501:
50:
923:
759:, where a single set of votes was used for both constituency and list seats, to a conventional two-vote mixed member proportional system - a change which granted constituency members an electoral mandate distinct from the party's list seats. By-elections are now only held if a vacancy arises in a constituency seat and there is no associated party list with which to fill it – typically, if the former member was elected as an
361:
755:, which uses mixed-member proportional representation, by-elections were originally held upon the vacancy of any constituency seat. This was changed in January 1953, since which time vacancies in constituency seats have been filled by the next candidate on the state list of the party which won the seat, in the same manner as vacancies among list seats. Confusingly, this change occurred alongside a switch from
445:, criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance), or when an election is invalidated by voting irregularities. In some cases a vacancy may be filled by a method other than a by-election (such as the outgoing member's party nominating a replacement) or the office may be left vacant. These elections can be held anytime in the country.
1153:
contested. The major campaign issue became the government's policy of "limited conscription" during World War II, which McNaughton supported, and which the
Conservatives rejected. They called, instead, for "full conscription". McNaughton was defeated in the February 5, 1945 by-election. As a result,
999:
By-elections may occur singly or in small bunches, especially if the authority responsible for calling them has discretion over the timing and can procrastinate. They are sometimes bunched to save money, as holding multiple by-elections is likely to cost more than holding a by-election to fill the
906:
found "that while candidate characteristics affect special election outcomes, presidential approval is predictive of special election outcomes as well. Furthermore, we find that the effect of presidential approval on special election outcomes has increased in magnitude from 1995 to 2014, with the
898:
or early indicator of the results of the next general election, but political scientists generally caution against overinterpretation. The evidence suggests that while the margin of victory relative to the district's normal performance may be relevant, other indicators generally provide stronger
1129:
ended his political career, and may also have been a factor in the
Conservative Party's decision to move to the left and rebrand itself the Progressive Conservative Party under Meighen's replacement. Noseworthy's victory was also a significant breakthrough for the CCF giving it credibility as a
1096:
swing was required for the
Liberal Party to lose the seat. Ultimately, the Liberals suffered a 19.0% swing to Phelps, the largest by-election swing in Australian history, which won her the seat. This loss deprived the Liberal Party of its majority in federal Parliament, forcing them into a
995:
and provided the first indication that the party could be a serious force in the province of Quebec. On the strength of the by-election victory, the BQ went on to be officially formed as a party in 1991 and win 54 seats in the 1993 federal election, enough to form the
Official Opposition.
692:), the state parliament appoints a replacement in the event of a vacancy; in 1977 a referendum amended the Constitution to require that the person appointed must belong to the same political party (if any) as the Senator originally elected to that seat. The states with an
973:
with an unnamed "New Party" which would be integrated with the labour movement. Pitman's candidacy in a riding in which the CCF was traditionally weak was seen as a test of this concept, and his upset victory convinced the CCF and the labour movement to launch the
1004:, restoring the House of Commons to 264 members. The media called it a "mini-election", a test of the Liberal government's popularity with a general election due in less than a year. In Hong Kong, in January 2010, five members of the Legislative Council from the
591:, where it is up to law of the state involved to determine how the vacancy is filled). In most cases where a vacancy is filled through a special election, a primary will also be held to determine which candidates will represent the major parties.
448:
An election to fill a vacancy created when a general election cannot take place in a particular constituency (such as if a candidate dies shortly before election day) may be called a by-election in some jurisdictions, or may have a distinct name
481:; previously a seat had remained empty upon the death of a member. Cromwell devised a new election that would be called by the king at a time of the king's choosing. This made it a simple matter to ensure the seat rewarded an ally of the crown.
990:
was the first electoral test for what was initially a loose parliamentary formation created two months earlier after several Quebec MPs defected from the
Progressive Conservative and Liberal parties to protest the failure of the
1477:. His appointment as a senior minister while not a member of either house of Parliament was against convention, and he therefore sought to regularise the position by standing in the first available by-election, which was at
603:
becomes vacant, the consequences vary. For example, a by-election may be held to fill just the vacancy, all the seats in the constituency could be contested in the by-election, or the vacancy could be filled by other means.
