562:, Yue Chen filed several patent applications in 2016 describing various radio frequency (RF) resonant cavity thruster designs. These included a method for stacking several short resonant cavities to improve thrust, and a design with a cavity that was a semicylinder instead of a frustum. That December, Chen announced that CAST would conduct tests on a resonant cavity thruster in orbit, without specifying what design was used. In an interview on CCTV in September 2017, Chen showed some testing of a flat cylindrical device, corresponding to the patent describing stacked short cavities with internal diaphragms.
482:... The Shawyer drive is as impossible as perpetual motion. Relativistic conservation of momentum has been understood for a century and dictates that if nothing emerges from Shawyer's device then its centre of mass will not accelerate. It is likely that Shawyer has used an approximation somewhere in his calculations that would have been reasonable if he hadn't then multiplied the result by 50,000. The reason physicists value principles such as conservation of momentum is that they act as a reality check against errors of this kind.
983:
arisen from electromagnetic interaction with the walls of the vacuum chamber. White argued that any wall interaction could only be the result of a well-formed resonance coupling between the device and wall and that the high frequency used imply the chances of this would be highly dependent on the device's geometry. As components get warmer due to thermal expansion, the device's geometry changes, shifting the resonance of the cavity. In order to counter this effect and keep the system in optimal resonance conditions, White used a
933:
51:
948:; as it expands this would lead to a change in the centre of gravity causing the resonant cavity to move. White's team attempted to model the thermal effect on the overall displacement by using a superposition of the displacements caused by "thermal effects" and "impulsive thrust" with White saying "That was the thing we worked the hardest to understand and put in a box". Despite these efforts, White's team were unable to fully account for the thermal expansion. In an interview with
763:, under the title "Measurement of Impulsive Thrust from a Closed Radio-Frequency Cavity in Vacuum". The study said their system was "consistently performing with a thrust-to-power ratio of 1.2±0.1mN/kW", but also enumerated many potential sources of error. This was the first such paper published in a peer-reviewed journal, however the experiment was again criticized for its small dataset and missing details about the experimental setup, which was again not independently validated.
809:
They were able to run the experiment and show no thrust in any direction, and to reintroduce the previous sources of experimental error to replicate the earlier results. They also replicated White's setup, showing that thermal effects could replicate the apparent thrust his team had observed, and that this thrust went away when measured with a more precise suspension. They went on to publish two further papers, showing similar negative results for the laser-based
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574:, which states any interaction cannot have a net force; a consequence of the conservation of momentum is Newton's third law, where for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Also, because force·velocity = power, any such device would violate conservation of energy when moving at a high enough velocity. The conservation of momentum is a
970:. In such a setup, the thruster could rotate out to much larger angular displacements, letting a thrust (if present) dominate any possible thermal effects. Testing a device in space would also eliminate the center-of-gravity issue. Tajmar's team later used such a setup to show that past results had all been artefacts of thermal effects.
978:
These experiments used relatively large electromagnetic inputs to generate small amounts of thrust. As a result, electromagnetic interactions between power leads, between power lines and ambient magnetic fields, or between the apparatus and walls of a test chamber, could all have significant effects.
870:
As of 16 January 2024, Richard
Mansell, the creator of the Quantum Drive, has said that initial operations of Barry-1 are taking longer than expected and there is no set date for activating the drive, which will wait until the satellite's primary mission is complete. Independent analysis of
804:
was used to reduce the power that actually entered the resonant cavity by a factor of 10,000, which they said "clearly indicates that the "thrust" is not coming from the EMDrive but from some electromagnetic interaction." They concluded that "magnetic interaction from not sufficiently shielded cables
140:
There is no official design for this device. Neither person who claims to have invented it has committed to an explanation for how it could operate as a thruster or what elements define it, making it hard to say definitively whether a given object is an example of an EmDrive. However, over the years,
962:
assumptions about what the shapes of the "impulsive thrust" and "thermal effects" should be, and how those signals will superimpose. The model further assumes all noise to be thermal and does not include other effects such as interaction with the chamber wall, power lead forces, and tilting. Because
746:
In July 2014, White reported tentative positive results for evaluating a tapered RF resonant cavity. Their first tests of this tapered cavity were conducted at very low power (2% of
Shawyer's 2002 experiment). A net mean thrust over five runs was measured at 91.2 ÎŒN at 17 W of input power.
982:
Yang reported in 2016 that an interaction with the Earth's magnetic field had caused the fairly large apparent thrust in their 2012 paper. Tajmar looked for potential
Lorentz force interactions between power leads in trying to replicate White's experimental setup. Another source of error could have
808:
In 2021, they revisited these experiments again and ran more precise tests. They reported with high confidence that the forces previously measured could be completely explained by experimental error, and that there was no evidence for any measurable thrust once these errors were taken into account.
878:
On the 9th of
February 2024, Rogue Space Systems announced the end of the mission with the loss of communication to BARRY-1. For Rogue, this mission was mostly characterized as a success, however due to "ongoing power-system issues" the experimental drive provided by IVO was never tested in space.
796:"null" configuration, they observed an anomalous thrust of hundreds of micronewtons, much larger than the expected result of zero thrust. This indicated a strong source of noise which they could not identify. This led them to conclude that they could not confirm or refute claims about the device.
795:
2.45 GHz 700 W oven magnetron, and a small cavity with a low Q factor (20 in vacuum tests). They observed small positive thrusts in the positive direction and negative thrusts in the negative direction, of about 20 ÎŒN in a hard vacuum. However, when they rotated the cavity upwards as a
700:
In a 2014 follow-up experiment (published in 2016), Yang could not reproduce the 2010 observation and suggested it was due to experimental error. They had refined their experimental setup, using a three-wire torsion pendulum to measure thrust, and tested two different power setups. They concluded
839:
that his team would test an EmDrive in orbit. Chen claimed their prototype's thrust was at the "micronewton to millinewton level", which would have to be scaled up to at least 100â1000 millinewtons for a chance of conclusive experimental results. Despite this, he said his goal was to validate the
163:
No other published experiment has measured apparent thrust greater than the experiment's margin of error. Tajmar's group published three papers in 2021 claiming that all published results showing thrust had been false positives, explaining each by outside forces. They concluded, "Our measurements
799:
In 2018, they published results from an improved test rig, which showed that their measured thrust had been a result of experimental error from insufficiently shielded components interacting with the Earth's magnetic field. In new experiments, they measured thrust values consistent with previous
554:
In China, researchers working under Yang at NWPU built a resonant cavity thruster in 2008, and tested it for a number of years. A 2012 report claimed they had observed thrust, but in 2014 they found it to have been an experimental error. A second, improved prototype did not produce any measured
435:
author, distributed a public letter stating that "a sensationalist bent and a lack of basic knowledge by its writers" made the magazine's coverage unreliable, sufficient "to constitute a real threat to the public understanding of science". Especially, Egan said he was "gobsmacked by the level of
546:
The Cannae Drive (formerly Q-drive), is another implementation of this idea, with a relatively flat cavity rather than a truncated cone. It was designed by Fetta in 2006 and promoted within the US through his company, Cannae LLC, since 2011. In 2016, Fetta announced plans to eventually launch a
955:
Their method of accounting for thermal effects has been criticized by Millis and Davies, who highlight that there is a lack of both mathematical and empirical detail to justify the assumptions made about those effects. For example, they do not provide data on temperature measurement over time
3455:
218:
The first design of a resonant cavity thruster claiming to be a reactionless drive was by Roger
Shawyer in 2001. He called his conical design an "EmDrive", and claimed that it produced thrust in the direction of the base of the cone. Guido Fetta later built a "Cannae Drive", based in part on
603:. However, if these vacuum forces are present, they are expected to be exceptionally tiny based on our current understanding, too small to explain the level of observed thrust. In the event that observed thrust is not due to experimental error, a positive result could indicate new physics.
