1094:"In 340 BC, however, the Byzantines, with the aid of the Athenians, withstood a siege successfully, an occurrence the more remarkable as they were attacked by the greatest general of the age, Philip of Macedon. In the course of this beleaguerment, it is related, on a certain wet and moonless night the enemy attempted a surprise, but were foiled by reason of a bright light which, appearing suddenly in the heavens, startled all the dogs in the town and thus roused the garrison to a sense of their danger. To commemorate this timely phenomenon, which was attributed to
1120:'s importance to Byzantium was above all as deity of protection. When Philip of Macedon was about to attack the city, according to the legend she alerted the townspeople with her ever-present torches, and with her pack of dogs, which served as her constant companions. Her mythic qualities thenceforth forever entered the fabric of Byzantine history. A statue known as the 'Lampadephoros' was erected on the hill above the Bosphorous to commemorate
650:
1004:
often continued to issue their own coinage. "Of the many themes that were used on local coinage, celestial and astral symbols often appeared, mostly stars or crescent moons." The wide variety of these issues, and the varying explanations for the significance of the star and crescent on Roman coinage
988:
It is unclear precisely how the symbol Hecate/Artemis, one of many goddesses would have been transferred to the city itself, but it seems likely to have been an effect of being credited with the intervention against Philip and the subsequent honors. This was a common process in ancient Greece, as in
984:
was especially favored by the
Byzantines for her aid in having protected them from the incursions of Philip of Macedon. Her symbols were the crescent and star, and the walls of her city were her provenance. This contradicts claims that only the symbol of the crescent was meant to symbolize Hecate,
1137:
was especially favored by the
Byzantines Constantine would also have found Artemis-Selene and Aphrodite along with the banished Apollo Zeuxippus on the Acropolis in the old Greek section of the city. Other gods mentioned in the sources are Athena, Hera, Zeus, Hermes, and Demeter and Kore. Even
1133:"In 324 Byzantium had a number of operative cults to traditional gods and goddesses tied to its very foundation eight hundred years before. Rhea, called "the mother of the gods" by Zosimus, had a well-ensconced cult in Byzantium from its very foundation. Devotion to
53:
1115:
had a cult in
Byzantium from the time of its founding. Like Byzas in one legend, she had her origins in Thrace. Since Hecate was the guardian of "liminal places," in Byzantium small temples in her honor were placed close to the gates of the city.
844:
persuaded
Severus to restore these rights. In appreciation, the Byzantines named Caracalla an archon of their city. The strategic and highly defensible (due to being surrounded by water on almost all sides) location of Byzantium attracted
946:, sometimes as the moon, and some accounts also mention the barking of dogs. However, the original accounts mention only a bright light in the sky, without specifying the moon. To commemorate the event the Byzantines erected a statue of
867:
This combination of imperialism and location would affect
Constantinople's role as the nexus between the continents of Europe and Asia. It was a commercial, cultural, and diplomatic centre and for centuries formed the capital of the
888:. The Turks called the city "Istanbul" (although it was not officially renamed until 1930); the name derives from the Greek phrase "στην πόλη", which means "to the city". To this day it remains the largest and most populous city in
764:, who wrote almost 800 years later, dates the founding of Chalcedon to 685/4 BC, but he also dates the founding of Byzantium to 656 BC (or a few years earlier depending on the edition). Herodotus' dating was later favored by
872:, which decorated the city with numerous monuments, some still standing today. With its strategic position, Constantinople controlled the major trade routes between Asia and Europe, as well as the passage from the
942:. On a particularly dark and wet night Philip attempted a surprise attack but was thwarted by the appearance of a bright light in the sky. This light is occasionally described by subsequent interpreters as a
933:
with bow and quiver, and feature a crescent with what appears to be an eight-rayed star on the reverse. According to accounts which vary in some of the details, in 340 BC the
Byzantines and their allies the
836:, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in AD 196. Byzantium was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, now emperor, and quickly regained its previous prosperity. It was bound to
8096:
1938:
8086:
1404:
821:'s strategy for cutting off grain supplies to Athens during their siege of Athens, Sparta took control of the city in 411 BC, to bring the Athenians into submission. The
1005:
precludes their discussion here. It is, however, apparent that by the time of the Romans, coins featuring a star or crescent in some combination were not at all rare.
1931:
985:
whereas the star was only added later in order to symbolize the Virgin Mary, as
Constantine I is said to have rededicated the city to her in the year 330.
1166:
1587:
Bertolazzi, Riccardo (2024). "The
Severan Augustae as Mistresses of the World". In Hoffmann-Salz, Julia; Heil, Matthäus; Wienholz, Holger (eds.).
1684:
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1924:
783:
8111:
1947:
1843:
1831:
1813:
1600:
1476:
1389:
8081:
1382:
Placenames of the World: Origins and
Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites
583:
only in 1555, a century after the last remnants of the empire, whose inhabitants continued to refer to their polity as the Roman Empire (
107:
1236:
369:
origin. It may be derived from the
Thracian personal name Byzas which means "he-goat". Ancient Greek legend refers to the Greek king
176:
6 km (2.3 sq mi) enclosed within Constantinian Walls 14 km (5.4 sq mi) enclosed within Theodosian Walls
1870:
1625:
1555:
1441:
1269:
1205:
1174:
2673:
1494:"The silver emissions of Constantine I from Constantinopolis, and the celebration of the millennium of Byzantion in 333/334 CE"
1458:
6036:
626:
593:
453:
1797:
4745:
3068:
7895:
6521:
3976:
1075:
1138:
evidence of Isis and Serapis appears from the Roman era on coins during the reign of Caracalla and from inscriptions."
7885:
6729:
1852:
840:
during the period of Septimius Severus. After the war, Byzantium lost its city status and free city privileges, but
8121:
8101:
5331:
5103:
4299:
1892:
974:
32:
1740:
918:
motif was associated to some degree with Byzantium; even though it became more widely used as the royal emblem of
8116:
5791:
5721:
1592:
1042:
7785:
7450:
4504:
3243:
3013:
2238:
911:
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6994:
6909:
5060:
4579:
4251:
4236:
3841:
3683:
2203:
2088:
1838:
Byzantine Papers: Proceedings of the First Australian Byzantine Studies Conference, Canberra, 17–19 May 1978
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444:
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326:
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3663:
2173:
1574:
970:
919:
622:
484:
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404:
346:
284:
7915:
7565:
7009:
6974:
6924:
6644:
5766:
4414:
3168:
3063:
2903:
2218:
1036:
765:
319:
7965:
4629:
4264:
7615:
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6969:
6904:
6779:
6629:
6406:
6041:
6031:
5611:
5536:
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4614:
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4141:
4131:
4066:
3901:
3801:
3428:
3293:
3178:
2188:
2143:
1014:
954:
939:
630:
572:
436:
8030:
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7875:
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7710:
7460:
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6949:
6839:
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6476:
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5726:
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4900:
4715:
4191:
4091:
4076:
4006:
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3991:
3891:
3498:
3493:
3228:
3008:
2483:
2478:
2053:
1968:
673:
663:
658:
605:
299:
4424:
2803:
1898:
8060:
7945:
7920:
7540:
7380:
7274:
7204:
6614:
6271:
6236:
5896:
5616:
5596:
5486:
5296:
5286:
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4810:
4679:
4056:
3861:
3253:
2993:
2978:
2643:
2303:
2108:
1362:
1315:
1020:
775:'s only entrance. Byzantium later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosphorus on the Asiatic side.
8005:
4740:
8040:
7990:
7880:
7770:
7635:
7515:
7410:
7305:
7279:
7209:
7179:
6714:
6689:
6649:
6619:
6604:
6569:
6426:
6126:
6046:
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5731:
5556:
5516:
5481:
5471:
5451:
5396:
5211:
5186:
5166:
5083:
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4885:
4805:
4700:
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4584:
4549:
4211:
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3926:
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3458:
3423:
3173:
3143:
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2468:
2113:
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1809:
1621:
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1385:
1354:
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1232:
1201:
1170:
923:
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814:
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527:
366:
19:
This article is about the ancient city. For the city in the late Roman period (330–1453), see
1228:
825:
later retook the city in 408 BC, when the Spartans had withdrawn following their settlement.