1219:
1783:
1438:, was elected on the eighth count. Although Murphy had received a lower first preference total than Cathal King, he outperformed the Sinn FĂ©in candidate in attracting transfers. Murphy then took his seat in the
696:
elected via STV (NSW, Victoria, and South
Australia) use the same method, except for Western Australia, which holds a recount of ballots to determine the new winner, with sitting members retaining their seats.
1165:
several weeks later; originally he had intended to postpone the election until the war was clearly won. McNaughton sought a seat in the 1945 contest but was again defeated, and resigned shortly after.
805:
1501:
1508:, had been widely expected to win, but Brown unexpectedly closed the gap and won, a shocking result in the heavily-Democratic state of Massachusetts. This eliminated the Democratic Party's
1008:, one from each of Hong Kong's five geographical constituencies, resigned and stood in simultaneous by-elections, at which the entire electorate would participate, in an attempt to stage a
732:(elected under parallel voting). If a vacancy arises in a party list seat, it would be filled in the manner usual for party-list proportional systems; for example, on the resignation of
866:
won by a slim 45-seat majority in a 89-seat parliament. The seat was decided by 16 votes but due to difficulties and irregularities in the voting led to a by-election where the rival
1674:
1789:
1513:
1293:
1360:
resigned his seat after being dismissed and after restanding as an independent polled 73.31% of the votes, the largest loss of votes for an incumbent party in a by-election
937:
By-election upsets can have a psychological impact by creating a sense of momentum for one party or a sense of impending defeat for a government. For example, in Canada,
1168:
The most recent example of a cabinet minister appointed from outside parliament having to resign after losing a by-election was in 1975, when
Minister of Communications
1714:
1630:
1547:
1592:
584:
1330:- within a reasonable time period. Since the introduction of partial self-governance in 1955, 34 by-elections have been held, and some have been major upsets:
1734:
1353:
1001:
282:
1764:
1580:
1562:
611:
systems do not hold by-elections. Instead, the most successful unelected candidate named on the vacator's list fills the vacancy automatically. However,
1890:
910:
Seats which have unexpectedly changed hands in by-elections often revert to the former party in the next general election. One reason for this is that
1215:
946:
1419:
1245:
1200:
1150:
954:
930:
705:
1568:
1556:
1525:
1405:
was the first time PAP lost a seat in a by-election since 1981 and the last time the ruling party failed to retain a constituency in a by-election
1376:
1146:
1118:
767:). Since no independents have been elected to the Bundestag since the first legislative period, no such substitute election has ever taken place.
720:
and some from single-member constituencies, usually hold by-elections to fill a vacancy in a constituency seat; for example, the assassination of
616:
458:
437:
A vacancy may arise as a result of an incumbent dying or resigning, or when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (because of a
1720:
1600:
1509:
1470:
1241:
903:
608:
572:
1203:
resigned so Getty could run in a by-election. Getty was elected, and remained MLA for that riding until resigning as premier and MLA in 1992.
1668:
1612:
1574:
942:
580:
1758:
1740:
1586:
1474:
1126:
970:
867:
1481:
in
January 1965. However a strong swing against Labour resulted in Gordon Walker's defeat: as a result, he resigned as Foreign Secretary.
1084:, as it had only ever been held by the Liberal Party and its predecessor parties since its creation in 1901. Former Ambassador to Israel
1999:
1692:
1261:
1257:
1088:
was preselected as the
Liberal Party's candidate for the by-election. The major challenger in the by-election was independent candidate
521:
389:
1775:
1770:
1624:
1415:
855:
1180:. Juneau unexpectedly lost to the Progressive Conservative candidate and resigned from cabinet 10 days after his by-election defeat.
2017:
Knotts, H. Gibbs; Ragusa, Jordan M. (2016-01-02). "The
Nationalization of Special Elections for the U.S. House of Representatives".
1908:
1648:
1343:
1273:
962:
729:
576:
1746:
1728:
1636:
1505:
1490:
1305:
1285:
817:
294:
620:
1752:
1686:
1680:
1435:
1277:
1177:
1162:
1009:
1005:
883:
859:
474:
287:
277:
1877:
1864:
1618:
1537:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1368:
1192:
1038:
975:
828:
298:
492:, which lasted from 1661 to 1679, by-elections were the primary means by which new members entered the House of Commons.
