29:
738:
726:
273:. It is the most distant known grand design spiral galaxy in the universe, with a redshift of z=2.1765 ± 0.0001. It is commonly referred to as the oldest known grand design spiral galaxy in the universe, but it is more accurately the earliest such galaxy known to exist in the universe, with a lookback time (the difference between the age of the universe now and the age of the universe at the time light left the galaxy) of 10.7 billion years in the
950:
700:
1478:
1575:
732:
325:) also have nearby companions. A computer simulation has shown that the dwarf companion of BX442 could have had the same effect. However, the chaotic motions of the stars in the youthful BX442 suggest that, if this is the case, the present spiral structure will not be long-lived in cosmic terms, and may have disappeared within a hundred million years or so.
1564:
308:
Not only was BX442 revealed to be a genuine spiral galaxy, but part of a sub-class known as 'grand-design' spirals. Most spiral galaxies have subtler features and the arms of the spiral are not necessarily well-defined. A grand design spiral galaxy has very clearly well-formed and distinct arms that
299:
The unusual spiral morphology of BX442 was discovered using images obtained from the Hubble Space
Telescope by a team of astronomers led by David R. Law of the University of Toronto. While the Hubble image suggested the galaxy's spiral structure however, it didn't conclusively prove that the galaxy
316:
The presence of a dwarf galaxy in the vicinity of BX442 offers a clue as to how the premature spiral structure may have emerged in what would otherwise be a somewhat chaotic lumpy collection of stars, as is the case with most other early galaxies. A recent study of one of the satellite galaxies of
304:
adaptive optics system which corrects for distortions of incoming light caused by the Earth's turbulent atmosphere, the astronomers were able to sample the light from different parts of the galaxy. Small
Doppler shifts of the light between different samples showed that BX442 was indeed a spiral
321:), suggest that SagDEG may have helped generate some the Milky Way's spiral structure when it passed repeatedly through the plane of our galaxy over the past few hundred million years. Similarly, many of the most well-known grand design spiral galaxies (such as the
300:
rotated like modern-day spiral galaxies. The team therefore used an integral-field spectrograph called OSIRIS (OH-Suppressing
Infrared Imaging Spectrograph) at the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii to confirm their discovery. In combination with a
312:
According to lead author David R. Law, "The fact that this galaxy exists is astounding. Current wisdom holds that such grand-design spiral galaxies simply didn't exist at such an early time in the history of the
Universe."
497:
Purcell, C. W.; Bullock, J.S.; Tollerud, E. J.; Rocha. M. & Chakrabarti, S. (September 2011). "The
Sagittarius impact as an architect of spirality and outer rings in the Milky Way".
783:
277:. This time estimate means that structure seen in BX442 developed roughly 3 billion years after the Big Bang. It is 15 kiloparsecs (50 kly) in diameter, and has a mass of
1624:
1619:
309:
significantly stretch out around the galaxy center. Of all spiral galaxies, only about 10% of them are classified as a grand design spiral galaxy.
658:
292:
The spiral morphology of BX442, while similar to many modern-day galaxies, makes it unusual in the young universe. According to study co-author
949:
699:
28:
945:
296:
of UCLA, "The vast majority of old galaxies look like train wrecks. Our first thought was, why is this one so different, and so beautiful?"
318:
208:
1614:
450:
1609:
708:
159:
1588:
1583:
1578:
651:
754:
262:
559:
1491:
1422:
582:
1477:
1460:
56:
683:
678:
644:
137:
958:
305:
disk, rotating roughly as fast as the Milky Way Galaxy, but much thicker and forming stars more rapidly.
274:
627:
516:
407:
695:
586:
166:
144:
1447:
737:
612:
386:(2012-07-19). "High Velocity Dispersion in A Rare Grand Design Spiral Galaxy at Redshift z=2.18".