7405:
7300:
7295:
7284:
7254:
7129:
7069:
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5806:
5671:
5631:
5621:
5591:
5566:
5456:
5436:
5431:
5196:
5045:
4855:
4459:
4364:
3986:
3816:
3791:
3781:
3733:
3613:
3358:
3353:
3238:
3208:
3153:
3038:
3023:
2863:
2723:
2658:
2653:
2548:
2418:
2393:
2213:
2163:
2118:
2093:
1545:
1464:
1346:
1307:
935:
869:
829:
806:, to be one of the foremost Achaemenid ports on the European coast of the Bosphorus and the
682:
330:
229:
212:
158:
28:
5741:
4221:
1468:
1197:
8091:
7690:
7670:
7625:
7620:
7545:
7520:
7415:
7350:
7289:
7259:
7189:
7074:
6999:
6964:
6859:
6739:
6734:
6719:
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6554:
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6539:
6401:
6376:
6361:
6186:
5926:
5826:
5641:
5601:
5551:
5491:
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5426:
5256:
4985:
4735:
4730:
4564:
4439:
4359:
4309:
3713:
3478:
3418:
3383:
3338:
3303:
3213:
3118:
2928:
2828:
2408:
2168:
2123:
1856:
1801:
1158:
580:
384:
81:
7960:
7935:
7420:
6984:
1618:
From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.-A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary
852:
who, in AD 330, refounded it as an imperial residence inspired by Rome itself, known as
7925:
7745:
7735:
7700:
7560:
7475:
7109:
7064:
7004:
6899:
6201:
6196:
6176:
6136:
6091:
6056:
6006:
5891:
5851:
5756:
5736:
5711:
5636:
5531:
5501:
5386:
5301:
5281:
5276:
5236:
5176:
5133:
5005:
4081:
3916:
3871:
3771:
3658:
3618:
3543:
3523:
3483:
3403:
3398:
2953:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2838:
2783:
2613:
2588:
2513:
2318:
2298:
2148:
2023:
2003:
885:
857:
667:
476:
412:
350:
307:
303:
292:
204:
95:
20:
1910:
52:
8075:
7755:
7650:
7269:
7264:
7219:
7169:
7054:
6844:
6814:
6749:
6296:
5931:
5716:
5421:
5336:
5321:
5221:
5201:
4559:
4259:
4111:
3961:
3806:
3723:
3623:
3533:
3473:
3433:
3148:
3048:
3003:
2938:
2773:
2678:
2638:
2623:
2473:
2438:
2208:
2153:
2063:
2008:
1973:
1955:
1493:
1255:
881:
846:
618:
200:
5506:
7760:
7715:
7665:
7455:
7390:
7084:
6919:
6819:
6599:
6446:
6326:
6156:
6021:
5836:
5646:
5346:
5010:
4915:
4594:
4514:
4449:
4389:
4384:
4126:
3821:
3741:
3668:
3653:
3553:
3438:
3183:
3128:
2663:
1714:
1001:
575:, whose capital was Constantinople. As a term for the east Roman state as a whole,
163:
153:
5068:
4840:
4279:
1191:
1259:
629:; in both cases the names were probably adaptations of names in local languages.
7950:
7865:
7815:
7645:
7570:
7490:
7480:
7340:
7094:
6829:
6789:
6784:
6634:
6331:
5966:
5821:
5796:
5171:
5040:
4920:
4875:
4619:
4419:
4354:
4334:
4106:
4001:
3776:
3708:
3568:
3368:
3223:
3158:
3033:
2873:
2718:
2448:
2323:
2253:
2098:
1993:
1916:
1570:
1056:
958:
768:, who celebrated Byzantium's 1,000th anniversary between the years 333 and 334.
716:
424:
8035:
7930:
7835:
7795:
7740:
7655:
7595:
7525:
7345:
7330:
7325:
7315:
7194:
7174:
7049:
6879:
6769:
6451:
6396:
6346:
6341:
6276:
6251:
6241:
6231:
6221:
6216:
6166:
6146:
6111:
6066:
6016:
5996:
5956:
5816:
5691:
5681:
5496:
5401:
5381:
5261:
5093:
5078:
4905:
4775:
4684:
4669:
4624:
4534:
4469:
4339:
4146:
4046:
4021:
3598:
3558:
3488:
3463:
3378:
3053:
2958:
2818:
2778:
2743:
2668:
2453:
2373:
1069:
1046:
807:
749:
727:
694:
432:
329:
sporadically and to varying degrees during the thousand-year existence of the
1901:
at galmarley.com – description of Byzantine monetary system, fifth century BC
1589:
The Eastern Roman Empire under the Severans: Old Connections, new Beginnings?
1358:
122:
109:
7975:
7870:
7820:
7800:
7780:
7765:
7750:
7605:
7600:
7575:
7555:
7445:
7395:
7365:
7244:
7149:
7124:
7104:
7089:
7029:
7014:
6929:
6809:
6674:
6654:
6594:
6574:
6534:
6529:
6421:
6366:
6321:
6246:
6226:
6171:
6161:
6116:
6081:
6061:
6051:
6026:
6001:
5986:
5976:
5961:
5886:
5881:
5871:
5811:
5751:
5746:
5661:
5651:
5606:
5476:
5466:
5376:
5311:
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4890:
4795:
4725:
4705:
4695:
4524:
4519:
4489:
4464:
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4434:
4409:
4329:
4304:
4284:
4274:
4201:
4176:
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3693:
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3603:
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3548:
3503:
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3288:
3138:
3108:
3058:
2963:
2878:
2708:
2628:
2608:
2498:
2433:
2363:
2273:
2133:
2083:
1998:
877:
841:
837:
772:
757:
753:
8010:
1849:
1264:(in French). Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines. pp. 10–11.
419:; adjective the same) referred to Byzantion's inhabitants, also used as an
1107:"If any goddess had a connection with the walls in Constantinople, it was
8015:
8000:
7855:
7845:
7825:
7810:
7640:
7590:
7585:
7530:
7495:
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7385:
7164:
7154:
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7114:
6944:
6939:
6869:
6799:
6764:
6754:
6744:
6704:
6699:
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6664:
6589:
6579:
6544:
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6496:
6491:
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6301:
6261:
6211:
6131:
6071:
5991:
5971:
5941:
5936:
5866:
5861:
5786:
5771:
5706:
5696:
5581:
5576:
5541:
5526:
5461:
5416:
5391:
5366:
5341:
5216:
5151:
5088:
5030:
4950:
4925:
4860:
4830:
4825:
4790:
4780:
4765:
4750:
4710:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4634:
4529:
4494:
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4479:
4399:
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4369:
4349:
4324:
4171:
4161:
4116:
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3941:
3936:
3906:
3846:
3826:
3746:
3718:
3688:
3678:
3633:
3508:
3448:
3408:
3308:
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3263:
3233:
3188:
2933:
2888:
2868:
2823:
2808:
2793:
2788:
2703:
2698:
2683:
2618:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2543:
2493:
2488:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2398:
2383:
2378:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2293:
2278:
2263:
2243:
2183:
2158:
2138:
2128:
2058:
2033:
2018:
1988:
1978:
1963:
853:
787:
761:
690:
420:
380:
373:, the leader of the Megarian colonists and founder of the city. The name
311:
62:
24:
1913:, at ellopos.net – hyperlinked with notes and more resources, at Elpenor
1844:
Istanbul Historical Information – Istanbul Informative Guide To The City
1261:
Constantinople byzantine: dévelopment urbain et répertoire topographique
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3796:
3673:
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3343:
3328:
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2713:
2633:
2578:
2568:
2553:
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2508:
2358:
2348:
2268:
2258:
2233:
2223:
2178:
2073:
2048:
2043:
2013:
1983:
962:
930:
798:
control of the city was never as stable as compared to other cities in
706:
702:
649:
634:
1366:
1334:
1319:
929:
Some Byzantine coins of the 1st century BC and later show the head of
333:, which was commonly referred to by the former name of that city, the
7970:
7955:
7850:
7840:
7730:
7725:
7705:
7685:
7675:
7660:
7610:
7440:
7375:
7355:
7320:
7214:
7134:
7039:
7034:
6959:
6954:
6874:
6854:
6849:
6834:
6684:
6679:
6584:
6564:
6511:
6501:
6471:
6456:
6441:
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5035:
4995:
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4755:
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4589:
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4404:
4379:
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4314:
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4011:
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3946:
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2328:
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2248:
2228:
2198:
2078:
2038:
2028:
1808:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 599–600.
