891:
he spares
Hadrumetum and its inhabitants after having taken it. He has been in contact for a very long time, like the other Moors in the interior, with Roman culture. In addition to wanting to defend the integrity of their territory inside Africa, they want the return of the traditional investiture ceremonies that Rome grants to barbarian peoples who accept submission and the Roman alliance, those that Belisarius had concluded with them. Antalas, however, will have more ambition when the balance of power is in its favor by wanting to create a Romano-Berber state like its neighbor by demanding from the governor to become king of Byzacena.
908:
not cooperate with
Sergius and the army remained impassive. A counter-attack was planned by Jean and the Duke of Byzacena called. However, his army was completely destroyed when John's messengers failed to reach him to inform him that the rallying point was already occupied by the enemy. A betrayal by Roman officers delivered the capital of Byzacena, Hadrumetum, to the Moors. Although it was taken over by the Romans thanks to a ruse by the local inhabitants, the Moorish leaders were now under the walls of Carthage and could plunder Africa as they pleased.
726:
348:
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having enough competent generals and governors, would still suffer from the same instability caused by the
Moorish revolts. Thus, the governor, after John Troglita, will assassinate Cutzinas in 563 and claimed his pension. The governor did not respect the old modalities of the alliance between Romans and natives. Africa, covered with fortifications, and the Moors still disunited, will however hardly remain in the hands of the
326:
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27:
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supports the attacks of the
Berbers for some time. Finally, unable to resist any longer, he fled with his guards to the edge of a torrent which flowed near the battlefield. There, his horse falls into a ravine and the general is unable to fall back. Surrounded and overwhelmed, Solomon is captured and massacred by the Berbers with part of his bodyguards.
907:
to appoint
Sergius, who at the time was a civil and military governor of all of Africa. The measure was to honor Solomon and Sergius is hated by the Berbers due to the Leptis Magna massacre. The troops and the population see him only as an arrogant incompetent. Jean, the best officer in the army, did
894:
Apart from the divergence of strategic vision between the allies of the coalition, there is also the lack of unity between leaders and peoples. Past historians have seen a lack of "Moorish national spirit". Rivalries also separate the
Moorish chiefs in their very original homes. Antalas and Cutzinas,
886:
do not want to undertake long sieges and return to their countries in the fall in 544 and 545. It is essential for them to graze their herds during the rainy season in their country which extends
November to early summer. The same scenario will repeat itself next year. The goal of these chiefs is not
520:
in 477, the
Moorish tribes had been a source of constant revolt for the Vandals. What had been "modest" Moorish communities grew into much larger and a more organized peoples. Several hypotheses are discussed to explain it today. This could have been due to an exodus of imperfectly Romanized peasants
990:
The war takes on the aspect of an invasion and no longer incursions among the Moors of
Tripolitania. They stayed in the fight even during the winter. Troglita entered their territory, too, not just to expel them, but to weaken them and reduce to nothing the great military danger they pose to Africa.
942:
A political and military vacuum was therefore left by
Solomon, which Sergius was unable to remedy due to his incompetence. The Roman army remained demoralized, relatively impassive and suffered from the betrayal of its leaders. Corippe mourned the plunder that Africa suffered at thar time and looked
853:
in 546. A great Moorish coalition was formed. Despite its potential to expel the Byzantines from Africa entirely, it could not succeed due to the lack of unity and common strategy among the Moors. Among the Romans, the death of Solomon left a military and political void that only the arrival of Jean
693:
like anybody else who were not Greek or Roman. He didn't dwell on trying to understand them; they had no reason to revolt, because they had declared themselves slaves. For the Moors, this ritual nevertheless represented the recognition of their right to reside in the territories they occupied, also,
890:
The goal of the Moors in the interior, on the contrary, is above all to place themselves in a better position of strength against the empire in the territories they occupy. Antalas does not seek to destroy Roman power and Roman cities as demonstrated by his attitude towards Roman civilization. Thus
704:
Roman infantry and heavy cavalry were not suited to a war waged against a semi-nomadic tribe equipped with very lightly armed troops. Roman troopers were equipped with bows, which led to a fear of direct confrontation. Moorish troops were able to wage guerrilla warfare and were able to retreat from
684:
Solomon was unable to enforce the Emperor's expulsion decrees. Shortly after his appointment, certain Moorish tribes, including those of Iaudas and Cusina, revolted and began to ravage the territory, no doubt inspired by the fact of Belisarius's departure. It seemed that the Romans did not have the
826:
The Roman troops are defeated, partly because some soldiers had fled. This could be due to betrayal. Corippus attributes this to the soldiers' displeasure at not taking part in the looting of the previous battle. He also attributes the responsibility to the future rebel leader of Germanic origin,
822:
In the beginning, the balance of power between Romans and Moors is equal according to Procopius, but the Moors, soon outnumbered, rout most of the Byzantine army. The Byzantine troops had only reluctantly resolved to fight and some had refused. Solomon, surrounded by a small number of his guards,
792:
rising up and invading the region. The incident may not have just been due to the governor's incompetence and arrogance, but to the pressure exerted on the governor by local Roman elites. They wanted to keep the Moors away from their lands and homes. However, around the same time in 543, Solomon
1013:
had the same problems with discipline and insufficient numbers as before. In addition, it confined itself to a strict defensive function and did not reproduce campaigns like that of Troglita. Also, Byzantine Africa, suffering from a diplomatic policy that was not always coherent, as well as not
986:
practiced under Belisarius. Only a few Moorish tribes in the interior were expelled. He reintegrated into the coalition, many Moorish leaders, including Cutzias. The long campaign against the insurgents was won with the support of Moorish leaders. Their number was considerable, the contemporary
818:
who lived in this territory or other Moorish allies. According to Corippus, he was accompanied by native contingents, but it is not known if Cutzinas, who had announced his help, had come to join him. According to Procopius, Solomon had the help of Sergius and other important Byzantine military
708:
Africa's well-equipped and trained Byzantine army was undisciplined, was quite small and lacked loyalty. Its troops were eager to loot and civilians complained of abuses by the soldiers. General Solomon was unpopular as he was considered too severe and therefore did not have the same respect as
977:. The defeat of Cillium was avenged. The Moors retreated to the mountains in the interior and the captured regalia of Solomon was recovered. After this defeat, Antalas was only a minor member of the coalition and was replaced as leader of the coalition by Carcasan, a Moor from Tripolitania.
705:
large armed engagements without suffering too great a loss. The Moors essentially fought a war of ambush. The enemy were highly mobile and could hide and retreat to their home in the mountains and the desert. Only a persistent and skilful commander could permanently neutralize their forces.
801:
and Carthage, the Laguatan join Antalas in the mountains of Byzacena near the Theveste-Carthage road. It was considered a strategic road, because it enabled communication between the Roman fortifications in the dorsals which protect the Roman cities in the plains near the coasts.
841:. Solomon, despite his leadership skills, has already provoked a mutiny under his command from Africa, because it was too harsh. According to Procopius' account, the Byzantines are defeated on a regular basis, and Guntharic's betrayal is not mentioned.
878:
The Moors can go up the Theveste-Carthage road, but are stuck in front of the fortress of Laribus. Briefly, they will succeed in taking the capital of Byzacena, Hadrumetum, by trickery before it falls again, by the same process, into Roman hands.
643:, that during this ceremony, the two parties were committed, and that the neutrality of the Moors who "wait, without taking sides for one or the other, the outcome of the fighting", takes them far away from the status of "slaves of the Emperor".
500:
to the state it had been before the Vandal conquest, so the old provinces were restored with the only difference being that they now depended on the prefecture of Africa rather than that of Italy. The border was again fixed on the old
870:
took advantage of it to besiege Septimius beyond the Strait of Gibraltar. The tribes who had declared themselves faithful in Africa to Solomon, they will consider themselves released from their commitments and join the rebels, like
887:
to establish themselves in the region, but simply to profit from the looting of the territory. Without their help, the first year, Antalas will send a first offer of submission to Rome, but which remains unanswered.
567:
also known as the Mauro-Roman kingdom a Romanized Berber kingdom whom became independent in the 470s after Gaiseric's death and then rapidly expanded across western Algeria taking nearly all of the province of
968:
of Africa. Upon his arrival at the end of 546, he launched a campaign to dislodge the looters of Byzacena. At the start of 547, he inflicted a great defeat, in the plains bordering the hills southeast of
785:, received a considerable delegation of Moorish leaders who complained about the plunder of their crops by the Romans. One of the leaders held the governor by the shoulders so that he could not withdraw.
