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454:, ostensibly for a medical exam, where there was a roll call and reconciliation of people with file dossiers including photos. These same photos from NKVD files would later serve as memorials to victims. Only after the paperwork was complete would they pronounce the death sentence. After sunrise, NKVD officers, often drunk off the bucket of
826:
as a whole, to come to grips with the fact that the victims of Butovo were killed not because they were political opponents of Stalin, but simply because of their backgrounds, nationalities, or that they simply were caught up in the purge mechanism that sought to repress or eliminate large swaths of potential dissenters to Stalin's rule.
384:
On 8 August 1937, the first 91 victims were transported to Butovo from Moscow prisons. Over the next 14 months, 20,761 were executed and subsequently buried at the site, with another 10,000 to 14,000 shot and buried at the nearby
Kommunarka Firing Range located 5 miles (8.0 km) to the northwest.
804:
until 1995. On 7 June 1993, a small group of activists, officials, and some relatives of those who died at Butovo, visited the site. In
October 1993, a plaque was inaugurated that read "In this zone of the Butovo shooting range, several thousand people were, in 1937β1938, shot in secret and buried."
825:
commemorated the 70th anniversary of the repressions by visiting the Butovo Firing Range, attributing the deaths of victims to the "excesses of the political conflict." Putin's statement was criticized by some and pointed out this statement signaled the failure of Putin, and perhaps
Russian society
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revolver. Those shot were immediately, or a short time afterwards, dumped into one of 13 ditches totaling 900 m (0.56 mi) in length. The width of each ditch was 4β5 meters (~16 feet), and the depth approximately 4 m (13 ft). Executions and burials were made without notice to
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and senior figure of the church, was killed there. In 1995, Russian security agencies transferred both Butovo and
Kommunarka to the Russian Orthodox Church for "use without time limit". A small wooden church, the Church of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia, was inaugurated on 16 June
519:." Victims were overwhelmingly male (95.86%) and most were between 25 and 50 years old when they died. Among those executed, 18 persons were older than 75 and 10 were children 15 years old and younger. The youngest person executed was 13-year-old Misha Shamonin, an
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In
September 2017, a new memorial, "Garden of Memory", was opened. The monument consists of two granite slabs on which are engraved the names of 20,762 people who died at Butovo. The monument measures 984 ft. long, and 6.5 ft. tall.
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The last 52 victims of Stalin's purges were executed at Butovo on 19 October 1938. After 1938, Butovo was no longer used as a mass execution site, but continued to be used for the burial of those executed in Moscow prisons. A
385:
On average, 50 persons were executed per day during the Great Purge, and some days saw no executions, while on others hundreds were shot. Records indicate the busiest day was 28 February 1938 when 562 people were executed.
446:. They were then transported to Butovo in trucks marked "Bread" or "Meat" to disguise operations from local residents. Some prisoners would be immediately killed upon arrival when their truck was flooded with
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relatives and without church or civil funeral services. Relatives of those who were shot began only in 1989 to receive certificates indicating the exact date and cause of death.
221:, "firing range" was a popular euphemism adopted to describe the mysterious and closely-guarded plots of land that the NKVD began to set aside for mass burials on the eve of the
1484:
1374:. Yes, the very same machinery made notorious by the Nazis β yes, these trucks were originally a Soviet invention, in use years before the ovens of the Auschwitz were built"
678:; five tsarist generals and representatives of Russian noble families such as the Rostopchins, the Tuchkovs, the Gagarins, the Obolenskys, the Olsufiyevs, and the Bibikovs.
483:" and came from all parts of Soviet society and various nationalities, with many dying without understanding what crimes they had been accused of. They included workers,
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were unable to accommodate the sheer volume of purge victims executed in area prisons. To address the issue, the NKVD allocated two new special facilities β Butovo and
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Butovo's status as a main execution site meant many notable people were killed and buried at the site including Soviet military commander
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provided to them, would escort prisoners away from the barracks and shoot them at close range to the back of the head, often with a
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and its successor agencies. The exact number of victims executed at Butovo remains unknown as only fragmentary data has been
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from 1938 to 1953. Its use for mass execution has been documented; it was prepared as a site for mass burial. According to
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and the political repression that followed resulted in large death sentence and execution quotas. Local cemeteries in
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Rethinking the Space for
Religion: New Actors in Central and Southeast Europe on Religion, Authenticity and Belonging
1254:
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Victims were rounded up as soon as sentences were handed down by non-judicial organs: committees of three persons, "
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244:, with 20,761 prisoners of various nationalities documented as being transported to the site and executed by the
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670:; the first Russian aviator Nikolai Danilevsky; composer Mikhail Khitrovo-Kramskoi; theoretical physicist
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Decree No. 00447 "On the operation of repressing former kulaks, criminals and other anti-Soviet elements."