1339:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
1300:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
1134:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1095:
981:
947:
943:
893:
889:
818:
803:
799:
791:
745:
741:
736:
The origins of Byzantium are shrouded in legend. Tradition says that
713:
698:
686:
678:
552:
342:
338:
85:
1886:
1531:
Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean
1350:
1311:
8055:
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7830:
7630:
7580:
7550:
7485:
7335:
7229:
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7184:
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5911:
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2738:
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2598:
2558:
2518:
2463:
2313:
2308:
2193:
2068:
1052:
737:
375:
370:
345:
in the 7th century BC and remained primarily Greek-speaking until
295:
208:
58:
1298:
Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople".
1193:
Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
790:(r. 522–486 BC), and was added to the administrative province of
7805:
7720:
7360:
7059:
7024:
6884:
6481:
6141:
6076:
5511:
5191:
4206:
3588:
3123:
2733:
966:
491:
yielded "Byzantine", with 15th and 16th century forms including
1920:
953:(light-bearer or bringer). This story survived in the works of
771:
Byzantium was mainly a trading city due to its location at the
5073:
1904:
625:
and another on the western coast of India referred to by the
1513:
1511:
598:
458:
268:
256:
253:
1533:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 302
752:. The date is usually given as 667 BC on the authority of
564:), and relating to the coin, dates from the 12th century.
265:
1806:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/6: Burial II–Calendars II
244:
235:
1384:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
884:, and again became the capital of a powerful state, the
423:
for the people of the city and as a family name. In the
1072:, which is the geographic location of ancient Byzantium
748:) founded the city when he sailed northeast across the
57:
Location of Byzantion, corresponding to the modern-day
1190:
Kazhdan, A. P.; Epstein, Ann Wharton (February 1990).
610:'empire of the Romans'), had ceased to exist.
365:
is unknown. It has been suggested that the name is of
73:
Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome")
379:
for the city, which likely corresponds to an earlier
247:
241:
250:
232:
23:. For the Ottoman and modern city (after 1453), see
7894:
6520:
5132:
5059:
4250:
3732:
1954:
1836:Jeffreys, Elizabeth and Michael, and Moffatt, Ann,
961:. His works survive only in fragments preserved in
271:
259:
238:
193:
185:
180:
172:
146:
138:
101:
91:
77:
69:
8097:Populated places established in the 7th century BC
813:Byzantium was besieged by Greek forces during the
1840:(Australian National University, Canberra, 1979).
997:in honor of such an intervention in time of war.
880:. On May 29, 1453, the city was conquered by the
756:, who states the city was founded 17 years after
1212:Byzantion term remained used for Constantinople.
1098:, they erected a public statue to that goddess "
16:Ancient Greek city, forerunner of Constantinople
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
726:–100 BC. Byzantion struck coins in the name of
1905:Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies
1875:Yeats, William Butler, "Sailing to Byzantium",
1306:. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 347–67.
1017:, tragedian, lived in the early 3rd century BC
957:, who in all probability lived in the time of
5492:Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
1932:
1741:"The Star-And-Crescent - A Symbol for Islam?"
1039:, astrologer, lived in the 3rd–2nd century BC
556:. The English usage, derived from Old French
8:
8087:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
1163:Literature of Travel and Exploration: A to F
914:or early Roman period (1st century BC), the
38:
1911:Vasilief, A History of the Byzantine Empire
1620:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 257.
1457:Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). "Byzantium".
922:(who for a time incorporated the city into
483:) denoted an inhabitant of the empire. The
5487:Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
1939:
1925:
1917:
1498:Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte
1196:. University of California Press. p.
571:became common in the West to refer to the
526:were applied from the 9th century to gold
51:
37:
1547:Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul
1764:
1670:
1227:. Orion Publishing Group. 2012. p.
613:Other places were historically known as
1781:. Rutgers University Press. p. 48.
1250:
1248:
1150:
1087:
1517:
1850:The Useful Information about Istanbul
1826:(Hambledon/Continuum, London, 2007).
697:; monogram (ΠΩΛΥΒ) to left; ΒΥ below
7:
1824:Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium
1469:10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001
965:and the tenth century lexicographer
7916:Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
6037:Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
1863:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1460:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1333:Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947).
938:were under siege by the troops of
730:nearly 200 years after his death.
14:
1643:The Age of Justinian and Theodora
1544:Bator, Robert (January 1, 2000).
1887:Byzantine & Christian Museum
1865:(Oxford University Press, 1991)
1683:Rodrigues, António (June 2008).
648:
633:was from a city of that name in
579:was introduced by the historian
228:
1641:Holmes, William Gordon (2003).
993:where the city was named after
802:, it was considered, alongside
4746:Metropolis in northern Phrygia
3069:Metropolis in southern Phrygia
1660:. Routledge. pp. 126–127.
1045:, a scholar who flourished in
969:. The tale is also related by
627:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
8107:7th-century BC establishments
1948:Ancient settlements in Turkey
1893:Coins of the Byzantine empire
1846:. Retrieved January 6, 2005.
1335:"The Names of Constantinople"
1024:
896:is now the national capital.
720:
337:. Byzantium was colonized by
8112:Members of the Delian League
3977:Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
1859:. Retrieved January 6, 2005.
1796:Balcer, Jack Martin (1990).
1076:Timeline of Istanbul history
856:. Later the city was called
599:
459:
383:settlement, is mentioned by
8082:Megarian colonies in Thrace
7886:Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
6730:Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
3244:Panormus near Halicarnassus
1777:Molnar, Michael R. (1999).
1715:"THE STAR AND THE CRESCENT"
1656:Limberis, Vasiliki (1994).
1616:Traver, Andrew G. (2002) .
1463:. Oxford University Press.
8138:
5232:Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
1593:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
1417:"Byzantine, adj. and n.".
903:
864:, "city of Constantine").
860:(Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις,
778:The city was taken by the
588:
530:, reflected in the French
472:
448:
408:
325:continued to be used as a
288:
33:Byzantium (disambiguation)
18:
7786:Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
6032:Neapolis on the Bosphorus
2239:Bargasa in northern Caria
1560:– via Google Books.
1434:Oxford English Dictionary
1419:Oxford English Dictionary
1043:Aristophanes of Byzantium
712:
647:
50:
43:
7791:Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
6995:Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
4580:Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
4237:Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
3014:Magnesia on the Maeander
1713:Narbaez, Rafael (1997).
617:(Βυζάντιον) – a city in
7921:Apamea on the Euphrates
7506:Philadelphia in Cilicia
6910:Dalisandus in Pamphylia
5482:Chelae on the Black Sea
3684:Tripolis on the Meander
2169:Astyra near Adramyttium
2089:Antioch on the Maeander
1550:. Lerner Publications.
1492:Ramsköld, Lars (2018).
1432:"bezant | byzant, n.".
