621:
3611:
3598:
3585:
3572:
3559:
3546:
3535:
3520:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3461:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3419:External links
3417:
3416:
3415:
3395:
3389:
3376:
3362:10.2173/bna.61
3341:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3285:
3257:
3231:
3208:
3183:
3170:(1): 162–174.
3150:
3096:
3047:
3036:(3): 280–290.
3019:
2984:
2958:
2923:
2911:
2873:
2855:
2841:
2814:
2754:
2733:(6): 600–610.
2713:
2688:
2667:(2): 129–142.
2642:
2616:
2588:
2577:. 8 March 2024
2562:
2536:
2525:. 6 March 2024
2510:
2486:
2452:
2433:(2): 107–120.
2408:
2363:
2314:
2280:
2247:
2219:
2190:
2167:
2115:
2080:
2069:(2): 371–377.
2049:
2022:
2000:
1997:on 2017-07-05.
1971:
1945:
1942:on 2015-02-05.
1923:
1901:
1876:
1851:
1814:(2): 464–478.
1782:
1775:
1750:
1713:
1687:
1680:
1662:
1653:, ed. (1940).
1642:
1622:
1582:
1558:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1488:
1485:
1466:Plantation, FL
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1434:Central Valley
1390:
1387:
1338:in Canada and
1312:
1309:
1301:mourning doves
1281:Clarion Island
1255:ground beetles
1231:scarab beetles
1136:
1133:
1092:
1089:
1048:
1045:
1014:A. c. hypugaea
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
990:
988:
982:
975:
973:
970:
963:
961:
958:
951:
941:American robin
913:
910:
909:
908:
899:
892:
890:
874:
867:
865:
863:Florida (U.S.)
856:
849:
847:
841:A. c. hypugaea
838:
831:
809:Cayman Islands
765:
764:
731:
719:
713:Clarion Island
707:C. H. Townsend
702:A. c. rostrata
699:
686:
666:
649:
646:A. c. punensis
636:
619:A. c. hypugaea
616:
604:
582:
569:
553:
540:
528:
508:
499:
398:Friedrich Boie
368:
365:
313:
312:
288:
287:
281:
280:
274:
268:
262:
260:A. cunicularia
255:
254:
246:
245:
239:
238:
234:
233:
226:
215:
214:
208:
207:
200:
198:
194:
193:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
108:
107:
94:
91:
90:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Burrowing owl
27:Species of owl
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3992:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Athene (bird)
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3702:burrowing-owl
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3390:0-300-07920-6
3386:
3382:
3377:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3302:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3254:(11): 99–106.
3253:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3228:(4): 286–289.
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2943:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2576:
2575:Bay City News
2572:
2566:
2563:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2304:on 2016-03-04
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:(2): 149–153.
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:84-87334-25-3
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:(in German).
1705:
1704:Isis von Oken
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:anthropogenic
1467:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:and southern
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:IUCN Red List
1361:
1360:Least Concern
1357:
1356:deforestation
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:ClariĂłn wrens
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:), and among
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Calomys tener
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:invertebrates
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1003:
994:
989:
985:
979:
974:
967:
962:
955:
950:
948:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
911:
903:
896:
891:
887:
883:
878:
871:
866:
860:
853:
848:
842:
835:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
781:
777:
772:(Olrog, 1976)
770:
762:
758:
757:Gonâve Island
754:
750:
746:
740:
735:
732:
730:
725:(Stone, 1899)
723:
722:A. c. tolimae
720:
718:
714:
708:
703:
700:
695:
690:
687:
685:
679:
675:
670:
669:A. c. nanodes
667:
664:
660:
653:
650:
647:
640:
637:
635:
631:
625:
620:
617:
615:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:Marie-Galante
594:
587:
583:
578:
573:
570:
568:
562:
557:
554:
549:
544:
541:
539:
538:A. c. tolimae
534:(Stone, 1922)
532:
529:
527:
523:
517:
512:
509:
503:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
479:
474:
470:
469:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
406:
401:
399:
395:
394:
389:
385:
382:
381:binomial name
378:
374:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
319:burrowing owl
311:
309:
305:
301:
294:
289:
286:
282:
261:
256:
252:
247:
244:
240:
235:
230:
224:
222:
216:
213:
212:Binomial name
209:
205:
204:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
118:
113:
109:
103:
97:
92:
86:
81:
80:Least Concern
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Burrowing Owl
3499:
3454:
3432:
3410:
3406:
3380:
3365:. Retrieved
3353:
3347:
3336:
3332:
3304:. Retrieved
3300:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:
3260:
3251:
3247:
3234:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3200:. Retrieved
3198:. 2019-04-18
3195:
3186:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3000:(1): 51–59.