1370:, "Owing to the shortage of executioners, ... Chekists used trucks camouflaged as bread vans for mobile
1244:ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π°; ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²
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579:. In particular, the Kommunarka witnessed executions of high-profile political and public figures from
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A year later, Russian
Orthodox Church interest in the site was piqued when archivists discovered that
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327:. In the 1920s, the Red Army ceded the site, now officially named Butovo after a nearby town, to the
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1996. The Church of the
Resurrection, a larger white stone structure, was completed in 2007.
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408:. Those who were too ill or exhausted to work were shot and thrown into the Butovo ditches. The
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in 1934, a portion of the property was encircled by a high fence and transformed into a small
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in exchange for the right to flee the country, and the farm then became the property of the
303:) until the 19th century. In 1889, the estate's owner, N.M. Solovov, turned it into a large
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This article is about the mass execution and burial site. For the districts of Moscow, see
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531:. More than 60 different nationalities are also represented among the victims including
1387:
Overtaken by the Night: One
Russian's Journey through Peace, War, Revolution, and Terror
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698:
652:
512:
492:
253:
229:
1030:ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½. 1937β1938. ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ (in Russian).
450:, and the bodies then disposed of in nearby ditches. Most victims were led to a long
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1997β2004, Butovskij
Polygon. 1937β1938: kniga Pamjati ΕΎertv politiceskih repressij,
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Butovo is first mentioned in historical texts in 1568 as owned by Fyodor Drozhin, a
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took over the ownership of Butovo in 1995, commissioning construction of a large
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685:(KPD) members were also among the victims, for example Hermann Taubenberger and
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was occupied by the small settlement of Kosmodemyanskoye Drozhino (named after
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The Making of the New Martyrs of Russia: Soviet Repression in Orthodox Memory
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1565:
Theatres Of Violence: Massacre, Mass Killing and Atrocity throughout History
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memorial church, and the mass grave memorial complex can be visited daily.
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The Heart of Russia: Trinity-Sergius, Monasticism, and Society after 1825
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689:, with over two hundred shot with the explicit approval of KPD leaders
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883:"Butovo mass burial site", Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag
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A wall in a memorial garden bearing the names of about 20,000 victims.
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Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Moscow Oblast
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Memorial with names of Stalinβs victims opens at Butovo firing range
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The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror
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416:. Nevertheless, executions continued at nearby locations such as
1674:, a select directory of Burial Grounds and Commemoratives Sites.
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and 28 associates, were executed at Kommunarka on 27 July 1941.
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328:
245:
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1535:"Mass Grave in Moscow Suburbs is Among Russia's Holiest Sites"
1277:"ΠΠ²ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ.ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°-ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ "Π ΡΠ±Π»ΡΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ""
793:
264:; in addition, more than 1000 members of the Russian Orthodox
739:
was arrested in December 1937 and executed on 3 February 1938
1439:"Stalin's Great Purge: Boy Executed For Two Loaves Of Bread"
1602:"Former Killing Ground Becomes Shrine to Stalin's Victims"
902:"Butovo: mass burial of the executed", Russia's Necropolis
792:
The Butovo Firing Range was heavily guarded by the Soviet
343:
colony. In 1934, after the OGPU was incorporated into the
507:
and artists, "dangerous social elements" such as tramps,
420:
and Kommunarka until at least 1941 and likely onto 1953.
1666:
1662:
Former Killing Ground Becomes Shrine to Stalin's Victims
840:
Remembrance Day for the Victims of Political Repression
315:. His descendant, I.I. Zimin, donated the farm to the
842:, annual Russian event since 1991, held on 30 October
196:
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1301:
697:, having been betrayed to the NKVD, it is said, by
623:'s top leadership, including former Prime Minister
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1156:Stala, Krzysztof; Willert, Trine Stauning (2012).
780:Church of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia
709:Victims of the Stalinist Purges who died at Butovo
377:β to serve as a combination of execution site and
1657:Nérard François-Xavier. The Butovo Shooting Range
1115:Khlevniuk, Oleg V.; Nordlander, David J. (2004).
8:
996:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
766:Mural displaying images of victims at Butovo
723:before being sentenced to death and executed
1672:Russia's Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag
1470:Moscow 1941: A City & Its People at War
1337:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis.
1087:"Butovo Polygon β Smoke of the Fatherland"
29:
16:Execution site of the Soviet secret police
1698:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1054:. Oxford University Press. p. 364.