1795:
1698:
1642:
1606:
1394:
broke the ruling PAP's monopoly in Parliament, marking the first opposition presence since 1966 and the re-entry of the
1349:
1301:
1138:
1013:
840:
663:
631:
568:
513:
673:. This usually occurs if a vacancy arises shortly before a planned general election (within six months in New Zealand).
1702:
1654:
1372:
1234:
1158:
1142:
1046:
470:
113:
2176:
1660:
1427:
1335:
1327:
1114:
1081:
1069:
1057:
system at the time, the conservative vote was split between the Country and Nationalists, allowing Labor candidate
560:, by-elections are only used to fill some vacancies, with the others being filled by the assumption of a seat by a
1379:. As there was such a small majority each by-election was important for the survival of the ruling party majority
1455:
1426:
candidate, Cathal King, was the favourite to take the seat. Sinn FĂ©in had done extremely well in the area during
1364:
1323:
1317:
1281:
879:
737:
651:
505:
983:
1493:
1256:
to resign as an MLA twenty-two days after the general election, so Clark could run in a by-election before the
1155:
745:
709:
689:
627:
557:
156:
567:
In the United States, these contests have been called "special elections" because they do not always occur on
1948:
1061:
to come in first place and win the seat. The Swan by-election is cited as the reason for the introduction of
788:
after losing enough supporters, whether by floor-crossing or through losing by-elections, for it to become a
1894:
1517:
1462:
1431:
1304:
would only nominate one candidate to fill in the by-election. However, the pro-democracy camp lost twice in
1176:'s Liberal cabinet directly from the private sector, and tried to enter parliament through a by-election in
529:
382:
239:
1953:
1383:
1289:
1042:
950:
863:
760:
725:
331:
1430:. Sinn FĂ©in captured high percentages of the first preference vote across the constituency. However, the
914:
at by-elections tends to be lower and skewed toward highly motivated supporters of the opposition party.
843:
to regain official party status with important results in terms of parliamentary privileges and funding.
2171:
2060:
1458:
1077:
1062:
1030:
824:
823:
By-elections can also be important if a minority party needs to gain one or more seats in order to gain
797:
785:
647:
600:
500:
489:
171:
166:
1542:
587:
requires that vacancies in the House of Representatives be filled with a special election (unlike the
2082:
1708:
987:
801:
781:
615:
is an exception, as it holds by-elections when too many seats become vacant in the parliament (as in
272:
1297:
1223:
1098:
1093:
1054:
953:
would be a serious political contender and that it posed a serious political threat for the ruling
789:
677:
643:
485:
83:
1012:
on democratizing the Hong Kong political system. The effect of the manoeuvre was blunted when the
874:
teaming up to push a motion of no confidence in the government. After the motion or no confidence
2042:
1195:
despite his party winning a majority. To re-enter the Legislative Assembly, fellow caucus member
966:
793:
635:
375:
201:
69:
1442:. As a direct result of this defeat in the by-election, Sinn FĂ©in hardened their stance against
639:
49:
1130:
national party where it has previously been seen as a Western Canadian regional protest party.
2034:
1188:
1134:
1122:
992:
922:
907:
2002 midterm representing an important juncture in the nationalization of special elections."
756:
685:
431:
317:
181:
151:
78:
34:
2026:
1391:
1326:, a by-election should be called for any vacancy arising from a constituency - particularly
1230:
1073:
926:
784:, party discipline is often so strong that the governing party or coalition can only lose a
670:
517:
342:
337:
254:
221:
191:
176:
133:
108:
103:
98:
88:
2107:
1196:
713:
525:
478:
438:
365:
347:
322:
244:
118:
74:
2121:
1222:, after he convinced one of his caucus members to step down, in hopes of re-entering the
882:
the senior partner in the coalition became premier until his government's defeat in the
2152:
1497:
1173:
1110:
1050:
979:
871:
832:
533:
196:
161:
93:
360:
2165:
2046:
1466:
1237:
1169:
1089:
958:
911:
813:
733:
676:
nominating another candidate with the same affiliation as the former member, such as
411:
211:
123:
933:
in a 1918 by-election, the first election in which women of the province could vote.
