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has led to a reevaluation of the "Clovis First" model and helped to lead the way for the acceptance of other pre-Clovis sites. Until the discovery of the
Buttermilk Creek complex, which appears to have unquestionable evidence of pre-Clovis habitation, there has been a lack of indisputable evidence of
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The integrity of the deposit, affected as it is by its vertisol soils, which undergo disturbance during opening and closing of cracks during moisture changes, has been questioned. Also, the very large errors and the researchers' assumptions about water content of the strata over thousands of years
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Samples for OSL dating were taken by hammering into the profile walls a copper pipe 10 centimetres (3.9 in) - 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long and 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in) in diameter. Each sample was examined using 3 different OSL dating techniques. The OSL dates helped to show that the
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The oldest weapons ever found in North
America were discovered at the site in 2016 by a team led by Prof. Michael Waters. These are the ancient spear points, about 3-4 inches long, and they are dated to 15,500 years BP. They were made of chert, and were discovered along with some other tools under
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The
Buttermilk Creek complex artifact assemblage is much larger and more varied than other North American sites advanced as having a pre-Clovis component. This is one of the main reasons why the claim of a pre-Clovis component at this site has been greeted with much more credibility than at most
534:
At the time of publication of the findings of the site in the journal
Science in 2011, there had been no comprehensive study on refitting (or rejoining) of artifacts; however, preliminary examination has shown that there are refits present in both the Buttermilk Creek complex and other horizons.
444:
Block A consists of 9 soil horizons. The findings of the excavations were analyzed and interpreted using a holistic approach that featured researchers from many different fields including: Steven L. Forman and James
Pierson who are experts in OSL dating; Lee C. Nordt, Steven G. Driese, Joshua M.
288:
They would have then used smaller antlers to pressure flake these items into spear points, knives, or other tools. Along with bifacial tools they also produced unifacial tools such as blades and bladelets by skillfully working and setting up a platform on blade core and then striking it with an
47:
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The Clovis and
Buttermilk Creek assemblages also show examples of blades and bladelets. The presence of certain core reduction techniques in the Buttermilk Creek assemblage suggests that Clovis lithic technologies and tool kit could have evolved from the Buttermilk Creek complex.
500:
There has been use-wear analysis done on some of the artifacts found in the
Buttermilk Creek assemblage. The 4 artifacts that were analyzed for use-wear show polish and striations indicative of cutting, grooving, or incising of a hard material such as bone, wood, or antler.
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dates ranging from 14,000-17,500 BP taken from this layer. Lanceolate stemmed projectile points are found throughout this layer (OSL dated from around 15,500 to 13,500 years ago), beneath the Clovis horizon. Triangular lanceolate points are found by around 14,000 years ago.
603:
Waters, Michael R.; Forman, Steven L.; Jennings, Thomas A.; Nordt, Lee C.; Driese, Steven G.; Feinberg, Joshua M.; Keene, Joshua L.; Halligan, Jessi; Lindquist, Anna; Pierson, James; Hallmark, Charles T.; Collins, Michael B.; Wiederhold, James E. (25 March 2011).
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horizon is found below Folsom within a 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) thick layer containing Clovis diagnostics. The
Buttermilk Creek complex is found below Clovis and defined within a 20 centimetres (7.9 in) thick layer containing artifacts. There were 18
305:
people who migrated from
Siberia across Beringia and down into the Americas from 13,200-12,800 BP. It is believed that Clovis peoples with their characteristic fluted lanceolate-shaped points quickly spread throughout all of North and South America.
473:
Excavations show that there was nearly continual habitation of the site beginning with the
Buttermilk Creek complex occupation and continuing through Clovis, Folsom, Golondrina, Dalton, Early Archaic, Late Archaic, and all the way through Late
272:
Early humans would have been attracted to the area surrounding Buttermilk Creek due its favorable climate, abundance of food resources, a year-round water source, but most importantly because the area was a source of very high quality Edward's
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Although all of these sites have evidence for pre-Clovis occupations, controversy has surrounded some of them or their findings have yet to be thoroughly published, which has kept them from being widely accepted as pre-Clovis sites.
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One overshot flake and 3 partial overshot flakes found in the Buttermilk Creek complex suggest the possibility that they were starting to develop the knapping technologies that would be indicative of later Clovis technology.
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There are however, some differences in the lithic reduction techniques seen in each assemblage. Unlike the Folsom and Clovis assemblages there is no evidence of fluting or channel flakes in the Buttermilk Creek assemblage.
