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during the latter half of the war. In 1940, before the
British Commonwealth Air Training Plan was fully developed, New Zealand also trained 183 observers and 395 air gunners for the RAF. From 1943 onwards, the training of wireless operator/air gunners, and navigators was carried on in New Zealand for Pacific operations. In addition, some 2,910 pilots were trained to elementary standards and sent to Canada to continue their training. More than 2,700 wireless operator/air-gunners, 1,800 navigators, and 500 bombardiers passed through the Initial Training Wing before proceeding to Canada. Of the 131,000 trainees who graduated in Canada under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, New Zealanders formed 5.3%.
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752:, wartime demands had led to training for home requirements. The RAAF built air training and ground training schools, airfields and specialised schools that served the country well in wartime as well as postwar. All the service flying training schools were disbanded, except Uranquinty. The Uranquinty Base continued to provide refresher courses for qualified pilots and even briefly became a migrant centre in the late 1940s until it reopened as No 1 Basic Flying Training School between 1951 and 1959 when it finally closed. The Wireless Air Gunners' School at Ballarat remained as the RAAF Radio School until 1961.
682:. This museum is non-profit and was founded and operated by volunteers dedicated to the preservation of the history of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. It serves as a unique memorial to those airmen who trained and served, especially to those who died for their country in the air war of 1939–1945. This is the only museum in the world dedicated solely to this goal, located in Manitoba where so much of the training was carried out. The collection includes 14 aircraft on display including the museum's airworthy Auster, Harvard, Cornell and Stinson HW-75.
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sewer mains laid, involving 2,000,000 cubic yards (1,500,000 m) of excavation. A total of 100 sewage treatment and disposal plants and 120 water pumping stations were completed; and more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of main power lines and 535 miles (861 km) of underground electrical cable placed, servicing a total connected electrical power load of over 80,700 horsepower (60.2 MW).
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247:". Articles XVI and XVII stipulated that the UK government would be wholly responsible for the pay and entitlements of graduates, once they were placed with RAF or Article XV units. Some pre-war/regular RAAF and RCAF squadrons also served under RAF operational control, while New Zealand and Rhodesian personnel were frequently assigned to RAF squadrons with the
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905:, the first feature length Hollywood production filmed entirely in Canada, proved to be an effective propaganda tool for both Canada and the United States as well as a playing a part in recruiting. The title of the film came from a phrase uttered at a BCATP Wings Parade by Air Marshall W.A.(Billy) Bishop, the
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The success of the
British Commonwealth Air Training Plan illustrated that the Commonwealth still had political and military significance during the Second World War. The Plan was Canada's major contribution to the early war effort and was an important and unifying national achievement. Canada became
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would absorb
Canadian air training graduates without restrictions, as in the First World War, and distribute them across the RAF. King demanded that Canadian airmen be identified as members of the RCAF with distinct uniforms and shoulder badges. On 17 December 1939, the four nations concluded the Air
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In 1940, the RAF began to move aircrew training schools from the United
Kingdom to Canada. The schools were run by the RAF independently of the RCAF's BCATP operations. Twenty-six RAF independent aircrew training schools were set up in Canada, plus No. 31 RDF (Radio Direction Finding) School and No.
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Canada was chosen as the primary location for "The Plan" because of its suitable weather; wide open spaces ideal for extensive flight and navigation training; closeness to the United States' industrial centres and supplies of fuel; the lack of any threat from enemy aircraft; and its proximity to the
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The agreement stated that the training was to be styled after that of the RAF: three initial training schools, 13 elementary flying training schools, 16 service flying training schools, 10 air observer schools, 10 bombing and gunnery schools, two air navigation schools and four wireless schools were
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In early 1944, the Air
Ministry announced the winding-up of the plan, since the Commonwealth air forces had developed a surplus of air crews. At the conclusion of the war, over 167,000 students, including over 50,000 pilots, had trained in Canada under the program from May 1940 to March 1945. While
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During 1940, Royal
Australian Air Force (RAAF) schools were established across Australia to support EATS in Initial Training, Elementary Flying Training, Service Flying Training, Air Navigation, Air Observer, Bombing and Gunnery and Wireless Air Gunnery. The first flying course started on 29 April
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saw involvement in the BCATP as a means of keeping
Canadians at home, but more importantly, it eased demands for a large expeditionary force and buried the politically divisive issue of overseas conscription. Negotiating the agreement was difficult. Canada agreed to accept most of the costs of the
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Infrastructure development including erecting "some 8,300 buildings of which 700 were hangars or of hangar-type construction." Fuel storage totalling more than 26 million imperial gallons (120,000 m) was installed along with 300 miles (480 km) of water mains and a similar length of
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During the war, the RNZAF contributed 2,743 fully trained pilots to serve with the RAF in Europe, the Middle East, and Far East. Another 1,521 pilots who completed their training in New
Zealand were retained in country; either as instructors, staff pilots, or manning operational squadrons formed
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Prior to the war, the RAAF trained only about 50 pilots per year. Under the BCATP, Australia undertook to provide 28,000 aircrew over three years, representing 36% of the total number trained by the BCATP. By 1945, more than 37,500 Australian aircrew had been trained in
Australia; a majority of
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United States. In addition, other
Americans began crossing the border to enlist at RCAF recruiting centres. In the spring of 1941, President Roosevelt stated that Americans could accept employment and volunteer for service with the British Commonwealth. After Pearl Harbor, RCAF recruiting in the
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The agreement called for the training of nearly 50,000 aircrew each year, for as long as necessary: 22,000 aircrew from Great Britain, 13,000 from Canada, 11,000 from Australia and 3,300 from New Zealand. Under the agreement, air crews received elementary training in their home country before
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The governments of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand have published these official histories of the Second World War on the world wide web. The Canadian government has similarly published the official records of the wartime RCAF. The links given below were valid in March 2024.