2997:
2993:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2971:the original
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2942:the original
2933:
2926:
2889:
2885:
2867:
2827:
2817:
2784:
2780:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2698:
2691:
2664:
2660:
2633:. Retrieved
2629:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2574:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2548:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2522:
2513:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2473:the original
2464:
2455:
2430:
2424:
2411:
2394:10261/221083
2376:
2372:
2366:
2334:(7004): 39.
2331:
2327:
2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2297:
2293:
2283:
2272:. Retrieved
2266:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:
2211:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2140:(7004): 39.
2137:
2131:
2118:
2096:(1): 53–71.
2093:
2089:
2083:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:
2013:. Retrieved
2003:
1992:the original
1987:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1940:the original
1935:
1926:
1913:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1760:
1753:
1743:30 September
1741:. Retrieved
1736:
1707:
1703:
1690:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:OwlPages.com
1608:
1602:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1535:
1529:
1523:
1499:
1490:
1477:golf courses
1470:
1450:
1419:
1392:
1382:
1333:
1327:
1304:
1296:
1273:prickly pear
1271:) and other
1266:
1264:
1243:wolf spiders
1239:Bothriuridae
1227:
1223:
1220:grasshoppers
1201:
1192:
1184:
1172:
1166:
1146:
1125:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1081:
1063:, including
1058:
1038:
1022:
1013:
1007:
983:
944:
934:
930:
915:
901:
876:
858:
840:
821:last ice age
802:
797:
789:
783:
779:
768:
766:
761:Beata Island
733:
728:
721:
701:
688:
683:
668:
655:(Cory, 1918)
651:
645:
638:
633:
630:Great Plains
618:
606:
600:
585:
571:
566:
555:
542:
537:
530:
525:
510:
501:
495:
473:A. c. amaura
472:
462:
439:
434:
427:DNA sequence
410:
402:
391:
388:cunicularius
387:
383:
370:
356:
353:prairie dogs
328:
323:
322:
318:
316:
307:
303:
299:
296:Molina, 1782
292:
291:
259:
242:
220:
218:
202:
201:
189:
169:Strigiformes
51:
29:
3814:Neotropical
3788:NatureServe
3723:iNaturalist
3524:Wikispecies
3367:26 December
3128:11336/62168
2787:(4): 1067.
2258:Hailey, A.
2240:16 November
2015:12 December
1894:16 November
1869:16 November
1725:Gill, Frank
1379:NatureServe
1375:Appendix II
1348:Neotropical
1189:eared doves
1154:vertebrates
918:facial disc
912:Description
817:Puerto Rico
813:Mona Island
811:, Jamaica,
794:Pleistocene
652:A. c. minor
488:Saint Kitts
452:and in the
431:terrestrial
237:Subspecies
98:Appendix II
3914:Categories
3892:Xeno-canto
3413:: 429–438.
3339:: 116–119.
3202:2020-04-17
2892:(2): 347.
2886:The Condor
2504:2017-09-02
2308:2014-12-03
2274:2023-12-16
2043:2024-04-07
1576:2022-01-14
1551:30 October
1505:References
1487:Relocation
1481:inbreeding
1430:threatened
1422:endangered
1340:threatened
1336:endangered
1279:cacti. On
1259:Earthworms
1251:Diplocheta
1247:millipedes
1208:Orthoptera
1204:generalist
1152:and small
745:Hispaniola
694:Boetticher
593:Guadeloupe
567:Vulnerable
442:subspecies
415:morphology
341:rangelands
337:grasslands
3113:: 60–65.
2708:226971067
2499:myfwc.com
2403:225167543
2379:: 17–27.
1571:cites.org
1285:mammalian
1235:SĂŁo Paulo
1177:squamates
1030:Patagonia
1010:New World
926:behaviors
888:, Brazil)
886:SĂŁo Paulo
767:includes
678:Stolzmann
674:Berlepsch
624:Bonaparte
458:Caribbean
423:Osteology
419:karyotype
405:monotypic
400:in 1822.
