BTSB anti-D scandal - Knowledge (XXG)

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to the BTSB following their infection. These donors made total of 504 donations which resulted in an estimated 606 potentially infectious labile blood components (Another donor was identified who had been indirectly infected by an anti-D recipient and whose donations went into 8 labile blood components.) As many blood products are administered to patients with critical health issues, the level of mortality amongst all blood product recipients is relatively high. Upon tracing the recipients of the blood products potentially infected by anti-D recipients, the BTSB found that many were deceased but of 61 living recipients, 30 tested positive for on-going infection with HCV.

115:. These tests reported negative for hepatitis B (hepatitis C was not recognized not to mention testable at this time.) As Patient X's plasma exchange treatments continued, regular blood samples were sent to the BTSB to monitor the level of rhesus anti-bodies in her blood, each sample labelled "infective hepatitis". Despite all senior medical staff at the BTSB being aware of this infection, they continued to take plasma donations from Patient X throughout January 1977 and include these in the pools used to make 16 batches of anti-D which were distributed to maternity hospitals for administration. The number of doses in each batch could vary from 250 to 400 injections. 100:. Having had several pregnancies severely affected by haemolytic disease, Patient X was prescribed a therapeutic course of plasma exchange over a 25-week period, to reduce the antibodies that would damage her foetus. The obstetric consultant suggested to one of the BTSB staff that they could off-set the cost of Patient X's treatment by using the plasma extracted from her (which had high concentrations of anti-D) to manufacture anti-D immunoglobulin. Patient X was never asked to consent to her plasma being used in this way. 84:(instead of ethanol precipitation) but the BTSB continued to use his 1967 process. By 1975 it was known that hepatitis was a blood-born disease and that multiple types of hepatitis virus were in circulation. Tests were available to identify the hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses and although it was suspected that another strain of the virus was responsible for Jaundice in patients whose blood did not test positive for either type, there was no diagnostic test for hepatitis C until 1990. 203:

Dublin to inform them that retained samples from Patient X and the 1977 batches of anti-D had tested positive for hepatitis C. Attached to his letter, Dr. Garson provided a list of questions that would need to be answered to determine the causes and extent of infection caused in 1977. The BTSB replied to this letter suggesting the questions be discussed at a meeting in London. The meeting never happened and the BTSB seems to have taken no further action in respect of this letter.

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1976 and gave the BTSB until 19 July to answer certain questions about its documentation. On 23 July Mr Donal O'Donnell SC, for the BTSB, said the BTSB was conducting an extensive search through a great volume of files and asked for an additional two to three weeks more to submit an affidavit concerning the discovery of documents. Miss Justice Laffoy said that it was an awkward situation for the BTSB and that she had no option but to grant its request .

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HIV in the 1980s and the BTSB's previous difficulties with hepatitis contamination, the BTSB now had a precautionary protocol surrounding plasma donations by mothers undergoing exchange transfusions: Plasma donations from such women could not be included in the production of blood products until they had given birth and had a blood test showing they were clear of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

80:. The process involved the use of ion-exchange chromatography together with an ethanol precipitation, which was thought at the time to inactivate viruses that might be present in donated blood, thereby removing them from the plasma eventually fractionated in the process. In 1972 Professor Hoppe notified the BTSB that he had refined his process to include a plasma quarantine period and 464:), Stockholm, Sweden into the disease outcomes for the women infected by the anti-D contamination. Of the 682 women included in the study 72 (19%) developed cirrhosis and 18 had died from liver-related causes (5%) after 36 years of infection. Disease progression accelerated in the last five years of follow-up, particularly in women with diabetes mellitus and high alcohol consumption. 836:, this tribunal commenced on 5 November 1996 and sat for a total of 27 days, with the press reporting daily on hearings. Although the Expert Group's report had established most of the facts of the case, the reporting of first-hand testimonies and cross examinations of victims, BTSB staff, independent experts, civil servants and politicians had a huge impact on public opinion. 811:

the scope of the Therapeutic Substances Act, 1932 and the labelling of Patient X's blood tests as "infective hepatitis") which had been kept from the Expert Group and contributed further to the public disquiet. However, Minister Michael Noonan resisted all calls for a full Judicial Inquiry into the affair until. His position changed after Mrs. McCole died.

68:(HDFN) in the foetus of future pregnancies. If, following a neo-natal blood test, the rhesus (Rh) factor of the infant is found to be incompatible with that of the mother, an anti-D injection can be given to the mother to protect her future pregnancies. If the mother were to develop her own rhesus anti-bodies, she would be required to undergo a course of 382:(VHI) refused cover to several women on the grounds that they had acquired a "sexually transmitted disease". Some began to feel a deep sense of betrayal as they had contracted this virus and disease through no fault their own but through an agency of the state. Chronic hepatitis C infection when left untreated not only results in 690:

felt that the purpose of the tribunal was to enable the state to never admit its culpability in the case and to force women to accept smaller sums than would be awarded through a judicial process. Positive Action held a meeting in December 1995 at which 91% of members voted to reject and boycott the compensation tribunal.

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long time it was unclear whether women could infect their husbands with HCV through sexual intercourse or whether they might have infected their children in utero, which led to stress and tensions in families. Many of the women were refused treatment by dentists, had their employment terminated and were refused insurance.

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management and technical staff of the BTSB, the NDAB, the department of health and from various medical experts and bodies both in Ireland and abroad. Its remit did not extend to interviewing the infected women or their representatives although it did make some observations on their treatment and counselling.

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date for her action to be heard in June 1996. While adjudicating on the issue on 26 April, Mr Justice Costello, President of the High Court, asked if granting the request would mean 400 similar applications would follow and fixed 8 October as the date for the trial, which was expected to take six weeks .

968:, Patrick Byrne to demand an investigation. A Garda investigation began in late November 1997 which in 2003 resulted in charges being brought against two former employees of the BTSB - Dr. Terry Walsh and Ms Cecily Cunningham (Dr. Jack O'Riordan had since died) - on seven counts of Grievous Bodily Harm. 944:

While neither Brendan Howlin T.D. nor Michael Noonan T.D. were responsible for the Department of Health or any of its client organizations (BTSB/NDAB) when the contaminations occurred, their management of the crises and treatment of victims was subject to severe criticism by witnesses to the tribunal

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Following the tribunal findings, Positive Action again lobbied for a statutory compensation tribunal with power to award exemplary and punitative damages. In May 1997 the bill to establish this statutory compensation tribunal, was passed in the Oireachtas, and included provision for a reparation fund

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On 8 October, the minister brought a motion before the Dáil to institute a tribunal of Inquiry into the entire controversy. The terms of reference for this tribunal were based in large part on the questions submitted in the McCole family's letter. He stated that he had previously felt such a tribunal

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The fact that the 1991 contamination of anti-D was not publicly announced until the report of the Export Group undermined confidence in the commitment of the BTSB and Department of Health to full transparency. The legal case taken by Brigid McCole had led to the discovery of additional facts (such as

