2145:, also known as the equally pseudoscientific name "nitrilosides" despite the fact that it is a single compound. Amygdalin can be found in various plants, but is most commonly extracted from apricot pits and other similar fruit kernels. Amygdalin is hydrolyzed by various intestinal enzymes to form, among other things, hydrogen cyanide, which is toxic to human beings when exposed to a high enough dosage. Some proponents claim that amygdalin is effective in cancer treatment and prevention, despite its toxicity and a lack of scientific evidence.
701:
750:
850:
783:
664:
1912:
1603:
1367:
924:
627:
813:
586:
446:. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar and white flour tend to have lower B vitamin content than their unprocessed counterparts. For this reason, it is common in many countries (including the United States) that the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid are added back to white flour after processing. This is referred to as "
544:, may also be delivered by injection to reverse deficiencies. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetics may also be advised to supplement thiamine based on high prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration and increased thiamine clearance associated with diabetes. Also, folate deficiency in early embryo development has been linked to
683:(NADP). Both play an important role in energy transfer reactions in the metabolism of glucose, fat and alcohol. NAD carries hydrogens and their electrons during metabolic reactions, including the pathway from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain. NADP is a coenzyme in lipid and nucleic acid synthesis.
824:(THF), which is involved in the transfer of single-carbon units in the metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids. THF is involved in purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis, so is needed for normal cell division, especially during pregnancy and infancy, which are times of rapid growth. Folate also aids in
887:
To the right, a diagram of some of the major B vitamins (2, 3, 5, 9, and 12) are shown as precursors for certain essential biochemical reactants (FAD, NAD+, coenzyme A, and heme B respectively). The structural similarities between them are highlighted, which illustrates the precursor nature of many B
1503:, headaches, and increased intracranial blood flow, and occasionally accompanied by pain. Medical practitioners prescribe recommended doses up to 2000 mg per day of niacin in either immediate-release or slow-release formats, to lower plasma triglycerides and low-density lipiprotein cholesterol.
1964:
Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins as they were once believed to be vitamins. They are no longer considered as such, and the numbers that were assigned to them now form the "gaps" in the true series of B-complex vitamins described above (for example, there is no
1421:
Because water-soluble B vitamins are eliminated in the urine, taking large doses of certain B vitamins usually only produces transient side effects (only exception is pyridoxine). General side effects may include restlessness, nausea and insomnia. These side effects are almost always caused by
790:
Biotin plays a key role in the metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. It is a critical co-enzyme of four carboxylases: acetyl CoA carboxylase, which is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids from acetate; pyruvate CoA carboxylase, involved in gluconeogenesis; β-methylcrotonyl CoA
1494:
Intake of 3000 mg/day of nicotinamide and 1500 mg/day of nicotinic acid are associated with nausea, vomiting, and signs and symptoms of liver toxicity. Other effects may include glucose intolerance, and (reversible) ocular effects. Additionally, the nicotinic acid form may cause
3587:
3162:
3105:
3013:
2956:
2899:
535:
Because they are soluble in water, excess B vitamins are generally readily excreted, although individual absorption, use and metabolism may vary. The elderly and athletes may need to supplement their intake of
2648:
3566:
708:
Pantothenic acid is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and carbohydrates. Coenzyme A, which can be synthesised from pantothenic acid, is involved in the synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids,
3695:
SPIES, TD; GARCIA LOPEZ, G (1947). "A comparative study of the effectiveness of synthetic folic acid, pteroyldiglutamic acid, pteroyltriglutamic acid and pteroylheptaglutamic acid (Bc conjugate)".
1338:, sense loss, change in mobility, memory loss and other cognitive deficits. It is most likely to occur among elderly people, as absorption through the gut declines with age; the autoimmune disease
982:
Several named vitamin deficiency diseases may result from the lack of sufficient B vitamins. Deficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease.
3170:
3109:
3017:
2960:
2903:
2098:
phosphate, named by Earl R. Norris. Isolated from human urine at 0.33ppm (later in blood), but later abandoned by him as further evidence did not confirm this. He also claimed this was not
1969:). Some of them, though not essential to humans, are essential in the diets of other organisms; others have no known nutritional value and may even be toxic under certain conditions.