697:
In 536, the general's campaigns partially subdued the Moors. Pensions were paid to Moorish chiefs that resulted in them and their peoples not being expelled from their territories. Despite a decisive
624:, the Moors remained neutral and then submitted by declaring themselves "servants of the emperor" before Belisarius. This ritual practiced in the Vandal era seems to date back perhaps even to the
632:
i.e. an alliance between Rome and a barbarian people defined by treaty. In exchange, the Moors received gifts and insignia of power from the Byzantines. However, let us note, according to
797:. He had seen his pension cut off and learned that his brother had been killed by Solomon, for causing trouble. Rather than going directly up the road near the coast that goes up towards
694:
the promise of food. There will be mention, by the Moors, in their negotiation with Rome, that they were mistreated by the Roman power despite past engagements with Belisarius.
1323:
Fentress, Elizabeth; Wilson, Andrew (2016). "The Sahara Diaspora and the southern frontiers of Byzantine North Africa". In Stevens, Susan T.; Conant, Jonathan P. (eds.).
1918:
Fentress Elizabeth and Wilson Andrew, "The Saharan Diaspora and the Southern Frontiers of Byzantine North Africa", in Conant, P., Jonathan, and Stevens T., Susan (eds),
814:, on the Theveste-Carthage road. Taking his army through the forests, he finds himself in Cillium facing his enemy. The general may have intended to join his ally
492:'s expedition quickly and without much resistance defeated the Vandals whom were severely weakened by wars with the native Berber population. In 533, the capital
509:" peoples, that is to say the various Berber kingdoms and tribes which had formed through wars with the Vandals, or after the collapse of the Vandalic kingdom.
1964:
441:. Corippus was a Roman poet who witnessed the wars. Both give a relatively similar timeline of events in Africa. However, Corippus seems to have written a
1001:
At the end of the campaign, Carcasan was killed by Troglita himself. As for Antalas, he submitted to Jean and is not mentioned again as a troublemaker.
544:
Each freshly established Byzantine province in Africa was threatened by various Berber peoples, but the main kingdoms and political entities included:
449:
and excuse for Byzantine policy in Africa. He thus minimizes Byzantine errors and assigns full responsibility for the Moorish war to Berber leader
1888:
1232:
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who was energetic, competent and courageous general, became the new governor. He faced a Moorish insurrection and a mutiny in an army led by
980:
Jean Troglita already has experience as governor of an eastern province and he knew how to negotiate with the natives. It renewed the old
474:
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territories and not being discouraged by defeats. A decisive defeat was inflicted, in the fields of Cato (548) on the Moorish tribes.
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1332:
1277:
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689:, the Moors did not revolt for no reason. Procopius had the same prejudice as other Romans of his time. The Moors were considered
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Africa was now pacified and the danger from the Laguatan was averted. The Moorish tribes were subdued. Nevertheless, the army of
714:
485:, had the great ambition to restore the Roman Empire in the West. North Africa was the first target before an invasion of Italy.
437:. Both are important primary sources. Procopius accompanied the Roman army during its campaigns and was directly in contact with
49:
1984:
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in Carthage. The new governor offers to share Africa with the Moors by giving Byzacena to Antalas. Guntharic is overthrown by
1979:
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both from Byzacena, for example, don't like each other. This is what will push Cutzinas to join Troglita later among others.
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conceded to him the civil and military powers that were traditionally divided under the Roman administrative system since
1898:
Modéran, Yves (1986). "Corippe et l'occupation byzantine de l'Afrique : pour une nouvelle lecture de la Johannide".
778:
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Belisarius in Africa. In 536, a plot to assassinate him in Carthage failed. The army mutinied and Solomon had to flee to
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205:
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Mauri or Moor was the name given to the Berbers who inhabit North Africa from the Atlantic to the Syrtic range in
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Troglita would fill. In the short term, the tribes are content to plunder as far as possible, up to the walls of
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Roman Emperor Zeno: The Perils of Power Politics in Fifth-century Constantinople, Peter Crawford, 2019, p. 221
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same vision of the ritual of submission that the Moors concluded with Belisarius. For the Roman historian
1922:, Washington, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and collection Trustees for Harvard University, 2016, 322p.
