1585:
473:
623:
57:
823:
757:
878:
1149:
985:
1014:. The debasement was gradual at first, but then accelerated rapidly. about 21 carats (87.5% pure) during the reign of Constantine IX (1042–1055), 18 carats (75%) under Constantine X (1059–1067), 16 carats (66.7%) under Romanus IV (1068–1071), 14 carats (58%) under Michael VII (1071–1078), 8 carats (33%) under Nicephorus III (1078–1081) and 0 to 8 carats during the first eleven years of the reign of Alexius I (1081–1118). Under
4690:
485:
684:
718:
Byzantine coins followed, and took to the furthest extreme, the tendency of precious metal coinage to get thinner and wider as time goes on. Late
Byzantine gold coins became thin wafers that could be bent by hand. The Byzantine coinage had a prestige that lasted until near the end of the Empire.
1087:
921:
In the early 9th century, a three-fourths-weight solidus was issued in parallel with a full-weight solidus, both preserving the standard of fineness, under a failed plan to force the market to accept the underweight coins at the value of the full weight coins. The
1202:
It is possible to get some small snapshots in time, specific to region, culture and local inflation. The literary world is littered with references to prices from different time frames. A good portion of them may be inaccurate or tainted by translation.
1102:'s reign he instituted new denominations based on the hyperpyron. They were the silver miliaresion or basilika at 12 to the hyperpyron and the billon politika at 96 per hyperpyron, along with the copper assaria, tournesia and follara. The
815:); other denominations were occasionally produced. The obverse (front) of these coins featured a highly stylized portrait of the emperor while the reverse (back) featured the value of the denomination represented according to the
854:
in ca. 720, which became standard issue from ca. 830 on and until the late 11th century, when it was discontinued after being severely debased. Small transactions were conducted with bronze coinage throughout this period.
946:
was unpopular and was only sporadically reissued during the 10th century. The full weight solidus was struck at 72 to the Roman pound, roughly 4.48 grams in weight. There were also solidi of weight reduced by one
711:, and with variations remained the norm until the end of the Empire. In the 10th century, so-called "anonymous folles" were struck instead of the earlier coins depicting the emperor. The anonymous folles featured the
2859:
1796:
1792:
3569:
2264:
1226:
solidus. A family's vegetable allowance for one day cost 5 folles. A pound of fish 6 folles, a loaf of bread was 3 folles worth at a time of shortage. The cheapest blanket was worth
844:
in 615 which lasted until the end of the 7th century, minted in varying fineness with a weight generally between 7.5 and 8.5 grams. It was succeeded by the initially ceremonial
3802:
2251:
719:
European rulers, once they again started issuing their own coins, tended to follow a simplified version of
Byzantine patterns, with full face ruler portraits on the obverse.
1860:
2782:
870:
remained a standard of international commerce until the 11th century, when it began to be debased under successive emperors beginning in the 1030s under the emperor
1164:
During this last phase of
Byzantine coinage gold issues were discontinued and a regular silver issue was commenced. The denomination was the Stavraton issued in 1,
4678:
3032:
2933:
1733:
595:
4366:
2943:
2876:
2891:
2886:
3967:
2953:
2928:
2296:
1788:
1712:
4318:
4301:
2958:
2938:
2261:
4017:
3863:
3835:
3479:
3471:
2948:
2881:
4717:
4213:
3574:
4062:
4732:
4542:
4067:
669:
on the obverse, and a half or full-length portrait of the
Emperor on the reverse. These innovations incidentally had the effect of leading the
4466:
3226:
3219:
2775:
2223:
2182:
2159:
1595:
516:
1140:(debased silver). The exact reason for such coins is not known, although it is usually theorized that they were shaped for easier stacking.
4077:
3365:
2031:
142:
137:
4218:
3209:
2083:
1966:
2169:
2118:
1985:
1903:
4547:
3960:
1681:
4648:
3214:
2200:
2248:
2057:
3711:
2768:
4683:
4505:
3037:
2805:
2289:
1864:
1705:
4722:
4653:
4643:
4515:
4436:
4122:
3694:
3638:
3559:
3426:
2214:
1621:
147:
115:
4254:
2012:
676:, who had previously copied Byzantine styles but replacing Christian symbols with Islamic equivalents, finally to develop a
4510:
4500:
4415:
4170:
3955:
951:
issued for trade with the Near East. These reduced solidi, with a star both on obverse and reverse, weighed about 4.25 g.
207:
166:
132:
122:
4584:
4552:
4456:
4165:
4137:
3945:
3484:
571:, a varying number of provincial mints were also established in other urban centres, especially during the 6th century.