571:
like regular congressional elections. Special elections are held when a seat in the
2078:
1922:
1357:
1339:
1253:
1113:(who had already served as Prime Minister during the 1920s) sought to re-enter the
1058:
1034:
938:
875:
561:
442:
186:
2030:
1439:
1423:
1288:
By-elections were held after six pro-democracy lawmakers were disqualified by the
1976:
1443:
1249:
1085:
780:
By-elections can be crucial when the ruling party has only a small majority. In
741:
693:
545:
415:
2135:
1141:
without having a seat in parliament, after his predecessor resigned during the
895:
851:
809:
721:
717:
638:– vacancies may be filled by a by-election. This is done, for example, in the
327:
206:
2038:
1521:
1211:
1184:
1065:, to prevent Labor from benefiting from a divided opposition in the future.
847:
752:
588:
541:
128:
654:(Pl. AL). In those systems, alternatives to holding a by-election include:
512:
By-elections are held in most nations that elect their parliaments through
17:
659:
658:
re-determining the election results with the vacators disregarded, as in
216:
41:
1080:
since 2004. Wentworth was considered an exceptionally safe seat for the
2108:"Constitution of the Republic of Singapore - Singapore Statutes Online"
1784:
List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives
1207:
870:
won the seat pushing Goss' government in minority and with Independent
836:
430:, is an election used to fill an office that has become vacant between
1342:
government saw its vote collapse to 19.23% compared to 47.58% in the
1226:. His by-election defeat resulted in his resignation as party leader.
1478:
612:
549:
537:
249:
1516:, one of the most heavily Republican states in the nation. Democrat
969:" candidate was a significant boost for the movement to replace the
1848:
1446:
and called for the complete abolition of water charges in Ireland.
688:(in which each state forms a multi-member constituency elected via
626:
In multi-member district systems that do not employ party lists –
553:
499:
427:
744:
filled the seat after all the five candidates above her on the
27:
Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant
2122:"Parliamentary Elections Act 1954 - Singapore Statutes Online"
1296:. The pro-democracy camp was considered safe in the de facto
2156:
1552:
Lists of by-elections and special elections by jurisdiction
1923:"Abe's Widow, Akie, Not to Run in Lower House By-Election"
1502:
Massachusetts special election to the United States Senate
1469:, having been defeated in controversial circumstances in
1260:. Clark was successful and remained in government until
1072:
was held after the resignation of former prime minister
504:
A 1768 political cartoon about a by-election during the
1675:
List of by-elections to the National Assembly (France)
1790:
List of special elections to the United States Senate
1280:
lost their majority status for the first time in the
894:
Non-experts often interpret by-election results as a
1512:
majority of 60 votes. Another upset occurred in the
986:with 66% of the vote on behalf of the newly formed
957:. Similarly, the upset 1960 by-election victory of
831:in a minority or coalition situation. For example,
2087:Antony Green Election Guide: Federal Election 2004
2000:"A Guide to Cutting Through Special-Election Spin"
1422:during 2014 provided a very surprising upset. The
1308:, which had been considered a safe seat for them.
556:(until 2006). However, in some cases, such as the
1037:. The seat was traditionally a safe seat for the
2019:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties
1300:by-election because both pro-democracy camp and
763:. This is referred to as a substitute election (
548:, as well as non-Commonwealth countries such as
982:'s 1990 upset landslide by-election victory in
798:Conservative government of John Major 1992–1997
469:The procedure for filling a vacant seat in the
1909:"Casual Vacancies in the Legislative Assembly"
1715:List of parliamentary by-elections in Malaysia
1631:List of Newfoundland and Labrador by-elections
1548:List of democracy and elections-related topics
1154:with confidence in his government undermined,
794:Labour government of James Callaghan 1976–1979
2083:"History of Preferential Voting in Australia"
1593:List of Western Australian state by-elections
751:Exceptions to this rule exist: In the German
716:systems, in which some members are chosen by
383:
8:
1735:List of special elections in the Philippines
1367:saw a comeback by the opposition leader the
1765:List of Scottish parliamentary by-elections
1581:List of South Australian state by-elections
1526:accused of sexual assault by multiple women
1000:vacancies all at once. In Canada, in 1978,
949:was seen as evidence that the newly formed
839:provincial by-election in 2004 allowed the
1563:List of New South Wales state by-elections
1016:refused to stand candidates against them.