271:
wrote about it as an "impossible" drive in 2006. Media outlets were later criticized for misleading claims that a resonant cavity thruster had been "validated by NASA" following White's first tentative test reports in 2014. Scientists have continued to note the lack of unbiased coverage.
359:
When power flows into the EmDrive, the engine warms up. This also causes the fastening elements on the scale to warp, causing the scale to move to a new zero point. We were able to prevent that in an improved structure. Our measurements refute all EmDrive claims by at least 3 orders of
923:
or noise. In all of the experiments set up, a very large amount of energy goes into generating a tiny amount of thrust. When attempting to measure a small signal superimposed on a large signal, the noise from the large signal can obscure the small signal and give incorrect results.
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that they were unable to measure significant thrust; that "thrust" measured when using external power sources (as in their 2010 experiment) could be noise; and that it was important to use self-contained power systems for these experiments, and more sensitive pendulums with lower
963:
the
Eagleworks paper has no explicit model for thrust to compare with the observations, it is ultimately subjective, and its data can be interpreted in more than one way. The Eagleworks test, therefore, does not conclusively show a thrust effect, but cannot rule it out either.
887:
The strongest early result, from Yang's group in China, was later reported to be caused by an experimental error. Tajmar published an explanation of how all reports of apparent thrust could have been caused entirely by failing to account for all sources of error or noise.
655:
None of these results were published in the scientific literature, replicated by independent researchers, or replicated consistently by the inventors. In a few cases details were posted for a time on the inventors' websites, but no such documents remain online as of 2019.
805:
or thrusters are a major factor that needs to be taken into account for proper ÎŒN thrust measurements for these type of devices," and they planned on conducting future tests at higher power and at different frequencies, and with improved shielding and cavity geometry.
418:
In
October 2006, Shawyer claimed to have conducted tests on a new water-cooled prototype with increased thrust. He reported plans to have the device ready to use in space by May 2009 and to make the resonant cavity a superconductor, neither of which materialized.
829:
which they would run for 6 months to observe how it functions in space. Cannae formed a company called
Theseus for the venture and partnered with LAI International and SpaceQuest Ltd. to launch the satellite. As of 2022, no launch date has yet been announced.
783:
able to detect force at the micronewton level, atop an antivibration granite table at ambient air pressure; then on a torsion pendulum with a force resolution of 0.1 mN, inside a vacuum chamber at ambient air pressure and in a hard vacuum at 400 ÎŒPa
477:
As I read it, I, like the thousands of other physicists who will have read it, immediately realised that this was impossible as described. Physicists are trained to use certain fundamental principles to analyse a problem and this claim clearly flouted one of
585:; in the standard case where two parallel plates are attracted to each other. However the plates move in opposite directions, so no net momentum is extracted from the vacuum and, moreover, energy must be put into the system to take the plates apart again.
448:
did not make clear enough how controversial Roger
Shawyer's engine is. We should have made more explicit where it apparently contravenes the laws of nature and reported that several physicists declined to comment on the device because they thought it too
636:
I reviewed Roger's work and concluded that both theory and experiment were fatally flawed. Roger was advised that the company had no interest in the device, did not wish to seek patent coverage and in fact did not wish to be associated with it in any
468:
I reviewed Roger's work and concluded that both theory and experiment were fatally flawed. Roger was advised that the company had no interest in the device, did not wish to seek patent coverage and in fact did not wish to be associated with it in any
689:, said that they had developed a valid electro-magnetic theory behind a microwave resonant cavity thruster. A demonstration version of the drive was built and tested with different cavity shapes and at higher power levels in 2010. Using an aerospace
503:
expressed interest in it, at which point he stated that SPR built a thruster which produced 18 grams of thrust, and sent it to Boeing. Boeing did not license the technology and communication stopped. In 2012, a Boeing representative confirmed that
5079:
351:, concluded that the dominant effect underlying the apparent thrust could be clearly identified as an artifact caused by Earth's magnetic field interacting with power cables in the chamber, a result that other experts agree with.
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256:
started testing prototypes in 2015, and by 2021 concluded that observations of thrust were false positives, reporting in the CEAS Space
Journal they had refuted all EmDrive claims by "at least 3 orders of magnitude."
665:, summarising seven existing tests on the EmDrive. Of these, four produced a measured force in the intended direction, three produced thrust in the opposite direction, and in one test thrust could be produced in
2737:, Chen, Yue; Peng Weifeng & Bai Guangming et al., "Electromagnetic thruster cavity based on periodic structure", published 2016-07-20, assigned to China Academy of Space Technology
436:
scientific illiteracy" in the magazine's coverage, alleging that it used "meaningless double-talk" to obfuscate the problem of conservation of momentum. The letter was endorsed by Baez and posted on his blog.
508:
used to explore exotic forms of space propulsion, including Shawyer's drive, but such work later ceased. They confirmed that "Phantom Works is not working with Mr. Shawyer," nor pursuing those explorations.
354:
In March 2021, Tajmar's group published a definitive analysis of their own past experiments and those of others, showing that all could be explained by and reproduced via outside forces, refuting all EmDrive
522:
in 2015. While no functional prototype of the first-generation drive had yet been produced, it described a model for a superconducting resonant cavity and three models for thrusters with multiple cavities.
697:, they reported a maximum thrust of 720 mN at 2,500 W of input power. Yang noted that her results were tentative, and said she " not able to discuss her work until more results are published".
1746:
White, Harold; March, Paul; Lawrence, James; Vera, Jerry; Sylvester, Andre; Brady, Davi; Bailey, Paul (17 November 2016). "Measurement of Impulsive Thrust from a Closed Radio-Frequency Cavity in Vacuum".
2182:
453:... The great thing is that Shawyer's ideas are testable. If he succeeds in getting his machine flown in space, we will know soon enough if it is ground-breaking device or a mere flight of fancy.
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do not behave as a plasma; Carroll also noted that the quantum vacuum has no "rest frame", providing nothing to push against, so it cannot be used for propulsion. In the same way, physicists
1878:
2854:
2756:, Chen, Yue; Peng Weifeng & Bai Guangming, "An electromagnetic propulsion system and method", published 2016-09-21, assigned to China Academy of Space Technology
2455:, SHAWYER, Roger John & CARDOZO, Gilo, "Superconducting Microwave Radiation Thruster", published 2016-10-16, assigned to Satellite Propulsion Research Ltd.
427:
magazine featured the EmDrive on the cover of 8 September 2006 issue. The article portrayed the device as plausible and emphasized the arguments of those who held that point of view.
387:
853:
3548:
294:
In 2014, White's first conference paper suggested that resonant cavity thrusters could work by transferring momentum to the "quantum vacuum virtual plasma", a new term he coined.
