796:, which Hutus emphasise. Some Burundians perceive both events as genocides worthy of remembrance, but generally factions have formed to claim the precedence of one event over the other and commemorate them accordingly. Radical Tutsi ideologues, while stressing that the 1993 events were a genocide targeting Tutsis, often neglect to mention the thousands of Hutus killed by the army during the same period and the flight of thousands more as refugees to Rwanda. Tutsi academics tend to give Ndadaye's assassination only cursory attention in their histories of the violence. In contrast, Hutu writers usually emphasise the killing of Ndadaye and the massacres of Hutus inflicted by the army and ignore the killings of Tutsis. The Tutsi extremist group AC Genocide-Crimoso later established several monuments to commemorate Tutsis killed in 1993. The Burundian government erected a monument in 2010 to commemorate victims of all post-colonial violence in the country.
581:. He initially ignored the country's ethnic strife and perpetuated Tutsi domination of public life. In August 1988, violence broke out and the army massacred thousands of Hutus. Facing substantial foreign pressure, Buyoya initiated reforms designed to end Burundi's systemic ethnic violence, while UPRONA attempted to incorporate more Hutus into its ranks. The Tutsi establishment in the army and security forces nevertheless resisted change. A commission appointed by the president produced a constitution which provided for democratic elections. The document was adopted via referendum in March 1992, followed shortly thereafter by the creation of new political parties. Buyoya scheduled free elections in 1993 and offered himself as UPRONA's presidential candidate. UPRONA's main challenger became
774:
killings constituted "an effort to completely destroy the Tutsi ethnic group. Tutsis were not simply killed in a spurt of violence, but systematically hunted...evidence is sufficient to establish that acts of genocide against the Tutsi minority took place in
Burundi on 21 October 1993, and the days following". The commission noted that "the evidence is insufficient to determine whether or not these acts of genocide were planned or ordered by leaders at a higher level". FRODEBU accused the commission of bias and capitulating to demands of Tutsi politicians, church figures, and journalists to have their ethnic group's losses labeled genocide.
631:
38:
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regime, posing a threat to Tutsi elite business interests. Military reforms also led to the separation of the gendarmerie's command from the army, the replacement of the chiefs of staff of the army and gendarmerie, and new requirements for enrollment into the army were introduced. The army was due to open its annual recruitment drive in
November, and there were fears among some Tutsi soldiers that this process would be altered in a way that would threaten their dominance of the institution.
57:
782:
wrote in 1995 that "there is no evidence that a genocidal plan ever existed, and the allegations that it did were part of a strategy to exonerate the army and to implicate FRODEBU." Academic Nigel Watt considered the violence to be a "double genocide", with the first one being perpetrated by Hutus
613:
Ndadaye's tenure was largely peaceful, but during his time in office
Burundi was subject to several social and political disruptions. Among the former, the media—recently liberalised—often used its freedom to discuss public issues in an inflammatory manner. Thousands of Burundian Hutu refugees who
773:
In May 1994, a UN preliminary fact-finding commission determined that the massacres of Tutsis were not part of "any premeditated plan for the extermination of the Tutsi ethnic group by the Hutu". Conversely, the following year the
International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi concluded that the
732:
who were seeking refuge at a bishop's compound. The Tutsi-dominated army also engaged in reprisal killings. One of the few exceptions to this was in Karuzi
Province, where the local commander, Major Martin Nkurikiye, went unarmed with two FRODEBU parliamentarians into villages to try to convince
618:
and demanding the reclamation of their property. Though
Ndadaye suggested resettling them in vacant lands, many local officials made room for them by evicting others from their homes. Politically, Ndadaye's government reexamined several contracts and economic concessions made the by the previous
605:
Rumours circulated in
Burundi that the army would attempt to intervene to disrupt the transition. A plot from a handful of officers discovered on 3 July to seize Ndadaye's residence failed due to a lack of support from other components of the military, resulting in several arrests. Ndadaye was
791:
The killings have received little coverage in international media or academia. Des Forges wrote that, "The lack of international response to the killing in
Burundi led to the cataclysm in Rwanda". Burundian Tutsis attach more significance to the 1993 massacres relative to the 1972
777:
The question of whether the killings of Tutsis arose from a planned genocide or from spontaneous violence remains heavily disputed among academics and
Burundians who lived through the events. Burundian Tutsi authors maintain that the killings were premeditated. Political scientist
783:
against Tutsis, and the second being by the army against Hutus. He also wrote that there was no evidence that plans to kill Tutsis were formulated on a national scale but that "the speed of the mobilisation suggests that some people feared might happen and made preparations."
748:
and the
Burundian government in 2002 estimated the number of people killed from 21 October to 31 December 1993 to be 116,059, with at least 100,000 deaths occurring in late October. It remains unclear what proportion of these victims were Tutsi and what proportion were Hutu.