276:
1584:
4308:
3950:
3797:
3554:
3305:
1003:
301:
234:
185:
127:
1026:) was discontinued and a gold coinage of higher fineness (generally .900-.950) was established, commonly called the
594:
coinage until the late 11th century, when major provincial mints began to re-appear. Many mints, both imperial and,
4628:
4574:
4313:
4185:
4175:
3875:
3755:
3633:
3564:
3452:
3421:
3264:
3204:
2282:
1753:
1698:
1121:. After 1400, Byzantine coinage became insignificant, as Italian money became the predominant circulating coinage.
732:
874:(1028–1034). Until that time, the fineness of the gold remained consistent at about 0.955–0.980.
4488:
4012:
3868:
3653:
3544:
3431:
509:
269:
249:
715:
on the obverse and the inscription "XRISTUS/bASILEU/bASILE", which translates to "Christ, Emperor of
Emperors".
3787:
3539:
3026:
1758:
680:, with only lettering on both sides. This was then used on nearly all Islamic coinage until the modern period.
2905:
579:
4693:
4117:
3843:
3663:
3549:
2741:
1799:
before becoming the standard portrait in the East, although it was also used to a lesser extent in the West.
1745:
673:
229:
66:
586:
by the mid-7th century onwards. After the loss of
Syracuse in 878, Constantinople became the sole mint for
4618:
4208:
4050:
3494:
3300:
3274:
3269:
3042:
3018:
3014:
2981:
1611:
607:
396:
4336:
4190:
3380:
3290:
3254:
3139:
2869:
2864:
1216:
solidus per day, that is 21 folles. A casual labourer at
Alexandria in the early seventh century earned
1157:
1148:
598:, belonging to autonomous local rulers, were operated in the 12th to 14th centuries. Constantinople and
264:
239:
3927:
622:
4727:
4579:
4562:
4383:
4142:
4107:
3990:
3922:
3457:
3400:
1666:
851:
583:
533:
502:
36:
1943:
749:
was an extremely small bronze coin, at about 8–10 mm, weight of 0.56 g making it at 576 to the
3489:
3405:
3395:
3259:
3022:
3010:
2897:
2356:
1825:
1641:
837:
650:
642:
603:
219:
171:
4689:
1006:(1034–41) assumed the throne of Byzantium in 1034 and began the slow process of debasing both the
822:
756:
4567:
4557:
4431:
4102:
3985:
3902:
3765:
3117:
3097:
3077:
3067:
2833:
2748:
1888:
1833:
1809:
1671:
1616:
1117:
remained in regular issue and circulation until the 1350s, remaining in use thereafter only as a
1015:
753:
which was inconvenient because a large number of them were required even for small transactions.
712:
666:
477:
365:
178:
103:
2035:
56:
2271:
An informative
October 2015 interview on the Byzantine coinage with a leading Greek numismatist
4623:
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4409:
4328:
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4244:
3995:
3760:
3610:
3129:
3082:
3072:
3062:
2717:
2627:
2532:
2505:
2219:
2209:
2196:
2178:
2155:
1686:
1656:
1651:
1631:
988:
877:
670:
638:
254:
214:
96:
2087:
1964:
4493:
4286:
4234:
4180:
4147:
4097:
3890:
3880:
3658:
3346:
3238:
3161:
3144:
3122:
3107:
3092:
3006:
2791:
2309:
2122:
1989:
1907:
1768:
1576:
1118:
984:
885:
575:
560:
333:
318:
244:
199:
2108:
Mango, Cyril. (1980) "Byzantium: the empire of New Rome". Weidenfeld and
Nicolson. Page 40.
902:), now significantly smaller, became the only bronze coin to be regularly issued. Although
4638:
4471:
4451:
4446:
4401:
4391:
4351:
4346:
4291:
4072:
3678:
3595:
3590:
3330:
3320:
3156:
3150:
3134:
3112:
3102:
3087:
2722:
2634:
2268:
2255:
2016:
1970:
1829:
1676:
1646:
1636:
936:
comparative adjective, literally "fourth-er"), and the full weight solidus was called the
728:
654:
353:
296:
4476:
4356:
4089:
3848:
3742:
3728:
3527:
3390:
3231:
2986:
2422:
2331:
2061:
1813:
1763:
1601:
1260:
1137:
1050:
933:
860:
816:
626:
568:
544:
456:
328:
311:
306:
259:
154:
1086:
735:
in 498, who reformed the late Roman Empire coinage system which consisted of the gold
4711:
4396:
4273:
4239:
3977:
3912:
3885:
3770:
3385:
3325:
2274:
1929:
1739:
1661:
1606:
1107:
1099:
1041:
973:
646:
611:
161:
1886:
Banning, Edward (18 April 1987). "Byzantine Coins Led Way in Using Christ's Image".