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After attending a family wedding in Donegal in August 1996, Mrs. McCole was transferred to St. Vincent's Hospital in Dublin, where it quickly became clear that she was dying. The legal teams acting for the plaintiffs contacted Mrs. McCole's team to negotiate a settlement. On 20 September they wrote a

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The woman decided to continue with her case for damages against the BTSB, the NDAB, the Minister for Health, the Attorney General and the Irish State using her real name Brigid Ellen McCole. Given the advanced nature of her disease and poor prognosis, her legal team applied to the High Court to set a

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Having tested positive for HCV, the journalist Jane O'Brien made a request to the BTSB to put her in contact with other women in the same situation. They refused her request on grounds of patient confidentiality and privacy. She persisted through word of mouth and appeals in the media to make contact

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The greatest risk of secondary infection to the population as a whole would be from infected people donating blood to the BTSB. Because the rhesus negative factor is relatively rare, people with that factor are encouraged to donate blood. Of the infected anti-D recipients, 103 went on to donate blood

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The BTSB's protocol for recall of its products consisted of the sending of a notification letter to each maternity hospital or GP that had been supplied with anti-D and a follow up phone call two weeks later. As the BTSB records were not up-to-date and letters were addressed to named individuals some

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All of the plasma donated by Donor Y, therefore was frozen and stored subject to clearance for anti-D production. In September and 12 October more donations of plasma were taken from Donor Y and placed in storage. Throughout 1990, the laboratory staff of the BTSB requested the blood test clearance of

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On 13 September 1989 "Donor Y" received a unit of plasma from the BTSB which was almost certainly contaminated with hepatitis C. (Check back tests of her plasma donations after this date tested positive for hepatitis C, a sub-type different from the one that infected Patient X.) With the emergence of

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In June 1996 Mrs. McCole's legal team applied to the High Court for discovery of files held by the BTSB, which contained information relevant to Mrs. McCole's case. Ms. Justice Laffoy ruled that the woman was entitled to seek information from the board's employees relating to the case dating back to

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On 23 April the Oireachtas Select Committee on Social Affairs wrote to the BTSB requesting that it send a delegation to meet the Select Committee on Social Affairs on Thursday 2 May and discuss the hepatitis C issue. The Chief Executive of the BTSB wrote a response saying it would not be appropriate

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they had suffered over many years could now be explained. However, they suddenly came to feel stigmatized and discriminated against by various members of society. There was a general confusion between HCV and HIV which were often mentioned together in communications about intravenous drug use. For a

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Of the samples from women who had received anti-D manufactured in 1991, 72 showed signs of current or past infection. Another 26 showed a RIBA reaction but antibodies could not be confirmed. The BTSB noted that the number of women that came forward for testing from the cohort that received anti-D in

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that 3 mothers who had received injections from anti-D batch 238 had subsequently developed hepatitis. On 25 July, the chief biochemist of the BTSB laboratory was instructed to exclude Patient X's plasma from all pools used to manufacture anti-D. She did precisely this but did not, however, consider

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This course of argument caused outrage amongst opposition TDs and in the public gallery of the Dáil where representatives of Positive Action stood in protest and left. The minister returned to the house later that evening to issue an unreserved apology, for any offense his statement may have caused

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With the development of a diagnostic test for hepatitis C in 1990, Dr Jeremy Garson of the Middlesex Hospital conducted retrospective testing on the many non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) samples it had retained over many years. On 16 December 1991, the Middlesex Hospital FAXed a letter to the BTSB in

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payment from the ad-hoc compensation tribunal as a negotiated settlement were attacked by opposition TDs who pointed out her acceptance came only when she realized she had hours to live and might otherwise get no compensation for her family. The minister faced many questions about his knowledge of

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The HCV National Screening program revealed many people who had tested positive for hepatitis C but who had never received an anti-D injection. Many of these were men and women who had never had children but who had had at some point in their lives received blood transfusions supplied by the BTSB.

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Minister Howlin acknowledged the women's grievances with the BTSB's queries into their sexual history and the fact that they were being counseled by the very organization that was responsible for their infection. The Minister announced that a limited ex-Gratia expenses scheme was being operated by

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London became their expert advisor on medical matters. When the group first published their list of grievances with their treatment and the responses of the BTSB, the Health Minister initially defended the BTSB's response but following pressure in the Dáil from opposition TDs, particularly Theresa

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The BTSB launched its HCV National Screening Programme and set about trying to identify and contact all women who had received anti-D injections since it had begun issuing it in 1970. It did so by checking its own records and contacting Hospitals and GPs to whom infected doses has been sent and by

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Samples from the Munster donors who had tested positive for HCV were sent to the Middlesex Hospital and compared with samples from Patient X. The results suggested "a strong causative relationship" between them and the 1977 hepatitis infections. It was decided to send samples of the BTSB's current

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It was not clearly established whether or not the BTSB laboratory chief was notified of these tests but she continued to manufacture and distribute 21 batches using Donor Y's plasma. Upon subsequent check-back of all 46 anti-D batches produced from the pools containing Donor Y's plasma, 20 batches

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Her treatment began in September 1976 and plasma from her first two treatments was mixed with that from other donors in 5 batches of anti-D produced by the BTSB and distributed between January and April 1977. On 4 November 1976, Patient X had a reaction to her plasma exchange and her treatment was

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It was proposed that to protect the woman and her family from the stigma associated with the hepatitis C, she would take the case using the name "Bridget Roe". Ms. Susan Stapleton, Solicitor said the woman wished to use an alias because she desired to protect her privacy, not merely as a means of

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Positive Action criticized the "ad hoc" nature of the proposed tribunal, which meant that any government could take a decision to simply wind it up without a vote in the Dáil. They demanded that any compensation tribunal should be established on a statutory basis by an act of the Oireachtas. They

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In Dáil debates following the publication of the Expert Group's report, during which there were calls for dismissals and resignations at the BTSB, Michael Noonan TD, the new Minister for Health adopted a defensive position, going so far as to express full confidence in the board of the BTSB, 9 of

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After the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was identified in 1988 and a diagnostic test developed in 1990, in 1991 the BTSB added this test to its screening of all blood donors (along with HIV and hepatitis B). The BTSB's regional director for Munster set up a survey of all donors in the region who tested

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In his statement to the Dáil on 16 October 1996, Mr. Noonan suggested that Mrs. McCole's legal team had not properly represented her interests asking: "Would not the solicitors for the plaintiff have served their client better if they had advised her to go to the compensation tribunal early this

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Of the samples from women who had received anti-D manufactured in 1977, 704 showed signs of current or past infection. Another 53 showed a RIBA reaction but in which antibodies could not be confirmed and a further 74 showed no signs of infection or antibodies but had recovered from an episode of

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On behalf of the BTSB, Mr Paul Gallagher SC issued an apology to all those who had become infected with hepatitis C due to the BTSB's negligence, repeated wrong decisions and breach of protocols. Counsel for the Department of Health used the final sitting to voice a comprehensive defense of the

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which with costs in excess of €27 million was at that time the most expensive inquiry in the history of the state. The Expert Group format should establish the facts and make recommendations in a much quicker and cost-efficient manner. The Expert Group met with and gathered evidence from senior