654:(RTLM) reported that a coup had taken place and that Ndadaye had been captured on 21 October. This led young FRODEBU members to arm themselves and take Tutsis and Hutu UPRONA members hostage. Once RTLM announced Ndadaye's death later that day, the hostages were executed.
757:
In 1997, the Burundian government passed a law which penalised genocide and crimes against humanity. Later that year, the government charged hundreds of persons accused of responsibility in the killings of Tutsis, with 44 being sentenced to death.
593:, who was backed by FRODEBU. Ndadaye won the election in a landslide, earning 64 percent of the popular vote. In the subsequent parliamentary elections on 29 June, FRODEBU won 71.4 percent of the vote and earned 80 percent of the seats in the
4214:
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completely avoided the violence. Hutu peasants were primarily involved, though in some instances FRODEBU members in provincial and communal governments engaged in anti-Tutsi violence. In
1678:
United Nations Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination, Fifty-first session, Summary record of the 1239th meeting. Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, 20 August 1997,
2756:
606:
sworn-in as President on 10 July. He assembled a government of 23 ministers, including 13 FRODEBU and six UPRONA members. Nine of the ministers were Tutsi, including Prime Minister
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2018:
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In several instances, Tutsis engaged in reprisals. The retaliatory violence was particularly acute in the provinces of Karuzi, Gitega, and Ruyigi. On 24 October in
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conducted study in 2002 which concluded that a total of 116,059 people died during the events. The question of whether the killings of Tutsis arose from a planned
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762:
455:
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4113:
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2417:
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2297:
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223:
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1727:
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dominated the presidency, coming to power through coups. During this time there were instances of ethnic repression, particularly in 1972 when the
383:
324:
281:
203:
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1793:
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213:
4198:
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1991:
586:
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3298:
3114:
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2310:
503:, and were primarily undertaken by Hutu peasants. At many points throughout, Tutsis took vengeance and initiated massacres in response.
148:
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At some point, a group of army personnel began planning a coup against Ndadaye's government. Their exact identity remains disputed.
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1964:
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630:
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1969:
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745:
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507:
74:
868:
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Initial estimates of the death toll from the ethnic violence ranged from 25,000 to 500,000. A joint study conducted by the
30:
This article is about the 1993 killings of mostly Tutsis in Burundi. For the 1972 killings of mostly Hutus in Burundi, see
4274:
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2001:
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429:
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Modern-day view of the Kibimba School Memorial which commemorates the massacre of 75 Tutsi schoolchildren in October 1993
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1937:
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1984:
1830:
594:
551:
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414:
37:
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3183:
2190:
2064:
1959:
1679:
1522:
Reyntjens, Filip (December 1993). "The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating: The June 1993 Elections in Burundi".
518:
or from spontaneous violence remains heavily disputed among academics and Burundians who lived through the events.
419:
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armed Hutus to stand down. The army protected Tutsis by resettling them in fortified villages. Minister of Health
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2115:
2013:
2008:
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1859:
721:, one FRODEBU administrator was reported to have arranged for over three dozen Tutsi civil servants to be burnt.
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from 21 October to December 1993, under an eruption of ethnic animosity and riots following the assassination of
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1920:
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2883:
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2059:
1947:
555:
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765:(TRC) was established to investigate crimes committed during ethnic violence since independence in 1962.
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1974:
1347:
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56:
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2543:
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1996:
1954:
1932:
1879:
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1847:
574:
492:
481:
4039:
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3557:
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3159:
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2600:
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1903:
1889:
1869:
1825:
1685:
Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination : Burundi
810:
273:
554:(UPRONA), which served as the legal ruling party from 1966, was overwhelmingly made up of Tutsis.
3564:
3550:
3311:
3167:
3019:
2705:
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2098:
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2032:
1783:
1771:
1748:
1576:
1547:
1539:
1510:
1401:
1384:
Bundervoet, Tom (May 2009). "Livestock, Land and Political Power: The 1993 Killings in Burundi".
527:
140:
93:
85:
48:
1418:
Gender & Genocide in Burundi : The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region
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1421:
1370:
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117:
4002:
3986:
3874:
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3628:
3543:
3272:
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2559:
2551:
2230:
2180:
2175:
1979:
1820:
1568:
1531:
1393:
805:
710:
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682:
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639:
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484:
360:
1341:
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3898:
3834:
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3619:
3352:
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2923:
2891:
2318:
2145:
2049:
779:
714:
690:
678:
674:
666:
500:
158:
737:—who was in Rwanda at the time—accused the army of committing genocide. In November, the
17:
3962:
3571:
3536:
3223:
3215:
3191:
2776:
2623:
2615:
1413:
729:
662:
424:
334:
1501:
Manirakiza, Désiré (2011). "Les intellectuels burundais face au piège de l'ethnisme".