396:camp was established near Butovo during
875:
707:
1209:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 118.
1162:. Nordic Academic Press. p. 215.
1121:. Yale University Press. p. 145.
821:On 30 October 2007, Russian President
655:who were all Latvian; Orthodox bishop
1667:Website of the Butovo memorial church
1562:Dwyer, Philip; Ryan, Lyndall (2012).
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7:
1275:ΠΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎ, ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π° (26 July 2011).
950:
948:
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940:
754:after his arrest by the NKVD in 1937
559:were executed at Butovo, as well as
517:anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda
495:, and other "anti-Soviet elements,"
252:. Notable victims at Butovo include
1241:Vladimir Kuzmin (31 October 2007).
1600:Kishkovsky, Sophia (8 June 2007).
1390:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
955:Christensen, Karin Hyldal (2017).
14:
1713:Memorials to victims of communism
701:, then still a member of the KPD
527:, for the theft of two loaves of
499:and the pre-revolutionary elite,
365:On 31 July 1937, the NKVD issued
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759:
744:
728:
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503:, military generals, sportsmen,
1612:from the original on 2021-03-08
1582:from the original on 2023-03-30
1568:. Berghahn Books. p. 192.
1541:from the original on 2018-07-03
1516:from the original on 2017-02-23
1487:from the original on 2023-03-30
1449:from the original on 2017-04-21
1404:from the original on 2023-03-30
1366:. 1995, page 101. According to
1315:from the original on 2018-08-17
1287:from the original on 2018-08-17
1257:from the original on 2007-10-31
1223:from the original on 2023-03-30
1176:from the original on 2023-03-30
1135:from the original on 2023-03-30
1068:from the original on 2023-03-30
1013:from the original on 2023-03-30
975:from the original on 2023-03-30
858:Mass graves in the Soviet Union
798:dissolution of the Soviet Union
735:Latvian film and stage actress
479:Victims at Butovo were deemed "
1048:Kenworthy, Scott Mark (2010).
1:
1473:. Profile Books. p. 48.
1364:KGB: The State Within a State
921:Arseny Roginsky, "Epilogue",
400:, and prisoners were used as
1688:Politics of the Soviet Union
1467:Braithwaite, Rodric (2010).
1384:Robbins, Richard G. (2018).
865:, Karelia (Northwest Russia)
355:The Great Terror (1937β1938)
999:. Basic Books. p. 83.
846:Kommunarka memorial complex
209:located near Drozhzhino in
197:
1739:
1512:(in Russian). 2007-10-11.
1437:Hades, Lena (2016-03-25).
788:Church of the Resurrection
663:; former President of the
375:Kommunarka shooting ground
358:
165:Mound covering one of the
18:
1723:Execution sites in Russia
186:
112:55.5311000Β°N 37.5947000Β°E
44:
37:
21:Severnoye Butovo District
1506:"Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ "ΠΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ""
1243:
993:Snyder, Timothy (2012).
925:, Memorial: Moscow, 2000
923:Those shot at Kommunarka
319:in the aftermath of the
301:Saints Cosmas and Damian
295:, and the area south of
25:Yuzhnoye Butovo District
1203:SchlΓΆgel, Karl (2014).
515:, and those guilty of "
273:Russian Orthodox Church
142:Russian Orthodox Church
789:
781:
683:German Communist Party
471:
434:", or of two persons "
170:
117:55.5311000; 37.5947000
1703:Mass graves in Russia
1253:(in Russian) (4506).
800:in 1991, the Russian
787:
779:
481:enemies of the people
469:
179:Butovo Shooting Range
164:
1708:Cemeteries in Russia
1653:at Wikimedia Commons
641:Vladimir Dzhunkovsky
639:; Tsarist statesman
571:clergy, mostly from
228:Butovo was used for
207:Soviet secret police
1651:Butovo firing range
1422:Golovkova, Lidija.