832:against the victorious
8026:Seleucia at the Zeugma
6645:Aphrodisias of Cilicia
6630:Antioch on the Pyramis
6610:Antioch on the Orontes
5187:Aianteion in the Troad
4177:Sebastopolis in Pontus
1907:at www.byzantium.ac.uk
1225:The Rise of the Greeks
971:Stephanus of Byzantium
920:Mithradates VI Eupator
623:Stephanus of Byzantium
480:
416:
327:name of Constantinople
314:today. The Greek name
31:. For other uses, see
27:. For the empire, see
7911:Antioch in the Taurus
7616:Seleucia in Pamphylia
6905:Dalisandus in Isauria
6625:Antioch on the Cragus
5612:Dascylium in Bithynia
4142:Pteria in Paphlagonia
3429:Sebastopolis in Caria
3294:Philadelphia in Lydia
3239:Panormus near Miletus
2904:Laodicea on the Lycus
2219:Aureliopolis in Lydia
1899:History of money FAQs
1889:at byzantinemuseum.gr
1779:The Star of Bethlehem
1692:Army University Press
1685:"Islam and Symbolism"
1380:Room, Adrian (2006).
1037:Epigenes of Byzantium
766:Constantine the Great
600:Basileía tōn Rhōmaíōn
302:that became known as
123:41.01528°N 28.98472°E
70:Alternative name
7996:Nicopolis in Cilicia
7876:Zenopolis in Isauria
6970:Eudocias (Pamphylia)
6840:Comana in Cappadocia
6477:Tricomia in Bithynia
5762:Helenopolis/Drepanum
4545:Eudocia (Cappadocia)
3872:Comana in the Pontus
3499:Stratonicea in Caria
3494:Stratonicea in Lydia
3179:Nysa on the Maeander
2484:Dios Hieron in Lydia
2479:Dios Hieron in Ionia
2189:Atarneus sub Pitanem
2174:Astyra near Pergamon
1595:. pp. 242–243.
1049:, 3rd–2nd century BC
955:Hesychius of Miletus
786:(513 BC) of Emperor
719:struck in Byzantion
631:Faustus of Byzantium
589:Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων
573:Eastern Roman Empire
437:eastern Roman Empire
409:Βυζάντιος, Βυζάντιοι
331:Eastern Roman Empire
7381:Neapolis in Pisidia
7205:Limnae in Pamphylia
6865:Corycus (Kızkalesi)
5727:Hadriani ad Olympum
5662:Drizipara/Drusipara
5617:Dekaton in Bithynia
5182:Aianteion in Thrace
3064:Metropolis in Lydia
3009:Magnesia ad Sipylum
1739:Mictorrani (2021).
1520:, pp. 599–600.
782:at the time of the
744:(a city-state near
664:Alexander the Great
300:classical antiquity
119: /
40:
7966:Hallan Çemi Tepesi
7881:Zenopolis in Lycia
6650:Apollonia in Lycia
6615:Antioch of Pisidia
6570:Anabura in Pisidia
6427:Tarsus in Bithynia
5922:Limnae in Bithynia
3862:Colonia in Armenia
3424:Sebaste in Phrygia
2649:Heraclea in Aeolis
2644:Heraclea at Latmus
2109:Apollonia Salbaces
2104:Apollonia in Mysia
1855:2007-03-15 at the
1822:Harris, Jonathan,
1124:'s defensive aid."
1023:, engineer, lived
828:After siding with
128:41.01528; 28.98472
8122:Greek city-states
8102:Ancient Byzantium
8069:
8068:
7771:Telmessos (Caria)
7210:Limnae in Pisidia
7070:Isinda in Pisidia
6620:Antiochia Lamotis
5672:Elaea in Bithynia
5622:Dekaton in Thrace
4701:Laodicea Combusta
4585:Heraclea Cybistra
4550:Eudocia (Phrygia)
4137:Prusias ad Hypium
3359:Polichne in Ionia
3354:Polichna in Ionia
2924:Larissa Phrikonis
2654:Heraclea in Lydia
2094:Apamea in Phrygia
1832:978-1-84725-179-4
1815:978-0-71009-129-1
1602:978-3-647-30251-5
1478:978-0-19-504652-6
1391:978-0-7864-2248-7
940:Philip of Macedon
916:star and crescent
906:Star and crescent
874:Mediterranean Sea
862:Konstantinoupolis
834:Septimius Severus
823:Athenian military
815:Peloponnesian War
784:Scythian campaign
734:
733:
609:
597:
528:Byzantine coinage
457:
361:The etymology of
221:
220:
8129:
8117:Achaemenid ports
7521:Phoenix in Lycia
7260:Malus in Pisidia
6935:Elaiussa Sebaste
5927:Limnae in Thrace
5592:Daphne Mainomene
5457:Cenon Gallicanon
5197:Alexandria Troas
5061:Eastern Anatolia
4736:Malus in Phrygia
4731:Malus in Galatia
4252:Central Anatolia
4042:Laodicea Pontica
4007:Hüseyindede Tepe
3987:Heraclea Pontica
3614:Thebe Hypoplakia
3304:Phoenix in Caria
3024:Maionia in Lydia
2659:Heraclea Salbace
2214:Aurelia Neapolis
2119:Apollonos Hieron
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1819:
1802:Yarshater, Ehsan
1783:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1762:
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1187:
1181:
1180:
1159:Speake, Jennifer
1155:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1033:
1029:
1026:
870:Byzantine Empire
830:Pescennius Niger
725:
722:
652:
645:
644:
604:
602:
592:
590:
567:Later, the name
474:
462:
460:Byzántion krátos
452:
450:
449:Βυζάντιον κράτος
410:
335:Byzantine Empire
290:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
262:
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258:
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249:
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240:
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159:Byzantine Empire
134:
133:
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124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
55:
41:
29:Byzantine Empire
8137:
8136:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8065:
7897:
7890:
7626:Seleucia Sidera
7621:Seleucia Pieria
7065:Isinda in Lycia
6965:Eudocia (Lycia)
6860:Corycium Antrum
6516:
6377:Serrion Teichos
6137:Pegae in Thrace
5892:Larisa in Troad
5332:Basilica Therma
5302:Astyra in Troad
5128:
5104:Justinianopolis
5055:
4630:Kaman-Kalehöyük
4310:Aquae Saravenae
4246:
3728:
3419:Satala in Lydia
2919:Larisa in Lydia
2914:Larisa in Ionia
2909:Larisa in Caria
2829:Kleros Politike
2759:Isinda in Ionia
1950:
1945:
1883:
1878:
1857:Wayback Machine
1816:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1738:
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1707:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1645:. pp. 5–6.
1640:
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1031:
1027:
1011:
908:
902:
723:
643:
581:Hieronymus Wolf
390:Natural History
385:Pliny the Elder
359:
264:
231:
227:
217:
168:
127:
125:
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82:Fatih, Istanbul
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7948:
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7933:
7928:
7926:Carcathiocerta
7923:
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7902:
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7603:
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7588:
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7568:
7563:
7561:Pseudokorasion
7558:
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7212:
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6992:
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6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
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6757:
6752:
6747:
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6712:
6707:
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6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
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6662:
6657:
6652:
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6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
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6607:
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6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
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6542:
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6526:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
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6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
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6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6202:Pitheci Portus
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6177:Phidalia Petra
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6132:Pegae in Mysia
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:Hadrianotherae
5734:
5729:
5724:
5722:Germanicopolis
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
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5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5282:Artaiouteichos
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
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5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5119:Theodosiopolis
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5006:Thouththourbia
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
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4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
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4682:
4677:
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4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
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4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4280:Anastasiopolis
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
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4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
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4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
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4069:
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4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
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3949:
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3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
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3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
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3809:
3804:
3799:
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3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
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3076:
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3061:
3056:
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2986:
2981:
2976:
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2891:
2886:
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2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Koddinou Petra
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
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2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
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2206:
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2156:
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2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1881:External links
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1877:
1876:
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1860:
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1820:
1814:
1792:
1790:
1787:
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1784:
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1757:
1731:
1705:
1675:
1673:, pp. 15.