4157:
4132:
4112:
3917:
3895:
3750:
2998:
2993:
2827:
1091:
903:
662:
630:
489:
377:
372:
323:
2149:
2010:
954:
The
Byzantine solidus was valued in Western Europe, where it became known as the
4658:
4633:
4127:
3937:
3704:
3310:
3295:
2455:
911:
871:
846:
826:
760:
750:
727:
The start of what is viewed as Byzantine currency by numismatics began with the
683:
677:
564:
444:
410:
44:
17:
3932:
3792:
3782:
3615:
3605:
3315:
2584:
2557:
2551:
2538:
2493:
2442:
2434:
1064:
1028:
938:
928:
708:
567:
throughout its history. Aside from the main metropolitan mint in the capital,
548:
427:
4481:
4361:
3853:
3721:
3668:
3600:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2614:
2596:
2345:
2238:
1153:
841:
556:
384:
2243:
555:
coins. By the 15th century, the currency was issued only in debased silver
2760:
4007:
3907:
3858:
3716:
3648:
3436:
2727:
2693:
2608:
1133:
1070:
1058:
991:
892:
The Byzantine monetary system changed during the 7th century when the 40
403:
391:
108:
91:
78:
1861:"The Story of Constantine XI; The Last Byzantine Emperor (1448-1453 AD)"
4373:
4259:
4200:
3699:
3673:
3351:
2428:
2262:
Talking about Ancient and Byzantine Coins: Interview with Yannis Stoyas
1817:
969:
866:
599:
1062:
valued at 48 to the hyperpyron and with 7% silver wash and the copper
4296:
4002:
3777:
3643:
2700:
2680:
2527:
2510:
2468:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2368:
1821:
1727:
1267:
956:
898:
787:
765:
745:
591:
552:
432:
1236:
solidus, a second-hand cloak 1 solidus, and a donkey 3 or 4 solidi.
2338:
1147:
1085:
983:
876:
821:
819:(M=40, Λ=30, K=20, I=10, E=5). Silver coins were rarely produced.
755:
682:
658:
649:, now full face rather than in profile; on the reverse, usually a
621:
451:
437:
420:
415:
906:(685–695 and 705–711) attempted a restoration of the
4281:
587:
541:
537:
360:
86:
4607:
4038:
3823:
3515:
3182:
2803:
2764:
2278:
661:(the two tending to merge into one another). The gold coins of
1206:
At Jerusalem in the sixth century a building worker received
1194:
stavraton. Also issued were the copper follaro and tornesse.
536:
after the fall of the West, consisted of mainly two types of
2026:
2024:
1855:
1853:
707:
The type of Justinian II was revived after the end of
2193:
Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c.300–1450
665:
departed from these stable conventions by putting a
4524:
4424:
4382:
4327:
4272:
4227:
4199:
4156:
4088:
4049:
3976:
3834:
3741:
3687:
3626:
3583:
3526:
3470:
3445:
3414:
3373:
3364:
3339:
3283:
3247:
3193:
3051:
2967:
2914:
2845:
2816:
2710:
2644:
2569:
2478:
2407:
2316:
968:then became the name for the heraldic symbol of a
559:and minor copper coins with no gold issue. The
3151:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1734:Economic history of Greece and the Greek world
836:The only regularly issued silver coin was the
2776:
2290:
2032:"The Basilicon Episode (1304–ca. 1367)"
1836:were far from popular until many years later.
1706:
510:
8:
2258:Online books and articles on Byzantine coins
2084:"The Stavraton Period (14th–15th centuries)"
1986:"History 303: Comnenian and Palaeogian Ages"
1787:The front-facing variant was introduced by
4604:
4055:
4046:
4035:
3831:
3820:
3532:
3523:
3512:
3370:
3197:
3190:
3179:
2813:
2800:
2783:
2769:
2761:
2297:
2283:
2275:
1713:
1699:
1572:
1110:and circulated from 1304 for fifty years.
1039:It was introduced along with the electrum
517:
503:
31:
1980:
1978:
1820:(r. 450-457). The coin appears to depict
1243:
637:Early Byzantine coins continue the late
2086:. Doaks.org. 8 May 2008. Archived from
2034:. Doaks.org. 8 May 2008. Archived from
1849:
1780:
1575:
1049:and about 25% gold and 75% silver, the
1036:was slightly smaller than the solidus.
1018:(1081–1118) the debased solidus (
43:
2119:"History 303: Justinian and Heraclius"
918:continued to slowly decrease in size.