1259:
does not typically cause symptoms in adults, other than cosmetic issues such as decreased hair and nail growth, but may lead to impaired growth and neurological disorders in infants.
418:
Other substances once thought to be vitamins were given B-numbers, but were disqualified once discovered to be either manufactured by the body or not essential for life. See
891:
FAD, NAD+, and coenzyme A are all essential for the catabolic release of free energy (dG) to power the activity of the cell and more complex life forms. See the article on
4650:
2500:
1452:
caused by high-dose thiamin injections into the vein or muscle. However, the doses were greater than the quantity humans can physically absorb from oral intake.
1821:
Research by multiple independent groups in the early 1900s; credits for discovery include
Margaret Averil Boas (1927), Paul Gyorgy (1939, as Vitamin H), and
517:
vitamin found in plant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B
680:
244:
540:
and other B vitamins due to problems in absorption and increased needs for energy production. In cases of severe deficiency, B vitamins, especially B
3320:
3915:
Carter HE, Bhattacharyya PK, Weidman KR, Fraenkel G (July 1952). "Chemical studies on vitamin BT isolation and characterization as carnitine".
401:
in vitamin supplements. A coenzyme involved in the metabolism of all animal cells, especially affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, but also
2522:
1466:
No evidence of toxicity based on limited human and animal studies. The only evidence of adverse effects associated with riboflavin comes from
4594:
3899:
3872:
3796:
3736:
3550:
3518:
3380:
3353:
3188:
3127:
3035:
2978:
2921:
2879:
2693:
2047:(pABA or PABA), a chemical component of the folate molecule produced by plants and bacteria, and found in many foods. It is best known as a
3830:
3813:
2115:, also known as pangamate. Promoted in various forms as a dietary supplement and drug; considered unsafe and subject to seizure by the US
1499:, including redness of the skin, often accompanied by an itching, tingling, or mild burning sensation, which is also often accompanied by
888:
vitamins while also showing the functionality of the end product used by essential reactions to support human, animal, or cellular life.
4643:
481:(although it has been found in moderate abundance in fermented vegetable products, certain seaweeds, and in certain mushrooms, with the
3968:
3263:"The Curative Factor (vitamin H) for Egg White Injury, with Particular Reference to Its Presence in Different Foodstuffs and in Yeast"
1350:. Untreated, it is possible to cause irreversible damage to the brain and nerve system — In rare extreme cases, paralysis can result.
2429:
2372:
2064:: pteroylheptaglutamic acid (PHGA; chick growth factor). Vitamin Bc-conjugate was also found to be identical to PHGA. Derivative of
1951:
1642:
1406:
963:
676:
240:
97:-rich foods, such as fish, poultry, meat, dairy products, and eggs; they are also found in leafy green vegetables, beans, and peas.
3697:
Internationale
Zeitschrift fur Vitaminforschung. International journal of vitamin research. Journal international de vitaminologie
2832:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin and Choline
2726:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Tjiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin and Choline
4725:
4667:
2785:
4953:
4921:
4283:
3294:
1260:
548:. Thus, women planning to become pregnant are usually encouraged to increase daily dietary folate intake or take a supplement.
4636:
1933:
1624:
1388:
945:
3752:
3674:
869:
and lipids. It is essential in the production of blood cells in bone marrow, and for nerve sheaths and proteins. Vitamin B
761:(PLP) (depicted) serves as a cofactor in many enzyme reactions mainly in amino acid metabolism including biosynthesis of
4730:
3760:
2116:
1042:
5000:
4611:
4292:
4274:
3248:
Dietary
Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
2472:
1929:
1620:
1384:
1194:
941:
205:
3066:
1998:
by the human body, but not sufficiently to maintain good health, and is now considered an essential dietary nutrient.
2490:
1922:
1613:
1377:
934:
2830:
National
Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board, ed. (1998). "Chapter 8 - Folate".
2724:
National
Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board, ed. (1998). "Chapter 6 - Niacin".
758:
5023:
4105:
2784:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. May 2014.
635:
795:; and propionyl CoA carboxylase, which is involved in the metabolism of energy, amino acids and cholesterol.
4735:
4599:
2020:
1532:
1473:
1022:
201:
163:
113:
109:
4813:
3961:
2548:
Thornalley PJ, Babaei-Jadidi R, Al Ali H, Rabbani N, Antonysunil A, Larkin J, et al. (October 2007).