800:
experiments and again measured thrust perpendicular to the expected direction when the thruster was rotated by 90°. Moreover, they did not measure a reduction in thrust when an
732:, and RF resonant cavity thrusters. In 2014, the group began testing resonant cavity thrusters, and in November 2016 they published a peer-reviewed paper on this work, in the
2024:
1113:
860:
services. Rogue Space Systems announced that the satellite is equipped with an "experimental propulsion" system, referred to as a "quantum drive," developed by IVO Limited.
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3004:
56m:21s That test article is trying to establish more accurately the requirements as required by the mathematics â working with negative vacuum energy â the Casimir force.
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2462:
1749:
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of the quantum vacuum, discussed by White as a potential virtual plasma propellant, could not account for thrust in any isolated, closed electromagnetic system such as a
160:
replicated White's test, observing apparent thrusts similar to those measured by the NASA team, and then made them disappear again when measured using point suspension.
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391:
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Assuming homogeneous electric and magnetic fields, it is impossible for the EmDrive, or any other device, to extract a net momentum transfer from either a classical or
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1847:
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2381:
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observed a small apparent thrust from one such test, however subsequent studies suggested this was a measurement error caused by thermal gradients. In 2021,
3756:
5321:
840:
drive if possible, and make such technology available for satellite engineering "as quickly as possible". After 2017, no further updates were announced.
33:
1042:
592:. Extraction of a net momentum "from nothing" has been postulated in an inhomogeneous vacuum, but this remains highly controversial as it will violate
5145:
5086:
3865:
3677:
1821:
1690:
1293:
3651:
1795:
125:, first written about in 2001. It is purported to generate thrust by reflecting microwaves inside the device, in a way that would violate the law of
5598:
3150:
5050:
4019:
3367:
863:
The satellite's testing program includes a 60-day resting period post-launch to stabilize its orbit, accounting for initial perturbations such as
551:
satellite containing a version of the Cannae Drive, which would run for 6 months to observe how it functions in space. No followup was published.
406:. The device could operate for only a few dozen seconds before the magnetron failed from overheating. Details were never published or replicated.
1900:
747:
The experiment was criticized for its low power, small data set, and for not having been conducted in vacuum, to eliminate thermal air currents.
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2434:
677:
In 2008, a team of Chinese researchers led by Juan Yang (æšæ¶), professor of propulsion theory and engineering of aeronautics and astronautics at
2224:
717:
235:
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856:. Produced by Rogue Space Systems, BARRY-1's primary objective is to test the company's hardware and software, with a future goal of offering
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1287:
678:
227:
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720:, or Eagleworks Laboratories, devoted to studying exotic propulsion concepts. The group investigated ideas for a wide range of untested and
265:
Media coverage of experiments using these designs has been polarized. The EmDrive first drew attention, both credulous and dismissive, when
3974:
Videos of presentations on EM Drive, Mach Effect, Cannae by March, Woodward, Tajmar and others at the 2016 Breakthrough Propulsion Workshop
2552:
Fetta, Guido P. (30 August 2014). "Numerical and Experimental Results for a Novel Propulsion Technology Requiring no On-Board Propellant".
1427:
867:. Subsequently, the experimental drive is planned to be activated, with its effects observable through public satellite tracking services.
513:
3250:
3078:
952:, White comments that "although maybe we put a little bit of a pencil mark through ... they are certainly not black-Sharpie-crossed-out."
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reported results for an evaluation of an RF resonant tapered cavity similar to the EmDrive. Testing was performed first on a knife-edge
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284:
5503:
5099:
2928:
1679:"Thrust Measurement of an Independent Microwave Thruster Propulsion Device with Three-Wire Torsion Pendulum Thrust Measurement System"
1226:
333:
222:
Since 2008, a few physicists have tested their own models, trying to reproduce the results claimed by Shawyer and Fetta. Juan Yang at
997:
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2828:
559:
245:
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2032:
1117:
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that a test of their own model had observed a small thrust. In late 2016, Yue Chen of the communication satellite division of the
5886:
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772:
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The group announced a plan to upgrade their equipment to higher power levels, and to use a test framework subject to independent
386:, to work on the EmDrive, which he said used a resonant cavity to produce thrust without propellant. The company was backed by a
253:
157:
4599:
3454:
Tajmar, Martin; Fiedler, Georg (July 2015). "Direct Thrust Measurements of an EMDrive and Evaluation of Possible Side-Effects".
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50:
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Measurement error and noise. Most theoretical scientists who have looked at the EmDrive believe this to be the likely case.
5707:
5562:
5531:
5526:
4919:
3341:
3222:
Shawyer, Roger (1 November 2015). "Second generation EmDrive propulsion applied to SSTO launcher and interstellar probe".
2696:
248:(CAST), said his team had tested prototypes, and would conduct in-orbit tests to determine if they could observe thrust.
5131:
4386:
3828:"Rogue Space Systems operations team is announcing the suspension of the active phase of a partially successful mission"
835:
2216:
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system (PLL). Their analysis assumed that using a PLL ruled out significant electromagnetic interaction with the wall.
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4012:
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1345:
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operate on the principle of reaction mass. A hypothetical drive which did not expel propellant in order to produce a
5152:
3208:
Fetta's experimental notes are no longer available, but an archived version as of 2 November 2012 is on archive.org:
2054:
Millis, Marc; Hathaway, George; Tajmar, Martin; Davis, Eric; Maclay, Jordan (30 December 2016). Gilster, Paul (ed.).
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1979:
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632:. The technical director of EADS Astrium (Shawyer's former employer) denied this in the strongest terms, stating:
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879:
According to Rogue's CEO, the company is in discussion about including a new payload from IVO on a future launch.
5662:
5521:
4752:
4199:
957:
3410:
2642:"Prediction and experimental measurement of the electromagnetic thrust generated by a microwave thruster system"
2077:
901:
Electromagnetic effects, including interaction with ambient magnetic fields and Lorentz forces from power leads.
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5344:
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Other potential sources of error include confirmation bias and publication bias (discarding negative results).
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Both Harold White's and Mike McCulloch's theories of how the EmDrive could work rely on these asymmetric or
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They later conducted experiments in vacuum at 40-80W of input power, publishing the results in 2016 in the
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2382:"EmDrive exclusive: Roger Shawyer confirms MoD and DoD interested in controversial space propulsion tech"
230:(NWPU) was unable to reproducibly measure thrust from their models, over the course of 4 years. In 2016,
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1879:"China Confirms EmDrive Research, Plans To Use The Technology On Chinese Satellites As Soon As Possible"
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In 2014, Shawyer presented ideas for 'second-generation' EmDrive designs and applications at the annual
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in the US. According to Shawyer, in December 2008 he was invited to present on the EmDrive, and in 2009
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80:
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291:, said the positive results reported by Shawyer were likely misinterpretations of experimental errors.
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184:
3174:"Defying gravity: UK team claims engine based on microwaves could revolutionise spacecraft propulsion"
2640:
Yang, Juan; Wang, Yu-Quan; Ma, Yan-Jie; Li, Peng-Fei; Yang, Le; Wang, Yang; He, Guo-Qiang (May 2013).
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Brady, David A.; White, Harold G.; March, Paul; Lawrence, James T.; Davies, Franck J. (30 July 2014).
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Yang, J.; Liu, X.-C.; Wang, Y.-G.; Tang, M.-J.; Luo, L.-T.; Jin, Y.-Z.; Ning, Z.-X. (February 2016).