7:
2060:. Dirtyoldcoins.com. Archived from
777:New bronze coins, multiples of the
629:minted during the second reign of
596:as the Byzantine Empire fragmented
25:
4649:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
2244:Byzantine coinage by Sear numbers
574:Most provincial mints except for
563:established and operated several
4688:
1812:to appear on a coin may be on a
1583:
781:were introduced, such as the 40
606:(1204–1461), survived until the
551:and a variety of clearly valued
483:
471:
55:
4718:Economy of the Byzantine Empire
3038:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2860:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
4123:Great Palace of Constantinople
3864:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2215:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2195:, Cambridge University Press,
1074:worth 18 and 36 to the billon
1:
4733:Coins of the Byzantine Empire
602:, capital of the independent
4585:University of Constantinople
4166:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
3316:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
3005:Byzantine successor states (
2121:. Tulane.edu. Archived from
1988:. Tulane.edu. Archived from
1906:. Tulane.edu. Archived from
1863:. 8 May 2008. Archived from
1824:bestowing a blessing on the
1128:(cup-shaped) coins known as
4255:Saint Catherine's Monastery
3311:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
3306:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
2249:Digital Library Numis (DLN)
2239:Byzantine coinage by rulers
2218:, Oxford University Press,
1932:. Cngcoins.com. 8 May 2008.
1596:Aristocracy and bureaucracy
1004:Michael IV the Paphlagonian
4749:
4644:Neo-Byzantine architecture
3265:Comes sacrarum largitionum
2191:Hendy, Michael F. (1985),
1754:Medieval Bulgarian coinage
4671:
4614:
4603:
4214:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
4058:
4045:
4034:
3830:
3819:
3535:
3522:
3511:
3200:
3189:
3178:
2812:
2799:
2736:
2168:Grierson, Philip (1999),
2148:Grierson, Philip (1982),
926:weight coin was called a
811:coins (also known as the
678:distinctive Islamic style
614:in the mid-15th century.
3788:Droungarios of the Fleet
2154:, Taylor & Francis,
1904:"The Story of Justinian"
1759:Medieval Serbian coinage
4302:Early Byzantine mosaics
3664:Domestic of the Schools
2742:Byzantine Empire Portal
2516:Trikephalon/Manouelaton
2267:6 December 2017 at the
1946:. Doaks.org. 8 May 2008
1930:"Greek and Roman Coins"
639:Greco-Roman conventions
578:were closed or lost to
397:Commemorative banknotes
4619:Byzantine commonwealth
3381:Praetorian prefectures
3301:Logothetes tou genikou
3275:Quaestor sacri palatii
3270:Comes rerum privatarum
3043:Fall of Constantinople
2982:Sack of Constantinople
2058:"Manuel II Paleologus"
2015:8 October 2006 at the
1161:
1095:
999:
889:
833:
817:Greek numbering system
774:
704:
634:
478:Numismatics portal
116:Circulating currencies
4723:Coins of ancient Rome
4319:Komnenian renaissance
4314:Macedonian period art
4219:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
4191:Walls of Thessaloniki
3291:Logothetes tou dromou
2906:Twenty Years' Anarchy
2870:Valentinianic dynasty
2865:Constantinian dynasty
1969:7 August 2007 at the
1791:and was also used by
1158:Manuel II Palaeologus
1151:
1089:
1082:Andronicus II reforms
1002:Former money changer
987:
880:
825:
759:
686:
625:
580:Arab Muslim invasions
208:Historical currencies
49:the study of currency
4516:Units of measurement
4250:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
4143:Pammakaristos Church
3991:Corpus Juris Civilis
3942:Missionary activity
3401:Exarchate of Ravenna
3227:Imperial bureaucracy
1132:were issued in both
976:– i.e. a gold disc.
852:Leo III the Isaurian
608:invasion of Anatolia
584:Mediterranean Region
534:Eastern Roman Empire
532:, money used in the
179:Fictional currencies
4040:Culture and society
3903:Ecumenical councils
3406:Exarchate of Africa
3396:Quaestura exercitus
3260:Magister officiorum
3255:Praetorian prefects
2898:Byzantine Dark Ages
2254:5 July 2018 at the
2064:on 11 February 2012
1826:Emperor of the East
1253:
1248:
1160:in 1391–1423.