1568:
1321:
1056:
883:
806:
540:
506:
431:
397:
189:
725:
382:
David R. Law; Alice E. Shapley; Charles C. Steidel; Naveen A. Reddy; Charlotte R. Christensen;
1525:
1517:
924:
895:
775:
759:
532:
455:
423:
181:
43:
1496:
764:
714:
524:
415:
388:
322:
301:
293:
226:
1442:
101:
63:
520:
411:
477:
1603:
1541:
1039:
1005:
1000:
935:
435:
344:
236:
51:
731:
1501:
1049:
975:
963:
746:
544:
270:
1537:
1486:
1437:
1432:
620:
383:
266:
75:
1427:
1417:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1314:
1258:
1253:
1228:
1223:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1176:
1171:
1161:
1156:
1137:
1093:
1088:
1076:
1071:
1032:
1027:
1022:
995:
985:
980:
338:
280:
170:
148:
1452:
1300:
1287:
1265:
1248:
1235:
1218:
1205:
1183:
1166:
1132:
1116:
1100:
1083:
1066:
1012:
970:
859:
847:
823:
789:
536:
427:
583:"Primordial Pinwheel: Astronomers Spot Oldest Prominent Spiral Galaxy Yet"
1465:
1457:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1061:
1017:
912:
871:
835:
800:
334:
85:
528:
419:
1531:
906:
817:
1044:
631:
174:
152:
1547:
511:
402:
40:
317:
the Milky Way, known as the
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy (
1326:
636:
640:
16:
Distant grand design spiral galaxy in the constellation
Pegasus
248:
HB89 2343+125 BX442, PGC 4668406, SSTSL2 J234619.33+124759.4
560:"Hubble Has Spotted an Ancient Galaxy That Shouldn't Exist"
1510:
1474:
1410:
944:
773:
745:
694:
242:
225:
217:
207:
202:
188:
136:
119:
100:
84:
74:
62:
50:
38:
21:
337:, an old and distant spiral galaxy located in the
451:"Hubble spots spiral galaxy that shouldn't exist"
377:
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
652:
8:
659:
645:
637:
510:
401:
80:+12° 48′ 00.0″
230:
193:
1625:Astronomical objects discovered in 2012
357:
347:, another old and distant spiral galaxy
18:
7:
1620:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
613:"A Really Old Spiral Galaxy – BX442"
558:Gonzalez, Robert T. (19 July 2012).
14:
449:Thomas H. Maugh II (2012-07-18).
1574:
1573:
1562:
1476:
948:
736:
730:
724:
698:
478:"Distance Measures in Cosmology"
27:
709:High Resolution Coronal Imager
1:
711:(solar observatory; Jul 2012)
33:BX442 (Hubble Legacy Archive)
1589:Category:2013 in outer space
1584:Category:2012 in outer space
1579:Category:2011 in outer space
581:John Matson (19 July 2012).
476:David W. Hogg (2000-12-16).
102:Heliocentric radial velocity
1641:
263:grand design spiral galaxy
1557:
1550:(lunar impacts; Dec 2012)
784:Asteroid close approaches
722:
717:(Earth orbiter; Aug 2012)
672:
247:
26:
1615:Unbarred spiral galaxies
1522:(Mars landing; Aug 2012)
1610:Pegasus (constellation)
1461:supermassive black hole
1423:LAE J095950.99+021219.1
755:Sutter's Mill meteorite
173:(5.5 billion
151:(3.3 billion
120:Galactocentric velocity
1569:Outer space portal
611:Merrifield, Michael.
275:concordance cosmology
269:. It has a companion
160:light travel distance
1492:21P/Giacobini–Zinner
696:Space probe launches
587:Scientific American
529:10.1038/nature10417
521:2011Natur.477..301P
420:10.1038/nature11256
412:2012Natur.487..338L
1322:MOA-2010-BLG-477Lb
1057:Kappa Andromedae b
243:Other designations
221:~50 kly (diameter)
190:Apparent magnitude
39:Observation data (
1597:
1596:
1511:Space exploration
959:CFBDSIR 2149−0403
760:2012 UK meteoroid
617:Deep Space Videos
505:(7364): 301–303.
456:Los Angeles Times
396:(7407): 338–340.