4243:
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2979:
1788:
1551:
643:
607:
570:
105:
1405:
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1652:
1631:
1610:
1589:
1481:
1460:
3882:
3594:
3587:
3199:
2326:
1692:
René Lemarchand. "The Burundi Genocide". Century of Genocide. Ed. Samuel Totten
1440:, New York: United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi, 1996
1367:
The Palgrave Handbook of Conflict and History Education in the Post-Cold War Era
734:
4010:
3890:
3469:
3430:
3011:
2907:
2486:
1535:
1699:
1397:
3448:
3437:
2915:
2574:
650:, and the country descended into a period of civil strife. The Rwanda-based
1680:
Seventh to tenth periodic reports of Burundi (continued) (CERD/C/295/Add.1)
1572:
1437:
International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report (S/1996/682)
3511:
3490:
3462:
3407:
2334:
2272:
515:
1514:
2517:
1736:
1580:
539:
477:
189:
169:
1543:
3578:
3207:
1140:"Burundi's Truth and Reconciliation commission presents new findings"
1059:
Watson, Catharine (January 1994). "Burundi: The Death of Democracy".
725:
4215:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
1705:
3143:
2801:
1808:
1761:
793:
629:
563:
543:
533:
469:
233:
69:
36:
31:
1435:
547:
473:
4144:
4025:
3793:
3295:
3058:
2753:
2414:
2294:
2245:
1709:
657:
By 22 October, Hutus were attacking Tutsis in the provinces of
1591:
Le drame burundais: hantise du pouvoir ou tentation suicidaire
976:
974:
1612:
Politics of Innocence: Hutu Identity, Conflict and Camp Life
1308:
1306:
1189:
1187:
1114:
1039:
1037:
55:
2241:
1559:
Schweiger, Romana (July 2006). "Late Justice For Burundi".
1233:
1231:
4080:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1420:. African Issues. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
585:(FRODEBU), a party largely associated with Hutus. In the
1702:, News about Burundi crimes since 1962, by Agnews (2000)
841:
Watson, Catherine (September 1993). "Freed From Fear".
1206:
1204:
1202:
597:. The party also took over most local administration.
4191:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
2730:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
1074:
1072:
1070:
614:
had fled during the violence of 1972 began returning
4159:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
638:
Tensions climaxed on 21 October 1993 when President
3786:
3696:
3618:
3521:
3399:
2279:
2097:
2031:
1902:
1846:
1747:
1588:Sebudandi, Gaëtan; Richard, Pierre-Olivier (1996).
869:"1962-2012 : 50 ans de turbulences au Burundi"
1252:, Chapter 1: A brief political history of Burundi.
1462:The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda
4048:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1633:Life after Violence: A People's Story of Burundi
1004:
2988:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
1561:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
3281:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
2257:
1721:
1654:Burundi: Biography of a Small African Country
449:
8:
4167:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
3907:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
1285:
1167:"Burundi: the commission of divided truths"
1102:
845:. Vol. 38, no. 5. pp. 58–61.
41:Burundians fleeing during the 1993 violence
4141:
4114:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
4022:
3790:
3292:
3055:
2750:
2411:
2291:
2264:
2250:
2242:
2103:
2037:
1908:
1852:
1728:
1714:
1706:
1483:The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa
1324:
1312:
1273:
1237:
1193:
1054:
1052:
1043:
980:
953:
456:
442:
44:
2737:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1297:
992:
965:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
855:
652:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
27:1993 killings of mostly Tutsis in Burundi
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
2609:Indigenous peoples in the United States
822:
47:
1365:Bentrovato, Denise (2019). "Burundi".
1222:
1165:Rugiririz, Ephrem (25 November 2019).
769:Assessment of the violence as genocide
546:ethnic minority at the expense of the
4285:Racially motivated violence in Africa
3770:Mass killings under communist regimes
1524:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1446:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide
1210:
1126:
1090:
697:. Violence was less intensive in the
7:
3719:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
1486:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1261:
1249:
1078:
1028:
1016:
3955:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
1696:New York: Routledge, 2004. 321–337.
763:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
709:in the east. Only the provinces of
583:Front pour la DĂ©mocratie au Burundi
538:From the mid-1960s, the country of
4300:20th-century mass murder in Africa
562:quashed a Hutu rebellion and then
491:. The massacres took place in all
25:
1343:Amnesty International Report 1994
1115:Amnesty International Report 1994
542:was politically dominated by its
1594:(in French). Karthala Editions.