1136:(debased gold) and
1045:worth a third of a
896:(also known as the
803:(also known as the
795:(also known as the
785:(also known as the
604:Empire of Trebizond
366:Commemorative coins
277:Medieval currencies
186:Proposed currencies
4457:Flags and insignia
4103:Baths of Zeuxippus
3986:Codex Theodosianus
3876:Oriental Orthodoxy
2834:Later Roman Empire
2749:Numismatics Portal
2572:(ca. 1300 – 1350s)
2210:Kazhdan, Alexander
2177:, Dumbarton Oaks,
1889:The Globe and Mail
1867:on 4 November 2007
1810:portrait of Christ
1249:
1244:
1162:
1106:was a copy of the
1096:
1016:Alexius I Comnenus
1012:histamenon nomisma
1008:tetarteron nomisma
1000:
960:, a corruption of
890:
834:
775:
705:
635:
530:Byzantine currency
4705:
4704:
4667:
4666:
4624:Byzantine studies
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4410:Alexander Romance
4268:
4267:
4245:Nea Moni of Chios
4108:Blachernae Palace
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
3996:Code of Justinian
3844:Eastern Orthodoxy
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3737:
3736:
3611:Scholae Palatinae
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3472:Foreign relations
3466:
3465:
3360:
3359:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
2973:(1204–1453)
2758:
2757:
2718:Byzantine economy
2481:(1092 – ca. 1300)
2225:978-0-19-504652-6
2184:978-0-88402-274-9
2171:Byzantine coinage
2161:978-0-416-71360-2
1992:on 5 October 2013
1944:"Byzantine coins"
1828:and his Empress,
1723:
1722:
1577:Byzantine culture
1566:
1565:
1090:Billon trachy of
1032:at 4.45 grs. The
989:Manuel I Comnenus
980:Alexius I reforms
527:
526:
16:(Redirected from
4740:
4692:
4605:
4548:Imperial Library
4494:Byzantine Greeks
4235:Daphni Monastery
4186:Panagia Chalkeon
4181:Hagios Demetrios
4148:Prison of Anemas
4098:Basilica Cistern
4056:
4047:
4036:
3891:West Syriac Rite
3881:Alexandrian Rite
3832:
3825:Religion and law
3821:
3756:Maritime themata
3712:Palaiologan army
3565:Military manuals
3533:
3524:
3513:
3371:
3347:Megas logothetes
3198:
3191:
3180:
3053:By modern region
2974:
2921:
2920:(717–1204)
2852:
2814:
2801:
2792:Byzantine Empire
2785:
2778:
2771:
2762:
2689:
2655:
2623:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2547:
2523:
2501:
2489:
2464:
2451:
2418:
2410:(ca. 700 – 1092)
2364:
2353:
2327:
2310:Byzantine Empire
2299:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2228:
2205:
2187:
2176:
2164:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2090:on 7 August 2007
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2019:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1857:
1837:
1834:images of Christ
1806:
1800:
1785:
1769:Sasanian coinage
1715:
1708:
1701:
1598:
1587:
1573:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1254:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1119:money of account
886:Constantine VIII
840:first issued by
763:half-follis, 20
651:Christian symbol
645:the head of the
561:Byzantine Empire
519:
512:
505:
490:Money portal
488:
487:
486:
476:
475:
474:
200:History of money
155:Local currencies
59:
50:
32:
21:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4698:
4663:
4639:Cyrillic script
4610:
4591:
4536:
4520:
4420:
4402:Digenes Akritas
4378:
4323:
4264:
4228:Other locations
4223:
4195:
4152:
4084:
4073:Cross-in-square
4041:
4022:
3972:
3826:
3807:
3733:
3683:
3679:Varangian Guard
3622:
3596:East Roman army
3591:Late Roman army
3579:
3518:
3499:
3462:
3441:
3410:
3356:
3335:
3331:Epi ton deeseon
3321:Epi tou eidikou
3279:
3243:
3185:
3166:
3153:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3033:Palaiologan era
2975:
2972:
2963:
2934:Nikephorian era
2922:
2919:
2910:
2853:
2851:(330–717)
2850:
2841:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2789:
2759:
2754:
2732:
2723:Byzantine mints
2706:
2687:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2621:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2545:
2521:
2499:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2462:
2449:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2362:
2351:
2325:
2319:(498 – ca. 700)
2318:
2312:
2303:
2269:Wayback Machine
2256:Wayback Machine
2235:
2226:
2208:
2203:
2190:
2185:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2151:Byzantine coins
2147:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2038:on 28 June 2008
2030:
2029:
2022:
2017:Wayback Machine
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1971:Wayback Machine
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1830:Aelia Pulcheria
1807:
1803:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1719:
1594:
1571:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1242:
1240:Relative values
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1146:
1084:
982:
925:
872:Romanos Argyros
850:established by
773:on the reverse.
739:and the bronze
729:monetary reform
725:
620:
523:
494:
484:
482:
472:
470:
462:
461:
354:Coin collecting
349:
348:
339:
338:
292:
291:
282:
281:
203:
202:
191:
190:
82:
81:
48:
47:
28:
23:
22:
18:Byzantine coins
15:
12:
11:
5:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Byzantine Bath
4168:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4090:Constantinople
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3849:Byzantine Rite
3840:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3729:Grand domestic
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3695:Komnenian army
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3570:Military units
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Battle tactics
3536:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3232:Medieval Greek
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:Fourth Crusade
2978:
2976:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Macedonian era
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Theodosian era
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2711:Related topics
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2671:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2524:
2519:
2506:Nomisma trachy
2502:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2259:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2233:External links
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2212:, ed. (1991),
2206:
2201:
2188:
2183:
2165:
2160:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2110:
2101:
2075:
2049:
2020:
2003:
1974:
1957:
1935:
1921:
1895:
1892:. p. C20.