1571:
41:
928:
912:
686:
633:
239:
1934:
1883:. Publications of the French School of Rome (in French). Library of French Schools of Athens and Rome.
1087:. Studies in Classics. Vol. 7. Translated by George W. Shea. Lampeter, Wales: Edwin Mellon Press.
580:
1837:
History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2
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back with nostalgia to the time of Solomon. Only the arrival of Troglita could remedy the situation.
994:
Troglita distinguished himself by his boldness during all the campaigns by penetrating deeply into
560:
465:
Justinian's reconquests in the former Western Roman Empire (in pale orange) at his death circa 565.
414:
409:. The war ended with the Berbers attempting to push the Romans out of Africa being defeated at the
153:
935:, an Armenian officer, but he prefers to return to Constantinople rather than assume the title of
1840:
746:
698:
678:
398:
257:
717:, a cousin of Justinian, was sent to restore order. Solomon didn't resume his duties until 539.
769:. The country seemed to have experienced real peace and prosperity according to the Roman poet
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413:, and the Byzantines being too weakened to take over the various newly formed kingdoms such as
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Between 539 and 541, the governor Solomon built fortifications around the regions held by the
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541:. The tribes were able to directly and permanently threaten the interior of the territory.
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505:. i.e. those before the conquest and Justinian announced that he wanted to expel all the "
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Since the middle of the 5th century, the province of North Africa, were occupied by the
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was captured, less than a year after the expedition began. Justinian wanted to restore
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347:
244:
234:
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Campaigns of John Troglita and the end of the Second Moorish insurrection (546–548)
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556:(also known as Iaudas), whom became independent in 484 after defeating the Vandals
1327:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Symposia And Colloquia. p. 62.
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Pacification of Africa under Solomon and the First Moorish insurrection (534-543)
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The defeat at Cillium plunged Africa into military anarchy until the arrival of
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fleeing Vandal power, or nomadic groups from the Sahara. In 530, the chieftain
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738:
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438:
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The two sources for the Byzantine wars in North Africa of the 6th Century are
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1539:
1534:(in French). Tunis: Committee of the Institute of Carthage. p. Canto 3.
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1073:
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The death of Solomon and his defeat had an impact as far as Spain, where the
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is sent to share powers with Sergius, but the two men do not cooperate. At
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led by chieftain Guarizila was a kingdom established by the Frexenses tribe
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insurrection and military anarchy finally ended with the appointment of
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A Moorish grand coalition close to expelling the Byzantines from Africa
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Byzantine Africa: History of Byzantine Domination in Africa (533-709)
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745:) is located in the southeast, in the Tunisian ridge. The capital of
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Series of wars between Byzantine Empire and Berber kingdoms (533–548)
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Procopius – History of the Wars, Volume II Books 3–4. (Vandalic War)
919:, Sergius left the army of Aerobindus alone against the Moors. This
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convinced Justinian to recall the governor. Meanwhile, a mutiny by
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724:
460:
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102:
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contingents from Africa, but no native contingent is mentioned.
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1272:. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 170.
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401:. The war also featured other rebels such as the renegades of
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1227:. Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press.
1068:(in French). Tunis: Committee of the Institute of Carthage.
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and who lived in tribal structures. From the death of King
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Solomon hurriedly set off to meet the revolted Moors from
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1115:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1914–1940.
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The political and military void left by Solomon's death
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The Moorish leaders were all murdered resulting in the
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Sixth-century fortifications in Byzantine Africa vol.1
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1549:
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1438:
1436:
1379:"L'Aurès au VIe siècle. Note sur le récit de Procope"
964:, a capable and experienced general, to the post of
473:. Nevertheless, a peace existed, since at least the
1935:"La pacification de l'Afrique byzantine 534 – 546"
36:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
701:, the Moorish forces remained relatively intact.
663:. The situation in Africa was so precarious that
1927:Sixth-century fortifications in Byzantine Africa
1142:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
529:inflicted defeat on the army of the vandal king
1929:vol.1, DPhil. University of Oxford, 1979, 346p.