258:Range of
197:Species:
179:Strigidae
135:Kingdom:
129:Eukaryota
58:, Brazil
3866:Species+
3793:2.106553
3780:22689353
3741:11234412
3594:22689353
3589:BirdLife
3509:Wikidata
3306:14 March
3278:14 March
3145:25323447
3137:26718884
3091:29769357
3014:84697992
2836:54884076
2683:90211031
2635:13 March
2609:13 March
2581:13 March
2555:13 March
2529:13 March
2523:CBS News
2350:15343324
2154:15343324
2090:Ethology
2075:23641756
2063:Caldasia
1698:(1822).
1633:(1782).
1615:24 April
1494:trapdoor
1289:crickets
1283:, where
1253:. Small
1224:Bothynus
1212:katydids
1197:sparrows
1129:disperse
1091:Breeding
1073:domestic
1028:down to
1026:Pantanal
971:Immature
922:eyebrows
751:and the
577:Temminck
516:Richmond
478:Lawrence
454:Antilles
446:taxonomy
411:Speotyto
367:Taxonomy
285:Synonyms
175:Family:
149:Chordata
145:Phylum:
139:Animalia
125:Domain:
85:IUCN 3.1
56:Pantanal
3692:2497240
3576:Avibase
3515:Q467068
3082:5966595
2977:3 April
2951:3 April
2906:1368313
2809:8359755
2801:3803217
2735:Bibcode
2447:1364977
2358:4351225
2162:4351225
2098:Bibcode
1846:7402868
1838:4090439
1362:on the
1158:rodents
1121:leaving
1065:badgers
1041:migrate
906:Uruguay
805:Barbuda
739:Wetmore
709:, 1890)
696:, 1929)
680:, 1892)
663:Roraima
626:, 1825)
579:, 1822)
563:, 1874)
561:Ridgway
550:, 1782)
518:, 1896)
484:Antigua
480:, 1878)
467:, are:
465:extinct
357:Cynomys
345:deserts
231:, 1782)
185:Genus:
165:Order:
155:Class:
100: (
83: (
3884:422611
3858:368064
3845:944695
3819:burowl
3806:194338
3767:177946
3754:119583
3699:GNAB:
3676:FEIS:
3664:EURING
3656:ATENCU
3643:burowl
3617:burowl
3563:ARKive
3543:burowl
3387:
3143:
3135:
3089:
3079:
3012:
2904:
2834:
2807:
2799:
2706:
2681:
2445:
2426:Condor
2401:
2356:
2348:
2328:Nature
2160:
2152:
2133:Nature
2073:
1844:
1836:
1773:
1733:"Owls"
1678:
1438:desert
1428:, and
1277:cholla
1117:clutch
807:, the
676:&
665:region
659:Guyana
548:Molina
490:, and
435:Athene
393:Athene
308:lapsus
276:
270:
264:
229:Molina
190:Athene
3879:WoRMS
3832:72241
3736:IRMNG
3728:19975
3638:eBird
3630:5W7C4
3614:BOW:
3403:(PDF)
3329:(PDF)
3297:(PDF)
3269:(PDF)
3244:(PDF)
3141:S2CID
3010:S2CID
2945:(PDF)
2938:(PDF)
2902:JSTOR
2805:S2CID
2797:JSTOR
2679:S2CID
2600:(PDF)
2479:8 May
2443:JSTOR
2421:(PDF)
2399:S2CID
2354:S2CID
2263:(PDF)
2158:S2CID
2128:(PDF)
2071:JSTOR
1995:(PDF)
1984:(PDF)
1842:S2CID
1834:JSTOR
1802:(PDF)
1441:range
1372:CITES
1069:feral
825:taxon
749:Haiti
603:1890)
601:circa
498:1905)
496:circa
492:Nevis
450:Andes
408:genus
349:roost
329:shoco
102:CITES
96:CITES
3871:9177
3801:NCBI
3775:IUCN
3762:ITIS
3687:GBIF
3679:atcu
3669:7590
3651:EPPO
3607:9485
3602:BOLD
3385:ISBN
3369:2006
3308:2024
3280:2024
3164:Ibis
3133:PMID
3087:PMID
2979:2010
2953:2010
2832:OCLC
2704:OCLC
2637:2024
2611:2024
2583:2024
2557:2024
2531:2024
2481:2006
2346:PMID
2242:2022
2150:PMID
2017:2022
1968:: 8.