1878:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1801:
1797:Constantius II
1779:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1764:Roman currency
1761:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1527:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1481:
1470:
1459:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1421:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1369:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1241:
1238:
1199:
1196:
1145:
1142:
1108:Venetian ducat
1094:, 12th century
1083:
1080:
981:
978:
923:
724:
721:
713:bust of Christ
687:Anastasius 40
671:Umayyad caliph
667:bust of Christ
619:
616:
569:Constantinople
525:
524:
522:
521:
514:
507:
499:
496:
495:
493:
492:
480:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
454:
448:
447:
441:
440:
435:
430:
424:
423:
418:
413:
407:
406:
400:
399:
394:
388:
387:
381:
380:
375:
369:
368:
363:
357:
356:
350:
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
293:
289:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
210:
204:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
182:
181:
175:
174:
169:
164:
158:
157:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
89:
83:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
61:
60:
52:
51:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4745:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4606:
4602:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Encyclopedias
4541:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Hellenization
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:Everyday life
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4397:Acritic songs
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:Hosios Loukas
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4033:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:Monophysitism
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Armenian Rite
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3818:
3804:
3803:Naval battles
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3510:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Protasekretis
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Komnenian era
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2892:Heraclian era
2890:
2888:
2887:Justinian era
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:Doukatopoulon
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:(1367 – 1453)
2643:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:Fourth period
2568:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:Second period
2406:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:0-521-24715-2
2198:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2125:on 9 May 2008
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1910:on 9 May 2008
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1879:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1550:
1539:
1528:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1482:
1471:
1460:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1370:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:Andronicus II
1093:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1076:aspron trachy
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:aspron trachy
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1042:aspron trachy
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
994:(cup-shaped)
993:
990:
986:
979:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:
952:
950:
945:
941:
940:
935:
931:
930:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:
895:
887:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
868:
863:
862:
856:
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
831:
828:
824:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
772:
768:
767:
762:
758:
754:
752:
748:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:Denominations
722:
720:
716:
714:
710:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
679:
675:
674:ʿAbd al-Malik
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:Roman Emperor
644:
640:
632:
628:
624:
617:
615:
613:
612:Ottoman Turks
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
535:
531:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
500:
498:
497:
491:
481:
479:
469:
468:
466:
465:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
442:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
401:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
374:
373:Bullion coins
371:
370:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
355:
352:
351:
343:
342:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