2568:Indigenous peoples in Australia
472:were conducted by the majority-
4280:Human rights abuses in Burundi
3484:Genocide of indigenous peoples
3083:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
2384:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
1767:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1448:, Cambridge University Press,
875:(in French). 24 September 2012
746:United Nations Population Fund
552:Union pour le Progrès National
508:United Nations Population Fund
159:Prince Rwagasore assassination
1:
4199:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
2503:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
1503:Revue Africaine de Sociologie
739:Permanent Francophone Council
4130:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
3931:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
3777:Anti-communist mass killings
2511:Indigenous peoples in Canada
2447:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
2019:Current provincial governors
1838:Burundian unrest (2015–2018)
1369:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
1005:Sebudandi & Richard 1996
587:1 June presidential election
293:Genocidal killings of Tutsis
4064:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
3232:National Population Program
1926:Constitution of the Kingdom
75:Hutu, Tutsi and Twa origins
4316:
4265:Ethnic cleansing in Africa
3979:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
3923:Hamburg RavensbrĂĽck trials
3749:Effects on young survivors
3184:Sabra and Shatila massacre
728:, Tutsis murdered 78 Hutu
531:
525:
29:
4295:Discrimination in Burundi
4153:
4034:
3947:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
3915:Supreme National Tribunal
3805:
3306:
3069:
2764:
2526:Residential school system
2425:
2305:
2208:
2106:
2040:
1911:
1855:
1536:10.1017/S0022278X00012246
1480:Lemarchand, René (2009).
1444:Lemarchand, René (1996).
1386:Journal of Peace Research
18:Burundian genocide (1993)
2818:Christians in Diyarbekir
1916:Administrative divisions
1459:Klinghoffer, A. (1998).
1398:10.1177/0022343309102657
741:condemned the killings.
315:Titanic Express massacre
3756:Politics of recognition
2311:Destruction of Carthage
1657:. Hurst & Company.
4255:1993 murders in Africa
4207:South Africa v. Israel
4175:Rohingya genocide case
3712:Names of the Holocaust
3176:Chittagong Hill Tracts
2884:Kinder der Landstrasse
2770:Late Ottoman genocides
1609:Turner, Simon (2012).
635:
610:, a member of UPRONA.
149:Parliamentary election
61:
42:
4072:Bosnian genocide case
3726:Holocaust terminology
3369:Christians under ISIS
3107:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
2536:1740 Batavia massacre
2360:Harrying of the North
1348:Amnesty International
705:in the northwest and
633:
532:Further information:
512:Government of Burundi
59:
40:
4275:Massacres in Burundi
4223:Nicaragua v. Germany
4122:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
3498:Utilitarian genocide
3477:Transgender genocide
2844:Osage Indian murders
2544:Great Gypsy Round-up
2045:Bank of the Republic
1970:Council of Ministers
1805:Burundian genocides
1687:. 18 September 1997.
1651:Watt, Nigel (2008).
1630:Uvin, Peter (2013).
1350:Publications. 1994.
575:President of Burundi
141:Road to independence
4270:Genocides in Africa
3609:Settler colonialism
3558:Forced assimilation
3264:Srebrenica massacre
3036:Chechens and Ingush
2794:Thracian Bulgarians
2640:Sand Creek massacre
2601:Siege of Tripolitsa
2352:Ancestral Puebloans
1826:Burundian Civil War
1573:10.1093/iclq/lei109
944:, pp. 565–567.
932:, pp. 565–566.
908:, pp. 563–564.
811:Burundian Civil War
482:Burundian President
274:Burundian Civil War
4088:Slobodan Milošević
3939:Erich von Manstein
3551:Extermination camp
3312:Effacer le tableau
3075:Hyderabadi Muslims
3020:Nanshitou Massacre
3004:Muslims and Croats
2706:Hamidian massacres
2593:Al-Jawazi massacre
2583:Stolen Generations
2286:list by death toll
2070:Telecommunications
1794:Colonial residents
1784:German East Africa
1772:Kingdom of Burundi
1700:"Burundi Genocide"
1615:. Berghahn Books.
1414:Daley, Patricia O.
681:, and in parts of
636:
564:murdered thousands
560:Burundian military
528:History of Burundi
94:German East Africa
86:Kingdom of Burundi
70:Urewe civilisation
62:
49:History of Burundi
43:
4260:Massacres in 1993
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4140:
4139:
4021:
4020:
3867:Euthanasia trials
3787:Legal proceedings
3530:Cultural genocide
3456:Cultural genocide
3395:
3394:
3328:Masalit massacres
3291:
3290:
3192:Sri Lankan Tamils
3099:Arabs in Zanzibar
3054:
3053:
2972:Three Alls policy
2749:
2748:
2682:Putumayo genocide
2410:
2409:
2239:
2238:
2204:
2203:
2161:Human trafficking
2093:
2092:
2027:
2026:
1992:Political parties
1985:National Assembly
1938:Foreign relations
1898:
1897:
1831:1993 coup attempt
1799:Ruzagayura famine
1427:978-0-253-35171-5
1357:978-0-86210-230-2
1063:. pp. 26–31.
983:, pp. 20–21.