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394:. In December 2002, he loosely described a prototype which he alleged had produced a thrust of 0.02
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3549:"Latest EmDrive tests at Dresden University shows "impossible Engine" does not develop any thrust"
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Propellantless propulsion: The Chinese EmDrive by CAST scientist Dr Chen Yue, China's Space Agency
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1854:(in Chinese). Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China. Archived from
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3601:"Thrust Measurements and Evaluation of Asymmetric Infrared Laser Resonators for Space Propulsion"
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3626:"The SpaceDrive Project â Mach-Effect Thruster Experiments on High-Precision Balances in Vacuum"
3678:"EmDrive: These are the problems China must fix to make microwave thrusters work on satellites"
3652:"EmDrive: Chinese space agency to put controversial tech onto satellites 'as soon as possible'"
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3264:
2875:
Lafleur, T. (2014). "Can the Quantum Vacuum be Used as a Reaction Medium to Generate Thrust?".
1822:"EmDrive: These are the problems China must fix to make microwave thrusters work on satellites"
1796:"EmDrive: Chinese space agency to put controversial tech onto satellites 'as soon as possible'"
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1251:"Anomalous Thrust Production from an RF Test Device Measured on a Low-Thrust Torsion Pendulum"
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3251:"The Performance Analysis of Microwave Thrust Without Propellant Based on the Quantum Theory"
3102:"Research in a Vacuum: DARPA Tries to Tap Elusive Casimir Effect for Breakthrough Technology"
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In 2004, Shawyer claimed to have received seven independent positive reviews from experts at
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1920:"High-accuracy thrust measurements of the EMDrive and elimination of false-positive effects"
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1543:"High-Accuracy Thrust Measurements of the EMDrive and Elimination of False-Positive Effects"
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4169:
3986:
2466:
1047:
956:
compared to device displacement. The paper includes a graphical chart, but it is based on
432:
329:
318:
299:
231:
145:
130:
2977:
891:
Experimental errors in the testing of the prototypes generally fall into four categories
302:
criticized this explanation, because in the standard description of vacuum fluctuations,
3039:
3000:"NASA Ames Research Director's Colloquium: Eagleworks Laboratories: Advanced Propulsion"
2668:
2660:
2435:"EmDrive: Roger Shawyer is patenting a new design for next-gen superconducting thruster"
2138:
1935:
1162:
5782:
5717:
5418:
5258:
5004:
4979:
4969:
4964:
4929:
4924:
4899:
4592:
4533:
4366:
4331:
4129:
4071:
4061:
3967:
3827:
1022:
1007:
857:
780:
721:
645:
589:
582:
3979:
2401:"Second generation EmDrive propulsion applied to SSTO launcher and interstellar probe"
2345:"Second generation EmDrive propulsion applied to SSTO launcher and interstellar probe"
1901:"China Claims To Have Built A Version Of NASA's 'Impossible Engine' That Uses NO Fuel"
1402:"To Mars in 70 days: Expert discusses NASA's study of paradoxical EM propulsion drive"
328:
In 2015, physicists Eric W. Davis at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Austin and
5870:
5792:
5712:
5567:
5536:
5316:
5306:
5301:
5224:
5214:
5093:
4889:
4720:
4664:
4543:
4491:
4439:
4286:
4224:
4219:
4081:
4066:
4028:
3854:"The Impossible' EmDrive Thruster Has Cleared Its First Credibility Hurdle â D-brief"
3625:
3600:
3532:
3063:
2676:
1961:
1780:
1542:
1203:
776:
531:
423:
399:
395:
337:
267:
249:
212:
196:
180:
172:
153:
108:
104:
37:
3286:
White, Harold; March, Paul; Nehemiah, Williams; O'Neill, William (5 December 2011).
3235:
3047:
2753:
2734:
2695:
Shi, Feng; Yang, Juan; Tang, Ming-Jie; Luo, Li-Tao; Wang, Yu-Quan (September 2014).
2485:
2419:
2363:
1528:, Germany. Presented at Barcelo Renacimiento Hotel, Seville, Spain 14 â 18 MAY 2018.
1166:
641:
None of the other alleged independent experts published a positive review publicly.
5797:
5756:
5729:
5488:
5284:
5279:
4959:
4879:
4837:
4777:
4669:
4620:
4503:
4434:
4321:
4266:
4214:
4204:
4194:
4164:
4093:
3531:
Tajmar, Martin; KöĂling, Matthias; Weikert, Marcel; Monette, Maxime (16 May 2018).
1037:
649:
461:
280:
211:. Claims that a drive is reactionless are generally considered by physicists to be
32:
For thrusters that use electrical power to change the velocity of spacecraft, see
3457:
Direct Thrust Measurements of an EM Drive and Evaluation of Possible Side-Effects
3287:
2400:
2344:
2142:
1713:"EM Drive Developments, NASA spaceflight forums, discussion of Yang's 2016 paper"
1650:
5812:
5807:
5613:
4864:
4625:
4351:
4341:
4209:
4159:
3801:
3126:
Millis, M.; Hathaway, G.; Tajmar, M.; Davis, E.; Maclay, J. (30 December 2016).
2777:"EmDrive: China Claims Success With This "Reactionless" Engine for Space Travel"
2186:
1485:
1428:"Can the 'impossible' space drive survive falsification in orbit? â ExtremeTech"
617:
369:
141:
prototypes based on its public descriptions have been constructed and tested.
1944:
1919:
919:
The simplest and most likely explanation is that any thrust detected is due to
5832:
5289:
5104:
4934:
4914:
4909:
4797:
4792:
4767:
4762:
4652:
4587:
4518:
4486:
4393:
4361:
4301:
4098:
3397:
Topic: EM Drive Developments â related to space flight applications â Thread 8
2905:
2801:
1017:
864:
344:
176:
3733:
3055:
2913:
2238:
1953:
1524:. (PDF) Martin Tajmar, Matthias KöĂling, Marcel Weikert, and Maxime Monette.
5080:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
4989:
4807:
4757:
4725:
4700:
4565:
4371:
4346:
4311:
4113:
4056:
1771:
1278:
945:
705:
694:
428:
295:
288:
3534:
The SpaceDrive Project â First Results on EMDrive and Mach-Effect Thrusters
3135:
1522:
The SpaceDrive Project - First Results on EMDrive and Mach-Effect Thrusters
3436:
2940:
2847:"Propulsion on an Interstellar Scale â the Quantum Vacuum Plasma Thruster"
2716:
2055:
373:
Simplified schematic drawing of an EmDrive prototype by Tajmar and Fiedler
4747:
4306:
4281:
4229:
4189:
4108:
792:
682:
315:
311:
223:
126:
5164:
3472:
2565:
1269:
343:
In May 2018, researchers from the Institute of Aerospace Engineering at
36:. For rocket that uses thrust from the momentum of emitted photons, see
5608:
5241:
4994:
4894:
4827:
4737:
4690:
849:
826:
625:
621:
548:
348:
17:
3802:"How is the Quantum Drive functioning on board the BARRY-1 satellite?"
3016:
McCulloch, M. E. (2013). "Inertia From an Asymmetric Casimir Effect".
1196:"A Theory of Microwave Propulsion for Spacecraft (Theory paper v.9.3)"
825:
In August 2016, Cannae announced plans to launch its thruster on a 6U
669:
direction by varying the spring constants in the measuring apparatus.