286:
285:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
205:
201:
195:
194:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
162:Company scrip
160:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
144:
143:South America
141:
139:
138:North America
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
80:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4408:
4341:
4176:Hagia Sophia
4158:Thessalonica
4133:Hagia Sophia
4113:Chora Church
4051:Architecture
3928:Great Schism
3918:Paulicianism
3896:Miaphysitism
3751:Karabisianoi
3055:or territory
3015:Thessalonica
2999:Latin Empire
2994:Frankokratia
2969:
2929:Isaurian era
2916:
2847:
2832:
2828:Roman Empire
2818:
2747:
2740:
2699:
2692:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2645:Fifth period
2633:
2626:
2613:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2559:
2550:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2492:
2479:Third period
2467:
2454:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2396:
2391:Pentanummium
2389:
2382:
2376:
2367:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2317:First period
2305:
2213:
2192:
2170:
2150:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2113:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:the original
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1938:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1898:
1887:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1814:gold solidus
1804:
1783:
1747:
1738:
1726:
1626:
1612:Architecture
1502:
1446:Pentanummium
1445:
1396:
1355:
1321:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1251:(after. 495)
1250:
1246:Anastasius I
1245:
1205:
1201:
1198:Buying power
1163:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1092:Andronicus I
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1001:
995:
965:
961:
955:
953:
948:
943:
937:
927:
920:
915:
907:
904:Justinian II
897:
893:
891:
881:
865:
859:
857:
845:
835:
829:
813:pentanummium
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
782:
778:
776:
770:
764:
744:
740:
736:
726:
717:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
663:Justinian II
636:
631:Justinian II
573:
529:
528:
411:Credit cards
224:
172:Time dollars
29:
4728:Numismatics
4659:Megali Idea
4634:Byzantinism
4337:Agriculture
4128:Hagia Irene
3961:Kievan Rus'
3938:Mount Athos
3761:Cibyrrhaeot
3705:Vestiaritai
3560:Mercenaries
3437:Catepanates
3296:Sakellarios
3215:Family tree
3140:Mesopotamia
2959:Angelid era
2939:Amorian era
2456:Miliaresion
2446:(from 960s)
2384:Decanummium
2129:8 September
2068:8 September
1996:8 September
1832:. But such
1816:of Emperor
1397:Decanummium
1285:Pentanummia
1144:1367 reform
972:, tincture
964:. The term
912:Justinian I
847:miliaresion
830:miliaresion
827:Romanus III
805:decanummium
769:. Note the
761:Justinian I
751:Roman pound
618:Iconography
445:Scripophily
45:Numismatics
4712:Categories
4654:Third Rome
4580:University
4563:Philosophy
4553:Inventions
4416:Historians
4384:Literature
4367:Varangians
4209:San Vitale
4138:Hippodrome
4118:City Walls
4018:Mutilation
4013:Hexabiblos
3933:Bogomilism
3923:Iconoclasm
3793:Megas doux
3783:Greek fire
3766:Aegean Sea
3639:Kleisourai
3616:Excubitors
3606:Bucellarii
3458:Despotates
3427:Kleisourai
3366:Provincial
3210:Coronation
3184:Governance
2949:Doukid era
2882:Leonid era
2694:Tournesion
2609:Tournesion
2585:Hyperpyron
2560:tetarteron
2552:Tetarteron
2494:Hyperpyron
2459:(from 720)
2443:Tetarteron
2435:Histamenon
2359:(from 615)
2306:Currencies
1844:References
1808:The first
1667:Literature
1280:Decanummia
1156:issued by
1115:hyperpyron
1065:tetarteron
1047:hyperpyron
1034:hyperpyron
1029:hyperpyron
1024:histamenon
1020:tetarteron
996:hyperpyron
944:tetarteron
939:histamenon
929:tetarteron
882:Histamenon
797:semifollis
733:Anastasius
709:iconoclasm
347:Collection
290:Production
220:Achaemenid
4482:Octoechos
4362:Silk Road
3854:Hesychasm
3722:Paramonai
3669:Hetaireia
3601:Foederati
3490:Diplomacy
3485:Diplomats
3391:Provinces
3220:Empresses
3023:Trebizond
2819:Preceding
2668:stavraton
2660:Stavraton
2615:Politikon
2597:Basilikon
2346:Tremissis
1789:Maxentius
1746:Japanese
1642:Diplomacy
1154:stavraton
1104:basilikon
962:Byzantium
858:The gold
842:Heraclius
655:the cross
641:: on the
633:(705–711)
600:Trebizond
549:hyperpyra
392:Banknotes
385:Notaphily
319:Hammering
302:Designers
225:Byzantine
92:Banknotes
4575:Scholars
4568:Rhetoric
4558:Medicine
4533:Learning
4432:Calendar
4309:Painters
4008:Basilika
3946:Bulgaria
3908:Arianism
3859:Hayhurum
3836:Religion
3798:Admirals
3717:Allagion
3649:Droungos
3555:Generals
3517:Military