703:Bubanza Provinces
595:National Assembly
556:Military officers
468:Mass killings of
466:
465:
395:COVID-19 pandemic
384:Army coup attempt
325:Army coup attempt
282:Army coup attempt
204:Army coup attempt
118:Ruzagayura famine
60:Emblem of Burundi
16:(Redirected from
4307:
4290:Ethnic conflicts
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4148:
4142:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4107:
4099:
4096:Radovan Karadžić
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4056:Belgrade Process
4051:
4043:
4029:
4023:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3987:Treblinka trials
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3827:Épuration légale
3822:
3814:
3800:
3797:Holocaust trials
3791:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3638:
3631:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3544:Ethnic cleansing
3539:
3532:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3410:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3361:Shias under ISIS
3356:
3348:
3340:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3301:
3293:
3284:
3276:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3064:
3056:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2996:Serbs in Croatia
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2956:Nanjing Massacre
2951:
2948:Parsley massacre
2943:
2940:Polish Operation
2935:
2932:Romani Holocaust
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2876:NapalpĂ massacre
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2759:
2751:
2740:
2732:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2420:
2412:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2368:Mongol conquests
2363:
2355:
2347:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2300:
2292:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2224:
2217:
2104:
2053:
2038:
1909:
1853:
1821:Second Congo War
1730:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1668:
1647:
1626:
1605:
1584:
1555:
1518:
1497:
1476:
1441:
1431:
1409:
1380:
1361:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1286:Klinghoffer 1998
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1103:Klinghoffer 1998
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
865:
859:
853:
847:
846:
838:
806:Rwandan genocide
707:Cankuzo Province
591:Melchior Ndadaye
487:in an attempted
485:Melchior Ndadaye
458:
451:
444:
401:
389:
379:
373:Burundian unrest
367:
361:Second Congo War
340:
330:
320:
310:
299:
287:
260:
249:
239:
229:
219:
209:
197:
176:
164:
154:
123:
112:
99:
45:
21:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4250:1993 in Burundi
4240:
4239:
4238:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4183:Uyghur Tribunal
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4146:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4027:
4017:
4009:
4003:Fedorenko trial
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3899:Stutthof trials
3897:
3889:
3881:
3875:Nuremberg trial
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3835:Majdanek trials
3833:
3825:
3817:
3811:Krasnodar trial
3809:
3801:
3795:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3627:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3406:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3337:Southern Kaduna
3335:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2924:Simele massacre
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2783:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2714:Herero and Nama
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2524:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2333:
2325:
2319:Asiatic Vespers
2317:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2200:
2191:Public holidays
2089:
2051:
2023:
1960:Law enforcement
1894:
1842:
1743:
1734:
1675:
1673:Further reading
1665:
1650:
1644:
1629:
1623:
1608:
1602:
1587:
1558:
1521:
1500:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1434:
1428:
1412:
1383:
1377:
1364:
1358:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1325:Lemarchand 2009
1323:
1319:
1313:Bentrovato 2019
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1274:Bundervoet 2009
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1238:Manirakiza 2011
1236:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1194:Bundervoet 2009
1192:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1171:JusticeInfo.net
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1146:. 20 March 2021
1138:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1044:Bundervoet 2009
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
981:S/1996/682 1996
979:
972:
964:
960:
954:S/1996/682 1996
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
888:
878:
876:
867:
866:
862:
854:
850:
840:
839:
824:
819:
802:
789:
780:Filip Reyntjens
771:
755:
695:Bujumbura Rural
628:
603:
589:, Buyoya faced
536:
530:
524:
462:
407:
406:
405:
402:
399:
390:
387:
380:
377:
368:
365:
354:
346:
345:
344:
341:
338:
331:
328:
321:
318:
311:
308:
300:
297:
288:
285:
276:
266:
265:
264:
261:
258:
250:
247:
240:
237:
230:
227:
220:
217:
210:
207:
198:
192:
182:
181:
180:
177:
174:
165:
162:
155:
152:
143:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
113:
110:
100:
97:
88:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4242:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3963:Eichmann trial
3959:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3843:Chełmno trials
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:Trivialization
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3572:Killing Fields
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3316:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3208:Kuwaiti Bedoon
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:Crimean Tatars
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2868:KantĹŤ Massacre
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2624:Trail of Tears
2620:
2616:Indian removal
2605:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2455:Kashmiri Shias
2451:
2443:
2435:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2323:
2315:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:Communications
2118:
2116:Child marriage
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2014:Prime Minister
2011:
2009:Vice-President
2006:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1606:
1600:
1585:
1567:(3): 653–670.
1556:
1530:(4): 563–583.
1519:
1498:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1456:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1410:
1392:(3): 357–376.
1381:
1375:
1362:
1356:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1317:
1315:, p. 148.
1302:
1300:, p. 654.
1298:Schweiger 2006
1290:
1278:
1276:, p. 357.
1266:
1254:
1242:
1227:
1215:
1198:
1196:, p. 358.