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199:. The use of "British Commonwealth Air Training Plan" to denote the Canadian program and "Empire Air Training Scheme" to denote the totality of British worldwide aircrew training programs is consistent with the way these terms were used in the wartime
712:(1950–1957) that graduated 4,600 pilots and navigators from 10 countries. Later bilateral arrangements with individual NATO powers (1959–1983), the Military Training Assistance Plan, which has trained aircrews from developing countries since 1964 and
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Article XV of the agreement stipulated that graduates belonging to Dominion air forces, where they were assigned to service with the RAF, should be placed in new squadrons identified with the RAAF, RCAF and RNZAF. These units later became known as
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one of the great air training centres and trained more than 130,000 trained aircrew for the Allied cause. The Canadian government paid about $ 2 billion of the Plan's cost of $ 2.25 billion, including $ 425 million of the United Kingdom's share.
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By early 1944, the flow of RAAF replacement personnel to Europe had begun to outstrip demand, and, following a request by the British government, was wound back significantly. Australian involvement was effectively terminated in October 1944.
512:. Some Article XV squadrons were also transferred to RAAF or RAF formations involved in the Pacific War. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of RAAF personnel remained in Europe and RAAF Article XV squadrons continued to be formed there.
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in Toronto. From this intake, 34 received their wings as pilots on 5 November 1940 and remained in Canada to serve in the BCATP as instructors or staff pilots. The first BCATP graduates sent to the United Kingdom were 37 Canadian
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United States was suspended and 1,759 American members of the RCAF transferred to the armed forces of the United States. Later on, another 2,000 transferred to US forces while 5,000 or so completed their service with the RCAF.
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On the third anniversary of the Plan President Roosevelt enthused that the BCATP had transformed Canada into the "aerodrome of democracy", a play on his earlier description of the United States as "the Arsenal of Democracy."
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American assistance also included financial support that enabled the Canadian government to purchase aircraft, aircraft engines and other equipment for the BCATP in the US while maintaining an adequate supply of US dollars.
716:(NFTC), since 1998, a partnership of the Canadian Forces, Bombardier Aerospace Corporation and participating air forces. In 2005, the Canadian Department of National Defence awarded a 22-year, $ 1.77-billion contract to an
259:" in their names. However, in practice – and technically in contravention of Article XV – most personnel from other Commonwealth countries, while they were under RAF operational control, were assigned to British units.
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In some texts, the name British Commonwealth Air Training Plan is erroneously used to denote these worldwide training efforts. The totality of British aircrew training efforts is correctly referred to as the
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team led by Kelowna Flightcraft Ltd. of Kelowna, British Columbia, to provide flying training and support services to the Canadian Forces and international allies. These services are provided out of the
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The BCATP was one of many wartime training programs undertaken for and by the RAF and FAA. Such training occurred throughout the British Empire and Commonwealth and even extended into the United States.
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454:, shown here in camouflaged upper surfaces, yellow lower surfaces, denoting a UK-based aircraft, was in use by all Commonwealth training units. In other BCATP areas the camouflage was dispensed with.
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While its Canadian counterpart, at its peak strength (in 1944) was the larger of the two air forces, the RAAF overtook the RCAF towards the war's end to become the world's fourth largest air force.
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At the plan's peak of activity in late 1943, the BCATP comprised over 100,000 administrative personnel operating 107 schools and 184 other supporting units at 231 locations all across Canada.
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sector of the economy and left new or improved airports all across the country. The classic BCATP airport consisted of three runways, each typically 2,500 ft (760 m) in length,
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1943:
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335:, a senior RAF commander (at the time in charge of RAF squadrons in Malta) and a Canadian, was posted to Ottawa as Director of Training. From 1940 he directed BCATP training.
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in British Commonwealth Air Training Plan "trainer yellow" at the Western Canada Aviation Museum (note the skis, and the enclosed cockpit common to Canadian-built Tiger Moths)
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667:, a monument erected to commemorate, "by name, some 800 men and women who lost their lives while serving or training with the Air Forces of the Commonwealth in Canada, the
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For a period, most RAAF aircrews received advanced training in Canada. During mid-1940, however, some RAAF trainees began to receive advanced training at RAF facilities in
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plan but in return insisted on a British pronouncement that air training would be Canada's primary war effort. Another sticking point was the British expectation that the
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The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan was the precursor of post-war international air training schemes in Canada, many of them involving personnel from other
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A RCAF WWII jacket patch for #8 B&G (Bomb & Gunnery) School located at Lethbridge, AB. The Crest Craft D.C. Block back-stamp dates to the early 1940s.