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along with a group of graduate and undergraduate students began excavating the Debra L. Friedkin Site in Bell County, Texas in 2006. The site is located 250 metres (820 ft) downstream along Buttermilk Creek from the
560:
site's stratigraphy and cultural horizons are undisturbed and in the correct chronological order; thus helping to support the claim that the Buttermilk Creek complex at the site is evidence of a Pre-Clovis occupation.
556:(OSL). A total of 63 OSL dates have been obtained from the site, and along with diagnostic artifacts found in each stratigraphic layer they have helped to correctly identify the cultural horizons present at the site.
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peoples, who until recently were thought to be the first humans to explore and settle North America. The site's pre-Clovis occupation is supported by numerous lines of evidence including
2158:
656:
Waters, Michael R.; Forman, Steven L.; Jennings, Thomas A.; et al. (25 March 2011). "The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the Origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas".
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However, by analyzing the tool to debitage ratio amongst the 3 assemblages it appears that the Buttermilk Creek peoples were using the site for a greater diversity of tasks than the
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Tools were individually analyzed and included 5 blades, 14 bladelets, 12 bifaces, 1 discoidal core, 23 edge-modified tools, 3 radial break tools, and 1 piece of polished hematite.
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241:, and an extensive stone tool assemblage. OSL is a technique that analyzes light energy trapped in sediment particles to identify the last time the soil was exposed to sunlight.
453:; Charles T. Hallmark who is a soil scientist; and archaeologists including Michael R. Waters, Thomas A. Jennings, Joshua L. Keene, Jessi Halligan, and Michael B. Collins.
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occupation is found within Block A, which consists of 52 adjacent 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) x 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) squares. Block A is buried under
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206:. The assemblage dates to ~13.2 to 15.5 thousand years old. If confirmed, the site represents evidence of human settlement in the Americas that pre-dates the
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in regard to the OSL age estimates, have caused multiple critics to question the dating of the site and that of others of the complex nearby, such as Gault.
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further their quest to identify who the first humans were to reach the New World, when and how they arrived here and where their point of origin was.
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At the Debra L. Friedkin site multiple lines of evidence support its pre-Clovis assignment. The discovery of the Buttermilk Creek complex has helped
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from a nearby slope and 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) of clay sediment deposited gradually during flooding events from nearby Buttermilk Creek.
317:, Chile site which has radio-carbon dates going back to 14,600 BP calibrated. This was the first site widely accepted to have pre-Clovis deposits.
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Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (14 March 2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas".
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Those resulting in bifaces, blade production, end-thinning, edge-modified tools, radially broken tools, and lanceolate-shaped preforms.
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several feet of sediment. They are believed to have been used for hunting game in the area. These findings were published in 2018.
846:"Pre-Clovis projectile points at the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas—Implications for the Late Pleistocene peopling of the Americas"
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2006:
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Morrow, Juliet E.; Fiedel, Stuart J.; Johnson, Donald L.; Kornfeld, Marcel; Rutledge, Moye; Wood, W. Raymond (December 2012).
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Excavations at the Debra L. Friedkin site include Block A located on terrace 2 and Block B on terrace 1. The two terraces are
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Waters, Michael R.; Keene, Joshua L.; Forman, Steven L.; Prewitt, Elton R.; Carlson, David L.; Wiederhold, James E. (2018).
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There appears to be some connection between the Folsom, Clovis, and Buttermilk Creek assemblages at the site. The
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i.e., fragment and shatter, normal flakes, biface thinning flakes, endthinning flakes, and discoidal core flakes
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Beginning in the mid 20th century the consensus among archaeologists was that the first human colonizers of the
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The Buttermilk Creek complex has yielded 15,528 pre-Clovis stone artifacts which have been separated into macro
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of block A appears to be undisturbed and non-mixed based on multiple lines of evidence including: the lack of
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The Folsom horizon in block A is defined within a 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) thick layer containing 3
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present only on artifacts in the deepest layers of Block A, and proper chronological ordering of numerous
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Pringle, Heather (25 March 2011). "Texas Site Confirms Pre-Clovis Settlement of the Americas".
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606:"The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the Origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas"
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There are several known sites in the US with possible pre-Clovis remains including:
313:" model and has recently come under question by the discovery and acceptance of the
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This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the
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stone. They would have made tools out of chert nodules using a technique called
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site excavated in 1998 and found to have deeply stratified deposits including a
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1996:
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1000:"Pre-Clovis in Texas? A critical assessment of the "Buttermilk Creek Complex""
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to remove flakes of chert until the nodules are reduced to bifacial shape.