1663:
1658:Divine Heiress
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1626:
1608:
1601:
1579:
1563:
1556:
1536:
1522:
1507:
1484:
1477:
1449:
1442:
1436:. OED Online.
1424:
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1397:
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1372:
1351:10.2307/283503
1325:
1312:10.2307/283503
1277:
1270:
1256:Janin, Raymond
1244:
1238:978-1780222752
1237:
1216:
1206:
1182:
1175:
1161:, ed. (2003).
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1000:Cities in the
904:Main article:
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886:Ottoman Empire
858:Constantinople
780:Persian Empire
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585:Medieval Greek
542:, and English
469:Medieval Greek
445:Medieval Greek
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351:Ottoman Empire
308:late antiquity
304:Constantinople
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21:Constantinople
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7759:
7757:
7756:Tell Judaidah
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7752:
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7297:
7294:
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7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
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7276:
7273:
7271:
7270:Mamure Castle
7268:
7266:
7265:Mampsoukrenai
7263:
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7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
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7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7055:Isaura Palaea
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
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6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6522:Mediterranean
6519:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6297:Pyrrhias Cyon
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
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6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
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6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
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6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
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6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
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6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
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6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
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6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
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5943:
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5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:Caenophrurium
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5337:Basilinopolis
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Baradendromia
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:Apamea Myrlea
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:Alopeconnesus
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Faustinopolis
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:Abouadeineita
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Garzoubanthon
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3724:Zingotos Kome
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Tlos in Caria
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Side in Caria
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Meiros Megale
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Maeandropolis
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
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2950:
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2940:
2937:
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2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
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2900:
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2877:
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2870:
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2860:
2857:
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2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Kaymakçı Tepe
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
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2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Hierocaesarea
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Halicarnassus
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
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2580:
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2530:
2527:
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2517:
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2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Dionysiopolis
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
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2437:
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2432:
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2327:
2325:
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2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
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2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Achaion Limen
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
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1884:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1871:0-19-504652-8
1868:
1864:
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1817:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1767:, p. 16.
1766:
1765:Limberis 1994
1761:
1758:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1694:. p. 110
1693:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:Limberis 1994
1667:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1627:9780313309427
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:Roman History
1572:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1557:9780822532170
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1526:
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1462:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1443:9780198611868
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1421:. OED Online.
1420:
1413:
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1207:9780520069626
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1176:9781579584252
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1058:
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1038:
1035:
1032: 220 BC
1028: 280 BC
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
986:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:lampadephoros
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:Ottoman Turks
879:
875:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:Constantine I
848:
847:Roman Emperor
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
817:. As part of
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
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747:
743:
739:
729:
718:
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708:
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684:
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675:
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669:
665:
661:
660:
656:
655:
651:
646:
640:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:mentioned by
620:
616:
611:
607:
601:
595:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
554:
549:
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541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:Anglicization
482:
478:
470:
466:
461:
455:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
405:Ancient Greek
402:
398:
394:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
293:ancient Greek
286:
285:Ancient Greek
282:
276:
225:
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:Ancient Greek
202:
199:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
175:
171:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
54:
49:
42:
34:
30:
26:
22:
7961:Göbekli Tepe
7896:Southeastern
7761:Tell Tayinat
7456:Panemotichus
7085:Juliosebaste
6825:Claudiopolis
6820:Cibyra Mikra
6600:Ano Kotradis
6447:Tesderamoska
6327:Rouphinianai
6157:Pericharaxis
6022:Nausimachion
5837:Katapaspanas
5647:Didymateiche
5411:
5347:Bathys Limen
5317:Aureliopolis
5011:Tiberiopolis
4916:Sadagolthina
4595:Hieropotamon
4515:Dometiopolis
4450:Comitanassus
4390:Binbirkilise
4385:Bathys Rhyax
4300:Antoniopolis
4265:Alişar Hüyük
4127:Pompeiopolis
3822:Callistratia
3742:Abonoteichos
3669:Trapezopolis
3664:Traianopolis
2664:Hermocapelia
2204:Augustopolis
2144:Arcadiopolis
1862:
1837:
1823:
1805:
1778:
1772:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1691:
1678:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1617:
1611:
1588:
1582:
1577:, LXXIV.14.3
1566:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1525:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1459:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1400:
1381:
1375:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1303:
1299:
1260:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1192:
1185:
1162:
1153:
1129:
1103:
1090:
1002:Roman Empire
999:
994:
990:
987:
980:Devotion to
979:
950:
928:
910:By the late
909:
866:
861:
827:
812:
777:
770:
735:
672:
668:Amun's horns
657:
614:
612:
576:
568:
566:
561:
557:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
519:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
464:
428:
400:
396:
395:
388:
374:
362:
360:
353:in AD 1453.
347:its conquest
334:
322:
320:Latinization
315:
280:
223:
222:
207:
164:Latin Empire
154:Roman Empire
147:Part of
142:Ancient city
61:district of
7991:Nevalı Çori
7816:Tragalassus
7646:Serraepolis
7571:Rhodiapolis
7491:Perminounda
7481:Pednelissus
7451:Palaeopolis
7341:Moron Hydor
7110:Karakabaklı
7095:Kalelibelen
6975:Flaviopolis
6925:Diocaesarea
6830:Colybrassus
6785:Carmylessus
6635:Antiphellus
6332:Salmydessus
6272:Proconnesus
6042:Neonteichos
5967:Miletopolis
5822:Kalos Agros
5797:Ilieon Kome
5507:Chrysopolis
5267:Argyropolis
5227:Aphrodisias
5172:Aegospotami
5084:Cafer Höyük
5041:Verinopolis
4921:Salamboreia
4876:Pillitokome
4620:Isauropolis
4505:Diocaesarea
4420:Carus Vicus
4355:Aspenzinsos
4335:Ariaramneia
4107:Philocaleia
4067:Naustathmus
4002:Hieron Oros
3777:Anticinolis
3757:Alaca Höyük
3569:Temenothyra
3369:Pordoselene
3229:Palaeopolis
3224:Palaemyndus
3159:Neonteichos
3034:Marathesium
2719:Hypokremnos
2449:Dareioukome
2324:Carmylessus
2254:Beycesultan
2099:Aphrodisias
1994:Adramyttium
1895:at wegm.com
1798:"BYZANTIUM"
1571:Cassius Dio
1518:Balcer 1990
1345:: 347–367.
1059:female poet
1057:Hellenistic
959:Justinian I
912:Hellenistic
892:, although
717:tetradrachm
538:), Italian
507:as well as
501:Bezantin(e)
497:Bizantin(e)
431:was also a
425:Middle Ages
126: /
102:Coordinates
8076:Categories
8036:Sultantepe
7931:Carchemish
7836:Tyberissus
7796:Titiopolis
7741:Tardequeia
7656:Sibidounda
7596:Sagalassos
7526:Pisarissos
7346:Moumoustra
7331:Mopsuestia
7326:Mopsucrene
7316:Mezgitkale
7175:Kynosarion
7050:Isaura Nea
7045:Irenopolis
7010:Hierapolis
6880:Cretopolis
6855:Coracesium
6770:Callimache
6452:Tetrakomia
6397:Smintheion
6347:Scamandrus
6342:Scamandria
6277:Proochthoi
6252:Pratomysia
6242:Potamonion
6232:Polymedium
6222:Poleatikon
6217:Poemanenum
6192:Phosphorus
6167:Petrozetoi
6147:Pentephyle
6112:Pantichium
6067:Ophryneion
6017:Nausikleia
5997:Moukaporis
5957:Mantineion
5947:Lysimachia
5817:Kale Peuke
5767:Heracleium
5692:Ergasteria
5682:Elekosmioi
5497:Choiragria
5402:Burtudizon
5382:Blachernae
5262:Argyronion
5162:Ad Statuas
5157:Achilleion
5094:Citharizum
5079:Arsamosata
4906:Purushanda
4776:Moutalaske
4670:Kodylessos
4625:Juliopolis
4615:Irenopolis
4535:Ergobrotis
4470:Coropassus
4425:Çatalhöyük
4340:Ariarathia
4222:Yazılıkaya
4192:Themiscyra
4147:Salatiwara
4122:Polemonium
4047:Libiopolis
4022:Ischopolis
3997:Hermonassa
3992:Heracleium
3599:Teuthrania
3559:Teichiussa
3489:Stectorium
3464:Skolopoeis
3379:Prymnessus
3254:Parthenium
3054:Melampagos
2994:Lysimachia
2959:Leucophrys
2819:Klazomenai
2779:Kalabantia
2744:Ioniapolis
2674:Hieropolis
2669:Hierapolis
2454:Dideiphyta
2374:Chrysaoris
2304:Callipolis
1719:Cyberistan
1504:: 145–198.