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so that aircraft could always land (more-or-less) into the wind – that was critically important at a time when most light training aircraft (such as the
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the majority of those who successfully completed the program went on to serve in the RAF, over half (72,835) of the 131,553 graduates were Canadians.
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In 1949, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom presented Canada with memorial wrought iron gates for the entrance to the parade square at
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31 Personnel Depot. In the summer of 1942, these RAF units were folded into the BCATP as part of the renegotiation and reorganization of the Plan.
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Trainees from many other countries attended schools under the Plan, including Argentina, Belgium, Ceylon, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Fiji,
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428:. It was similar to an Elementary Flying Training School in the BCATP. Graduates of Little Norway received advanced training in BCATP schools.
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on 26 October 1940. The first BCATP-trained pilots posted overseas as a group were 37 RAAF personnel who graduated on 22 November 1940 from
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A memorial was dedicated to 5 Service Flying Training School RAAF, within the Empire Air Training Scheme at Uranquinty, 19 September 1999.
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Greenhous, Brereton (1981). "The Impact of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan on Western Canada: Some Saskatchewan Case Studies."
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By mid-1940, Canadian flying instructors were in extremely short supply and the RCAF began to recruit American pilots to fill this role.
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RCAF.Info: High quality Canadian index into the official RCAF records and collection of related Canadian primary material from the BCATP
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508:. In addition, an increasing number of Australian personnel were transferred from Europe and the Mediterranean to RAF squadrons in the
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117:. The BCATP remains one of the single largest aviation training programs in history and was responsible for training nearly half the
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were used as a trainer aircraft by thousands of Commonwealth aviators from 1940 onwards. Harvard II from the BCATP Museum in
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The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 1939–1945, An Historical Sketch and Record of Ceremony at RCAF Station Trenton
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in December 1941, the majority of RAAF aircrews completed their training in Australia and served with RAAF units in the
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1217:"Biographical cuttings on Keith Bruce Chisholm, first Australian airman trained under the Empire Air Training Scheme."
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858:. Most of the Dominions and other territories did not award their own separate citizenship until after the war, in
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and Allied nationals under RAF quotas married Canadian girls," many of whom remained in Canada to raise families.
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A Plan for the Future: The Legacies of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan In Canada's Prairie Provinces
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576:. The gates commemorate the successful wartime partnership and enduring friendship between the four countries.
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Training Agreement – often called the "Riverdale Agreement", after the UK representative at the negotiations,
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Canada and the Cost of World War II: The International Operations of Canada's Department of Finance 1939–1947
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On 14 November 1940, the first contingent to graduate from advanced training in Canada embarked for Britain,
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travelling to Canada for advanced courses. Training costs were to be divided among the four governments.
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Aircraft and related items of the BCATP are preserved at many other museums across Canada including the
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Canadiana.org Heritage Collection: Digitized official records of the Royal Canadian Air Force 1939-1945
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Instructor and student with North American Harvard II aircraft of No.2 Service Flying Training School,
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but is still easily visible under postwar runway extensions at other former BCATP airports, such as
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The Creation of a National Air Force: The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force vol. II
644:. The final report of the BCATP Supervisory Board calculated that "more than 3,750 members of the
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The BCATP provided an economic boost in the Western provinces that were still recovering from the
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On 29 April 1940, the first Canadian training course officially commenced, with 166 recruits, at
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Desert Warriors: Australian P-40 Pilots at War in the Middle East and North Africa, 1941–1943.
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training program created by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand during the
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In 1940, refugee Norwegian airmen established an aircrew training school in Toronto called
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Negotiations regarding joint aircrew training between the four governments took place in
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Aerodrome of Democracy: Canada and the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 1939–1945
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The "Scheme" cost Australia about £100,000,000 for its commitments. In addition to the
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was instrumental in setting up a clandestine recruiting organization in the then still-
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A Last Call of Empire: Australian Aircrew, Britain and the Empire Air Training Scheme
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in Second World War Official Histories, vol. I, Royal Australian Air Force 1939-1942
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are on state or national heritage lists. Wireless operator/air gunners' schools at
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Douglas gives a detailed discussion of the negotiations in Ottawa on pp. 208-219.
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over Europe and the Pacific) was the first Australian to be trained under EATS.
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1147:"A Short History of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan and the Museum."
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Canada was chosen as the primary location for the BCATP's training operations.
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List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Southern Rhodesia
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British Commonwealth Air Training Plan National Historic Event – Parks Canada
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Thematic Study: WWII Aerodromes and associated structures in New South Wales
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Training for Victory: The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan in the West
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Australian War Memorial 2003 History Conference: Air War Europe (Canberra)
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List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in South Africa
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in The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-1945
949:"History of the Creation of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan."