1002:15 by-elections were held on a single date
583:becomes vacant. At the federal level, the
390:
376:
29:
1248:, she convinced her fellow caucus member
1216:Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
902:A 2016 study of special elections to the
619:) or a repeat vote has to be held (as in
2065:Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
1891:"Tasmania's Hare-Clark Electoral System"
1876:Seventeenth Amendment, Section 2 of the
931:Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
921:
706:Mixed-member proportional representation
1850:I subentri nelle assemblee parlamentari
1814:
1569:List of Northern Territory by-elections
1557:List of Australian federal by-elections
1398:into Singapore's legislature since 1961
669:keeping the seat vacant until the next
40:
1863:Article 1, Clause 4, Section 2 of the
1853:(in Italian). Quaderni costituzionali.
1721:List of state by-elections in Malaysia
1601:List of federal by-elections in Canada
1242:2013 British Columbia general election
904:United States House of Representatives
609:party-list proportional representation
2089:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1669:List of Falkland Islands by-elections
1613:List of British Columbia by-elections
1575:List of Queensland state by-elections
1121:. His surprise defeat at the hand of
7:
2061:"1917 - Women Win the Right to Vote"
1825:Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1990. p. 36
1759:Lists of United Kingdom by-elections
1741:List of Solomon Islands by-elections
1587:List of Victorian state by-elections
1127:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
971:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
899:evidence with a larger sample size.
1693:Jamaican Parliamentary by-elections
1076:, who had served as the member for
1998:Nate Silver (September 13, 2011).
1776:United Kingdom by-election records
1771:List of by-elections to the Senedd
1625:List of New Brunswick by-elections
25:
1835:By-Elections in British Politics.
1649:List of Saskatchewan by-elections
1354:Minister for National Development
1274:March 2018 Hong Kong by-elections
730:House of Representatives of Japan
680:seats in the Republic of Ireland.
1949:"Louisa Wall back in Parliament"
1747:List of South Korea by-elections
1729:List of New Zealand by-elections
1637:List of Nova Scotia by-elections
1524:in a close race after Moore was
1514:2017 special election in Alabama
1388:Workers' Party Secretary-General
1286:Legislative Council of Hong Kong
1145:. A by-election was arranged in
1033:was held following the death of
359:
48:
1220:Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock
728:, which Abe represented in the
496:In single-member constituencies
1753:List of by-elections in Tuvalu
1687:List of Hungarian by-elections
1681:List of Hong Kong by-elections
1151:Progressive Conservative party
929:became the first woman in the
595:In multi-member constituencies
1:
2031:10.1080/17457289.2015.1063497
1878:Constitution of United States
1865:Constitution of United States
1837:UCL Press, London. 1997 pg. 1
1619:List of Manitoba by-elections
1538:UK parliamentary by-elections
1403:2013 Punggol East by-election
1218:ran in a 2009 by-election in
1193:1989 Alberta general election
1133:On November 1, 1944, General
771:Significance and consequences
724:resulted in a by-election in
1823:Parliament Under the Tudors.
1796:2022 Zimbabwean by-elections
1643:List of Ontario by-elections
1607:List of Alberta by-elections
1350:1961 by-election in Hong Lim
1244:. In order to remain in the
1137:was appointed to Cabinet as
1109:In 1942, the Conservatives'
841:Ontario New Democratic Party
664:Australian Capital Territory
632:single non-transferable vote
514:single-member constituencies
1847:Buonomo, Giampiero (2006).
1703:List of Seanad by-elections
1655:List of Quebec by-elections
1629:Newfoundland and Labrador:
1428:that year's local elections
1322:Under Article 49(1) of the
1258:legislature's first session
1159:William Lyon Mackenzie King
1143:Conscription Crisis of 1944
1045:, but the emergence of the
471:House of Commons of England
222:Right to stand for election
2193:
2153:Electing Local Authorities
1661:List of Yukon by-elections
1369:Workers' Party Chairperson
1336:1957 Cairnhill by-election
1328:Single Member Constituency
1315:
1115:House of Commons of Canada
1070:2018 Wentworth by-election
564:nominated by the vacator.