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Whereas, most viewers' knowledge of the story came from factual and often dry court reports and newspaper articles, the TV drama could show the emotional impact of many years of inexplicable illness on these women all over Ireland, as it first explored their back stories before the events that

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She began to notice very soon that almost all positive cases were females and fell across a relatively narrow age range. As a result of this survey, by 1994 she had identified a possible link between infected donors and the anti-D injections they had received many years previously. She made an

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In 1970 the BTSB began manufacturing anti-D human immunoglobulin for intravenous application at its Dublin laboratory using a process developed in 1967 by Professor Hans-Hermann Hoppe of Hamburg's Central Institute for Transfusionmedicine, one of the founders of the German transfusion service,

3875:

Garvey, Patricia; Murphy, Niamh; Flanagan, Paula; Brennan, Aline; Courtney, Garry; Crosbie, Orla; Crowe, John; Hegarty, John; Lee, John; McIver, Margaret; McNulty, Carol; Murray, Frank; Nolan, Niamh; O'Farrelly, Cliona; Stewart, Stephen; Tait, Michele; Norris, Suzanne; Thornton, Lelia (2017).

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Smith, Donald B.; Lawlor, Emer; Power, Joan; O'Riordan, Joan; McAllister, Jane; Lycett, Carol; Davidson, Fiona; Pathirana, Steve; Garson, Jeremy A.; Tedder, Richard S.; Yap, Peng; Simmonds, Peter (1999). "A Second Outbreak of Hepatitis C Virus Infection from Anti-D Immunoglobulin in Ireland".

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The screening programme also examined the partners and children of anti-D recipients. As of 17 January 1995, the BTSB reported that 1,265 children and 363 partners have been screened for hepatitis C. Up to that date, ten children had tested positive for hepatitis C antibodies and two of these

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In November 1991, Donor Y was tested for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C (for which a new test was available) and was found negative for all three. (It is assumed that by this point she had "sero converted" for hepatitis C, having produced sufficient antibodies to eliminate it from her blood

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Samples from the 16 batches of anti-D that included Patient X's plasma and samples from the 3 Rotunda patients were sent to the Middlesex Hospital for testing, which again were inconclusive as no test for hepatitis C existed. The Scientific Committee of the BTSB began to compile a list of the

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Following publication of the Expert Group's report Positive Action entered into negotiations with the Department of Health for appropriate compensation (medical and financial). Negotiations ceased in September 1995 and resumed on 1 November 1995 at the request of the Department of Health.

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By February 1997, the compensation tribunal had received 1,664 applications, of which 1,512 were primary claimants, 86 were dependents and 66 carers. In the 267 cases heard to that point, the tribunal had made 169 lump sum awards, 96 provisional awards and had disallowed two claims.

552:, Dublin. Unlike the mothers who had received anti-D injections from known infected batches, it was much more difficult to prove categorically the source of infection for those who had had transfusions or had secondary infections from transfusion patients who had been infected. 433:, where those infected were referred for medical supervision and treatment. A counseling service was also provided for the infected women although this soon proved unsatisfactory as it was under the auspices of the BTSB. This was augmented with the provision of counselling by 751:

On 28 July 1995, lawyers acting for a HCV-positive Donegal woman with advanced liver disease who had received anti-D treatments during her 12 pregnancies made an application to the High Court to pursue for damages against the BTSB and the Irish State using an assumed name.

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These included people who had been in accidents, had surgical operations or were suffering from other illnesses such as haemophilia or kidney disease and need regular blood transfusions, which prior to 1994 had not been screened for hepatitis C (and several other viruses).

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Throughout the following weeks stories began to emerge of an aggressive legal strategy being pursued by lawyers acting for the Department of Health and opposition politicians accused the government of trying to bully the women into settling with the compensation tribunal.

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letter of apology to Mrs. McCole and admitted liability in the case. In a series of letters Counsel for the BTSB offered £175,000 in compensation from the BTSB compensation tribunal provided the McCole family would agree never to sue them following their mother's death .

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When her doctors told her she would not live to the trial date, Mrs. McCole saw she had run out of time. Negotiations continued while she was on her deathbed where on 1 October 1996, she accepted the board's full admission and offer of £175,000 . She died the next day.

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In December 1995, despite the misgivings of the representative groups, the government announced the establishment of the tribunal to award compensation to those infected with hepatitis C through BTSB products (anti-D and transfusions) under the chairmanship of former

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Lawlor, E.; Power, J.; Garson, J. A.; Yap, P. L.; Davidson, F.; Columb, G.; Smith, D.; Pomeroy, L.; O'Riordan, J.; Simmonds, P.; Tedder, R. S. (1999). "Transmission Rates of Hepatitis C Virus by Different Batches of a Contaminated Anti-D Immunoglobulin Preparation".

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The report clearly laid out the events that led to the 1977 contamination of anti-D and also those leading to the second contamination in 1991. (It also found that there had been infections with hepatitis during every year that anti-D was used – i.e., 1970–1994.)

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Indeed, some of the information they received would be amended during the course of the subsequent Tribunal of Inquiry. The difficulties the Expert Group had obtaining information from BTSB staff had been reported in the press and were known to Minister Howlin.

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destinations to which doses from anti-D batch 238 had been sent. It is unclear however, if this was completed or used in any recall operation. Between August and December 1977, the BTSB received notifications of similar cases from the maternity hospitals at the

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TD released the McCole papers. These revealed that the BTSB had information since 3 April 1995 that they were negligent, had no defence in the McCole case, but continued to fight her application for anonymity and sent her a threatening letter on her death bed.

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the BTSB to ensure that all anti-D recipients could avail of the screening, counseling and treatment services but that no consideration could be given to a full compensation scheme until the Expert Group on the BTSB had completed and published its report.

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about the issue, which had already been reported in the press. He commended the BTSB for their thorough research, assured the public that only virally inactive anti-D would now be distributed and announced some aspects of the National Screening Programme.

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One of the first witnesses to appear before the tribunal was 27-year old Bríd McCole, daughter of the late Brigid McCole who said it was her "mother's dying wish that the truth of now she suffered and the circumstances surrounding it would be revealed".

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Transfusion Positive, the group representing people who had contracted hepatitis C through blood transfusions (rather than anti-D) from the BTSB also voiced concerns over the tribunal's requirement to prove infection "on the balance of probabilities".

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At the final hearings of the tribunal, counsel for the tribunal, Mr James Nugent SC said that would not be appropriate for the tribunal to send its report to the DPP or to recommend prosecutions in the hepatitis C scandal. This opinion was echoed by

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Written by Brian Phelan the drama was based on real events but did not use the real names of any of the parties involved and through artistic license amalgamated aspects and experiences of different people into composite characters. It starred the

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is greater where exposure to or exchange of blood is a factor. The risk to sexual partners is much lower. The screening programme identified 11 individuals who had been infected with HCV through their contact with/treatment of anti-D recipients.