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were used. Pilots might have done their initial flight training on the
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List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Australia
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The Six Years' War: A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–45 War
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Various aircraft, transport and training objects may be seen at the
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List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Canada
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these, over 27,300, had also graduated from schools in Australia.
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At the time of the Second World War, all persons born within the
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The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan is referred to as the
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Category:Airports of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
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The RCAF ran the plan in Canada, but to satisfy RAF concerns,
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A short history of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
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The Long and the Short and the Tall: An Ordinary Airman's War
1309:"New Wings For Canadian Forces Pilot Training At Southport."
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The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan was designated a
1203:(RAAF), Issue 119, September 2009, p. 2. (Reprinted in the
1081:"The Empire Air Training Scheme" (conference presentation).
27:
Joint military aircrew training program during World War II
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Military history of Southern Rhodesia during World War II
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That triangular runway outline is perfectly preserved at
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Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes,
1363:. Markham, Ontario: Thomas Allen & Son Publishers.
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The plan spawned a modern air force, a strong Canadian
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Relationship to other British aircrew training programs
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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
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Behind The Glory: The Plan that Won the Allied Air War
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Host to the Royal Norwegian Air Force training program
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Photographs of BCATP memorial, Middleton, Nova Scotia
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595:, which are difficult to land in strong cross-winds.
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A wide range of American and British aircraft designs
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Military history of South Africa during World War II
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Photographs of BCATP memorial, Kingston, Nova Scotia
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Royal Canadian Air Force: Douglas, W. A. B. (1986).
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and the United States and who have no known grave."
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Military history of New Zealand during World War II
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1495:. Ottawa: Canadian Department of National Defence.
76:
71:
34:
1066:
1064:
432:Host to independent Royal Air Force training units
5009:Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)
4969:Military history of Australia during World War II
1250:CFB Trenton Celebrates Historic Moments in Flight
1201:Pathfinder: Air Power Development Centre Bulletin
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
394:was used as a key pilot training aid in the BCATP
637:. Many BCATP airports are still in use in 2024.
1307:Babin, Captain Mike and Captain Rick Flaherty.
1294:
1292:
4974:Military history of Canada during World War II
1580:Royal Canadian Air Force: Hatch, F.J. (1983).
1538:Canadian Wings: A Remarkable Century of Flight
959:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum,
49:Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United States
1671:
1555:Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada Limited.
1428:. Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books.
1413:. Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books.
1398:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
1152:, 16 February 2007. Retrieved: 12 April 2010.
8:
521:Australia and the Empire Air Training Scheme
217:during the first few months of the war. The
109:", was a large-scale multinational military
1553:The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.
1141:
1139:
854:shared the same citizenship, that of being
315:as employed in the BCATP on display at the
3529:
2581:
1770:
1678:
1664:
1656:
1380:Maryborough Qld, Australia: Banner Books.
1274:"NFTC: Military Fling Training in Canada."
31:
1478:The Oxford Companion to Canadian History.
175:, Norway, Poland, and the United States.
1591:The Empire Plan: Doctrines and Decisions
1443:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1344:Modern Australia in Documents: 1939–1970
981:"British Commonwealth Air Training Plan"
943:
941:
939:
937:
1269:
1267:
933:
843:
4964:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
3510:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1651:. University of British Columbia. 2005
1600:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
1394:(2005), edited by Matthew J. Bellamy.
801:British Flying Training School Program
99:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
35:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
5024:South Africa–United Kingdom relations
4381:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3813:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3459:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3415:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2513:Rape during the occupation of Germany
1540:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
1525:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
1510:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
1480:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
723:Canada Wings Aviation Training Centre
687:Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association
676:Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum
353:, or the Canadian designed and built
197:Joint Aircrew Training Program (JATP)
7:
3503:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2528:Rape during the liberation of France
1573:The Creation of a National Air Force
1473:16:3/4, Autumn/automne/Winter/hiver.
277:No. 2 Service Flying Training School
1458:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
1198:"World's Fourth Largest Air Force?"
699:National Air Force Museum of Canada
552:Re-creation of a BCATP base at the
209:Genesis of the Plan and first steps
3729:German invasion of the Netherlands
2002:Weather events during World War II
1321:2009. Retrieved: 25 November 2010.
1286:2010. Retrieved: 25 November 2010.
345:-produced examples of the British
25:
5019:Rhodesia–United Kingdom relations
4360:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
912:, who played himself in the film.
691:Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
317:Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
193:Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS)
4920:
105:), often referred to as simply "
55:
5014:Canada–United Kingdom relations
1476:Hallowell, Gerald, ed. (2004).
1222:. Retrieved: 12 September 2009.
811:Civilian Pilot Training Program
758:EATS pilot training schools at
399:Assistance by the United States
4607:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
2310:Territorial changes of Germany
2218:Indonesian National Revolution
1097:. Retrieved: 13 November 2010.