1183:
1157:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1066:
1048:
1046:, p. 361.
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
995:, p. 579.
993:Reyntjens 1993
985:
970:
968:, p. 578.
966:Reyntjens 1993
958:
946:
942:Reyntjens 1993
934:
930:Reyntjens 1993
922:
920:, p. 565.
918:Reyntjens 1993
910:
906:Reyntjens 1993
898:
896:, p. 569.
894:Reyntjens 1993
886:
860:
858:, p. 573.
856:Reyntjens 1993
848:
821:
820:
818:
815:
814:
813:
808:
801:
798:
788:
785:
770:
767:
754:
751:
730:civil servants
627:
624:
602:
599:
566:of civilians.
526:Main article:
523:
520:
464:
463:
461:
460:
453:
446:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
409:
408:
404:
403:
398:
391:
386:
381:
376:
369:
364:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
343:
342:
337:
335:Itaba massacre
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
296:
289:
284:
278:
277:
272:
271:
268:
267:
263:
262:
257:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
224:Micombero coup
221:
216:
211:
206:
200:
199:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
178:
173:
166:
161:
156:
151:
145:
144:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
114:
109:
103:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
72:
64:
63:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4312:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4143:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4024:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:Sobibor trial
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:Belsen trials
3856:
3852:
3851:Dachau trials
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3819:Kharkov trial
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:Justification
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:The Holocaust
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:Death marches
3585:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3345:Iraqi Turkmen
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2980:The Holocaust
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:(1920s–1930s)
2861:
2860:Ingrian Finns
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2785:Pontic Greeks
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2700:(1890s–1900s)
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2520:(1700s–1800s)
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2370:(1200s–1360s)
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Ethnic groups
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:Ruanda-Urundi
1787:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Urewe culture
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1664:9781850659174
1660:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1643:9781848137240
1639:
1636:. Zed Books.
1635:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1622:9780857456090
1618:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1601:9782865376476
1597:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:(in French).
1504:
1499:
1495:
1493:9780812241204
1489:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1472:9780230375062
1468:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1454:0-521-56623-1
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1376:9783030057213
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1327:, p. 63.
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1288:, p. 35.
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1264:, p. ix.
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1240:, p. 34.
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1213:, p. 83.
1212:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1129:, p. 84.
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:, p. 44.
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:, p. 34.
1104:
1099:
1096:
1093:, p. 82.
1092:
1087:
1084:
1081:, p. 48.
1080:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:Africa Report
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:, p. 47.
1030:
1025:
1022:
1019:, p. 56.
1018:
1013:
1010:
1007:, p. 24.
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
959:
956:, p. 21.
955:
950:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
914:
911:
907:
902:
899:
895:
890:
887:
874:
873:Jeune Afrique
870:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
844:
843:Africa Report
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
823:
816:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
797:
795:
786:
784:
781:
775:
768:
766:
764:
761:In 2014, the
759:
752:
750:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
632:
625:
623:
620:
617:
611:
609:
608:Sylvie Kinigi
600:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:Pierre Buyoya
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
535:
529:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
459:
454:
452:
447:
445:
440:
439:
437:
436:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
397:
396:
392:
385:
382:
375:
374:
370:
363:
362:
358:
357:
350:
349:
336:
333:
326:
323:
316:
313:
305:
302:
295:
294:
290:
283:
280:
279:
275:
270:
269:
255:
252:
245:
242:
235:
232:
225:
222:
215:
212:
205:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
185:
172:
171:
167:
160:
157:
150:
147:
146:
142:
137:
136:
119:
116:
115:
108:
107:
106:Ruanda-Urundi
102:
95:
92:
91:
87:
82:
81:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
39:
33:
19:
4147:21st century
4104:Ratko Mladić
4028:20th century
3971:Belzec trial
3735:Genocide law
3595:Death squads
3505:Mass killing
3415:Autogenocide
3299:21st century
3150:
3062:1946 to 1999
2934:(1935–1945)
2892:Libyan Arabs
2757:1913 to 1945
2418:1490 to 1913
2186:Prostitution
2131:Demographics
2085:Trade unions
1943:Human rights
1921:Constitution
1813:
1693:
1653:
1632:
1611:
1590:
1564:
1560:
1527:
1523:
1509:(1): 20–47.
1506:
1502:
1482:
1465:. Springer.
1461:
1445:
1436:
1417:
1389:
1385:
1366:
1342:
1320:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1225:, p. 1.