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A healthcare package enacted as an amendment to the Health Act in 1996, which provided for hospital services, GP visits, drugs and medicines, medical and surgical appliances, optical, aural and dental services, home nursing, home support and

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Some of our queries were answered in a manner which, although accurate, required considerable supplementary probing on our part before we felt reasonably confident that we had adequate information about the circumstances into which we were

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Following the tribunal Cecily Cunningham was the only employee of the BTSB to be sacked and later took an action for unfair dismissal against them. Dr. Terry Walsh had retired but both he and Ms. Cunningham would be called before the

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At the final hearings on 4 February 1997, Justice Finlay expressed his deep admiration for those victims who had given evidence and for the manner in which they had contributed to the tribunal with rare courage and great moderation.

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The development of ultra-sensitive HCV tests since the 1990s has made it possible to detect markers for the disease in people who seem to be fully recovered from hepatitis. It is accepted, however, that there may still be a level of

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stocks of anti-D to Middlesex for testing. These still contained some batches in which Donor Y's plasma had been used. The results indicated some contamination with HCV but of a different sub-type from that found in 1977 samples.

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HCV RNA can be detected by PCR typically one to two weeks after infection, while antibodies can take substantially longer to form and be detected. Screening a population usually relies on a combination of all three test types.

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When check-back of the Patient X's case commenced in 1992, 8 of the 16 batches made from the BTSB's plasma pools in from January to July 1977 were shown to be contaminated with hepatitis C. These included batch 250 from which

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Some members of Positive Action challenged the sequence of and participants in certain events but it was whether the depiction of the Minister for Health was unfair or unduly unsympathetic that stimulated most discussion.

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In a series of heated Dáil debates that followed the death of Brigid McCole, the influence of the Government on the BTSB's legal strategy towards her case and those of other women seeking compensation came under scrutiny.

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Based on these revelations, Mrs. McCole's legal team formulated a long list of questions which it sent to the BTSB and as it became increasingly unlikely that they would ever come to trial, leaked them also to the press .

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In January 1996, the Attorney General challenged the woman's right to take such a case using a false name. On 14 February 1996, Miss Justice Laffoy ruled that to do so would contravene Article 34 (1) of the Constitution.

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If Mrs. McCole died without accepting this offer, the maximum compensation her family might win in the courts would be £7,500. Counsel for the BTSB also threatened her with legal costs if she did not accept the offer .

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as "The Minister for Health". Most other characters were composites of real women and families that were impacted by the contamination and employees of the BTSB and State Agencies who are focused on damage limitation.

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unnecessary because he expected the McCole case in the High Court to clarify any issues outstanding from the Expert Group's investigation but given the death of Mrs. McCole, that case could no longer proceed.

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The Blood Transfusion Service Board (BTSB) has responsibility for the production and supply of human blood products used for the treatment of various blood-related conditions. In 1970, it began production of

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Fearing they might miss out on all compensation members of Positive Action group took legal advice. Some members chose to apply to the tribunal while simultaneously initiating legal action against the BTSB.

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and influence on the BTSB's legal strategy, its admission of liability, the scheduling of the McCole case in the High Court and the retirement of senior managers from the BTSB without ever facing sanction.

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Continuing to harvest plasma from a woman who had "environmental jaundice" contrary to its stated procedures. (It was later revealed that the BTSB had even known that her hepatitis was in fact infectious.)

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publishing adverts in the national media appealing for women to come forward. By February 1997, 62,667 women had been tested for evidence of HCV infection. Almost 1,200 tested positive for HCV antibodies.

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to establish the facts of the case and also agreed to establish a tribunal for the compensation of victims but seemed to frustrate and delay the applications of these, in some cases terminally, ill women.

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Garvey, Patricia; Murphy, Niamh; Flanagan, Paula; Brennan, Aline; Courtney, Garry; Crosbie, Orla; Crowe, John; Hegarty, John; Lee, John; McIver, Margaret; McNulty, Carol; Murray, Frank; Nolan, Niamh;

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in Dublin indicating contamination amongst two other batches of anti-D. Despite continued notifications of hepatitis cases in 1977 and 1978, the BTSB issued no national recall of its anti-D product.

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The speed and efficiency with which Thomas Finlay's BTSB Tribunal conducted its business, restored confidence in the tribunal as a mechanism of resolving great controversies in the public interest.

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While their court cases were pending, the untimely death of Dr. Terry Walsh was announced and the case against Ms. Cecily Cunningham was dropped by the DPP due to the deaths of crucial witnesses.

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stream.) The 4 batches of anti-D suspected of infecting women at the various Dublin maternity hospitals (and which included plasma taken from Donor Y in 1989) tested positive for hepatitis C.

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The tribunal chairman would adjudicate on cases together with two other members selected from a panel that included Ms. Alison Cross BL, Ms. Sheila Cooney Solicitor and Ms. Eileen Leyden BL.

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Failure to explore alternatives to the Canadian WinRho product, which served as the emergency replacement for anti-D but which had not been approved by either the Irish NDAP nor the US FDA

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interim report in this survey at a meeting of the BTSB Medical Consultants Group on 19 January 1994. It was decided to perform a similar study of HCV infection outside the Munster region.

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2. To make recommendations to the Minister for Health on the above matters and on any other matters relation to the Blood Transfusion Service Board which the Group considers necessary.

486:" which simultaneously stated the purpose of the group and countered the stigma associated with their HCV positive status. The group set up its office at 56 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin. 521:

Positive Action's repeated requests for the BTSB to distribute their letter to all women affected by the anti-D contamination were ignored until Michael Noonan became Health Minister.

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brought the controversy to light. The series proved hugely popular, breaking viewing figures for an Irish-produced TV drama serial but attracted a certain amount of controversy also.

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In February 1996, the tribunal made its first compensation awards to two women whose cases were accelerated due to their terminal illness, one of whom died within weeks of the award.

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In Ireland between January 1991 and January 1994, 46 batches of anti-D immunoglobulin were produced including 10 donations in 1989 from a donor who tested negative for hepatitis C.

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The government sent the Finlay Report to the DPP who responded on 6 October 1997 with the decision that no criminal prosecutions would be forthcoming as a result of the report.

575:(b) The systems and standards in place for donor selection, the manufacturing process and use of the anti-D immunoglobulin produced by the Blood Transfusion Service Board. 457: 27:

virus. Following a report by an expert group, it was discovered that the BTSB had produced and distributed a second infected batch in 1991. The Government established a

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A few days later, the Minister had received a letter from the family of Brigid McCole in which they listed a series of questions they expected the Minister to answer.

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in Dublin. In the first month of her treatment 10 donations of plasma were taken from her, all of which were clear of hepatitis C when subsequently tested in 1992.

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In a statement to Dáil Éireann on 3 October 1996, Minister Noonan revealed that the BTSB had agreed to admit liability in the McCole case on 20 September but when

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Positive Action re-iterated their rejection of the tribunal claiming the government was using it to discourage women from taking legal action to expose the truth.

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children have tested positive for the virus. Three partners have tested positive for hepatitis C antibodies. Further investigations were underway in these cases.