714:NATO Flying Training in Canada
627:Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport
606:at the location of the former
500:Following the outbreak of the
271:, who received their wings at
91:de Havilland DH.82C Tiger Moth
1:
4007:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3958:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3722:German invasion of Luxembourg
2096:Mediterranean and Middle East
1598:Royal New Zealand Air Force:
623:Claresholm Industrial Airport
264:No. 1 Initial Training School
4984:Military history of Rhodesia
3914:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3603:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2914:Independent State of Croatia
1589:Royal Australian Air Force:
1536:Payne, Stephen, ed. (2006).
764:Cunderdin, Western Australia
4898:End of World War II in Asia
4738:Western invasion of Germany
4245:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
4222:Second Battle of El Alamein
3792:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3764:Battle of the Mediterranean
3617:Italian invasion of Albania
1784:Air warfare of World War II
1333:Retrieved 13 September 2015
1106:Hatch 1983, p.47, pp.54-56.
961:Retrieved: 18 October 2010.
760:Evans Head, New South Wales
171:, Greece, the Netherlands,
162:Royal New Zealand Air Force
5040:
4999:Aviation history of Canada
4824:Naval bombardment of Japan
4192:First Battle of El Alamein
4111:Battle of Christmas Island
4056:Japanese invasion of Burma
3820:Italian invasion of Greece
3736:German invasion of Belgium
3708:German invasion of Denmark
3681:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
3550:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1807:Comparative military ranks
1609:Royal Canadian Air Force:
1439:Douglas, W. A. B. (1986).
1205:Canadian Air Force Journal
970:Dunmore 1994, pp. 45, 345.
750:Empire Air Training Scheme
727:Southport Aerospace Centre
708:powers. These include the
554:Western Development Museum
518:
506:South West Pacific Theatre
465:Empire Air Training Scheme
439:
154:Royal Australian Air Force
4913:
4745:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4676:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
4300:Allied invasion of Sicily
4160:Aleutian Islands campaign
4132:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
4070:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3965:Second Battle of Changsha
3870:German invasion of Greece
3715:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
2050:North and Central Pacific
1693:
1551:Smith. I. Norman (1941).
1454:Dunmore, Spencer (1994).
1424:Conrad, Peter C. (1989).
54:
47:
39:
5004:Royal Canadian Air Force
4337:Allied invasion of Italy
4314:Solomon Islands campaign
4063:Third Battle of Changsha
3660:First Battle of Changsha
3566:Second Sino-Japanese War
2499:German military brothels
2365:United States war crimes
1409:Collins, Robert (1986).
1179:Hatch 1983, pp. 189-191.
510:South East Asian Theatre
164:(RNZAF) during the war.
158:Royal Canadian Air Force
4759:Second Guangxi campaign
4614:Philippines (1944–1945)
4118:Battle of the Coral Sea
4021:Fall of the Philippines
3667:Battle of South Guangxi
3573:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2972:Italian Social Republic
1521:McCarthy, John (1988).
1392:Bryce, Robert Broughton
1376:Brown, Russell (2000).
1279:9 February 2006 at the
1095:Australian War Memorial
954:29 October 2010 at the
780:Maryborough, Queensland
738:National Historic Event
695:Reynolds-Alberta Museum
558:Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
405:Air Marshal W.A. Bishop
326:European theatre of war
4344:Armistice of Cassibile
4146:Battle of Dutch Harbor
4097:Battle of the Java Sea
4000:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3900:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3893:Battle of South Shanxi
3863:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3646:Battle of the Atlantic
3260:Korean Liberation Army
2966:(until September 1943)
2923:(until September 1944)
2901:(until September 1944)
1582:Aerodrome of Democracy
1261:Greenhous 1981, p. 10.
1252:Retrieved 1 March 2014
1231:Hallowell 2004, p. 89.
1188:Hatch 1983, pp. 63-69.
1170:Hatch 1983, pp. 84-85.
1070:Bryce 2005, pp. 47–51.
1013:Hallowell 2004, p. 88.
890:Captains of the Clouds
710:NATO Air Training Plan
618:
616:
589:North American Harvard
585:arranged in a triangle
561:
455:
395:
369:
320:
302:
219:W.L.M. King government
94:
4508:Second Battle of Guam
4404:Bengal famine of 1943
4374:Second Battle of Kiev
4330:Battle of the Dnieper
4035:Battle of Wake Island
3907:East African campaign
3849:Battle of South Henan
3494:atrocities by Germans
3267:Korean Volunteer Army
2241:Occupation of Germany
1995:Music in World War II
1240:Greenhous 1981, p. 1.
1161:Hatch 1983 pp. 88-92.
1133:Dunmore 1994, p. 269.
1086:10 March 2008 at the
806:Bermuda Flying School
740:on 18 November 1983.
614:
608:RCAF Station Mossbank
601:
551:
519:Further information:
485:No. 452 Squadron RAAF
479:(who later became an
449:
440:Further information:
386:
363:
308:
290:
89:
4794:Surrender of Germany
4272:Battle of West Hubei
4229:Guadalcanal campaign
4199:Battle of Stalingrad
4125:Battle of Madagascar
2892:Albania protectorate
2679:(formerly Swaziland)
2388:Wehrmacht war crimes
2204:Expulsion of Germans
1988:Art and World War II
1886:British contribution
1835:Governments in exile
1506:Long, Gavin (1973).