1218:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1060:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
961:
949:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
877:. Retrieved
872:
863:
851:
842:
790:
776:
772:
760:
756:
743:
723:
656:
648:coup attempt
644:assassinated
637:
621:
615:
612:
604:
568:
537:
505:
476:populace in
467:
400:2020–present
393:
371:
359:
292:
291:
214:Ndizeye coup
194:
170:Independence
168:
104:
4217:(2023–2024)
4185:(2020–2021)
4132:(1999–2015)
4124:(1997–2022)
4116:(1994–2015)
4106:(2011–2017)
4098:(2008–2016)
4090:(2002–2006)
4082:(1993–2017)
4074:(1993–2007)
4066:(1946–1948)
4050:(1946–1948)
4040:Budak trial
4011:Finta trial
3997:(1965–1966)
3989:(1964–1970)
3981:(1963–1989)
3973:(1963–1965)
3957:(1961–1962)
3933:(1946–1949)
3925:(1946–1948)
3917:(1946–1948)
3909:(1946–1953)
3901:(1946–1947)
3885:(1945–1946)
3883:Minsk trial
3877:(1945–1946)
3869:(1945–1949)
3861:(1945–1948)
3853:(1945–1947)
3845:(1945–2001)
3837:(1944–1989)
3829:(1944–1951)
3799:(1943–2022)
3705:Definitions
3355:(2014–2017)
3347:(2014–2017)
3339:(2011–2023)
3314:(2002–2003)
3283:(1996–1997)
3258:(1992–1995)
3250:(1991–2003)
3234:(1987–2002)
3226:(1987–1989)
3218:(1986–1989)
3202:(1983–1987)
3200:Gukurahundi
3194:(1983–2009)
3178:(1977–1997)
3170:(1975–1979)
3162:(1974–1999)
3125:(1970–2003)
3123:Feyli Kurds
3117:(1966–1970)
3093:(1962–1996)
3085:(1956–1989)
3046:(1944–1948)
3038:(1944–1948)
3030:(1943–1945)
3022:(1942–1945)
3006:(1941–1945)
2998:(1941–1945)
2990:(1941–1945)
2982:(1941–1945)
2974:(1940–1942)
2966:(1939–1945)
2958:(1937–1938)
2942:(1937–1938)
2918:(1932–1933)
2902:(1930–1933)
2894:(1929–1932)
2886:(1926–1973)
2854:(1919–1933)
2846:(1918–1931)
2838:(1916–1917)
2828:(1916–1934)
2812:(1915–1917)
2804:(1915–1919)
2779:(1913–1922)
2739:(1912–1913)
2724:(1905–1907)
2716:(1904–1907)
2708:(1894–1896)
2692:(1888–1893)
2684:(1879–1913)
2674:Circassians
2668:(1850–1864)
2634:(1846–1873)
2626:(1830–1850)
2618:(1830–1847)
2585:(1869–1977)
2577:(1825–1832)
2562:(1785–2017)
2528:(1874–1996)
2505:(1648–1657)
2497:(1640–1649)
2489:(1636–1638)
2457:(1548–1872)
2433:(1492–1514)
2402:(1402–1496)
2394:(1393–1394)
2378:(1209–1229)
2362:(1069–1070)
2298:Before 1490
2171:LGBT rights
2060:Agriculture
1948:LGBT rights
1335:Works cited
1223:Turner 2012
735:Jean Minani
726:Ruyigi town
495:apart from
489:coup d'Ă©tat
304:Buyoya coup
254:Buyoya coup
244:Bagaza coup
4244:Categories
3891:Riga trial
3742:Prevention
3687:Indigenous
3602:Incitement
3470:Gendercide
3431:Classicide
3424:Politicide
3385:Gaza Strip
3160:East Timor
3131:Bangladesh
3091:Guatemalan
3012:Sook Ching
2908:La Matanza
2632:California
2344:Bar Kokhba
2052:(currency)
1975:Parliament
1346:. London:
1211:Daley 2008
1176:12 October
1150:12 October
1144:Africanews
1127:Daley 2008
1091:Daley 2008
817:References
577:following
550:majority.
522:Background
3680:Cambodian
3673:Holodomor
3565:Massacres
3449:Ethnocide
3438:Eliticide
3168:Cambodian
2916:Holodomor
2810:Armenians
2802:Assyrians
2575:Black War
2463:Huguenots
2346:(132–136)
2329:(50s BCE)
2313:(146 BCE)
2281:Genocides
2166:Languages
2136:Education
2080:Transport
1997:President
1955:Judiciary
1933:Elections
1880:Provinces
1848:Geography
1552:154612240
1262:Watt 2008
1250:Uvin 2013
1079:Watt 2008
1029:Watt 2008
1017:Watt 2008
753:Aftermath
646:during a
626:Massacres
569:In 1987,
493:provinces
378:2015–2018
366:1998–2003
122:1943–1944
111:1922–1962
98:1891–1919
3645:Armenian
3512:Domicide
3491:Policide
3463:Eugenics
3408:Democide
3377:Rohingya
3028:Volhynia
2852:Cossacks
2698:Selk'nam
2560:Chechens
2552:Dzungars
2479:Lameyans
2471:Kalinago
2441:(1500s–)
2400:Guanches
2335:Eburones
2321:(88 BCE)
2273:Genocide
2231:Category
2196:Religion
2151:Football
2111:Abortion
1965:Military
1904:Politics
1890:Wildlife
1870:Communes
1757:Timeline
1741:articles
1515:24487939
1416:(2008).