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From files eventually disclosed by the BTSB, Mrs. McCole's legal team uncovered significant details that had not been shown to the Expert Group's investigation:

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with a view to forming a support group. 25 women who had tested positive for HCV attended and elected a committee for the group. They decided to name the group "

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Despite receiving no test results, in January 1991 the BTSB lab began to include Donor Y's plasma in the plasma pools used to manufacture 46 batches of anti-D.

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Mr. Justice Thomas Finlay then took another four weeks to finalize his report and submit it to the Minister for Health who had it published on 11 March 1997.

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Alistair Bellingham, Professor of Hematology at the King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London and President of the Royal College of Pathologists

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officials to discuss a plan of action. Following meetings between the BTSB and officials at the Department of Health the following measures were agreed:

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year? Was it in the interest of their client to attempt to run her case not only in the High Court, but also in the media and the Dáil simultaneously?"

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suspended temporarily. On 17 November the Coombe Hospital notified the BTSB that Patient X had become jaundiced and was diagnosed as having hepatitis.

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of whom were no longer working, some of the hospitals did not receive notification and continued to dispense their stock of infected anti-D in 1994.

287:

On the advice of Department of Health officials the BTSB press release on 21 February made no mention of the second contamination of anti-D in 1991.

3378: 3189: 2537: 2508: 2959: 406: 219:

In August 1989 a pregnant woman (referred to as "Donor Y" in the report of the Finlay Tribunal) began a course of plasma exchange transfusions at

3461: 2764: 785:

Evidence that Patient X had been clear of hepatitis when her treatment began and had probably been infected by the BTSB's plasma exchange process

715:

At the end of February 1996 only 72 women had applied to the compensation tribunal and some 400 had issued writs against the BTSB in the courts.

3939: 2450: 2114: 544:

on 22 April 1995 with a view to organizing and making representations based on their specific needs and circumstances. They called their group

479: 3793: 3779: 2623: 2607: 1243: 1068: 1054: 609: 572:(a) All the circumstances surrounding the infection of the anti-D immunoglobulin product manufactured by the Blood Transfusion Service Board; 2058: 262:

Throughout February 1994, the board of the BTSB held several crisis meetings and on 17 February 1994, the informed the Minister for Health,

3978: 3968: 3963: 2988: 739:

In subsequent years several of the awards made or denied by the tribunal were challenged in the High Court, most of which were reviewed by

318: 600:

The Minister's decision to use an Expert Group rather than a Tribunal of Inquiry was influenced by the public outrage at the costs of the

414: 1191: 123:

disposal or recall of existing batches in which Patient X's plasma had already been used and continued to distribute these to hospitals.

3993: 896:

The report made many recommendations, which included re-structuring the BTSB and moving from its out-dated facilities at Pelican House.

626:

Continuing to distribute anti-D that included Patient X's plasma after deciding to exclude her plasma from pools for future production

3573: 2680: 2170: 64:

negative (blood type) mothers who, having previously given birth to rhesus positive babies, could have anti-bodies that would cause

2736: 852:, counsel for the public interest, by Mr Patrick Hanratty, counsel for the NDAB and by Mr Paul Gallagher SC representing the BTSB. 1860: 889:

Dr. Terry Walsh; National Director of BTSB 1985-1995 (retired) (Medical Consultant responsible for Patient X's treatment in 1977)

619:

The report highlighted operational and procedural shortcomings in the BTSB's response to each case and in its general operations:

3739: 3684: 3406: 3047: 2708: 914:

Walsh and Cunningham were arrested in 2003. Walsh died before facing court, and charges against Cunningham were dropped in 2009.

65: 3075: 2421: 1617:"Dáil Éireann debate - Tuesday, 10 May 1994: Ceisteanna — Questions. Oral Answers. - Support Services for Hepatitis C Sufferers" 1350: 1887:"Dáil Éireann debate - Thursday, 6 Apr 1995: Ceisteanna — Questions. Oral Answers. - Report on Blood Transfusion Service Board" 648:

It also noted that while staff of the BTSB had at all times been courteous, they had not always been forthcoming with details:

20: 3103: 2931: 2085: 267: 3876:"Disease outcomes in a cohort of women in Ireland infected by hepatitis C-contaminated anti-D immunoglobulin during 1970s". 2875: 2030: 1749: 656:

The account which we have given and the inferences which we have drawn are on the basis of the information we have received.

596:

Fergal Lynch, Assistant Principal Officer, Department of Health, Secretary to the Expert Group (assisted by Siobhain Phelan)

560:

On 5 March 1994, Minister for Health Brendan Howlin announced the establishment of an Expert Group under the leadership of

426: 302:

In order to have an immediate replacement stock of anti-D following the recall of its own product, the BTSB quickly sourced

35:

This controversy also sparked an examination of the BTSB's lax procedures for screening blood products for the treatment of

3712: 3601: 3518: 1170:

Intensive plasma exchange was used to reduce the maternal anti-D concentration in case of severe rhesus haemolytic disease.

593:, lecturer in the Department of Industrial Microbiology, University College, Dublin and Registrar of UCD from October 1994. 3988: 2478: 1468:"Disease outcomes in a cohort of women in Ireland infected by hepatitis C-contaminated anti-D immunoglobulin during 1970s" 2819: 1403: 869:

Medical staff at the BTSB failed to respond to reports that recipients of anti-D had suffered jaundice and/or hepatitis.

528:, called on the DPP to consider criminal prosecutions of those responsible for what he called the "blood bank scandal". 3916: 3656: 1805:"Dáil Éireann debate - Thursday, 26 Jan 1995: Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - National Blood Screening Programme" 1643:"Dáil Éireann debate - Wednesday, 12 Oct 1994: Ceisteanna — Questions. Oral Answers. - Hepatitis C Screening Programme" 1516: 1378:"Dáil Éireann debate - Thursday, 26 Jan 1995: Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - National Blood Screening Programme" 782:

No evidence that the BTSB had every got Patient X's consent for her plasma to be harvested for use in anti-D production

638:

Continuing to inject the replacement anti-D intravenously, when WinRho was recommended for intramuscular injection only

2792: 2253: 1124:"Adverse effect of plasma exchange on anti-D production in rhesus immunisation owing to removal of inhibitory factors" 2394: 1591:"Dáil Éireann debate - Thursday, 26 May 1994: Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Hepatitis C Screening Programme" 1565:"Dáil Éireann debate - Tuesday, 15 November 1994: Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Positive Action Submissions" 718:

The government announced that the closing date for applications to the compensation tribunal would be 17 June 1996.

2848: 1830: 1007: 561: 422: 379: 242:

were found to be positive for Hep-C, 3 were negative and in the remaining 23 "infectivity could not be ruled out".

2904: 2652: 2282: 632:

Failing to notify the women infected in 1977 when informed of positive HCV tests by the Middlesex Hospital in 1991

490: 402: 3019: 2597: 2309: 699: 445: 418: 1721: 498: 107:

Dr. McGuinness requested that a sample of her blood be tested for hepatitis B and sent a second sample to the

2225: 1973: 1946: 1695:"Dáil Éireann debate - Wednesday, 2 Nov 1994: Written Answers. - Support Services for Hepatitis C Sufferers" 1668: 1539: 1435: 900:

of 20% of the tribunal award for exemplary and punitive damages or the option of a hearing on such damages.