528:round. This includes most
1699:List of Dáil by-elections
1456:British Foreign Secretary
1365:1961 by-election in Anson
1344:previous general election
1324:Constitution of Singapore
1318:By-elections in Singapore
1282:Geographical constituency
1117:through a by-election in
955:Progressive Conservatives
738:Parliament of New Zealand
652:Senate of the Philippines
601:multi-member constituency
506:Middlesex election affair
484:During the eighteen-year
473:was developed during the
2136:"[2013] Sgca 39"
1051:"three-cornered contest"
943:1989 by-election victory
746:New Zealand Labour Party
726:Yamaguchi's 4th district
690:single transferable vote
628:single transferable vote
573:House of Representatives
558:French National Assembly
1473:at the previous year's
1432:Anti-Austerity Alliance
1294:oath-taking controversy
1290:High Court of Hong Kong
532:countries, such as the
477:of the 16th century by
1954:The New Zealand Herald
1384:1981 Anson by-election
1053:. As Australia used a
951:Reform Party of Canada
934:
806:Scott Brown's election
509:
475:Reformation Parliament
455:supplementary election
288:Next general elections
1459:Patrick Gordon Walker
1373:former Chief Minister
1240:lost her seat in the
1163:1945 federal election
1149:which the opposition
1031:1918 Swan by-election
925:
825:official party status
786:vote of no confidence
782:parliamentary systems
748:'s list declined it.
648:Parliament of Vanuatu
503:
172:Boundary delimitation
1719:States in Malaysia:
1709:Italian by-elections
1567:Northern Territory:
1520:defeated Republican
1465:for election to the
1183:In Alberta, Premier
984:Laurier—Sainte-Marie
976:New Democratic Party
816:formerly enjoyed by
802:United States Senate
273:Elections by country
1591:Western Australia:
1298:first past the post
1224:Ontario legislature
1139:Minister of Defence
1099:minority government
1094:two-party-preferred
1063:preferential voting
1055:first-past-the-post
1010:de facto referendum
884:1998 state election
862:Wayne Goss and his
860:1995 state election
792:. Examples are the
790:minority government
678:European Parliament
650:(SNTV), and in the
644:Republic of Ireland
599:When one seat in a
486:Cavalier Parliament
366:Politics portal
2155:—article from the
1667:Falkland Islands:
1611:British Columbia:
1543:Widow's succession
1463:Leyton by-election
1278:pro-democracy camp
1006:Pro-democracy camp
935:
878:the leader of the
808:in 2010 ended the
636:plurality at-large
510:
406:, also known as a
2177:Elections by type
1739:Solomon Islands:
1579:South Australia:
1561:New South Wales:
1420:Dublin South-West
1189:Edmonton-Whitemud
1172:was appointed to
1135:Andrew McNaughton
1123:Joseph Noseworthy
1039:Nationalist Party
993:Meech Lake Accord
757:mixed single vote
710:additional member
686:Australian Senate
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301:elections in 2024
255:Electoral systems
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1510:filibuster-proof
1475:general election
1392:J. B. Jeyaretnam
1338:the then ruling
1302:pro-Beijing camp
1254:Westside-Kelowna
1231:British Columbia
1214:, leader of the
1074:Malcolm Turnbull
1014:Pro-Beijing camp
927:Mary Ellen Smith
890:Predictive value
829:balance of power
701:In mixed systems
671:general election
408:special election
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338:Electoral reform
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1092:. A huge 17.7%
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918:Indirect impact
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846:In 1996 in the
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1979:. Wahlrecht.de
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1156:Prime Minister
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157:Apportionment
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2172:By-elections
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2091:. Retrieved
2086:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2025:(1): 22–39.