581:
An often-cited example of apparent nonconservation of momentum is the
5231:
5209:
4802:
3757:"Controversial Quantum Space Drive In Orbital Test, Others To Follow"
2084:. The n-Category Café (a group blog on math, physics and philosophy).
1762:
648:
version of the Cannae drive, suspended inside a liquid-helium-filled
500:
496:
2166:"No, German Scientists Have Not Confirmed the "Impossible" EMDrive"
526:
In 2016, Shawyer filed further patents and launched a new company,
4376:
3980:
TMRO video podcast #EMPossibleDrive 9.16 with builder Dave Distler
3734:"Mars could be getting closer and closer, if this science isn't m"
3030:
2881:
931:
686:
368:
336:
concluded that the thrust measurements reported in papers by both
3997:
3399:, Nasa Spaceflight Forum, posts by Paul March, 26 November 2016.
1490:"NASA Team Claims 'Impossible' Space Engine WorksâGet the Facts"
1371:"NASA Team Claims 'Impossible' Space Engine WorksâGet the Facts"
149:
5168:
4001:
2960:"Eagleworks Laboratories: Advanced Propulsion Physics Research"
2488:", published 2007-11-15, assigned to Fetta, Guido Paul
3945:"A Mythical Form of Space Propulsion Finally Gets a Real Test"
2279:
2277:
2025:"Did NASA Validate an "Impossible" Space Drive? In a Word, No"
1568:"'Impossible' EmDrive Space Thruster May Really Be Impossible"
1114:"Did NASA Validate an "Impossible" Space Drive? In a Word, No"
460:
also published a letter from the former technical director of
164:
refute all EmDrive claims by at least 3 orders of magnitude."
55:
EmDrive experiment built by NASA Eagleworks laboratory in 2013
3289:
Eagleworks Laboratories: Advanced Propulsion Physics Research
1454:"10 questions about Nasa's 'impossible' space drive answered"
570:
All proposed theories for how the EmDrive works violates the
2978:"Advanced Propulsion Physics: Harnessing the Quantum Vacuum"
2203:'Impossible' EmDrive Space Thruster May Really Be Impossible
2183:
NASA's 'Impossible' Space Engine TestedâHere Are the Results
754:
at one or more major research centers. This did not happen.
4449:
3335:
3333:
2821:"Generating Thrust Without Fuel Relies on Missing Details"
1346:"The 'Impossible' EM Drive Is About to Be Tested in Space"
3342:"NASA's Peer-Reviewed Paper on the EmDrive Is Now Online"
2504:
27:
Device claimed to be a propellantless spacecraft thruster
3435:
Hathaway, George (3 January 2017). Gilster, Paul (ed.).
2958:
White, H.; March, P.; Williams, N.; O'Neill, W. (2011).
2596:", published 2016-01-07, assigned to Cannae LLC
2536:", published 2014-01-16, assigned to Cannae LLC
2239:"Roger Shawyer â EM Space Drive â Articles & Patent"
875:
data indicates a gradual decay in its orbital altitude.
2610:
2608:
2556:. 50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference.
1918:
Tajmar, M.; Neunzig, O.; Weikert, M. (1 January 2022).
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1651:"Chinese Say They're Building 'Impossible' Space Drive"
1260:. 50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference.
693:
usually used to precisely test spacecraft engines like
3507:"'Impossible' EM drive doesn't seem to work after all"
2697:"Resonance experiment on a microwave resonator system"
2123:"Breakthrough Propulsion II: A Mass Change Experiment"
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
940:
The largest error source is believed to come from the
833:
In December 2016, Yue Chen told a reporter at China's
3934:
2616:"The Impossible Propulsion Drive Is Heading to Space"
2076:
Egan, Greg (19 September 2006). Baez, John C. (ed.).
1973:
1971:
1319:"The Impossible Propulsion Drive Is Heading to Space"
516:. A paper based on his presentation was published in
3924:
3312:"Nasa's 'impossible' EmDrive could work, study says"
3305:
3303:
2896:
Cho, A. (23 January 2004). "Momentum From Nothing".
1627:"Propellentless Space Propulsion Research Continues"
340:
and White were indicative of thermal effect errors.
5765:
5744:
5688:
5635:
5626:
5591:
5545:
5514:
5476:
5467:
5437:
5406:
5363:
5337:
5330:
5267:
5202:
5059:
5023:
4850:
4683:
4613:
4417:
4152:
4139:
4044:
3501:
3499:
3002:. NASA's Ames Research Center – via YouTube.
2554:
50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference
2257:"No-propellant drive prepares for space and beyond"
2217:"Answer about the Electromagnetic Relativity Drive"
1258:
50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference
1189:
1187:
99:
94:
86:
76:
68:
60:
3706:[EmDrive: Fantasy or major breakthrough],
3465:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
3463:. 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference.
2770:
2768:
2558:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
2476:
2474:
1850:[EmDrive: Fantasy or major breakthrough].
1541:Tajmar, Martin; Neunzig, Oliver; Weikert, Marcel.
1262:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
966:White suggested future experiments could run on a
716:Since 2011, White had a team at NASA known as the
310:and Heidi Fearn published two papers showing that
219:Shawyer's concept, using a pillbox-shaped cavity.
3537:. Space Propulsion Conference, at Seville, Spain.
1620:
1618:
1616:
1536:
1534:
1517:
1515:
928:Shift in center of gravity due to thermal effects
848:On 11 November 2023, the BARRY-1 satellite, a 3U
771:In July 2015, an aerospace research group at the
133:. The concept has at times been referred to as a
3887:
3885:
3883:
2775:Lin, Jeffrey; Singer, P. W. (20 December 2016).
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
3249:ZHU, Yu; YANG, Juan; MA, Nan (September 2008).
2729:
2727:
1144:"Breakthrough Propulsion I: The Quantum Vacuum"
936:Infrared image showing heating of the heat sink
634:
475:
466:
442:
3151:"To Mars in 70 Days. Science Fiction or Fact?"
2375:
2373:
5180:
4038:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
4013:
2250:
2248:
2127:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
1644:
1642:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1151:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
8:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2635:
2633:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1137:
1135:
43:
3368:"Update on EMDrive work at NASA Eagleworks"
3157:. University of Connecticut. Archived from
3121:
3119:
2985:Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space
2121:Fearn, H.; Woodward, J. F. (October 2016).
5632:
5473:
5334:
5187:
5173:
5165:
4149:
4020:
4006:
3998:
3976:@ Space Studies Institute YouTube Playlist
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
1603:"EmDrive: China's radical new space drive"
473:A letter from physicist Paul Friedlander:
49:
34:Electrically-powered spacecraft propulsion
5146:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
5087:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
3704:"ç”çŁé©±ćšïŒć€©æčć€è°èżæŻé性çȘç Ž æćœæŁćŒć±ć
łéźææŻæ»ć
łïŒäșć5ćčŽć
ćźç°ć·„çšćșçš"
3029:
2880:
2715:
2343:Shawyer, Roger (NovemberâDecember 2015).
1999:"Nasa validates 'impossible' space drive"
1943:
1848:"ç”çŁé©±ćšïŒć€©æčć€è°èżæŻé性çȘç Ž æćœæŁćŒć±ć
łéźææŻæ»ć
łïŒäșć5ćčŽć
ćźç°ć·„çšćșçš"
1770:
1277:
659:In 2015, Shawyer published an article in
199:with no external interaction, would be a
5599:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
2840:
2838:
1496:. Nationalgeographic.com. Archived from
1227:"Roger Shawyer, EmDrive Interview, 2015"
1107:
1105:
1103:
1003:Beam-powered propulsion § Direct impulse
440:editor Jeremy Webb responded to critics:
287:, and Australian science-fiction writer
5051:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
3296:(Technical report). NASA. JSC-CN-25207.