818:

demanded an full judicial Inquiry, he cited the huge legal costs and lack of clarity that resulted from the

410: 220: 3545: 3926: 911:

examining the contamination of BTSB's products for the treatment of haemophilia with HIV and hepatitis C.

866:

Plasma used in the manufacture of anti-D was in breach of the BTSB's and Transfusion Medicine's standards.

740: 703: 545: 303: 132: 3490: 1463: 768:

for board could to enter into such discussions while Mrs. McCole's action was pending in the High Court.

2197: 833: 815: 61: 3269:"Dáil Éireann debate - Tuesday, 8 Oct 1996: Private Members' Business. - Hepatitis C Infection: Motion" 2337: 434: 3911: 277:

The institution of a HCV National Screening Program for all recipients of anti-D injections since 1970

3983: 2141: 971:

Both Dr. Walsh and Ms. Cunningham sought court injunctions to prevent their prosecutions but failed.

849: 395: 93: 69: 3936: 3350: 3162: 1918: 1694: 1616: 1564: 779:

Notes showing that Patient X had been diagnosed with infectious (not simply environmental) hepatitis

514:

he agreed to meet first with one of the founders and then in June 1994 with the full support group.

3133: 1590: 506: 387: 1886: 1642: 1192:"Report of the Expert Group on the Blood Transfusion Service Board / Ireland Department of Health" 1093: 732:

Over the following months the media reported on various awards made by the compensation tribunal.

489:

The group quickly gathered support from the Council for the Status of Women, Rosemary Daly of the

3863: 3825: 3297: 3268: 2567: 1377: 1331: 965: 108: 1040:

Report of the Expert Group on the Blood Transfusion Service Board / Ireland Department of Health

291: 3893: 3855: 3817: 3789: 3775: 2603: 1487: 1323: 1239: 1202: 1161: 1143: 1064: 1050: 386:

of the liver but can trigger other diseases not directly associated with the liver (cancers,

3885: 3847: 3809: 1479: 1313: 1151: 1135: 908: 882:

Responsibility for these failures lay to a major extent with 3 named employees of the BTSB:

872:

The BTSB acted unethically in obtaining and using plasma from Patient X without her consent.

608:

On 27 January 1995, the Expert Group delivered their report to the new Minister for Health,

437:

in Dublin and Cork and was subsequently extended to private psychologists in other regions.

391: 119: 150:: HCV antibody enzyme immunoassay detects specific antibodies the body creates against HCV 3943: 3744: 3717: 3689: 3661: 3606: 3578: 3550: 3523: 3495: 3466: 3439: 3411: 3383: 3355: 3194: 3108: 3080: 3052: 3024: 2993: 2964: 2936: 2909: 2880: 2853: 2824: 2797: 2769: 2741: 2713: 2685: 2657: 2628: 2542: 2513: 2483: 2455: 2426: 2399: 2371: 2342: 2314: 2287: 2258: 2230: 2202: 2175: 2146: 2119: 2090: 2063: 2035: 2007: 1978: 1951: 1923: 1781: 1754: 1726: 1440: 1408: 1355: 590: 483: 81: 540:

Inspired by the actions of the women of Positive Action, a group of men and women met in

341:

Because HCV is a blood-borne virus it is relatively difficult to transmit. However, the

3851: 3813: 1156: 1123: 1003: 999: 995: 549: 511: 263: 143:

By 1990 scientists had developed multiple diagnostic test mechanisms for hepatitis C:

3952: 2002: 964:

The McCole family wrote first to the new Minister for Health and subsequently to the

819: 601: 502: 494: 208: 3931: 3867: 3829: 1466:; Stewart, Stephen; Tait, Michele; Norris, Suzanne; Thornton, Lelia (15 July 2017). 1335: 1022:

The family of Brigid McCole denied ever giving their "blessing" to the production.

641:

Failure to revise its anti-D manufacturing process beyond the one developed in 1967

629:

Operating different screening protocols for male and female donors of anti-D plasma

541: 525: 173: 3242: 2568:"Dáil Éireann debate - Thursday, 3 Oct 1996: Hepatitis C Legal Action: Statements" 370:

Many of the women who tested positive for HCV experienced relief as the seemingly

3921: 3324:"Dáil Éireann debate - Wednesday, 16 Oct 1996: Hepatitis C Infection: Statements" 3298:"Dáil Éireann debate - Wednesday, 16 Oct 1996: Hepatitis C Infection: Statements" 3216: 1776: 478:

with other women affected and set up a meeting in May 1994 at the offices of the

3912:

Irish Times Editorial, Thinking the Unthinkable (Irish Times: February 3rd 1997)

954: 371: 355: 342: 72:

throughout her pregnancy to reduce the level of rhesus antibodies in her blood.

44: 36: 24: 3889: 1483: 1318: 1301: 3435:"Howlin left solution to State's worst crisis in hands of those who caused it" 1139: 568:

1. To examine and report to the Minister for Health on the following matters:

1467: 1147: 990:

based on the story of the anti-D contamination and the scandals that ensued.

3134:"Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Blood Transfusion Service Board" 2367:"Court has no jurisdiction to allow prosecution of claim in fictitious name" 1094:"Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Blood Transfusion Service Board" 928: 383: 3897: 3859: 3821: 3190:"Tight and focused terms of reference for new tribunal crucial for success" 2960:"Minister is happy with handling of crisis 'given the expertise available'" 1491: 892:

Ms. Cecily Cunningham; Chief Laboratory Bio-chemist of the BTSB (1970-1996)

756:

preventing embarrassment to her but also to prevent real injustice to her.

2538:"Hepatitis C settlement reached with blood board day before woman's death" 2509:"Letter shows State saw Bridget McCole not as the victim but as the enemy" 1327: 1165: 1033:

Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Blood Transfusion Service Board

92:

In 1976 a pregnant woman (referred to as "Patient X" in the report of the

941:

but the episode would dog him for the remainder of his political career.

548:

and held their first official meeting on 13 May 1995, in Powers Hotel on

310: 1838: 1512: 1047:

This Great Little Nation: The A to Z of Irish Scandals and Controversies

3932:

Ms. Justice Laffoy Judgement: Roe v The Blood Transfusion Service Board

3629: 3379:"Noonan has long way to go in assuaging doubts over Brigid McCole case" 2765:"1991 test showing contamination of BTSB's anti D in 1977 not acted on" 1235:

This Great Little Nation: The A-Z of Irish Scandals & Controversies

307: 2451:"Court told donor is no longer held to be source of hepatitis C virus" 2115:"Women infected by hepatitis C vote overwhelmingly to reject tribunal" 644:

Frequently failing to renew its licenses to manufacture blood products

314: 112: 57: 3246: 3220: 3128: 3126: 2989:"McCole daughter describes "hell" of mother's hepatitis C infection" 2624:"High Court judge to be only member of hepatitis C inquiry tribunal" 2059:"Woman who received £50,000 from hepatitis tribunal in January dies" 983: 926:

Minister Noonan's attempt to describe Mrs. McColes acceptance of an

875:

They also failed to report to the NDAB and to The Board of the BTSB.