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This theory for the colonization of the New World is known as the "
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169:
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820:"Oldest weapons ever discovered in North America pre-date Clovis"
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Oldest weapons ever discovered in North America pre-date Clovis.
1059:
931:"Supporting Online Materials for The Buttermilk Creek complex"
552:
Due to poor preservation of organics the site was dated using
218:
The Buttermilk Creek complex found at the Debra L. Friedkin
899:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
508:
found in all 3 horizons is characteristic of late stage
234:(OSL) dates ranging from 13,200-15,500 before present,
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Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in the United States
1942:
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1135:
429:sorting by size from the top to bottom of Block A,
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27:Early archaeological site in Texas, United States
281:which employs the striking of hammer stones and
2159:Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas
1071:
417:The Buttermilk Creek complex is found within
8:
771:
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1041:Center for the Study of the First Americans
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34:
1586:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
877:
445:Feinberg, and Anna Lindquist-who are all
360:The Schaefer and Hebior mammoth sites in
929:Waters, Michael R.; et al. (2011).
755:https://www.msu.edu/~doneycar/flint.html
595:
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99:
64:
43:
158:
121:
109:
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7:
579:Models of migration to the New World
2057:Norse colonization of North America
535:These include a total of 5 refits.
487:other potential pre-Clovis sites.
25:
1004:Journal of Archaeological Science
753:Doney, Carl D. "Flint Knapping."
554:optically stimulated luminescence
289:antler billet to remove a blade.
232:optically stimulated luminescence
892:
57:
45:
2077:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
198:settlement along the shores of
988:ScienceDaily, 24 October 2018.
1:
2154:Archaeological sites in Texas
733:10.1126/science.331.6024.1512
32:Place in Texas, United States
2042:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1992:Eastern Agricultural Complex
984:Texas A & M University,
1426:Bandelier National Monument
1300:List of Mississippian sites
1087:Pre-Columbian North America
574:Archaeology of the Americas
2180:
1846:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1451:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1160:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2164:Western Stemmed Tradition
2115:
2087:Three Sisters agriculture
1093:
1016:10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.018
65:
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51:Location of Salado, Texas
44:
1626:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1185:Buttermilk Creek complex
1051:Buttermilk Creek complex
584:Norte Chico civilization
337:Meadowcroft Rock Shelter
254:Texas A&M University
192:Buttermilk Creek complex
138:600 ft (183 m)
39:Buttermilk Creek complex
18:Buttermilk Creek Complex
1826:Town Creek Indian Mound
1796:Sierra de San Francisco
1651:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
947:10.1126/science.1201855
790:10.1126/science.1153569
672:10.1126/science.1201855
622:10.1126/science.1201855
373:La Sena (Nebraska), and
222:archaeological site in
1481:Coso Rock Art District
1368:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1271:List of Hopewell sites
862:10.1126/sciadv.aat4505
367:Lovewell (Kansas), at
325:pre-Clovis culture in
1889:Arlington Springs Man
1731:Portsmouth Earthworks
760:6 August 2011 at the
403:floodplain deposits.
161: • Summer (
85:30.89222°N 97.70972°W
2097:Transoceanic contact
1987:Container Revolution
1561:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1526:Etowah Indian Mounds
706:Texas Beyond History
539:Oldest weapons found
519:and Clovis peoples.
194:is the remains of a
2017:Green Corn Ceremony
1831:Turkey River Mounds
1621:Lake Jackson Mounds
1441:Blue Spring Shelter
941:(6024): 1599–2103.
784:(5869): 1497–1502.
666:(6024): 1599–1603.
616:(6024): 1599–1603.
482:Artifact assemblage
90:30.89222; -97.70972
81: /
2102:Underwater panther
1776:Rosenstock Village
1646:Marmes Rockshelter
1631:L'Anse aux Meadows
369:Lovewell Reservoir
320:The acceptance of
293:Clovis first model
224:Bell County, Texas
2136:
2135:
2128:Pre-Columbian era
1929:Spirit Cave mummy
1726:Plum Bayou Mounds
1636:Lynch Quarry Site
1155:Ancient Beringian
1010:(12): 3677–3682.
708:. 1 October 2001.
548:Dating techniques
435:calcium carbonate
250:Michael R. Waters
188:
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16:(Redirected from
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2072:Projectile point
1909:Leanderthal Lady
1836:Upward Sun River
1811:Stallings Island
1801:Shell ring sites
1751:Recapture Canyon
1666:Moorehead Circle
1511:El Fin del Mundo
1496:Cueva de la Olla
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856:(10): eaat4505.