1406:58245595
879:18 April
800:See also
699:Cibitoke
687:Muramvya
616:en masse
516:genocide
510:and the
430:Timeline
415:Category
228:Nov 1966
218:Jul 1966
4209:(2023–)
4201:(2022–)
4193:(2022–)
4177:(2019–)
4169:(2012–)
4161:(2005–)
3666:Rwandan
3659:Bosnian
3652:Serbian
3579:Pogroms
3522:Methods
3387:(2023–)
3379:(2017–)
3371:(2014–)
3363:(2014–)
3353:Yazidis
3322:(2003–)
3273:Rwandan
3256:Bosnian
3248:Ahwaris
3242:(1990–)
3210:(1985–)
3138:Burundi
2900:Kazakhs
2690:Hazaras
2676:(1860s)
2666:Manchus
2658:Moriori
2650:CharrĂşa
2554:(1750s)
2518:Beothuk
2487:Pequots
2449:(1500–)
2392:Assyria
2376:Cathars
2215:Outline
2126:Cuisine
2099:Culture
2075:Tourism
2033:Economy
1865:Climate
1749:History
1737:Burundi
1581:4092644
711:Makamba
683:Kayanza
671:Muyinga
659:Kirundo
640:Ndadaye
601:Prelude
573:became
540:Burundi
497:Makamba
478:Burundi
420:Commons
353:Current
195:present
190:Burundi
4225:(2024)
4058:(1946)
4042:(1945)
4013:(1994)
4005:(1986)
3965:(1961)
3949:(1958)
3941:(1949)
3893:(1946)
3821:(1943)
3813:(1943)
3697:Issues
3620:Denial
3320:Darfur
3275:(1994)
3240:Amhara
3186:(1982)
3133:(1971)
3115:Biafra
3109:(1966)
3101:(1964)
3077:(1948)
3014:(1942)
2950:(1937)
2926:(1933)
2910:(1932)
2878:(1924)
2870:(1923)
2836:Kyrgyz
2820:(1915)
2796:(1913)
2777:Greeks
2660:(1835)
2652:(1831)
2642:(1864)
2603:(1821)
2595:(1816)
2546:(1749)
2538:(1740)
2481:(1636)
2473:(1626)
2465:(1572)
2386:(1311)
2354:(800s)
2156:Health
2065:Mining
2050:Franc
1980:Senate
1885:Rivers
1860:Cities
1739:
1694:et al.
1661:
1640:
1619:
1598:
1579:
1550:
1544:161291
1542:
1513:
1490:
1469:
1452:
1424:
1404:
1373:
1354:
787:Legacy
719:Butzei
715:Bururi
693:, and
691:Rutana
679:Karuzi
677:, and
675:Ruyigi
667:Gitega
579:a coup
501:Bururi
470:Tutsis
425:Portal
3400:Terms
3224:Isaaq
3216:Anfal
2964:Poles
2826:Kurds
2722:Ukame
2495:Huron
2431:TaĂno
2327:Gauls
2222:Index
2181:Music
2176:Media
1875:Lakes
1777:kings
1577:JSTOR
1548:S2CID
1540:JSTOR
1511:JSTOR
1402:S2CID
794:Ikiza
663:Ngozi
544:Tutsi
534:Ikiza
306:, 2nd
256:, 1st
234:Ikiza
193:1962–
32:Ikiza
3537:Rape
3151:1993
3144:1972
2439:Ainu
2146:Flag
2002:list
1814:1993
1809:1972
1659:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1178:2021
1152:2021
881:2021
713:and
701:and
642:was
548:Hutu
506:The
499:and
474:Hutu
388:2015
339:2002
329:2001
319:2000
309:1996
298:1993
286:1993
259:1987
248:1976
238:1972
208:1965
175:1962
163:1961
153:1961
1569:doi
1532:doi
1394:doi
4246::
1575:.
1565:55
1563:.
1546:.
1538:.
1528:31
1526:.
1507:15
1400:.
1390:46
1388:.
1305:^
1230:^
1201:^
1186:^
1169:.
1142:.
1069:^
1051:^
1036:^
973:^
871:.
825:^
689:,
685:,
673:,
669:,
665:,
661:,
2288:)
2284:(
2265:e
2258:t
2251:v
1729:e
1722:t
1715:v
1667:.
1646:.
1625:.
1604:.
1583:.
1571::
1554:.
1534::
1517:.
1496:.
1475:.
1430:.
1408:.
1396::
1379:.
1360:.
1180:.
1154:.
883:.
457:e
450:t
443:v
34:.
20:)
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