453: 251:

positive for HCV, with a view to tracing the source of infection.

886:

Dr. Jack O'Riordan; National Director of BTSB 1969-1985 (retired)

290:

On 22 February 1994, the Minister for Health made a Statement in

77: 461: 444:(EASL) published the report of a study conducted jointly by the 1122:

Barclay, G. R.; Greiss, M. A.; Urbaniak, S. J. (28 June 1980).

231:

Donor Y from the BTSB medical staff responsible for her case.

40: 448:-Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland, the 398:), which may not be easily attributed to the HCV infection. 3574:"Ex-BTSB biochemist granted leave to try to stop her trial" 2737:"Former blood bank head says his memory of events "skimpy"" 2681:"Trauma of hepatitis discovery for haemophiliacs described" 2562: 2560: 1002:

as Gráinne McFadden (based very closely on Brigid McCole),

96:) was a patient of Dr. McGuinness, assistant master of the 3685:"RTE's portrayal of Noonan a 'circus act' - Hep C victims" 1273:

Expert Report to the Infected Blood Inquiry: Fractionation

953:

In June 1997 the new Fianna Fáil Minister for Health, Mr.

3076:"Counsel says recommending prosecution 'not appropriate'" 1861:"Howlin knew BTSB was not co-operating with expert group" 450:

European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training

401:

The Department of Health established Hepatology Units in

3407:"Ministers criticised for handling of the anti D crisis" 3048:"Counsel says tribunal report should not be sent to DPP" 1351:"Department stalled publicity attempt, says BTSB doctor" 2709:"Former director apologises for use of infected plasma" 2422:"Judge gives board more time in hepatitis C virus case" 3740:"McCole family denies giving go-ahead to TV programme" 3104:"Apology is only the beginning, says counsel for BTSB" 1919:"Package for hepatitis C sufferers estimated at £100m" 497:

TD, Chair of the Oireachtas Women's Rights Committee,

2932:"Minister says he was surprised at licensing methods" 878:

The NDAB was deficient in carrying out its functions.

39:

and exposed the infection of many haemophiliacs with

3462:"Cowen says both Ministers mishandled blood scandal" 2876:"Virologist claims specimens had 'a greenish tinge'" 2596:

Coleman, Shane; Clifford, Mick (16 September 2010).

2031:"£50,000 award for woman infected by blood products" 2599:

Scandal Nation: Key Events that Shook and Shaped Us

2479:"BTSB sought family "waiver" on right to sue board" 1061:

Scandal Nation: Key Events that Shook and Shaped Us

176:

test) detects specific proteins associated with HCV

2003:"£60m plan for victims of Hepatitis C is underway" 1232:Kerrigan, Gene; Brennan, Pat (16 September 1999). 1006:as Monica O'Callaghan (based on Jane O'Brien) and 458:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 378:The state's largest health insurance company, the 317:without first getting the product approved by the 283:Sourcing a replacement stock of anti-D from Canada 280:A total recall of all BTSB-produced anti-D product 211:received her anti-D injection on 5 November 1977. 118:In July 1977, the BTSB received a report from the 16:Hepatitis contamination of human plasma derivative 3602:"Death of ex-blood bank doctor on anti-D charges" 3519:"Garda head requested to investigate McCole case" 1947:"Women's lobby vows to boycott C virus screening" 1302:"The viral safety of intravenous immune globulin" 1088: 1086: 1084: 856:department's actions throughout the controversy. 3713:"The virus that infected the whole body politic" 2591: 2589: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1404:"Anti-D victim's children shunned tribunal told" 3163:"Seanad Éireann debate - Thursday, 15 May 1997" 2820:"Expert says stocks should have been withdrawn" 1540:"Group set up for women with hepatitis C virus" 650: 566: 442:European Association for the Study of the Liver 3772:Blood Sweat and Tears: The Hepatitis C Scandal 3657:"RTE pleased with high ratings for 'No Tears'" 2503: 2501: 1436:"Noonan outlines help for Hepatitis C victims" 1271:Paul Strengers; Ruth Laub (25 February 2022). 3959:Political scandals in the Republic of Ireland 3013: 3011: 1429: 1427: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 986:broadcast a four-part TV drama series called 266:T.D. of the discovery. The BTSB and met with 8: 2793:"Doctor cannot recall hepatitis discussions" 2395:"Early trial for woman suing over hepatitis" 1750:"Male victims of hepatitis C in the shadows" 1278:(Report). Infected Blood Inquiry. p. 48 918:Role of the minister(s)/Department of Health 677:As a result, the following were introduced: 583:The other members of the Expert Group were: 3937:WinRho and the Manitoba Rh Clinical Program 3292: 3290: 3774:(Wolfhound Press/Merlin Publishing, 1998) 2849:"System to treat anti D available in 1989" 60:human immunoglobulin for the treatment of 2905:"Civil servants clash on anti-D document" 2283:"Hepatitis case will have wide influence" 2171:"State is "bullying" hepatitis C victims" 1317: 1155: 862:Amongst the findings in the report were: 612:T.D. who subsequently had it published. 564:, with the following terms of reference: 274:A press release to be made on 21 February 194:eaction detects RNA of the specific virus 2653:"Witness tells of facing an early death" 325:Primary, secondary and occult infections 3974:Contaminated haemophilia blood products 3020:"Role of Department of Health defended" 2310:"Infected woman cannot sue under alias" 1945:O'Morain, Padraig (13 September 1995). 1917:O'Morain, Padraig (13 September 1995). 1080: 3630:"IMDB: No Tears TV Mini Series (2002)" 3517:Tynan, Maol Muire (25 November 1997). 1306:Clinical & Experimental Immunology 945:of inquiry chaired by Justice Finlay. 366:Impact of HCV infection on the victims 3349:Tynan, Maol Muire (16 October 1996). 2763:Mulqueen, Éibhir (12 December 1996). 2735:Mulqueen, Éibhir (12 December 1997). 2651:Mulqueen, Éibhir (13 December 1996). 2281:O'Connor, Alison (12 February 1996). 2113:O'Halloran, Marie (5 February 1996). 2057:O'Connor, Alison (15 February 1996). 2029:O'Halloran, Marie (1 February 1996). 1722:"Blood withdrawal latest controversy" 1519:from the original on 18 December 2014 1227: 1225: 1223: 685:A non-statutory compensation tribunal 21:Irish Blood Transfusion Service Board 7: 3489:O'Connor, Alison (2 November 1997). 3377:O'Toole, Fintan (10 February 2001). 3351:"Noonan's Gaffe is set to Haunt Him" 3102:Mulqueen, Éibhir (5 February 1997). 2987:Mulqueen, Éibhir (24 January 1997). 2847:Mulqueen, Éibhir (21 January 1997). 2791:O'Connor, Alison (6 December 1996). 2536:Tynan, Maol Muire (3 October 1996). 2477:O'Connor, Alison (21 October 1996). 2226:"Hepatitis tribunal awards £377,000" 1669:"Meeting to discuss Anti-D welcomed" 665:whom had been appointed since 1993. 3711:O'Toole, Fintan (12 January 2002). 3433:O'Toole, Fintan (29 January 1997). 3243:"Cunningham fails in her costs bid" 3188:O'Toole, Fintan (6 February 1997). 2707:McGarry, Patsy (12 December 1996). 2679:McGarry, Patsy (14 December 1996). 2393:Newman, Christine (27 April 1996). 1059:Shane Coleman & Mick Clifford, 246:1994 discovery of HCV contamination 3927:Medical Negligence Ireland Website 3917:Positive Action Website (archived) 3852:10.1046/j.1423-0410.1999.7630175.x 3814:10.1046/j.1423-0410.1999.7630138.x 3405:McGarry, Patsy (23 January 1997). 3074:McGarry, Patsy (5 February 1997). 3046:McGarry, Patsy (4 February 1997). 3018:McGarry, Patsy (5 February 1997). 2903:McGarry, Patsy (18 January 1997). 2602:. Dublin: Hachette Books Ireland. 2169:Kelly, Dermot (28 February 1996). 2001:Coulter, Carol (8 December 1995). 1748:McNally, Frank (13 January 1996). 1720:McNally, Frank (13 January 1996). 1349:McGarry, Patsy (30 January 1997). 949:Criminal investigation/prosecution 358:in otherwise healthy populations. 338:1991 was 30% lower than expected. 139:Subsequent testing of 1977 samples 14: 3683:Humphries, Joe (7 January 2002). 3655:Healy, Alison (7 February 2002). 3546:"Move to stop trial in BTSB case" 2365:Condon, Bernard (29 April 1996). 1201:. 20 January 1995. Archived from 1045:Gene Kerrigan & Pat Brennan, 806:Tribunal of Inquiry into the BTSB 3217:"Two charged over blood scandal" 2449:Newman, Christine (8 May 1996). 2198:"Tribunal awards mother £30,000" 2086:"72 hepatitis C claims received" 1837:. 25 August 2011. Archived from 1434:Hegarty, Trish (13 April 1995). 480:Council for the Status for Women 3491:"McCole death inquiry demanded" 1777:"Transfusion Positive: History" 1063:(Hachette Books Ireland, 2010) 2338:"AG's challenge despicable FF" 1238:. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 394:) and auto-immune conditions ( 1: 1974:"No agreement on Hepatitis C" 1538:Trish Hegarty (16 May 1994). 1042:(Oireachtas, 20 January 1995) 1038:Dr. Miriam Hederman-O'Brien, 467: 3922:Transfusion Positive Website 669:Ad-hoc compensation tribunal 505:. Dr. Geoff Dusheiko of the 427:St. Luke's Hospital Kilkenny 319:National Drug Advisory Board 3979:Medical scandals in Ireland 3969:Contaminated blood case law 3964:Public inquiries in Ireland 1049:(Gill and Macmillan, 1999) 1035:(Oireachtas, 11 March 1997) 1031:Mr. Justice Thomas Finlay, 978:Depictions in popular media 431:Crumlin Children's Hospital 70:plasma exchange transfusion 4010: 3994:Health issues in pregnancy 3890:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.034 2254:"£30m awarded by tribunal" 1831:"Positive Action: History" 1513:"Positive Action: History" 1484:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.034 1319:10.1111/cei.1996.104.s1.35 741:Mr. Justice Bernard Barton 423:University Hospital Galway 380:Voluntary Health Insurance 1300:Yap, P. L. (2 May 1996). 1140:10.1136/bmj.280.6231.1569 491:Irish Haemophilia Society 98:Coombe Maternity Hospital 556:Expert Group on the BTSB 446:Health Service Executive 419:Cork University Hospital 3942:17 January 2022 at the 1128:British Medical Journal 704:Mr. Justice Seamus Egan 562:Miriam Hederman O'Brien 468:Victims' support groups 334:hepatitis in the past. 658: 581: 215:The 1989 contamination 88:The 1977 contamination 3878:Journal of Hepatology 3788:(Marino Books, 1997) 2142:"What the women want" 1472:Journal of Hepatology 834:Justice Thomas Finlay 816:Maire Geoghegan-Quinn 524:The Fine Gael TD, Mr 499:Máire Geoghegan-Quinn 417:Hospitals in Dublin, 372:inexplicable symptoms 308:Winnipeg Rh Institute 3989:Transfusion medicine 3786:Hep C, Niamh's Story 546:Transfusion Positive 532:Transfusion Positive 396:rheumatoid arthritis 343:risk of transmission 268:Department of Health 221:St. James's Hospital 1134:(6231): 1569–1571. 850:Mr. Frank Clarke SC 653:inquiring. ... 507:Royal Free Hospital 29:Tribunal of Inquiry 2884:. 18 December 1996 2318:. 15 February 1996 2262:. 27 February 1997 2150:. 12 February 1996 1571:. 15 November 1994 1464:O'Farrelly, Cliona 1101:Oireachtas Library 998:-winning actress, 966:Garda Commissioner 435:Well Woman centres 356:"occult infection" 109:Middlesex Hospital 66:haemolytic disease 3794:978-1-8602-3053-0 3780:978-0-8632-7647-7 3748:. 14 January 2002 3582:. 4 November 2003 3554:. 2 December 2003 3330:. 16 October 1996 3304:. 16 October 1996 2968:. 29 January 1997 2940:. 25 January 1997 2828:. 6 December 1996 2609:978-1-4447-1260-5 2346:. 20 January 1996 2094:. 8 February 1996 1982:. 7 December 1995 1893:. 26 January 1995 1867:. 29 January 1997 1841:on 25 August 2011 1835:WaybackMachine.ie 1811:. 26 January 1995 1785:. 13 January 2012 1701:. 2 November 1994 1649:. 12 October 1994 1384:. 26 January 1995 1245:978-0-7171-2937-9 1069:978-0-7171-2937-9 1055:978-0-7171-2937-9 982:In January 2002, 501:TD and President 440:In July 2017 the 47:and hepatitis C. 4001: 3901: 3884:(6): 1140–1147. 3871: 3833: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3610:. 6 January 2006 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3275:. 8 October 1996 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3138: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3015: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2632:. 9 October 1996 2620: 2614: 2613: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2574:. 3 October 1996 2564: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1914: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1478:(6): 1140–1147. 1459: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1431: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1321: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1277: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1252:on 14 April 2022 1248:. 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2247: 2237: 2235: 2234:. 21 March 1996 2231:The Irish Times 2224: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2206:. 15 March 1996 2203:The Irish Times 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2176:The Irish Times 2168: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2147:The Irish Times 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2120:The Irish Times 2112: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2091:The Irish Times 2084: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2064:The Irish Times 2056: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2036:The Irish Times 2028: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2008:The Irish Times 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1979:The Irish Times 1972: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1952:The Irish Times 1944: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1924:The Irish Times 1916: 1915: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1782:The Irish Times 1775: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1755:The Irish Times 1747: 1746: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1727:The Irish Times 1719: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1652: 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