252:
251:
232:
195:
1632:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1530:(departure from
1497:C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
1480:
1053:
967:
952:
932:
930:
929:
925:(214869) 2007 PA
920:
918:
917:
903:
901:
900:
896:(523662) 2012 MU
891:
889:
888:
884:(308242) 2005 GO
879:
877:
876:
867:
865:
864:
855:
853:
852:
843:
841:
840:
831:
829:
828:
814:
812:
811:
807:(192642) 1999 RD
797:
795:
794:
765:Novato meteorite
740:
734:
728:
715:Van Allen Probes
702:
661:
654:
647:
638:
624:
598:
597:
595:
593:
578:
572:
571:
569:
567:
555:
549:
548:
514:
494:
488:
487:
485:
484:
473:
467:
466:
464:
463:
446:
440:
439:
405:
379:
323:Whirlpool Galaxy
302:laser-guide-star
294:Alice E. Shapley
283:
178:
156:
132:
130:
127:
115:
114:0.0001 km/s
113:
110:
96:
94:
70:
31:
19:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1506:
1470:
1443:Phoenix Cluster
1406:
1047:
961:
940:
927:
926:
923:
915:
914:
911:
898:
897:
894:
886:
885:
882:
874:
873:
870:
862:
861:
858:
850:
849:
846:
838:
837:
834:
826:
825:
822:
809:
808:
805:
792:
791:
788:
769:
741:
735:
729:
720:
690:
687:
681:
668:
665:
610:
607:
602:
601:
591:
589:
580:
579:
575:
565:
563:
557:
556:
552:
496:
495:
491:
482:
480:
475:
474:
470:
461:
459:
448:
447:
443:
381:
380:
359:
354:
331:
290:
278:
203:Characteristics
182:proper distance
179:
164:
163:
157:
142:
128:
125:
123:
111:
108:
106:
92:
90:
68:
64:Right ascension
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1571:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1535:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1448:WISE 1639−6847
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
993:
992:
991:
988:
978:
973:
968:
955:
953:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
921:
909:
904:
892:
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
815:
803:
798:
786:
780:
778:
771:
770:
768:
767:
762:
757:
751:
749:
743:
742:
723:
721:
719:
718:
712:
705:
703:
692:
691:
689:
688:
682:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
664:
663:
656:
649:
641:
635:
634:
625:
606:
605:External links
603:
600:
599:
573:
550:
489:
468:
441:
356:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
342:
341:galaxy cluster
330:
327:
289:
286:
250:
249:
245:
244:
240:
239:
233:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
205:
204:
200:
199:
196:
186:
185:
140:
134:
133:
121:
117:
116:
104:
98:
97:
88:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:4179 Toutatis
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:HW Virginis b
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
994:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
965:
960:
957:
956:
954:
951:
947:
943:
937:
936:4179 Toutatis
934:
931:
922:
919:
910:
908:
905:
902:
893:
890:
881:
878:
869:
866:
857:
854:
845:
842:
833:
830:
821:
819:
816:
813:
804:
802:
799:
796:
787:
785:
782:
781:
779:
777:
772:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
748:
747:Impact events
744:
739:
733:
727:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
704:
701:
697:
693:
685:
680:
675:
674:
671:
667:2012 in space
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
642:
639:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
608:
604:
588:
584:
577:
574:
561:
554:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
508:
504:
500:
493:
490:
479:
472:
469:
458:
457:
452:
445:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
399:
395:
391:
390:
385:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