850:Science Advances
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702:"The Gault Site"
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1965:Ceremonial pipe
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1691:Ocmulgee Mounds
1671:Morrison Mounds
1616:Kolomoki Mounds
1606:Kimball Village
1466:Candelaria Cave
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1383:Suwannee Valley
1318:Old Cordilleran
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66:Coordinates:
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2107:Water glyphs
2062:Oasisamerica
2052:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2012:Folsom point
2002:Effigy mound
1982:Clovis point
1950:Aridoamerica
1851:Wickiup Hill
1806:Spiro Mounds
1786:Salmon Ruins
1781:Russell Cave
1576:Helen Blazes
1571:Grimes Point
1551:Fort Juelson
1541:Fort Ancient
1516:El Vallecito
1476:Chaco Canyon
1416:Angel Mounds
1378:Steed-Kisker
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1250:Glacial Kame
1235:Fort Ancient
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214:Introduction
191:
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29:
2092:Thunderbird
1960:Black drink
1924:Peñon woman
1861:Winterville
1841:Velda Mound
1821:Taos Pueblo
1716:Parkin Park
1701:Orwell site
1686:Nodena site
1581:Holly Bluff
1556:Four Mounds
1546:Fort Center
1471:Casa Grande
1421:Anzick site
1313:Monongahela
1240:Fort Walton
1215:Coles Creek
1180:Belle Glade
1165:Anishinaabe
476:Prehistoric
431:pedogenesis
401:Pleistocene
395:Excavations
364:, Wisconsin
355:Cactus Hill
349:Page-Ladson
322:Monte Verde
315:Monte Verde
236:undisturbed
196:paleolithic
88: /
2143:Categories
2037:Metallurgy
1997:Eden point
1894:Buhl Woman
1766:Rock Eagle
1756:River Styx
1681:Mummy Cave
1676:Moundville
1656:Mesa Verde
1641:Marksville
1388:Tchefuncte
1348:Plaquemine
1284:Las Palmas
1200:Calf Creek
1195:Cades Pond
1046:Gault Site
829:26 October
590:References
447:geologists
408:pre-Clovis
357:(Virginia)
259:Gault site
245:Background
76:97°42′35″W
73:30°53′32″N
2082:Stickball
1771:Rock Hawk
1601:Key Marco
1393:Troyville
1373:St. Johns
1358:Red Ocher
1117:Formative
1024:0305-4403
963:206531951
870:2375-2548
688:206531951
630:0036-8075
419:vertisols
412:colluvium
379:(Oregon).
351:(Florida)
301:were the
299:New World
269:horizon.
144:Time zone
135:Elevation
1970:Chanunpa
1955:Ballgame
1934:Vero man
1884:Anzick-1
1856:Windover
1816:SunWatch
1746:Rassawek
1566:Glenwood
1456:Brewster
1308:Mogollon
1279:La Jolla
1265:Hopewell
1225:Deptford
1138:cultures
955:21436451
901:license.
888:30397643
806:36149744
798:18339930
758:Archived
741:21436417
680:21436451
568:See also
506:debitage
492:debitage
433:forming
427:artifact
178:ZIP code
2119:Related
1977:Chunkey
1877:remains
1866:Wupatki
1706:Paquime
1596:Huápoca
1461:Cahokia
1431:Bastian
1338:Patayan
1260:Hohokam
1245:Fremont
1220:Comondú
1175:Baytown
1170:Avonlea
1150:Alachua
1122:Classic
1112:Archaic
1100:Periods
935:Science
879:6200361
778:Science
721:Science
659:Science
610:Science
441:dates.
102:Country
1536:Folsom
1501:Cutler
1436:Benson
1323:Oneota
1255:Glades
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421:. The
343:Topper
303:Clovis
267:Clovis
228:Clovis
124:County
2067:Piasa
1875:Human
1506:Eaker
1409:sites
1343:Plano
1145:Adena
959:S2CID
802:S2CID
684:S2CID
275:Chert
252:from
183:76571
172:(CDT)
170:UTC-5
149:UTC-6
117:Texas
112:State
2027:Kiva
1020:ISSN
951:PMID
884:PMID
866:ISSN
831:2018
794:PMID
737:PMID
676:PMID
626:ISSN
406:The
261:; a
190:The
129:Bell
1531:Eva
1012:doi
943:doi
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874:PMC
858:doi
786:doi
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729:doi
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467:OSL
449:or
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163:DST
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