1165:. p.
1146:References
1070:Sarayburnu
1047:Alexandria
1030: – c.
975:Eustathius
924:his empire
808:Hellespont
796:Achaemenid
750:Aegean Sea
728:Lysimachus
724: 150
524:Byzantinus
489:Byzantinus
481:Byzantinus
473:Βυζαντινός
465:Byzantinós
433:synecdoche
397:Byzántios,
114:28°59′05″E
111:41°00′55″N
8006:Sakçagözü
7976:Khashshum
7871:Yumuktepe
7821:Trebendae
7801:Tityassus
7781:Termessos
7766:Telmessos
7751:Teimiussa
7711:Sozopolis
7606:Saraganda
7601:Sandalium
7576:Rhoscopus
7566:Ptolemais
7556:Prostanna
7516:Phoenicus
7461:Panhormus
7446:Padyandus
7396:Octapolis
7366:Myriandus
7306:Melanippe
7245:Magastara
7150:Kitanaura
7125:Kastellon
7105:Kanytelis
7090:Kalanthia
7030:Idebessos
7015:Hippucome
6985:Gözlükule
6950:Epiphania
6930:Domuztepe
6810:Charadrus
6795:Castabala
6675:Arnabanda
6655:Arabissus
6605:Antigonia
6595:Anemurium
6575:Anazarbus
6535:Acarassus
6530:Acalissus
6422:Tarpodizo
6407:Strobilos
6367:Selymbria
6322:Rhoiteion
6247:Praenetus
6227:Polychron
6172:Pharmakia
6162:Perinthus
6117:Parabolos
6082:Ostreodes
6062:Ontoraita
6052:Nicomedia
6027:Neandreia
6002:Myrileion
5987:Morzapena
5977:Mochadion
5962:Marpessos
5897:Lasthenes
5887:Lampsacus
5882:Lamponeia
5872:Kyparodes
5812:Kalasyrta
5752:Harpagion
5747:Hamaxitus
5732:Hadriania
5652:Diolkides
5607:Dascylium
5477:Charmidea
5467:Chalcedon
5452:Cenchreae
5412:Byzantium
5377:Bithynium
5312:Aureliane
5167:Adrasteia
5069:Altıntepe
5016:Trocmades
4991:Takourtha
4966:Sidamaria
4891:Pontanena
4841:Pedachtoë
4836:Parnassus
4796:Nazianzus
4726:Malandasa
4706:Laroumada
4696:Lamatorma
4525:Ecdaumava
4520:Dorylaeum
4490:Dadastana
4465:Corniaspa
4455:Congustus
4435:Ciscissus
4410:Camuliana
4330:Ardistama
4305:Anzoulada
4285:Andabalis
4275:Anadynata
4202:Timolaeum
4157:Sandaraca
4097:Pharnacia
4077:Nicopolis
3752:Aiginetes
3734:Black Sea
3694:Tyanollos
3644:Thyssanus
3639:Thymbrara
3609:Theangela
3604:Thasthara
3564:Telandrus
3549:Tateikome
3504:Strobilos
3364:Polybotus
3289:Perperene
3174:Nymphaeum
3144:Naulochus
3139:Naulochon
3109:Myloukome
3059:Meloukome
2964:Limantepe
2879:Labraunda
2709:Hyllarima
2629:Halisarna
2609:Gerriadai
2499:Doroukome
2434:Cyllandus
2364:Chalcetor
2274:Boukolion
2134:Aragokome
2114:Apollonis
2084:Antandrus
1999:Agatheira
1969:Abrostola
1745:read.cash
1405:Pliny, IV
1359:0065-9711
936:Athenians
878:Black Sea
854:Nova Roma
842:Caracalla
838:Perinthus
794:. Though
773:Black Sea
758:Chalcedon
754:Herodotus
695:ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ
615:Byzántion
594:romanized
577:Byzantium
569:Byzantium
520:Byzantius
518:The name
513:Bizantian
509:Byzantian
487:of Latin
454:romanized
429:Byzántion
417:Byzantius
401:Byzántioi
363:Byzantium
357:Etymology
323:Byzantium
316:Byzantion
291:) was an
289:Βυζάντιον
281:Byzantion
224:Byzantium
213:Byzantine
45:Byzantion
39:Byzantium
8016:Samosata
7898:Anatolia
7866:Yanıkhan
7856:Typallia
7846:Tymandus
7826:Trebenna
7811:Toriaeum
7736:Tapureli
7641:Seroiata
7591:Sabandus
7586:Rygmanoi
7541:Platanus
7531:Pisurgia
7496:Phaselis
7431:Orokenda
7386:Nephelis
7296:Mastaura
7285:Marciana
7195:Lebessus
7165:Korasion
7155:Kodroula
7140:Kiphisos
7115:Karatepe
6945:Emirzeli
6940:Elbessos
6870:Corydala
6800:Ceretapa
6780:Carallia
6765:Cadyanda
6755:Cabassus
6745:Bindaios
6705:Aspendos
6700:Arycanda
6695:Artanada
6665:Ariassus
6590:Andriaca
6580:Anchiale
6507:Utsurgae
6497:Tzurulum
6492:Tyrodiza
6486:Hisarlik
6462:Tragasai
6432:Tattaios
6417:Syllanta
6392:Sirkanos
6372:Semystra
6337:Sangarus
6302:Pytheion
6292:Psyllium
6212:Ploketta
6127:Paulines
6072:Orestias
5992:Mossynea
5972:Mocasura
5937:Lupadium
5867:Koubaita
5862:Kosilaos
5787:Iasonion
5772:Hermaion
5757:Hebdomon
5707:Gentinos
5697:Eribolum
5602:Dardanus
5582:Dacibyza
5577:Dadokome
5557:Crithote
5547:Crenides
5542:Cremaste
5527:Cocylium
5462:Chalcaea
5417:Byzapena
5392:Boradion
5367:Bisanthe
5342:Bathonea
5217:Anaplous
5152:Achaiion
5089:Camachus
5031:Tyriaeum
4951:Senzousa
4926:Salarama
4861:Pessinus
4831:Papirion
4826:Orcistus
4791:Nakoleia
4781:Musbanda
4766:Mokissos
4751:Midaeium
4711:Lauzadus
4687:(Kanesh)
4660:Kindyria
4655:Kilistra
4650:Kerkenes
4635:Kanotala
4530:Ecobriga
4495:Dasmenda
4485:Cyzistra
4480:Cybistra
4400:Borissos
4375:Balgatia
4370:Balbissa
4350:Artiknos
4325:Archalla
4212:Tripolis
4182:Stephane
4172:Saurania
4162:Sapinuwa
4117:Pimolisa
4102:Phazemon
3972:Gozalena
3942:Euchaita
3937:Erythini
3907:Cyptasia
3892:Crenides
3847:Chadisia
3827:Carambis
3767:Amastris
3747:Aegialus
3719:Zemmeana
3689:Troketta
3679:Triopium
3634:Thyatira
3509:Syangela
3449:Silandus
3409:Saouenda
3284:Pergamon
3264:Passanda
3234:Panasion
3209:Orthoisa
3189:Oenoanda
3154:Neapolis
3039:Mastaura
2934:Lasnedda
2889:Lalandos
2869:Kymnissa
2824:Kleimaka
2809:Kilaraza
2794:Kaualena
2789:Kasossos
2724:Hyrcanis
2704:Hygassos
2699:Hydissus
2684:Homadena
2619:Gryneium
2604:Gergitha
2594:Gambrium
2584:Euthenae
2574:Eumeneia
2564:Eukarpia
2549:Erythras
2544:Erythrae
2494:Docimium
2489:Dioskome
2429:Cybeleia
2424:Coryphas
2414:Colossae
2409:Colophon
2399:Clannuda
2394:Cisthene
2384:Cidramus
2379:Chytrium
2354:Celaenae
2344:Casystes
2339:Castabus
2334:Caryanda
2294:Bybassus
2279:Boutheia
2264:Blaundus
2244:Bargylia
2184:Atarneus
2164:Astragon
2159:Aspaneus
2139:Araukome
2129:Appolena
2059:Amynanda
2034:Allianoi
2019:Alabanda
1989:Acrassus
1979:Acharaca
1964:Abbassus
1853:Archived
1750:5 August
1724:5 August
1698:5 August
1258:(1964).