2071:
2069:
1899:Gallagher, Sophie (13 September 2017).
1488:; Greshko, Michael (21 November 2016).
1426:Templeton, Graham (16 September 2016).
1142:Fearn, H.; Woodward, J. F. (May 2016).
1060:
3411:"NASA's EM-drive still a WTF-thruster"
2225:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
2205:. Mike Wall, Space.com. May 23, 2018,
718:Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory
236:Advanced Propulsion Physics Laboratory
42:
5877:Discovery and invention controversies
3676:Russon, Mary-Ann (14 December 2016).
3650:Russon, Mary-Ann (13 December 2016).
3134:. Tau Zero Foundation. Archived from
3128:"Uncertain Propulsion Breakthroughs?"
2056:"Uncertain Propulsion Breakthroughs?"
1820:Russon, Mary-Ann (14 December 2016).
1794:Russon, Mary-Ann (13 December 2016).
1649:Hambling, David (24 September 2008).
1043:WhiteâJuday interferometer experiment
852:, was launched as part of the SpaceX
679:Northwestern Polytechnical University
673:Northwestern Polytechnical University
228:Northwestern Polytechnical University
7:
3781:Mansell, Richard (16 January 2024).
3755:Hambling, David (17 November 2023).
3576:"Scientists Just Killed the EmDrive"
3437:"Close Look at Recent EmDrive Paper"
3294:NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1632:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1079:"Scientists Just Killed the EmDrive"
514:International Astronautical Congress
3574:Delbert, Caroline (31 March 2021).
3172:Fisher, Richard (5 November 2004).
2486:Resonating cavity propulsion system
2433:Mary-Ann Russon (12 October 2016).
2380:Mary-Ann Russon (14 October 2016).
2215:Margaret, Hodge (5 December 2006).
1625:Hambling, David (5 November 2012).
1601:Hambling, David (6 February 2013).
1077:Delbert, Caroline (31 March 2021).
392:UK Department of Trade and Industry
285:University of California, Riverside
5504:Field-emission electric propulsion
5100:James Randi Educational Foundation
3864:. 21 November 2016. Archived from
3340:Johnson, Lief (19 November 2016).
3310:Burgess, Matt (21 November 2016).
3079:"Warp Drives and Science Fictions"
2399:Shawyer, Roger (1 November 2015).
2023:Powell, Corey S. (6 August 2014).
1877:Kumar, Kalyan (26 December 2016).
1400:Poitras, Colin (7 December 2016).
1377:. 21 November 2016. Archived from
1112:Powell, Corey S. (6 August 2014).
334:California Institute of Technology
25:
5578:Microwave electrothermal thruster
1452:Hambling, David (7 August 2014).
1194:Shawyer, Roger (September 2006).
560:China Academy of Space Technology
495:granted SPR an export license to
384:Satellite Propulsion Research Ltd
246:China Academy of Space Technology
195:, providing thrust while being a
5850:
4497:StraussâHowe generational theory
4475:Moon landing conspiracy theories
4272:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
3943:Oberhaus, Daniel (5 June 2019).
3806:Space Exploration Stack Exchange
2594:Electromagnetic thrusting system
2164:Dvorsky, George (28 July 2015).
2097:"The incredible shrinking force"
1683:Journal of Propulsion Technology
773:Dresden University of Technology
767:Dresden University of Technology
728:, drives that interact with the
538:, a small UK aerospace company.
493:Department of Trade and Industry
254:Dresden University of Technology
158:Dresden University of Technology
121:is a concept for a thruster for
5125:The Natural History of Quackery
5067:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
3409:Lee, Chris (23 November 2016).
3366:Wang, Brian (6 February 2015).
3236:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.07.002
3149:Poitras, C. (6 December 2016).
2420:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.07.002
2364:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.07.002
1997:David Hambling (31 July 2014).
1978:Webb, Jeremy (3 October 2006).
1750:Journal of Propulsion and Power
854:Transporter 9 Rideshare mission
760:Journal of Propulsion and Power
735:Journal of Propulsion and Power
241:Journal of Propulsion and Power
5708:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocketâ
5604:High Power Electric Propulsion
3800:Anne, Erin (19 January 2024).
3263:(5): 1612â1615. Archived from
3100:Marcus, A. (12 October 2009).
2484:, Fetta, Guido Paul, "
1984:New Scientist Publisher's blog
1526:Technische UniversitÀt Dresden
1344:Crew, Bec (6 September 2016).
345:Technische UniversitÀt Dresden
279:piece, mathematical physicist
183:and which produces thrust per
1:
5563:Helicon double-layer thruster
5532:Electrodeless plasma thruster
5527:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
3085:. UC Berkeley. Archived from
2998:White, H. (5 November 2014).
2976:White, H.; March, P. (2012).
2754:CN application 105947224A
2735:CN application 105781921A
2669:10.1088/1674-1056/22/5/050301
2590:WO application 2016004044
2530:US application 2014013724
2482:WO application 2007089284
2453:WO application 2016162676
2221:Daily Hansard Official Report
1225:Breeze, Nick (29 July 2015).
998:AbrahamâMinkowski controversy
652:, with inconclusive results.
5132:The Psychology of the Occult
4387:Traditional Chinese medicine
4262:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
4119:Superseded scientific theory
3736:. China News Service (äžćœæ°é»ç€Ÿ)
3732:Yan, Li (21 December 2016).
3710:(in Chinese), archived from
3708:Science and Technology Daily
3682:International Business Times
3656:International Business Times
3553:grenzwissenschaft-aktuell.de
3212:(retrieved 11 February 2015)
2927:Ball, P. (2 February 2003).
2592:, Fetta, Guido P., "
2532:, Fetta, Guido P., "
2439:International Business Times
2386:International Business Times
1852:Science and Technology Daily
1826:International Business Times
1800:International Business Times
1689:(2): 362â371. Archived from
974:Electromagnetic interactions
836:Science and Technology Daily
742:EmDrive and tapered cavities
444:It is a fair criticism that
261:Media coverage and responses
185:Newton's third law of motion
4743:Electronic voice phenomenon
4600:MyersâBriggs Type Indicator
4460:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
3048:10.1209/0295-5075/101/59001
2819:Lee, C. (8 February 2013).
2255:Tom Shelley (14 May 2007).
752:verification and validation
566:Theoretical inconsistencies
275:In 2006, responding to the
5913:
5139:The Ragged Edge of Science
4870:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
4813:Pseudoscientific metrology
4337:Miracle Mineral Supplement
2323:"End User Undertaking.pdf"
1945:10.1007/s12567-021-00385-1
1116:. Discover. Archived from
912:
189:electromagnetic propulsion
31:
5848:
5522:Pulsed inductive thruster
4753:Facilitated communication
4035:
3186:(7663): 8. Archived from
3083:berkeleysciencereview.com
2906:10.1103/PhysRevFocus.13.3
1717:forum.nasaspaceflight.com
791:They used a conventional
601:dynamical Casimir effects
528:Universal Propulsion Ltd.