1644:History of the Wars: The Vandalic War, Volumes
721:The outbreak of the Second Moorish insurrection
71:
1880:The Moors and Roman Africa (4th–7th centuries)
40:Please help improve this article, possibly by
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1920:North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam
1325:North Africa under Byzantium and Early Islam
397:kingdoms which formed after the collapse of
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1632:
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1576:(DPhil). University of Oxford. p. 205
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1316:
68:
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1224:The Roman Empire and its Germanic peoples
389:were a series of wars fought between the
781:, the nephew of Solomon and governor of
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947:Restoration of Byzantine rule in Africa
729:We see here the road Théveste (current
445:which wanted to praise the exploits of
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777:triggered a 2nd Moorish insurrection.
481:and the Vandals. However, The Emperor
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1127:Books 3-4, translated by H. B. Dewing
1081:Corippus, Flavius Cresconius (1998).
939:of Africa that Justinian grants him.
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1965:Wars involving the Byzantine Empire
1268:Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991).
1084:The Iohannis, or, De bellis Libycis
773:. However, a diplomatic affront to
1270:The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium
1139:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
903:Solomon's death at Cillium caused
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1047:Family tree of Byzantine emperors
475:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
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1052:History of the Byzantine Empire
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189:Other tribes and confederations
48:, or discuss this issue on the
737:)-Carthage. Sufetula (current
587:, situated in and outside the
1:
1941:. 93-94–95-96 (1): 129–158.
1933:Richardot, Philippe (2009).
612:, threatening the Romans of
608:kingdom established by king
411:battle of the Fields of Cato
1835:Bury, John Bagnell (1958).
987:Corippus mentions 100,000.
655:, the former lieutenant of
405:and the Vandalic rebels of
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911:To remedy the situation,
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1864:. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
1530:Corippe, J Alix (1998).
1221:Wolfram, Herwig (2005).
1064:Corippe, J Alix (1998).
761:are visible on this map.
599:Kingdom of Great Dorsale
1912:10.3406/antaf.1986.1131
1858:Diehl, Charles (1896).
1395:10.3406/antaf.1980.1053
572:except for the city of
570:Mauretania Caesariensis
539:Battle of Great Dorsale
1985:Byzantine North Africa
1947:10.3917/strat.093.0129
1877:Moderan, Yves (2003).
1377:Janon, Michel (1980).
1032:Byzantine North Africa
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387:Byzantine–Moorish wars
200:Commanders and leaders
72:Byzantine–Moorish wars
1980:6th century in Africa
1900:Antiquités africaines
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1383:Antiquités africaines
1005:Africa after Troglita
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371:Casualties and losses
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479:Eastern Roman Empire
477:in 476, between the
419:Kingdom of the Aurès
159:Kingdom of the Aurès
1925:Pringle, R. Denys,
1820:, pp. 140–143.
1808:, pp. 147–148.
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1211:, pp. 124–138.
1178:, pp. 195–212.
793:offended the chief
713:. An army general,
628:. It is similar to
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331:Stotzas the younger
154:Mauro-Roman kingdom
148:kingdoms and rebels
46:disambiguation page
1841:Dover Publications
1570:Pringle, Denys R.
1367:, p. 585-606.
1134:Kazhdan, Alexander
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747:Proconsular Africa
679:praetorian prefect
634:Christian Courtois
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399:Roman North Africa
1890:978-2-7283-1003-6
1718:, pp. 64–65.
1477:, pp. 52–53.
1234:978-0-520-24490-0
753:), Carthage, and
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642:
581:Kingdom of Hodna
393:and the various
391:Byzantine Empire
361:
350:
339:
328:
317:
294:
266:
247:
237:
226:
214:
132:Byzantine Empire
78:
77:
69:
62:
59:
53:
29:
28:
21:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1932:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1638:
1637:
1628:
1620:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1547:
1529:
1528:
1515:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1481:
1473:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1342:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1132:
1123:
1109:
1095:
1080:
1063:
1060:
1028:
1020:Muslim conquest
1007:
954:
949:
901:
864:
847:
831:, who was then
808:
723:
649:
636:
589:Hodna Mountains
459:
427:
363:
357:
351:
341:
335:
329:
319:
313:
307:
303:
299:
295:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
256:
252:
248:
238:
228:
222:
216:
210:
194:
193:
150:
149:
138:
134:
109:
63:
57:
54:
39:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1990:Berber history
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:540s conflicts
1972:
1970:530s conflicts
1967:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1906:(1): 195–212.