1064:See also
788:Darius I
762:Eusebius
691:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ
681:holding
662:Head of
505:Bysantin
493:Byzantin
441:ellipsis
435:for the
421:ethnonym
381:Thracian
367:Thracian
318:and its
312:Istanbul
194:Cultures
78:Location
63:Istanbul
25:Istanbul
8046:Tushhan
8021:Sareisa
8001:Nisibis
7986:Matiate
7981:Kussara
7951:Doliche
7941:Dabanas
7861:Xanthos
7776:Tenedos
7696:Siricae
7681:Sillyon
7671:Siderus
7636:Selinus
7546:Podalia
7536:Placoma
7511:Philaea
7501:Phellus
7471:Parlais
7466:Pargais
7436:Otanada
7426:Onobara
7416:Olympus
7371:Nagidos
7311:Meriana
7292:(Mnara)
7290:Marmara
7280:Mandane
7250:Magydus
7240:Magarsa
7235:Lysinia
7200:Legeita
7180:Laertes
7160:Kolbasa
7145:Kirkota
7120:Karkabo
7100:Kandyba
7080:Istlada
7005:Hamaxia
6990:Hacilar
6915:Damasei
6900:Daedala
6895:Cyrrhus
6890:Cyaneae
6805:Cestrus
6775:Calynda
6760:Cadrema
6735:Balbura
6725:Aunesis
6715:Augusta
6690:Arsinoe
6640:Aperlae
6560:Alalakh
6545:Adrasus
6467:Thynias
6387:Sigeion
6357:Scylace
6352:Scepsis
6317:Rhesion
6312:Rhegion
6287:Psarela
6267:Prindea
6262:Priapus
6237:Potamoi
6152:Percote
6102:Palodes
6012:Nassete
5952:Madytus
5917:Libyssa
5902:Leptoia
5857:Kolonai
5847:Kizoura
5807:Kalamos
5782:Hierion
5702:Gargara
5687:Embolos
5667:Eirakla
5632:Delphin
5597:Daphnus
5587:Damalis
5572:Cyzicus
5567:Cypsela
5562:Cypasis
5537:Colonae
5447:Cebrene
5437:Canopus
5407:Bythias
5372:Bitenas
5362:Birytis
5357:Bergule
5352:Beodizo
5307:Athyras
5297:Astacus
5287:Artanes
5257:Argyria
5247:Arbeila
5142:Abarnis
5134:Marmara
5114:Sugunia
5001:Thebasa
4981:Soandos
4971:Skandos
4956:Sereana
4936:Savatra
4821:Olosada
4771:Mourisa
4691:Lageina
4685:Kültepe
4645:Keissia
4640:Karbala
4610:Ilistra
4575:Gordium
4570:Gorbeus
4540:Euaissa
4475:Cotenna
4445:Claneus
4430:Cimiata
4415:Candara
4395:Blucium
4320:Arasaxa
4295:Anniaca
4270:Amblada
4242:Ziporea
4232:Zaliche
4227:Zagorus
4217:Virasia
4197:Thymena
4187:Syderos
4057:Metroon
4052:Lillium
4037:Kimista
3982:Hattusa
3967:Gaziura
3952:Gadilon
3932:Endeira
3922:Diacopa
3912:Cytorus
3882:Cordyle
3877:Coralla
3867:Colussa
3852:Cinolis
3842:Cerasus
3837:Carussa
3832:Carissa
3797:Berissa
3792:Athenae
3782:Argyria
3714:Uranium
3674:Trarium
3629:Thyaira
3594:Termera
3584:Tendeba
3579:Tempsis
3529:Synnada
3454:Sillyos
3444:Sidussa
3384:Pteleum
3349:Plarasa
3344:Pladasa
3329:Pisilis
3314:Phyteia
3309:Physcus
3299:Phocaea
3259:Passala
3249:Parsada
3214:Ortygia
3204:Oroanna
3104:Motella
3099:Mostene
3094:Mossyna
3089:Mokolda
3084:Mobolla
3074:Miletus
3019:Maiboza
2999:Madnasa
2969:Lobolda
2944:Lebedus
2929:Larymna
2899:Lankena
2894:Lamyana
2864:Kyllene
2849:Korakoe
2814:Kildara
2714:Hypaepa
2634:Harpasa
2579:Euromus
2569:Euhippe
2554:Etsyena
2534:Ephesus
2524:Embatum
2509:Eiokome
2469:Dioclea
2359:Ceramus
2349:Cedreae
2269:Bonitai
2259:Birgena
2234:Bargasa
2224:Aurokra
2179:Astyria
2074:Anineta
2049:Amorium
2044:Amnista
2014:Aizanoi
1984:Acmonia
1804:(ed.).