382:In 2001, Shawyer founded
48:
5696:Nuclear pulse propulsion
5455:Electric-pump-fed engine
5355:Hybrid-propellant rocket
5345:Liquid-propellant rocket
5153:The Skeptic's Dictionary
4711:Biological transmutation
4631:Faster-than-light travel
4605:Enneagram of Personality
4571:Recovered-memory therapy
4455:9/11 conspiracy theories
3894:"Fuel Free Space Travel"
3702:æç§è± (11 December 2016),
2534:Electromagnetic thruster
2465:17 November 2016 at the
1846:æç§è± (11 December 2016).
644:In 2011, Fetta tested a
572:conservation of momentum
205:conservation of momentum
135:resonant cavity thruster
127:conservation of momentum
5887:Hypothetical technology
5752:Beam-powered propulsion
5725:Fission-fragment rocket
5680:Nuclear photonic rocket
5648:Nuclear electric rocket
5414:Staged combustion cycle
5350:Solid-propellant rocket
5118:The Demon-Haunted World
5036:Bourgeois pseudoscience
4470:COVID-19 misinformation
4409:Young blood transfusion
4180:Anthroposophic medicine
3963:Broadcast 2722 EM Drive
3256:Journal of Astronautics
2929:"Movement From Nothing"
1028:Quantum vacuum thruster
813:variant and Woodward's
542:Cannae and other drives
323:quantum vacuum thruster
168:History and controversy
5803:Non-rocket spacelaunch
5653:Nuclear thermal rocket
5553:Pulsed plasma thruster
4950:Corentin Louis Kervran
4818:Rapid prompting method
4706:Biodynamic agriculture
4696:Aquatic ape hypothesis
4554:Historical negationism
4257:Doctrine of signatures
4124:True-believer syndrome
3985:8 October 2016 at the
1905:The Huffington Post UK
937:
639:
484:
471:
455:
402:) powered by an 850 W
374:
365:Designs and prototypes
362:
5897:Spacecraft propulsion
5469:Electrical propulsion
5196:Spacecraft propulsion
4955:The Light (newspaper)
4940:William Donald Kelley
4833:Voice stress analysis
4465:Climate change denial
4404:Wind turbine syndrome
4399:Vertebral subluxation
4292:Germ theory denialism
2941:10.1038/news040126-19
2898:Physical Review Focus
2717:10.7498/aps.63.154103
935:
607:Tests and experiments
536:Gilo Industries Group
390:award grant from the
372:
357:
175:operate by expelling
5701:Antimatter-catalyzed
5499:Hall-effect thruster
5312:Solar thermal rocket
4945:Robert F. Kennedy Jr
4905:Ignatius L. Donnelly
4576:Past life regression
4435:Arabian Judah theory
4382:Traditional medicine
4175:Alternative medicine
4104:Pathological science
3892:Hadhazy, A. (2016).
3210:EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
3138:on 30 December 2016.
3077:Freeman, D. (2015).
2857:on 15 February 2013.
2286:"Emdrive? No thanks"
2145:on 10 September 2017
1323:popularmechanics.com
1083:popularmechanics.com
815:Mach-Effect thruster
506:Boeing Phantom Works
5643:Direct Fusion Drive
5558:Vacuum arc thruster
5445:Pressure-fed engine
5424:Gas-generator cycle
5331:Chemical propulsion
5268:Physical propulsion
5041:Demarcation problem
4875:Brigitte Boisselier
4504:Hollow Earth theory
4487:Generational theory
4185:Applied kinesiology
3993:EmDrive fails tests
3868:on 22 November 2016
3832:Rogue Space Systems
3714:on 16 December 2016
3473:10.2514/6.2015-4083
3132:centauri-dreams.org
3106:Scientific American
3040:2013EL....10159001M
2947:on 1 February 2017.
2704:Acta Physica Sinica
2661:2013ChPhB..22e0301Y
2566:10.2514/6.2014-3853
2191:National Geographic
2139:2016JBIS...69..331F
1936:2022CEAS...14...31T
1858:on 16 December 2016
1500:on 22 November 2016
1494:National Geographic
1381:on 22 November 2016
1375:National Geographic
1299:on 18 February 2015
1270:10.2514/6.2014-4029
1229:. Envisionation UK.
1172:on 29 December 2016
1163:2016JBIS...69..155F
915:Observational error
883:Experimental errors
234:'s group at NASA's
81:Spacecraft thruster
45:
5857:Spaceflight portal
5823:Reactionless drive
5788:Aerogravity assist
5628:Nuclear propulsion
5111:Skeptical Inquirer
5010:Paul Joseph Watson
4985:Hans Alfred Nieper
4823:Statement analysis
4773:Intelligent design
4648:Reactionless drive
4482:Conversion therapy
4430:Ancient astronauts
4317:Leaky gut syndrome
4297:HIV/AIDS denialism
4052:Cargo cult science
2618:. 2 September 2016
2509:Cannae LLC website
2305:"Emdrive on trial"
2303:Paul Friedlander.
1980:"Emdrive on trial"
1924:CEAS Space Journal
1693:on 28 January 2018
1325:. 2 September 2016
1033:Reactionless drive
1013:Crookes radiometer
944:of the thruster's
938:
921:experimental error
909:Measurement errors
612:Tests by inventors
594:Lorentz invariance
576:symmetry of nature
410:Second device and
375:
209:Newton's third law
201:reactionless drive
187:. All designs for
179:, which acts as a
5864:
5863:
5818:Atmospheric entry
5773:Orbital mechanics
5740:
5739:
5622:
5621:
5573:Resistojet rocket
5463:
5462:
5438:Intake mechanisms
5371:Liquid propellant
5275:Cold gas thruster
5162:
5161:
5073:Cults of Unreason
5046:Scientific method
4975:Ministry of Ayush
4920:Nicholas Gonzalez
4846:
4845:
4783:Law of attraction
4763:Flat Earth theory
4643:Quantum mysticism
4583:Scientific racism
4539:Pseudoarchaeology
4445:Conspiracy theory
4143:characterized as
4087:Pseudomathematics
4077:Pseudoarchaeology
3898:Aerospace America
3860:Discover Magazine
3834:. 9 February 2024
3580:Popular Mechanics
3482:978-1-62410-321-6
3415:arstechnica.co.uk
3224:Acta Astronautica
3190:on 9 January 2015
2783:. Popular Science
2649:Chinese Physics B
2575:978-1-62410-303-2
2408:Acta Astronautica
2352:Acta Astronautica
2029:Discover magazine
1289:978-1-62410-303-2
1087:Popular Mechanics
985:phase-locked loop
968:Cavendish balance
950:Aerospace America
942:thermal expansion
726:Alcubierre drives
691:engine test stand
662:Acta Astronautica
519:Acta Astronautica
308:James F. Woodward
304:virtual particles
115:
114:
100:Thrust, sea-level
61:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
5904:
5854:
5838:Alcubierre drive
5828:Field propulsion
5778:Orbital maneuver
5766:Related concepts
5633:
5484:Colloid thruster
5474:
5335:
5237:Specific impulse
5189:
5182:
5175:
5166:
5015:Andrew Wakefield
4716:Creation science
4675:Water-fueled car
4637:Perpetual motion
4559:Holocaust denial
4529:Nibiru cataclysm
4524:Nazi archaeology
4327:Macrobiotic diet
4150:
4022:
4015:
4008:
3999:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3938:
3937:
3935:Official website
3928:
3927:
3925:Official website
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3889:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3808:. Stack Exchange
3797:
3791:
3790:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3462:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3378:on 15 March 2016
3374:. Archived from
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3161:on 5 March 2017.