3480:Treaties
3386:Dioceses
3205:Emperors
3118:Sardinia
3098:Dalmatia
3078:Bulgaria
3068:Anatolia
3027:Theodoro
3021: /
3017: /
3009: /
2728:Scyphate
2635:Assarion
2539:Stamenon
2500:Electrum
2357:Hexagram
2339:Semissis
2265:Archived
2252:Archived
2013:Archived
1967:Archived
1793:Licinius
1672:Medicine
1617:Calendar
1569:See also
1134:electrum
1126:scyphate
1071:noummion
1059:stamenon
1010:and the
992:scyphate
910:size of
838:Hexagram
807:, and 5
695:) and 5
653:such as
576:Syracuse
557:stavrata
404:Exonumia
255:Japanese
235:Filipino
215:Aksumite
79:Currency
67:Glossary
37:a series
35:Part of
27:Currency
4684:Outline
4629:Museums
4529:Science
4506:Slavery
4462:Gardens
4442:Cuisine
4374:Dynatoi
4342:Coinage
4329:Economy
4297:Mosaics
4260:Mystras
4201:Ravenna
4063:Secular
3951:Moravia
3700:Pronoia
3674:Akritai
3659:Tagmata
3634:Themata
3575:Revolts
3545:Battles
3453:Kephale
3422:Themata
3352:Mesazon
3194:Central
3130:Maghreb
3083:Corsica
3073:Armenia
3063:Albania
2806:History
2701:Follaro
2432:(later
2429:Nomisma
2423:Solidus
2332:Solidus
2308:of the
2142:Sources
1818:Marcian
1687:Science
1657:Gardens
1652:Economy
1632:Cuisine
1627:Coinage
1555:⁄
1544:⁄
1533:⁄
1522:⁄
1513:16,800
1511:⁄
1487:⁄
1476:⁄
1465:⁄
1454:⁄
1427:⁄
1416:⁄
1405:⁄
1375:⁄
1364:⁄
1330:⁄
1316:16,800
1297:Solidus
1231:⁄
1221:⁄
1211:⁄
1189:⁄
1179:⁄
1169:⁄
1098:During
970:roundel
949:siliqua
867:nomisma
861:solidus
737:solidus
643:obverse
627:Solidus
610:by the
582:in the
433:Cheques
378:Grading
312:Milling
307:Coining
270:Tibetan
250:Italian
230:Chinese
148:Oceania
97:Forgery
4694:Portal
4609:Impact
4489:People
4437:Cities
4287:Enamel
4068:Sacred
4003:Ecloga
3869:Saints
3778:Dromon
3654:Bandon
3644:Tourma
3627:Middle
3550:Beacon
3432:Bandon
3415:Middle
3284:Middle
3239:Senate
3162:Thrace
3145:Serbia
3123:Sicily
3108:Greece
3093:Cyprus
3011:Epirus
3007:Nicaea
2917:Middle
2794:topics
2688:Copper
2681:Aspron
2654:Silver
2628:Trachy
2622:Copper
2603:Billon
2591:Silver
2546:Copper
2533:trachy
2528:aspron
2522:Billon
2511:aspron
2469:Follis
2463:Copper
2450:Silver
2398:Nummus
2377:follis
2369:Follis
2363:Copper
2352:Silver
2222:
2199:
2181:
2158:
1822:Christ
1740:Grosso
1728:Bezant
1682:People
1622:Cities
1503:Nummus
1356:follis
1322:Follis
1275:folles
1268:Folles
1261:Solidi
1138:billon
1130:trachy
1124:These
1051:billon
966:bezant
957:bezant
942:. The
916:follis
914:, the
908:follis
899:follis
799:), 10
791:), 20
788:follis
779:nummus
746:nummus
743:. The
657:or an
592:silver
553:bronze
545:solidi
452:Stocks
438:Scrips
428:Tokens
421:Medals
416:Jetons
334:Errors
329:Metals
245:Indian
133:Europe
123:Africa
4679:Index
4511:Death
4501:Women
4472:Music
4452:Dress
4447:Dance
4392:Novel
4352:Trade
4347:Mints
4292:Glass
4282:Icons
4078:Domes
3956:Serbs
3771:Samos
3584:Early
3374:Early
3248:Early
3157:Syria
3135:Malta
3113:Italy
3103:Egypt
3088:Crete
3019:Morea
2848:Early
2666:Half-
2558:Half-
2375:Half-
2175:(PDF)
2094:8 May
2042:8 May
1950:7 May
1914:8 May
1871:8 May
1775:Notes
1677:Music
1647:Dress
1637:Dance
1354:Half
1290:Nummi
1273:Half
1152:Half
934:Greek
894:nummi
809:nummi
801:nummi
793:nummi
783:nummi
766:nummi
741:nummi
697:nummi
689:nummi
659:angel
565:mints
538:coins
457:Bonds
361:Coins
260:Roman
240:Greek
87:Coins
4477:Lyra
4357:silk
3968:Jews
3743:Navy
3688:Late
3528:Army
3495:Wars
3446:Late
3340:Late
2970:Late
2579:Gold
2488:Gold
2417:Gold
2326:Gold
2220:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2131:2013
2096:2008
2070:2013
2044:2008
1998:2013
1952:2008
1916:2008
1873:2008
1795:and
1602:Army
1456:3360
1407:1680
1313:3360
1310:1680
1184:and
1113:The
1068:and
1022:and
590:and
588:gold
547:and
542:gold
324:Cast
297:Mint
265:Thai
167:LETS
128:Asia
104:List
4274:Art
3978:Law
2426:or
1748:mon
1662:Law
1607:Art
1440:10
1391:20
1366:840
1349:40
1332:420
1307:840
1304:420
1056:or
932:(a
884:by
864:or
731:of
109:ISO
4714::
2023:^
1977:^
1852:^
1562:1
1546:10
1535:20
1524:40
1497:5
1223:23
1213:20
1191:16
1174:,
1078:.
974:or
924:12
540::
39:on
3029:)
3025:–
3013:–
2900:"
2896:"
2784:e
2777:t
2770:v
2684:)
2678:(
2618:)
2612:(
2542:)
2536:(
2518:)
2514:(
2438:)
2298:e
2291:t
2284:v
2133:.
2098:.
2072:.
2046:.
2000:.
1954:.
1918:.
1875:.
1714:e
1707:t
1700:v
1557:5
1553:1
1542:1
1531:1
1520:1
1509:1
1494:1
1489:2
1485:1
1478:4
1474:1
1467:8
1463:1
1452:1
1437:2
1434:1
1429:2
1425:1
1418:4
1414:1
1403:1
1388:4
1385:2
1382:1
1377:2
1373:1
1362:1
1346:8
1343:4
1340:2
1337:1
1328:1
1301:1
1233:4
1229:1
1219:1
1209:1
1187:1
1181:8
1177:1
1171:2
1167:1
998:.
922:⁄
888:.
832:.
771:K
703:)
701:E
699:(
693:M
691:(
518:e
511:t
504:v
20:)
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