1789:Sources
1015:Homerus
963:Photius
931:Artemis
876:to the
707:exergue
703:trident
677:Seated
641:History
635:Cilicia
608:
596::
540:bisante
456::
399:plural
387:in his
349:by the
186:Founded
181:History
8092:667 BC
8061:Zeugma
8011:Sam'al
7971:Harran
7956:Edessa
7936:Çayönü
7851:Tynada
7841:Tyinda
7746:Tarsus
7731:Takina
7726:Syedra
7706:Solyma
7686:Simena
7676:Sidyma
7661:Sibyla
7611:Sebeda
7581:Rhosus
7476:Patara
7441:Ouerbe
7421:Öküzlü
7406:Olbasa
7376:Nauloi
7356:Mylios
7321:Moatra
7275:Manava
7255:Mallus
7215:Limyra
7135:Kibyra
7130:Keraia
7040:Iotape
7035:Idyros
6960:Etenna
6955:Erymna
6875:Cremna
6850:Conana
6835:Comama
6685:Arsada
6680:Arneae
6585:Andeda
6565:Amelas
6512:Zeleia
6502:Urisio
6472:Traron
6457:Tipaso
6442:Terbos
6382:Sestos
6362:Scylla
6307:Rhebas
6207:Placia
6197:Pionia
6187:Philia
6182:Phiela
6122:Parium
6107:Panion
6097:Paesus
6087:Pactya
6047:Nerola
5827:Kampos
5777:Hieria
5742:Halone
5712:Gergis
5677:Elaeus
5657:Drabus
5627:Delkos
5552:Cressa
5522:Cobrys
5517:Clitae
5502:Chryse
5472:Charax
5442:Cardia
5427:Callum
5397:Brunca
5277:Artace
5272:Arisba
5252:Argiza
5242:Apsoda
5212:Amycus
5147:Abydos
5124:Tushpa
5099:Dadima
5051:Zizima
5036:Vasada
4996:Tavium
4976:Soanda
4961:Sibora
4946:Sedasa
4931:Sasima
4911:Pyrgoi
4901:Pteria
4896:Posala
4886:Pithoi
4881:Pissia
4871:Phlara
4866:Pharax
4846:Pedaia
4816:Ochras
4801:Nitazi
4786:Myrika
4761:Mnizus
4756:Mistea
4721:Lystra
4716:Limnae
4675:Korama
4665:Kobara
4600:Homana
4590:Herpha
4555:Eulepa
4405:Campae
4380:Barate
4365:Atenia
4345:Armaxa
4315:Aralla
4167:Satala
4152:Samuha
4132:Potami
4092:Patara
4087:Oxinas
4062:Mokata
4032:Kelesa
4012:Hyssus
3957:Garius
3947:Eusene
3927:Elaeus
3902:Cromna
3897:Cromen
3887:Cratia
3857:Cizari
3812:Cabira
3802:Bonita
3787:Armene
3762:Amasia
3704:Tymnos
3699:Tymion
3659:Tomara
3619:Thebes
3574:Temnos
3544:Tabala
3524:Syneta
3519:Synaus
3514:Symbra
3484:Stadia
3469:Smyrna
3414:Sardis
3404:Pyrrha
3399:Pyrnus
3394:Pygela
3389:Pydnae
3374:Priene
3339:Pitane
3324:Pinara
3319:Pidasa
3279:Pepuza
3274:Peltae
3269:Pedasa
3199:Olymos
3194:Olaeis
3169:Notion
3164:Nisyra
3119:Myrina
3114:Myndus
3079:Mylasa
3044:Meiros
3029:Malene
2974:Loryma
2954:Leucae
2949:Leimon
2939:Latmus
2884:Lagina
2859:Kouara
2854:Koresa
2844:Koraia
2834:Knidos
2799:Kaunos
2784:Kasara
2769:Kadyie
2764:Iskome
2749:Ioudda
2614:Glauke
2589:Euxine
2539:Erines
2529:Emoddi
2504:Eibeos
2459:Didyma
2444:Daldis
2419:Conium
2404:Claros
2389:Cindye
2369:Choria
2329:Carura
2319:Carene
2289:Bruzus
2284:Briula
2249:Beudos
2229:Bageis
2199:Attuda
2149:Arilla
2079:Annaea
2064:Amyzon
2039:Almura
2029:Alinda
1956:Aegean
1869:
1830:
1812:
1624:
1599:
1554:
1475:
1440:
1388:
1367:283503
1365:
1357:
1320:283503
1318:
1268:
1235:
1204:
1173:
1135:Hecate
1122:Hecate
1118:Hecate
1113:Hecate
1109:Hecate
1096:Hecate
1009:People
995:Athena
991:Athens
982:Hecate
973:, and
967:Suidas
948:Hecate
944:meteor
900:Emblem
894:Ankara
890:Turkey
819:Sparta
804:Sestos
800:Thrace
792:Skudra
746:Athens
742:Megara
714:Silver
699:throne
687:wreath
679:Athena
562:besanz
553:bezant
548:byzant
544:besant
532:besant
503:, and
439:. (An
343:Megara
339:Greeks
189:667 BC
92:Region
86:Turkey
8056:Urshu
8051:Urima
8041:Tille
8031:Sitai
7906:Amida
7831:Trysa
7691:Sinda
7631:Selge
7551:Pogla
7486:Perga
7411:Olbia
7351:Mylae
7336:Morka
7301:Meloë
7230:Lyrbe
7225:Lycae
7220:Lissa
7190:Lamos
7185:Lagbe
7170:Korma
7075:Issus
7020:Holmi
7000:Halae
6980:Gagae
6845:Comba
6815:Choma
6790:Casae
6750:Bubon
6740:Baris
6720:Aulae
6710:Augai
6670:Arima
6660:Araxa
6555:Agrae
6550:Aegae
6540:Adada
6437:Tenba
6412:Sykai
6282:Prusa
6257:Prepa
6092:Paeon
6007:Narco
5982:Modra
5942:Lygos
5932:Linus
5912:Libum
5907:Liada
5877:Kypra
5852:Koila
5842:Kepos
5832:Kassa
5802:Kabia
5717:Germa
5637:Deris
5532:Colla
5432:Calpe
5387:Bolos
5327:Baris
5292:Assos
5237:Aprus
5207:Ammoi
5192:Ainos
5177:Agora
5109:Melid
5046:Zeita
5026:Tynna
5021:Tyana
4941:Sbida
4856:Perta
4851:Peium
4811:Nyssa
4741:Meloë
4680:Koron
4565:Germa
4510:Doara
4500:Derbe
4460:Corna
4440:Cinna
4360:Astra
4290:Anisa
4082:Ophis
4072:Nerik
4027:Karza
4017:Ibora
3817:Cales
3772:Ancon
3649:Tisna
3624:Thera
3539:Tabae
3534:Syrna
3479:Spore
3434:Setae
3334:Pisye
3219:Otrus
3149:Naxia
3134:Nasos
2989:Lyrna
2984:Lydae
2979:Lunda
2774:Kaira
2754:Ipsus
2739:Idyma
2729:Iasos
2694:Hydas
2689:Hydai
2639:Helos
2599:Gerga
2559:Euaza
2519:Eluza
2514:Elaea
2464:Digda
2314:Canae
2309:Caloe
2209:Aulae
2194:Attea
2154:Aroma
2124:Appia
2069:Anaua
2009:Airai
2004:Aegae
1800:. In
1688:(PDF)
1363:JSTOR
1316:JSTOR
1082:Notes
1021:Philo
738:Byzas
685:with
666:with
619:Libya
560:(pl.
558:besan
550:, or
477:Latin
413:Latin
376:Lygos
371:Byzas
341:from
279:) or
209:Latin
201:Greek
59:Fatih
7946:Dara
7806:Tlos
7721:Syca
7716:Sura
7701:Soli
7666:Side
7401:Olba
7391:Nisa
7361:Myra
7060:Isba
7025:Hyia
6920:Dias
6885:Crya
6482:Troy
6402:Soka
6142:Pege
6077:Orni
5642:Desa
5512:Cius
4986:Sora
4806:Nora
4605:Hyde
4207:Tium
4112:Pida
3807:Boon
3589:Teos
3554:Taza
3459:Sion
3184:Odon
3129:Nais
3124:Myus
2734:Iaza
2439:Cyme
2299:Cadi
2054:Amos
2024:Alia
1867:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1752:2023
1726:2023
1700:2023
1622:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1407:, xi
1386:ISBN
1355:ISSN
1266:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1055:, a
1053:Myro
683:Nike
606:lit.
536:d'or
522:and
511:and
310:and
296:city
173:Area
139:Type
7651:Sia
6057:Oka
5792:Ide
5074:Ani
3917:Dia
3709:Ula
3474:Soa
2874:Kys
1465:doi
1347:doi
1308:doi
1167:160
926:).
740:of
705:in
463:).
443:of
306:in
298:in
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1743:.
1717:.
1690:.
1591:.
1573:,
1510:^
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1500:.
1496:.
1471:.
1361:.
1353:.
1343:78
1341:.
1337:.
1314:.
1304:78
1302:.
1280:^
1247:^
1231:.
1229:22
1210:.
1200:.
1169:.
1111:.
1025:c.
977:.
810:.
760:.
721:c.
701:;
693:/
689:,
674:R:
659:O:
637:.
603:,
591:,
587::
546:,
515:.
499:,
495:,
479::
475:,
471::
451:,
447::
427:,
415::
411:,
407::
393:.
287::
263:,-
203:,
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1933:t
1926:v
1818:.
1754:.
1728:.
1702:.
1630:.
1605:.
1481:.
1467::
1446:.
1394:.
1369:.
1349::
1322:.
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1274:.
1241:.
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272:m
269:ə
266:ʃ
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254:i
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248:n
245:æ
242:z
239:ˈ
236:ɪ
233:b
230:/
226:(
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