3146:
3140:
3139:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3112:on 2 March 2015.
3108:. Archived from
3097:
3091:
3090:
3089:on 12 June 2017.
3074:
3068:
3067:
3033:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2943:. Archived from
2924:
2918:
2917:
2900:. Vol. 13.
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2853:. Archived from
2842:
2833:
2832:
2827:. Archived from
2816:
2810:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2701:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:. Archived from
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2078:"A Plea to Save
2073:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2035:on 8 August 2014
2031:. Archived from
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1772:2060/20170000277
1763:10.2514/1.B36120
1743:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1674:
1661:
1660:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1538:
1529:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1350:sciencealert.com
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1292:. Archived from
1281:
1279:2060/20140009930
1255:
1246:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1207:. Archived from
1200:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1165:. Archived from
1148:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1120:on 8 August 2014
1109:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1074:
898:Thermal effects.
871:the satellite's
787:
722:fringe proposals
491:In 2007, the UK
481:
452:
404:cavity magnetron
252:'s group at the
238:reported in the
203:, violating the
156:'s group at the
53:
46:
21:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5844:
5761:
5736:
5684:
5618:
5587:
5541:
5515:Electromagnetic
5510:
5459:
5450:Pump-fed engine
5433:
5402:
5359:
5326:
5263:
5254:Rocket equation
5220:Reaction engine
5198:
5193:
5163:
5158:
5055:
5031:Bogdanov affair
5019:
4999:Claude Vorilhon
4885:Robert Charroux
4860:Sucharit Bhakdi
4852:
4842:
4679:
4609:
4549:Genocide denial
4514:Japhetic theory
4509:Indigo children
4425:2012 phenomenon
4413:
4357:Patent medicine
4277:Energy medicine
4250:Colon cleansing
4235:Crystal healing
4170:Adrenal fatigue
4144:
4142:
4135:
4040:
4031:
4026:
3987:Wayback Machine
3953:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3900:. February 2017
3891:
3890:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3555:. 21 March 2021
3547:
3546:
3542:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3460:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3441:Centauri Dreams
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3346:Motherboard.com
3339:
3338:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3267:on 14 July 2014
3248:
3247:
3243:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3155:today.uconn.edu
3148:
3147:
3143:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2851:engineering.com
2844:
2843:
2836:
2831:on 11 May 2017.
2825:arstechnica.com
2818:
2817:
2813:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2684:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2467:Wayback Machine
2458:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2261:Eureka Magazine
2254:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2219:. Column 346W.
2214:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2181:
2177:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2133:(10): 331â339.
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:Centauri Dreams
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1745:
1744:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1676:
1675:
1664:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1520:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1214:on 26 May 2018.
1211:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:Woodward effect
993:
976:
930:
917:
911:
885:
846:
844:BARRY 1 Cubesat
823:
788:10 mbar).
785:
769:
744:
714:
712:NASA Eagleworks
675:
646:superconducting
614:
609:
568:
544:
489:
479:
450:
433:science fiction
416:
380:
367:
330:Sean M. Carroll
263:
170:
131:laws of physics
56:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5910:
5908:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5882:Fringe physics
5879:
5869:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5783:Gravity assist
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5745:External power
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5718:Bussard ramjet
5710:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5546:Electrothermal
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Expander cycle
5416:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5388:Monopropellant
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5259:Thermal rocket
5256:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5169:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5024:Related topics
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5005:Randolph Stone
5002:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4980:Theodor Morell
4977:
4972:
4970:Joseph Mercola
4967:
4965:Jenny McCarthy
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4930:Graham Hancock
4927:
4925:Goop (company)
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4900:Vernon Coleman
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4665:Teleportationâ
4662:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4593:Melanin theory
4590:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4541:
4536:
4534:Parapsychology
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4418:Social science
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Primal therapy
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Magnet therapy
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4245:Detoxification
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4130:Voodoo Science
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Fringe science
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3989:@25 minutes in
3977:
3971:
3968:The Space Show
3960:
3940:
3930:
3918:
3917:External links
3915:
3912:
3911:
3879:
3845:
3819:
3792:
3773:
3747:
3724:
3694:
3668:
3642:
3617:
3592:
3566:
3540:
3523:
3495:
3481:
3446:
3427:
3401:
3389:
3358:
3329:
3299:
3278:
3259:(in Chinese).
3241:
3214:
3201:
3164:
3141:
3115:
3092:
3069:
3008:
2990:
2968:
2950:
2919:
2888:
2860:
2834:
2811:
2794:
2764:
2745:
2723:
2710:(15): 154103.
2706:(in Chinese).
2682:
2629:
2604:
2581:
2574:
2544:
2521:
2505:"Cannae Drive"
2496:
2470:
2444:
2425:
2391:
2369:
2335:
2314:
2295:
2273:
2244:
2230:
2207:
2195:
2193:. 22 May 2018.
2175:
2156:
2113:
2087:
2065:
2046:
2015:
1989:
1967:
1910:
1891:
1869:
1838:
1812:
1786:
1757:(4): 830â841.
1729:
1704:
1685:(in Chinese).
1662:
1638:
1612:
1584:
1559:
1530:
1511:
1470:
1444:
1418:
1392:
1362:
1336:
1310:
1288:
1232:
1217:
1183:
1157:(5): 155â162.
1131:
1099:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:Helical engine
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Casimir effect
1005:
1000:
994:
992:
989:
975:
972:
929:
926:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
896:
884:
881:
858:hosted payload
845:
842:
822:
821:Tests in space
819:
768:
765:
743:
740:
730:quantum vacuum
713:
710:
674:
671:
613:
610:
608:
605:
590:quantum vacuum
583:Casimir effect
567:
564:
543:
540:
488:
485:
415:
408:
379:
376:
366:
363:
262:
259:
193:reaction force
173:Rocket engines
169:
166:
113:
112:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
90:Device concept
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5909:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5892:Pseudoscience
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:Oberth effect
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5713:Fusion rocket
5711:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:Closed system
5634:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5568:Arcjet rocket
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5537:Plasma magnet
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:Electrostatic
5475:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5429:Tap-off cycle
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5398:Tripropellant
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5317:Photon rocket
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Magnetic sail
5305:
5303:
5302:Electric sail
5300:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5225:Reaction mass
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5215:Rocket engine
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:Fortean Times
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4890:Deepak Chopra
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:pseudoscience
4849:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:Cryptozoology
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Anti-gravityâ
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4544:Pseudohistory
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Generationism
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:5G conspiracy
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:Catastrophism
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:FasciaBlaster
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:Correactology
4223:
4221:
4220:Chromotherapy
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:pseudoscience
4138:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Pseudohistory
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4067:Fringe theory
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4029:Pseudoscience
4023:
4018:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3524:
3512:
3511:New Scientist
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3428:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3377:
3373:
3372:NextBigFuture
3369:
3362:
3359:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3279:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:(5): 050301.
2654:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2567:
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2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2309:New Scientist
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2290:New Scientist
2287:
2284:Alvin Wilby.
2280:
2278:
2274:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:New Scientist
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
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