366:
364:
362:
358:
351:
346:
345:BRI 1335-0417
343:
340:
336:
333:
332:
328:
326:
324:
320:
314:
310:
306:
303:
297:
295:
287:
285:
282:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
246:
241:
238:
235:0.015 x 0.01
234:
228:
227:Apparent size
224:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
201:
197:
191:
187:
183:
176:
172:
168:
161:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
122:
118:
105:
103:
99:
89:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
67:
65:
61:
58:
55:
53:
52:Constellation
49:
45:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1582:
1526:
1518:
1502:96P/Machholz
1050:rogue object
976:Gliese 163 c
964:rogue planet
616:
592:29 September
590:. Retrieved
576:
566:10 September
564:. Retrieved
553:
502:
498:
492:
481:. Retrieved
471:
460:. Retrieved
454:
444:
393:
387:
315:
311:
307:
298:
291:
281:solar masses
271:dwarf galaxy
258:
254:
253:
1544:; Dec 2012)
1534:; Sep 2012)
1487:78P/Gehrels
1438:Q2343-BX442
1433:Styx (moon)
1411:Discoveries
996:Giese 676 A
621:Brady Haran
384:Dawn K. Erb
259:Q2343-BX442
131:6 km/s
76:Declination
69:23 46 19.35
22:Q2343-BX442
1604:Categories
1540:(flyby of
1418:LEDA 74886
1377:RR Caeli b
1162:Kepler-35b
1157:Kepler-34b
981:Gliese 667
946:Exoplanets
483:2012-12-02
462:2012-07-19
352:References
339:Abell 1689
143:10.7
1538:Chang'e 2
1519:Curiosity
1453:SN 2012fr
1428:BD+48 740
1301:Kepler-89
1288:Kepler-84
1266:Kepler-80
1249:Kepler-56
1236:Kepler-51
1219:Kepler-47
1206:Kepler-46
1184:Kepler-42
1167:Kepler-36
1133:Kepler-33
1117:Kepler-32
1101:Kepler-30
1084:Kepler-25
1067:Kepler-24
1013:GJ 3470 b
971:CoRoT-21b
774:Selected
512:1109.2918
436:205229562
403:1207.4196
180:(present
1466:Huge-LQG
1458:NGC 1277
1402:WASP-79b
1397:WASP-66b
1392:WASP-56b
1387:WASP-49b
1382:WASP-47b
1342:Tau Ceti
1337:Pr0211 b
1332:Pr0201 b
1062:KELT-2Ab
1018:HD 40307
801:433 Eros
686: »
537:21921911
428:22810697
335:A1689B11
329:See also
265:of type
165:18
138:Distance
86:Redshift
1532:4 Vesta
1475:Comets
913:2012 TC
907:2012 TV
872:2012 LZ
860:2012 KT
848:2012 KP
836:2012 EG
824:2012 FP
818:2012 FN
790:2012 BX
677:«
545:4405243
517:Bibcode
408:Bibcode
279:6 × 10
261:) is a
167:billion
145:billion
57:Pegasus
1045:J1407b
632:SIMBAD
543:
535:
499:Nature
434:
426:
389:Nature
319:SagDEG
288:Galaxy
229:
192:
169:
147:
95:0.0001
91:2.1765
1548:GRAIL
628:BX442
562:. io9
541:S2CID
507:arXiv
432:S2CID
398:arXiv
255:BX442
198:24.4R
44:epoch
41:J2000
1527:Dawn
1327:PH1b
776:NEOs
684:2013
679:2011
594:2012
568:2012
533:PMID
424:PMID
218:Size
209:Type
630:on
525:doi
503:477
416:doi
394:487
237:moa
231:(V)
194:(V)
126:498
124:652
109:348
107:652
1606::
1587:—
1581:—
990:Cd
986:Cc
887:21
863:42
851:24
827:35
810:32
793:34
619:.
615:.
585:.
539:.
531:.
523:.
515:.
501:.
453:.
430:.
422:.
414:.
406:.
392:.
360:^
284:.
267:Sc
213:Sc
177:)
175:pc
171:ly
162:)
155:)
153:pc
149:ly
1370:f
1365:e
1361:?
1359:d
1355:?
1353:c
1349:?
1347:b
1315:e
1311:d
1308:c
1305:b
1295:c
1292:b
1282:f
1279:e
1276:d
1273:c
1270:b
1259:c
1254:b
1243:c
1240:b
1229:c
1224:b
1213:c
1210:b
1199:d
1194:c
1189:b
1177:c
1172:b
1151:f
1148:e
1145:d
1142:c
1138:b
1127:f
1124:e
1121:d
1111:d
1108:c
1105:b
1094:c
1089:b
1077:c
1072:b
1052:)
1048:(
1033:g
1028:f
1023:e
1006:e
1001:d
966:)
962:(
928:8
916:4
899:2
875:1
839:5
660:e
653:t
646:v
623:.
596:.
570:.
547:.
527::
519::
509::
486:.
465:.
438:.
418::
410::
400::
257:(
184:)
158:(
129:±
112:±
93:±
46:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