1309:"ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½"
651:, and photographer
497:Russian aristocrats
175:Butovo Firing Range
154:Butovo Firing Range
108: /
33:Butovo Firing Range
1606:The New York Times
1250:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
1097:on August 17, 2018
1091:blogs.carleton.edu
930:2013-09-28 at the
907:2021-11-22 at the
888:2021-11-22 at the
807:Seraphim Chichagov
790:
782:
721:Seraphim Chichagov
661:Dmitry Shakhovskoy
657:Seraphim Chichagov
472:
321:October Revolution
258:Seraphim Chichagov
171:
1649:Media related to
1333:Timothy J. Colton
674:; anthropologist
440:military tribunal
424:Execution process
293:Ivan the Terrible
211:Leninsky District
198:Butovskiy poligon
195:
187:ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½
159:
158:
68:Leninsky District
39:ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ½
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1368:Yevgenia Albats
1360:Yevgenia Albats
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932:Wayback Machine
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890:Wayback Machine
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796:and, after the
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752:Jukums VΔcietis
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724:
718:
695:Walter Ulbricht
687:Walter Haenisch
647:, film actress
637:Hayk Bzhishkyan
633:
551:. Nearly 1000
513:petty criminals
477:
448:carbon monoxide
426:
394:prisoner of war
363:
357:
285:
277:Russian Revival
230:mass executions
219:Arseny Roginsky
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1639:External links
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1592:
1575:978-0857453006
1574:
1551:
1526:
1497:
1480:978-1847650627
1479:
1459:
1429:
1426:. p. 302.
1414:
1397:978-0822983224
1396:
1376:
1372:death chambers
1352:
1342:, 1998.
1325:
1311:(in Russian).
1297:
1267:
1233:
1216:978-0745683621
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631:Notable deaths
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100:55Β°31β²51.96β³N
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57:8 August 1937
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1289:. Retrieved
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1248:
1236:
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1206:Moscow, 1937
1205:
1178:. Retrieved
1158:
1137:. Retrieved
1117:
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1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
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828:
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811:Metropolitan
791:
737:Marija Leiko
680:
649:Marija Leiko
634:
625:Anandyn Amar
525:street child
493:White Guards
478:
460:Nagant M1895
435:
429:
427:
398:World War II
387:
383:
364:
349:firing range
341:agricultural
337:Soviet Union
286:
270:
250:declassified
227:
223:Great Terror
205:site of the
178:
174:
172:
149:Find a Grave
66:Drozhzhino,
511:, thieves,
361:Great Purge
242:Great Purge
234:mass graves
167:mass graves
115: /
90:Coordinates
54:Established
1682:Categories
1616:2018-08-17
1586:2021-12-15
1545:2018-08-17
1520:2018-08-17
1491:2021-12-15
1453:2018-08-17
1408:2021-12-15
1348:0674587499
1319:2018-08-17
1291:2018-08-17
1281:www.aif.ru
1261:2011-10-18
1227:2021-12-15
1180:2021-12-15
1139:2021-12-15
1128:0300092849
1101:2018-08-17
1072:2021-12-15
1034:. Moscow:
1017:2021-12-15
979:2021-12-15
870:References
863:Sandarmokh
676:Ivar Lassy
665:State Duma
619:. Most of
603:, France,
565:Protestant
418:Sukhanovka
410:commandant
379:mass grave
317:Bolsheviks
169:at Butovo.
132:Mass grave
854:, Belarus
815:Leningrad
703:Politburo
593:Comintern
581:Lithuania
553:clergymen
537:Americans
491:, former
313:racetrack
305:stud farm
262:Saul Bron
203:execution
201:) was an
192:romanized
1610:Archived
1580:Archived
1539:Archived
1514:Archived
1510:ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
1485:Archived
1447:Archived
1402:Archived
1313:Archived
1285:Archived
1255:Archived
1221:Archived
1174:Archived
1133:Archived
1066:Archived
1036:Memorial
1011:Archived
973:Archived
928:Archived
905:Archived
886:Archived
852:Kuropaty
834:See also
621:Mongolia
609:Bulgaria
569:Catholic
561:Lutheran
549:Japanese
541:Italians
505:aviators
485:peasants
339:, as an
325:Red Army
138:Owned by
62:Location
617:Hungary
613:Finland
601:Romania
597:Germany
589:Estonia
577:Austria
555:of the
545:Chinese
509:beggars
475:Victims
452:barrack
442:of the
431:troikas
335:of the
309:stables
283:History
236:during
194::
183:Russian
79:Country
49:Details
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1350:p. 286
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809:, the
772:Legacy
615:, and
605:Turkey
591:, and
585:Latvia
573:Poland
567:, and
547:, and
533:French
521:orphan
489:kulaks
436:dvoika
391:German
371:Moscow
331:, the
311:and a
297:Moscow
266:clergy
83:Russia
681:Many
529:bread
456:vodka
307:with
289:boyar
1693:NKVD
1570:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1001:ISBN
963:ISBN
693:and
587:and
523:and
345:NKVD
329:OGPU
271:The
260:and
246:NKVD
232:and
173:The
128:Type
23:and
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813:of
802:FSK
794:KGB
575:or
291:of
240:'s
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181:(
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