1491:Hatch, F.J. (1983).
1359:Barris, Ted (2005).
1124:Barris 2005, p. 164.
1058:Smith 1941, pp. 7–9.
997:Barris 2005, p. 316.
868:1949 for New Zealand
813:of the United States
796:Article XV squadrons
768:Point Cook, Victoria
631:Boundary Bay Airport
529:
458:
366:RCAF Station Uplands
245:Article XV squadrons
141:who served with the
4884:Potsdam Declaration
4773:Italy (Spring 1945)
4536:Liberation of Paris
3993:Siege of Sevastopol
3004:(until August 1944)
2907:Wang Jingwei regime
2729:from September 1943
2689:from September 1944
2627:from September 1944
2487:Romanian war crimes
2478:Persecution of Jews
2464:Croatian war crimes
2434:Japanese war crimes
2248:Occupation of Japan
2197:First Indochina War
1909:Military production
1821:Declarations of war
1342:F.K. Crowley, ed.,
1314:6 July 2011 at the
1298:Payne 2006, p. 189.
665:The Ottawa Memorial
283:Canadian operations
4877:Surrender of Japan
4710:Battle of Iwo Jima
4559:Belgrade offensive
3972:Siege of Leningrad
3856:Battle of Shanggao
3785:British Somaliland
3750:Dunkirk evacuation
3701:Norwegian campaign
3639:Invasion of Poland
3466:Japanese prisoners
2427:Italian war crimes
2358:British war crimes
2273:Soviet occupations
2057:South-West Pacific
1944:Allied cooperation
1902:Military equipment
1115:Hatch 1983, p. 39.
1049:Hatch 1983, p. 18.
1031:Hatch 1983, p. 22.
1022:Hatch 1983, p. 15.
864:1948 for Australia
860:Canada's case 1946
784:Ballarat, Victoria
776:Laverton, Victoria
772:Essendon, Victoria
731:Portage la Prairie
661:Queen Elizabeth II
619:
617:
562:
530:New Zealand's role
456:
396:
370:
321:
303:
135:wireless operators
95:
4951:
4950:
4909:
4908:
4752:Battle of Okinawa
4651:Burma (1944–1945)
4485:Mariana and Palau
4265:Tunisian campaign
4090:Fall of Singapore
4014:Fall of Hong Kong
3757:Battle of Britain
3610:Operation Himmler
3519:
3518:
3183:Dutch East Indies
2819:Southern Rhodesia
2571:
2570:
2471:Genocide of Serbs
2374:German war crimes
2351:Soviet war crimes
2344:Allied war crimes
2190:Division of Korea
2169:Chinese Civil War
1967:Strategic bombing
1879:Manhattan Project
1486:978-0-19-541559-9
1456:Wings For Victory
1404:978-0-7735-2938-0
1386:978-1-875593-22-4
1145:Hayter, Stephen.
1040:Smith 1941, p. 5.
985:Juno Beach Centre
680:Brandon, Manitoba
635:Brantford Airport
492:Southern Rhodesia
299:Brandon, Manitoba
258:
254:
84:
83:
16:(Redirected from
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4944:
4937:
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4927:World portal
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4780:Battle of Berlin
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4724:Vienna offensive
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3979:Battle of Moscow
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987:. 31 March 2014.
977:
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947:Hayter, Steven.
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856:British subjects
848:
642:Great Depression
581:postwar aviation
483:and served with
459:Australia's role
452:DH 82 Tiger Moth
392:flight simulator
256:
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139:flight engineers
115:Second World War
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42:Second World War
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3877:Battle of Crete
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3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3010:Slovak Republic
3008:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2981:Empire of Japan
2979:
2970:
2962:
2955:
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2607:
2600:
2593:
2567:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2526:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2493:Sexual violence
2492:
2485:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2407:
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2329:
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2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2216:
2211:Greek Civil War
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2036:South-East Asia
2034:
2027:
2020:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1895:Military awards
1893:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
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1725:
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1697:
1689:
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1563:
1558:
1355:
1350:
1346:(1973) 2: 12–14
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1316:Wayback Machine
1306:
1302:
1297:
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1281:Wayback Machine
1272:
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1207:, Winter 2010.)
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907:First World War
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874:
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840:
835:
792:
746:
546:
541:
532:
527:
461:
450:The ubiquitous
444:
434:
422:
401:
351:Boeing Stearman
349:, the American
285:
235:to be created.
211:
184:
143:Royal Air Force
67:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5037:
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4854:South Sakhalin
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4310:
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4279:Battle of Attu
4275:
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4260:
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4059:
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4028:Battle of Guam
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3951:Battle of Kiev
3947:
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3499:
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3450:United Kingdom
3446:
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3408:
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2847:British Empire
2840:United Kingdom
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2656:Czechoslovakia
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2588:
2579:
2573:
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2566:
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2556:
2553:Rape of Manila
2549:
2542:
2535:
2524:
2509:
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2474:
2460:
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2370:
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2328:
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2324:United Nations
2320:
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2297:
2290:
2283:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2237:
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2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2183:Decolonization
2179:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2122:
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2120:
2113:
2106:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1954:
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1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1875:
1868:
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1859:
1856:United Kingdom
1852:
1838:
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1803:
1796:
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1654:
1653:
1647:Newell, Alan.