2022:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1952:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1903:
1895:the original
1885:
1880: (1913)
1872:
1867: (1789)
1859:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1573:Queensland:
1488:
1453:
1413:
1358:Ong Eng Guan
1340:Labour Front
1321:
1306:Kowloon West
1284:part of the
1271:
1228:
1205:
1197:Brian Downey
1182:
1167:
1132:
1108:
1067:
1059:Edwin Corboy
1041:against the
1035:John Forrest
1028:
998:
963:Peterborough
947:Beaver River
939:Deborah Grey
936:
909:
901:
893:
876:Rob Borbidge
856:Mundingburra
854:the seat of
845:
822:
779:
764:
750:
704:
683:
625:
606:
598:
569:Election Day
566:
562:running mate
530:Commonwealth
511:
483:
468:
454:
450:
447:
443:dual mandate
436:
423:
420:bye-election
419:
407:
403:
401:
187:Election law
114:Proportional
64:
33:Part of the
2157:ACE Project
1933:30 December
1679:Hong Kong:
1555:Australia:
1494:Scott Brown
1444:Irish Water
1436:Paul Murphy
1434:candidate,
1416:by-election
1292:during the
1250:Ben Stewart
1246:legislature
1161:called the
1086:Dave Sharma
1043:Labor Party
864:Labor Party
761:independent
742:Louisa Wall
718:party lists
694:upper house
607:Typically,
546:New Zealand
416:Philippines
404:by-election
283:Most recent
167:Competition
146:Terminology
65:By-election
59:Basic types
18:By election
2166:Categories
2093:2020-06-15
1977:"Nachwahl"
1961:9 December
1927:nippon.com
1809:References
1794:Zimbabwe:
1763:Scotland:
1713:Malaysia:
1617:Manitoba:
1585:Victoria:
1518:Doug Jones
1491:Republican
1390:candidate
1233:, sitting
1147:Grey North
1119:York South
1049:lead to a
896:bellwether
852:Queensland
848:Australian
810:filibuster
765:Ersatzwahl
722:Shinzo Abe
516:, whether
490:Charles II
332:by country
328:Referendum
207:Psephology
202:Initiative
84:Fixed-term
2047:216142342
2039:1745-7289
1697:Ireland:
1691:Jamaica:
1685:Hungary:
1641:Ontario:
1605:Alberta:
1522:Roy Moore
1496:defeated
1489:In 2010,
1471:Smethwick
1440:31st Dáil
1424:Sinn FĂ©in
1312:Singapore
1268:Hong Kong
1212:John Tory
1191:) in the
1185:Don Getty
1178:Hochelaga
1078:Wentworth
1025:Australia
967:New Party
880:Nationals
850:state of
818:Democrats
800:. In the
753:Bundestag
736:from the
542:Australia
459:Australia
234:Subseries
129:Sortition
104:Plurality
70:Corporate
42:Elections
2081:(2004).
1751:Tuvalu:
1673:France:
1653:Quebec:
1599:Canada:
1532:See also
1506:Democrat
1418:held in
1201:Stettler
684:For the
660:Tasmania
457:, as in
418:, and a
414:and the
295:National
217:Suffrage
99:Mid-term
79:Indirect
1983:21 July
1769:Wales:
1707:Italy:
1659:Yukon:
1500:in the
1410:Ireland
1382:In the
1363:In the
1348:In the
1334:In the
1272:In the
1235:Premier
1208:Ontario
1125:of the
978:(NDP).
837:Ontario
827:or the
812:-proof
662:or the
642:of the
522:without
465:Origins
410:in the
312:Related
109:Primary
89:General
2045:
2037:
1479:Leyton
1276:, the
1105:Canada
1020:Upsets
965:as a "
712:, and
613:Turkey
589:Senate
550:France
538:Canada
526:runoff
439:recall
424:bypoll
250:Voting
162:Audits
119:Recall
75:Direct
2043:S2CID
1804:Notes
579:, or
554:Italy
428:India
422:or a
299:local
267:Lists
94:Local
2035:ISSN
1985:2020
1963:2015
1935:2022
1401:The
1386:the
1371:and
1352:the
1262:2017
1068:The
1029:The
796:and
640:Dáil
634:and
621:2003
617:1986
552:and
544:and
518:with
451:e.g.
297:and
124:Snap
2027:doi
1252:of
1229:In
1206:In
1199:of
961:in
945:in
941:'s
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520:or
488:of
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426:in
2168::
2085:.
2063:.
2041:.
2033:.
2023:26
2021:.
2002:.
1951:.
1925:.
1701:,
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524:a
453:,
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402:A
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2029::
2006:.
1987:.
1965:.
1937:.
666:,
508:.
449:(
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384:t
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334:)
330:(
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