367:, looked closely at the specifics of the financing of the parking garage and the building plan's dependence on retail rental income to determine that the Eagle Coffee Shoppe was integral to the government purpose of building and financing a parking garage. Also, a close symbiosis was noted between retail businesses having nearby parking and a garage being close to shopping opportunities to the point that they were a "joint participant." Based on the close interplay between the government and the company, the court found that the exclusion of black customers was a violation even though no government agency was directly discriminating: "the exclusion of appellant under the circumstances shown to be present here was discriminatory state action in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment."
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No keeper of an inn, tavern, hotel, or restaurant, or other place of public entertainment or refreshment of travelers, guests, or customers shall be obliged, by law, to furnish entertainment or refreshment to persons whose reception or entertainment by him would be offensive to the major part of his
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on the downtown block in
Wilmington between 8th, Orange, 9th, and Shipley Streets. The city's economic analysis showed that the bonds could be repaid only if the parking income was augmented with rental income from a strip of storefronts built along 9th Street. The Eagle Coffee Shoppe, Inc., was one
118:
In view of all the circumstances of this case, including the facts that the restaurant was physically and financially an integral part of a public building, built and maintained with public funds, devoted to a public parking service, and owned and operated by an agency of the State for public
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concurred with the verdict but felt that since no evidence had been submitted that Burton had bothered other customers, the
Delaware law allowing restaurants to exclude customers was a pretense to allow racial discrimination and so was itself unconstitutional. In dissent, Justice
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by claiming that the discrimination was sanctioned by the state by virtue of the landlord and the close relationship between the business and state agency. The lawsuit sought to force the Eagle Coffee Shoppe to integrate its dining room or to terminate its lease.
321:, became involved in the dispute. Rather than appeal those arrests, he had City Councilman William H. Burton park at the garage and then go to the Eagle Coffee Shoppe, where he was refused service explicitly because he was an African American.
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The case broadened the reach of the Equal
Protection Clause to include not only direct government action but also actions by private companies acting in close relationship to a government agency. The impact of the ruling was later limited in
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overruled that decision found that Eagle Coffee Shoppe's refusal to serve black clientele was legal because of a state law, 24 Del.C. § 1501, which allowed restaurants to refuse service if a person was disturbing other customers.
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purposes, the State was a joint participant in the operation of the restaurant, and its refusal to serve appellant violated the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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to situations in which the government support of the business was substantial before private discrimination could be considered a "state action."
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applies to private business that operates in a relationship to a government that is close to the point that it becomes a "
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at the counter and refused to leave until they were served in an unsuccessful attempt to desegregate the restaurant.
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ruled that the government lease to a discriminating company was a violation of Burton's civil rights. However, the
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for initial construction. The first project of the new agency was to build the
Midtown Parking Center, a
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in 1951 to encourage parking access. Although a state agency, the WPA worked closely with the
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wrote a separate dissent that also called for returning the case to the state court.
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A suit was filed in 1958 on Burton's behalf against the parking authority and the
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626:"Local legal historic sites – Midtown Parking Center and Eagle Coffee Shoppe"
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Former location of restaurant, on far end, just prior to garage demolition
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William H. Burton, Appellant, v. Wilmington
Parking Authority, et al.
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Redding then appealed to the federal courts on behalf of Burton.
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public domain material from this U.S government document
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workers were arrested for trespass when they staged a
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United States
Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
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List of United States
Supreme Court cases, volume 365
315:, a local civil rights attorney who helped litigate
730:, 365 U.S. at 727-28 (Frankfurter, J., dissenting).
300:of the tenants and signed a 20-year lease in 1957.
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682:, 365 U.S. at 717, n.1 (quoting 24 Del.C. § 1501).
283:(WPA) is a government agency established by the
203:Clark, joined by Warren, Black, Douglas, Brennan
706:, 365 U.S. at 726-27 (Stewart, J., concurring).
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718:, 365 U.S. at 728-30 (Harlan, J., dissenting).
8:
943:United States racial desegregation case law
773:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
500:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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363:The majority opinion, written by Justice
351:customers, and would injure his business.
473:Equality, Affirmative Action and Justice
938:United States equal protection case law
421:
958:Garages (parking) in the United States
816:Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
766:
658:Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
624:Lindenmuth, Janet (February 8, 2012).
493:
434:Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
248:Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
303:Shortly after it opened, seven black
18:1961 United States Supreme Court case
7:
968:African-American history of Delaware
583:Williams, Leonard L. (Summer 1998).
669: (last visited June 23, 2018).
42:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
928:United States Supreme Court cases
895:"Basic Equal Protection Analysis"
893:Galloway Jr., Russell W. (1989).
826:715 (1961) is available from:
448:
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973:Civil rights movement case law
948:1961 in United States case law
1:
251:, 365 U.S. 715 (1961), was a
788:Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
520:Wilmington Parking Authority
398:Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
281:Wilmington Parking Authority
29:Wilmington Parking Authority
667:Chicago–Kent College of Law
318:Brown v. Board of Education
255:case that decided that the
253:United States Supreme Court
227:Harlan, joined by Whittaker
989:
885:Oyez (oral argument audio)
455:This article incorporates
339:Delaware Court of Chancery
236:
128:
117:
34:
656:
291:, which would issue the
49:Argued February 21, 1961
953:Delaware state case law
257:Equal Protection Clause
899:Santa Clara Law Review
746:Collected Legal Essays
353:
343:Delaware Supreme Court
276:
175:William J. Brennan Jr.
107:Delaware Supreme Court
51:Decided April 17, 1961
631:Delaware Library Blog
274:
963:Wilmington, Delaware
470:Rabe, Johan (2001).
238:Fourteenth Amendment
179:Charles E. Whittaker
876:Library of Congress
751:Littleton, Colorado
598:(2). Archived from
562:39.7450°N 75.5496°W
558: /
240:, the Delaware Code
694:, 365 U.S. at 717.
636:Widener University
605:on October 5, 2013
585:"Louis L. Redding"
526:on October 5, 2013
391:Legal consequences
289:City of Wilmington
277:
155:William O. Douglas
139:Associate Justices
567:39.7450; -75.5496
385:Felix Frankfurter
381:Charles Whittaker
285:State of Delaware
244:
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167:John M. Harlan II
151:Felix Frankfurter
84:81 S. Ct. 856; 6
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232:Laws applied
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163:Tom C. Clark
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98:Case history
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909:February 8,
565: /
331:coffeehouse
261:state actor
219:Frankfurter
208:Concurrence
135:Earl Warren
922:Categories
641:October 2,
609:October 2,
553:75°32′59″W
550:39°44′42″N
530:October 2,
516:"About US"
416:References
267:Background
143:Hugo Black
90:U.S. LEXIS
769:cite book
496:cite book
365:Tom Clark
88:45; 1961
86:L. Ed. 2d
66:Citations
814:Text of
743:(1989).
404:See also
370:Justice
359:Decision
200:Majority
849:Findlaw
831:Cornell
478:Hamburg
224:Dissent
216:Dissent
211:Stewart
113:Holding
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867:Justia
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728:Burton
716:Burton
704:Burton
692:Burton
680:Burton
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453:
436:,
309:sit-in
297:garage
185:
183:·
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25:Burton
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603:(PDF)
588:(PDF)
440:
293:bonds
103:Prior
911:2021
824:U.S.
796:U.S.
775:link
755:ISBN
643:2013
611:2013
532:2013
502:link
482:ISBN
442:U.S.
337:The
279:The
92:1297
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71:U.S.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