1644:
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1634:
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1624:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1586:
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1562:
1561:External links
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1079:Clark, Chris.
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852:British Empire
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477:Keith Chisholm
467:in Australia.
460:
457:
433:
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418:
400:
397:
368:, Canada, 1941
284:
281:
253:(NEW ZEALAND)"
229:Lord Riverdale
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4861:Kuril Islands
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4628:Syrmian Front
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4574:Market Garden
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4433:Monte Cassino
4430:
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4405:
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3799:Baltic states
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3443:United States
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3379:Quốc dân Đảng
3376:
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3079:Liechtenstein
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3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3031:Collaboration
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:United States
2853:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:Comfort women
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2530: /
2529:
2525:
2522:
2519: /
2518:
2515: /
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:Camp brothels
2503:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:The Holocaust
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:forced labour
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:Marshall Plan
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2087:Eastern Front
2084:
2081:
2080:Western Front
2077:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:Puppet states
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:Naval history
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1863:United States
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:1-55365-167-7
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:0-642-99503-6
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:0-642-99375-0
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:0-660-11443-7
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:0-7710-2927-6
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:0-8020-2584-6
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:0-88833-302-1
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:0-88833-187-8
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:0-88762-212-7
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:NLA Catalogue
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
994:
991:
986:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
944:
942:
940:
938:
934:
928:
918:
915:
911:
908:
904:
900:
897:
893:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
847:
844:
837:
832:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
753:
751:
743:
741:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
678:, located in
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
570:
566:
559:
555:
550:
543:
538:
536:
526:
522:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
498:
495:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
472:
468:
466:
453:
448:
443:
438:
431:
429:
427:
426:Little Norway
419:
417:
413:
410:
406:
398:
393:
390:
387:The American
385:
381:
377:
373:
367:
362:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
334:
333:Robert Leckie
329:
327:
318:
314:
311:
307:
300:
296:
293:
289:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
265:
260:
250:
246:
240:
236:
232:
230:
225:
220:
216:
208:
206:
204:
203:
198:
194:
188:
181:
179:
176:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Fleet Air Arm
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
88:
79:
75:
70:
66:
63:
58:
53:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4935:Bibliography
4918:
4731:Project Hula
4696:Vistula–Oder
4665:
4598:
4589:
4573:
4543:
4492:
4476:
4467:
4458:
4424:
4321:
4236:
4212:
4182:
3933:
3826:
3771:North Africa
3473:Soviet Union
3427:Soviet Union
3353:Soviet Union
3121:Vatican City
3024:Vichy France
2929:German Reich
2826:Soviet Union
2812:South Africa
2805:Sierra Leone
2758:Newfoundland
2577:Participants
2560:Marocchinate
2264:
2255:
2225:
2103:North Africa
2064:Indian Ocean
1923:Nazi plunder
1814:Cryptography
1687:World War II
1648:
1610:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1564:
1552:
1537:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1470:
1455:
1440:
1425:
1410:
1395:
1377:
1360:
1353:Bibliography
1343:
1338:
1326:
1318:
1303:
1283:
1257:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1075:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
993:
984:
975:
966:
958:
917:
903:James Cagney
896:Warner Bros.
888:
884:
875:
846:
757:
754:
747:
735:
733:, Manitoba.
718:Allied Wings
703:
684:
673:
658:
639:
620:
593:taildraggers
578:
571:
567:
563:
533:
514:
499:
496:
489:
473:
469:
462:
435:
423:
414:
402:
389:Link Trainer
378:
374:
371:
337:
330:
322:
313:Cessna Crane
273:RCAF Trenton
261:
241:
237:
233:
212:
202:London Times
201:
196:
192:
189:
185:
177:
173:Newfoundland
166:
106:
102:
98:
96:
72:Site history
40:Part of the
29:
4666:Bodenplatte
4552:Gothic Line
3778:West Africa
3325:Philippines
3304:Netherlands
3169:Czech lands
3107:Switzerland
3051:Afghanistan
2995:Philippines
2863:Puerto Rico
2779:Philippines
2765:New Zealand
2751:Netherlands
2704:Free France
2455:Prosecution
2256:Osoaviakhim
2126:West Africa
2110:East Africa
1757:Conferences
910:fighter ace
669:West Indies
602:A memorial
574:CFB Trenton
502:Pacific War
355:Fleet Finch
169:Free France
160:(RCAF) and
131:air gunners
127:bomb aimers
77:In use
4958:Categories
4766:West Hunan
4599:Pointblank
3935:Silver Fox
3921:Summer War
3674:Winter War
3653:Phoney War
3434:Azerbaijan
3395:Yugoslavia
3290:Luxembourg
3132:Resistance
2872:Yugoslavia
2737:Luxembourg
2539:Sook Ching
2335:War crimes
1937:Technology
1930:Opposition
1872:Lend-Lease
1849:Australian
1842:Home front
1800:Blitzkrieg
1750:Casualties
1741:Commanders
1713:Operations
833:References
697:, and the
347:Tiger Moth
257:(RHODESIA)
249:honorifics
147:Royal Navy
123:navigators
4831:Manchuria
4717:Indochina
4493:Bagration
3944:Lithuania
3589:Anschluss
3386:Viet Minh
3283:Lithuania
3225:Hong Kong
2988:Manchukuo
2943:Azad Hind
2602:Australia
2402:Aftermath
2265:Paperclip
2160:Aftermath
1960:Total war
1828:Diplomacy
1791:In Europe
1284:nftc.net,
929:Citations
901:starring
744:Australia
663:unveiled
659:In 1959,
357:biplane.