1896:2022
1871:2022
1771:ISBN
1745:2020
1708:1822
1676:ISBN
1617:2005
1553:2022
1536:2016
1275:and
1226:and
1071:and
1032:and
815:and
661:and
595:and
425:and
417:and
317:The
159:Aves
3749:ISC
3710:IBC
3625:CoL
3550:ADW
3539:ABA
3358:doi
3172:doi
3168:162
3123:hdl
3115:doi
3111:124
3077:PMC
3069:doi
3065:285
3038:doi
3002:doi
2998:122
2894:doi
2789:doi
2743:doi
2669:doi
2435:doi
2389:hdl
2381:doi
2336:doi
2332:431
2142:doi
2138:431
2106:doi
1966:172
1824:hdl
1816:doi
1812:122
1807:Auk
1540:doi
947:).
882:JaĂş
333:owl
3916::
3894::
3881::
3868::
3855::
3842::
3829::
3816::
3803::
3790::
3777::
3764::
3751::
3738::
3725::
3712::
3689::
3666::
3653::
3640::
3627::
3604::
3591::
3578::
3565::
3552::
3541::
3526::
3511::
3453:.
3411:39
3409:.
3405:.
3352:.
3350:)"
3337:27
3335:.
3331:.
3299:.
3271:.
3252:66
3250:.
3246:.
3226:91
3224:.
3220:.
3194:.
3166:.
3162:.
3139:.
3131:.
3121:.
3109:.
3085:.
3075:.
3063:.
3059:.
3034:77
3032:.
3008:.
2996:.
2914:^
2900:.
2890:91
2888:.
2876:^
2858:^
2844:^
2826:.
2803:.
2795:.
2785:64
2783:.
2779:.
2757:^
2741:.
2731:22
2729:.
2725:.
2702:.
2677:.
2665:52
2663:.
2659:.
2645:^
2628:.
2602:.
2573:.
2547:.
2521:.
2497:.
2467:.
2463:.
2441:.
2431:58
2429:.
2423:.
2397:.
2387:.
2377:36
2375:.
2352:.
2344:.
2330:.
2326:.
2298:14
2265:.
2250:^
2233:.
2222:^
2210:.
2193:^
2185:33
2183:.
2179:.
2156:.
2148:.
2136:.
2130:.
2104:.
2094:72
2092:.
2067:28
2065:.
2061:.
2036:.
2025:^
1986:.
1948:^
1934:.
1916:.
1912:.
1887:.
1862:.
1840:.
1832:.
1822:.
1810:.
1804:.
1785:^
1769:.
1735:.
1716:^
1702:.
1607:.
1585:^
1569:.
1534:.
1528:.
1512:^
1443:.
1401:,
1397:,
1385:.
1377:.
1222:.
1214:,
1199:.
1036:.
788:,
784:A
759:,
715:,
486:,
421:.
339:,
310:)
3459:.
3393:.
3371:.
3360::
3310:.
3282:.
3205:.
3180:.
3174::
3147:.
3125::
3117::
3093:.
3071::
3044:.
3040::
3016:.
3004::
2981:.
2955:.
2908:.
2896::
2838:.
2811:.
2791::
2751:.
2745::
2737::
2710:.
2685:.
2671::
2639:.
2613:.
2585:.
2559:.
2533:.
2507:.
2483:.
2449:.
2437::
2405:.
2391::
2383::
2360:.
2338::
2311:.
2277:.
2244:.
2216:.
2164:.
2144::
2112:.
2108::
2100::
2077:.
2046:.
2019:.
1920:.
1898:.
1873:.
1848:.
1826::
1818::
1779:.
1747:.
1684:.
1619:.
1605:"
1579:.
1555:.
1542::
1526:"
1522:"
1303:(
1295:(
1191:(
1183:(
1171:(
943:(
904:)
884:(
879:)
861:)
843:)
763:)
747:(
737:(
705:(
692:(
672:(
648:.
622:(
584:â€
575:(
559:(
546:(
514:(
476:(
471:â€
355:(
321:(
306:(
227:(
104:)
87:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