1895:
1889:
1874:
1855:
1849:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1795:
1793:, p. 363.
1783:
1781:, p. 370.
1771:
1769:, p. 147.
1759:
1757:, p. 346.
1747:
1745:, p. 345.
1735:
1733:, p. 146.
1720:
1705:
1684:
1682:, p. 344.
1672:
1660:
1626:
1599:
1587:
1562:
1560:, p. 145.
1545:
1513:
1498:
1494:Richardot 2009
1479:
1462:
1460:, p. 143.
1447:
1432:
1430:, p. 141.
1420:
1418:, p. 339.
1408:
1389:(1): 345–351.
1369:
1357:
1340:
1333:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1278:
1260:
1258:, p. 139.
1248:
1233:
1213:
1201:
1199:, p. 123.
1189:
1180:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1136:, ed. (1991).
1130:
1121:
1107:
1093:
1078:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1006:
1003:
953:
950:
948:
945:
900:
897:
863:
860:
846:
843:
807:
804:
722:
719:
648:
645:
618:
617:
602:
595:
577:
557:
458:
455:
426:
423:
381:
380:
377:
373:
372:
368:
367:
284:
202:
201:
197:
196:
192:
191:
186:
180:
175:
170:
167:
164:
161:
156:
144:
143:
142:
140:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
92:
90:
86:
85:
82:
74:
73:
65:
64:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2002:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1850:0-486-20399-9
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1445:, p. 42.
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:9780884024088
1330:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:Mauri (Moors)
1281:
1279:9780195046526
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:0-19-504652-8
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1122:9780674990906
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
992:
988:
985:
984:
978:
976:
972:
967:
963:
962:John Troglita
959:
951:
946:
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
906:
896:
892:
888:
885:
880:
876:
874:
869:
861:
859:
857:
852:
851:John Troglita
844:
842:
840:
836:
835:
830:
824:
820:
817:
813:
805:
803:
800:
796:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
720:
718:
716:
712:
706:
702:
700:
695:
692:
688:
682:
680:
676:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
646:
644:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
571:
566:
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
546:
545:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
463:
456:
454:
452:
448:
447:John Troglita
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
378:
375:
374:
369:
366:
362:
360:
354:
349:
344:
340:
338:
332:
327:
322:
318:
316:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
288:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
265:
259:
255:
254:John Troglita
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
227:
225:
219:
215:
213:
207:
204:
203:
198:
190:
187:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
147:
141:
137:
133:
130:
129:
124:
116:
113:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
88:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
70:
61:
51:
47:
43:
37:
34:This article
32:
23:
22:
19:
1938:
1926:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1879:
1860:
1836:
1828:Bibliography
1813:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1701:Moderan 2003
1675:
1670:p. 146.
1667:
1663:
1653:– via
1643:
1622:Modéran 1986
1595:Moderan 2003
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1572:
1565:
1532:La Johannide
1531:
1423:
1411:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1360:
1353:Moderan 2003
1324:
1308:Moderan 2003
1303:
1296:Moderan 2003
1291:
1283:
1269:
1263:
1251:
1223:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1183:
1176:Modéran 1986
1171:
1137:
1126:
1111:
1083:
1066:La Johannide
1065:
1008:
1000:
993:
989:
981:
979:
965:
955:
941:
936:
910:
902:
893:
889:
881:
877:
865:
848:
845:Consequences
832:
825:
821:
809:
787:
783:Tripolitania
775:Leptis Magna
764:
707:
703:
696:
683:
672:
650:
622:Vandalic War
619:
614:Tripolitania
583:led by king
563:led by king
552:led by king
543:
525:and his son
514:Tripolitania
511:
502:
498:Roman Africa
487:
468:
428:
386:
384:
358:
336:
314:
263:
223:
211:
195:Other rebels
188:
126:Belligerents
117:Inconclusive
55:
35:
18:
1939:Stratégique
1580:22 February
927:overthrows
637: [
626:High Empire
620:During the
258:Putzintulus
183:Tingitanian
169:Mastraciani
93:Modern day
1959:Categories
1791:Diehl 1896
1779:Diehl 1896
1755:Diehl 1896
1743:Diehl 1896
1716:Diehl 1896
1680:Diehl 1896
1655:Wikisource
1509:Diehl 1896
1475:Diehl 1896
1443:Diehl 1896
1416:Diehl 1896
1163:References
1094:0773482423
1058:Literature
1018:until the
1016:Byzantines
971:Hadrumetum
929:Areobindus
913:Areobindus
759:Hadrumetum
691:barbarians
669:Diocletian
657:Belisarius
490:Belisarius
457:Background
439:Belisarius
250:Athanasius
240:Areobindus
58:March 2022
1870:457835755
1818:Bury 1958
1806:Bury 1958
1767:Bury 1958
1731:Bury 1958
1558:Bury 1958
1540:494554524
1458:Bury 1958
1428:Bury 1958
1403:0066-4871
1256:Bury 1958
1209:Bury 1958
1197:Bury 1958
1158:Citations
1074:494554524
933:Artabanes
925:Guntharic
905:Justinian
868:Visigoths
829:Guntharic
806:Procedure
790:Laguatans
749:(and the
687:Procopius
665:Justinian
537:, in the
507:barbarian
483:Justinian
443:panegyric
435:Procopius
407:Guntarith
274:Ifisdaïas
270:Geisirith
178:Laguatans
50:talk page
42:splitting
1243:57751591
1103:39692299
1042:Cutzinas
1026:See also
956:The 2nd
884:Laguatan
873:Cutzinas
856:Carthage
816:Cutzinas
812:Theveste
799:Byzacena
771:Corippus
755:Byzacena
715:Germanus
651:General
606:Laguatan
574:Ceaserea
535:Byzacena
531:Hilderic
518:Genseric
494:Carthage
488:General
431:Corippus
417:and the
353:Carcasan
301:Mastigas
287:Cutzinas
173:Ifuraces
89:Location
975:Antalas
839:Numidia
795:Antalas
779:Sergius
743:Tunisia
739:Sbeïtla
735:Algeria
731:Tébessa
661:Stotzas
653:Solomon
593:Sitifis
585:Ortaias
527:Antalas
523:Guenfan
471:Vandals
451:Antalas
425:Sources
403:Stotzas
379:Unknown
376:Unknown
359:†
337:†
321:Antalas
315:†
309:Stotzas
305:Ortaïas
282:Althias
264:†
230:Rufinus
224:†
212:†
206:Solomon
185:Berbers
107:Morocco
99:Algeria
95:Tunisia
84:533–548
1887:
1868:
1847:
1648:&
1538:
1401:
1331:
1276:
1241:
1231:
1146:
1119:
1101:
1091:
1072:
996:Berber
983:foedus
921:defeat
917:Thacia
711:Sicily
610:Cabaon
576:by 533
565:Masuna
554:Iabdas
415:Altava
395:Berber
365:Bruten
355:
345:
333:
323:
311:
297:Iabdas
289:
278:Masuna
260:
242:
232:
220:
208:
163:Frexes
146:Berber
114:Result
105:, and
1668:Ibid.
767:Moors
741:, in
733:, in
641:]
630:Fœdus
503:limes
343:Ierna
218:Aïgan
103:Libya
1885:ISBN
1866:OCLC
1845:ISBN
1582:2022
1536:OCLC
1399:ISSN
1329:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1239:OCLC
1229:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1099:OCLC
1089:ISBN
1070:OCLC
958:Moor
882:The
677:and
604:The
597:The
579:The
559:The
548:The
433:and
385:The
136:Huns
81:Date
1943:doi
1908:doi
1650:II.
1391:doi
973:at
837:of
834:dux
533:in
1961::
1937:.
1904:22
1902:.
1843:.
1839:.
1798:^
1723:^
1708:^
1687:^
1646:I.
1642:.
1629:^
1602:^
1548:^
1516:^
1501:^
1482:^
1465:^
1450:^
1435:^
1397:.
1387:15
1385:.
1381:.
1343:^
1315:^
1282:.
1237:.
1125:.
1097:.
1022:.
875:.
858:.
757:,
681:.
639:fr
421:.
101:,
97:,
1949:.
1945::
1914:.
1910::
1893:.
1872:.
1853:.
1657:.
1584:.
1542:.
1496:.
1405:.
1393::
1337:.
1245:.
1152:.
1105:.
1076:.
616:.
60:)
56:(
52:.
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