301:, Canada.
269:observers
4942:Category
4891:document
4801:document
4658:Ardennes
4642:Budapest
4590:Crossbow
4468:Overlord
4307:Smolensk
3525:Timeline
3360:Slovakia
3346:Thailand
3197:Ethiopia
3162:Bulgaria
3086:Portugal
3017:Thailand
2899:Bulgaria
2677:Eswatini
2670:Ethiopia
2623:Bulgaria
2448:Unit 731
2409:Response
2226:Keelhaul
2176:Cold War
2149:Americas
2140:timeline
2133:Atlantic
2013:Theaters
1312:Archived
1277:Archived
1084:Archived
952:Archived
899:war film
790:See also
560:, Canada
343:Canadian
295:Harvards
156:(RAAF),
107:The Plan
4868:Shumshu
4635:Hungary
4582:Estonia
4566:Lapland
4544:Dragoon
4477:Neptune
4459:Ichi-Go
4425:Tempest
4367:Changde
4322:Cottage
4214:Jubilee
3930:Finland
3828:Compass
3534:Prelude
3487:Finland
3373:Vietnam
3339:Romania
3211:Germany
3190:Estonia
3176:Denmark
3155:Belgium
3148:Austria
3141:Albania
3072:Ireland
3058:Andorra
3042:Neutral
3002:Romania
2936:Hungary
2921:Finland
2793:Romania
2685:Finland
2663:Denmark
2609:Belgium
2595:Algeria
2301:Romania
2287:Hungary
2043:Pacific
1767:General
1721:Leaders
1706:Battles
1699:Outline
1319:Voxair,
894:a 1942
862:, with
725:in the
591:) were
409:neutral
152:(FAA),
145:(RAF),
111:aircrew
80:1939–45
65:Harvard
4845:Debate
4817:Taipei
4810:Borneo
4388:Tarawa
3582:Europe
3543:Africa
3332:Poland
3318:Norway
3297:Malaya
3276:Latvia
3218:Greece
3204:France
3100:Sweden
3065:Bhutan
2786:Poland
2772:Norway
2744:Mexico
2711:Greece
2697:France
2635:Canada
2616:Brazil
2586:Allies
2532:Serbia
2521:Poland
2294:Poland
2280:Baltic
2073:Europe
1775:Topics
1727:Allied
1544:
1529:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1462:
1447:
1432:
1417:
1402:
1384:
1367:
866:, and
782:, and
693:, the
689:, the
544:Canada
539:Legacy
475:1940.
215:Ottawa
119:pilots
4621:Leyte
4451:Narva
4437:Anzio
4395:Makin
4353:Burma
4237:Torch
4206:Rzhev
4167:Kiska
3253:Korea
3239:Japan
3232:Italy
3114:Tibet
3093:Spain
2964:Italy
2725:Italy
2718:India
2642:China
2517:Japan
2117:Italy
2029:China
1981:Women
838:Notes
729:near
654:RNZAF
604:cairn
255:and "
103:BCATP
18:BCATP
4687:1945
4415:1944
4256:1943
4184:Blue
4174:Attu
4081:1942
3840:1941
3692:1940
3630:1939
3559:Asia
3406:POWs
3246:Jews
2957:Iraq
2883:Axis
2833:Tuva
2649:Cuba
1734:Axis
1542:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1093:via
774:and
706:NATO
650:RAAF
633:and
523:and
310:RCAF
292:RCAF
251:of "
137:and
97:The
62:RCAF
646:RAF
481:ace
224:RAF
195:or
4960::
4435:/
1291:^
1266:^
1138:^
1063:^
1002:^
983:.
936:^
770:,
766:,
762:,
701:.
652:,
648:,
629:,
556:,
494:.
328:.
279:.
231:.
205:.
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
3938:)
3932:(
2799:)
2795:(
2731:)
2727:(
2691:)
2687:(
2629:)
2625:(
1679:e
1672:t
1665:v
1584:.
1575:.
1548:.
1533:.
1518:.
1503:.
1488:.
1466:.
1451:.
1436:.
1421:.
1406:.
1388:.
1371:.
892:,
870:.
319:.
243:"
101:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