1315:
1263:, an inborn error of metabolism, can lead to biotin deficiency even when dietary biotin intake is normal.
602:
2550:"High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease"
4973:
4906:
4774:
1496:
1335:
1276:
1093:
1073:
406:
402:
263:
209:
197:
121:
81:
for niacin, while some are more commonly recognized by name than by number, such as pantothenic acid (B
4884:
4878:
4870:
4855:
4836:
4560:
4340:
4064:
3312:
2740:
1323:
3615:"Lactic acid bacteria producing B-group vitamins: a great potential for functional cereals products"
2846:
700:
5077:
4990:
4978:
4968:
4454:
3728:
Total
Nutrition: The Only Guide You'll Ever Need - From The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
2526:
2041:
1014:
1010:
545:
450:" on food labels. B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey, tuna and liver.
431:
3219:
Dupré A, Albarel N, Bonafe JL, Christol B, Lassere J (August 1979). "Vitamin B-12 induced acnes".
5041:
4898:
4697:
4233:
4128:
3843:
3645:
3194:
3133:
3041:
2665:
2628:
1746:
1732:
1327:
1288:
977:
525:
98:
94:
62:
2984:
2808:
2342:. MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 23 September 2021
2927:
5013:
5008:
4963:
4958:
4800:
4787:
4520:
4495:
3954:
3932:
3895:
3868:
3862:
3835:
3792:
3786:
3732:
3704:
3666:
3637:
3546:
3540:
3514:
3510:
3476:
3427:
3376:
3370:
3349:
3343:
3228:
3184:
3123:
3031:
2974:
2917:
2875:
2869:
2689:
2683:
2620:
2579:
2495:
2464:
2411:
2368:
2310:
2048:
1888:
1884:
1774:
1339:
1280:
1256:
1147:
1142:
1085:
1081:
878:
873:
functions as a co-enzyme in intermediary metabolism for the methionine synthase reaction with
762:
657:
639:
606:
3726:
593:
Thiamine plays a central role in the release of energy from carbohydrates. It is involved in
4926:
4841:
4530:
4505:
4425:
4205:
4200:
4195:
3924:
3889:
3825:
3629:
3588:"Vitamin B10 (Para–aminobenzoic acid (PABA)): uses, side effects, interactions and warnings"
3466:
3458:
3417:
3409:
3274:
3161:
National
Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998).
3104:
National
Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998).
3012:
National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998).
2955:
National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998).
2898:
National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board., ed. (1998).
2657:
2610:
2569:
2561:
2456:
2401:
2300:
2292:
2245:
1769:
1189:
1109:
1026:
821:
694:
470:
278:
513:
directly. Instead, it measures a bacterial response to the food. Chemical variants of the B
4948:
4943:
4535:
4092:
4077:
2129:
1892:
1751:
1128:
1077:
874:
829:
502:
482:
398:
346:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
2599:"Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate, and the occurrence of neural tube defects"
3753:"CPG Sec. 457.100 Pangamic Acid and Pangamic Acid Products Unsafe for Food and Drug Use"
4983:
4605:
4525:
4238:
4051:
3471:
3446:
3422:
3397:
2574:
2549:
2305:
2280:
1876:
1686:
1236:
causes seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruptions, pink eye and neurological symptoms (e.g.
1018:
898:
Tetrahydrofolate is a necessary co-reactant for synthesizing some amino acids, such as
895:
for more details on how these three essential biochemical reactants help support life.
825:
643:
462:
447:
394:
102:
52:
45:
3279:
3262:
5071:
5018:
4916:
4374:
4364:
4349:
4069:
4012:
4007:
3928:
3614:
3503:
3413:
2777:
2615:
2598:
2112:
1477:
1054:
1034:
906:
is the porphyrin derivative macrocycle molecule that holds the iron atom in place in
862:
717:
709:
443:
372:
3847:
2669:
4936:
4911:
4865:
4659:
4580:
4500:
4459:
4412:
4379:
4359:
4354:
4215:
4143:
4133:
4123:
3981:
3649:
2632:
2099:
1995:
1880:
1699:
1569:
1331:
1292:
1284:
1224:
1105:
782:
749:
743:
672:
529:
317:
213:
2055:
applied to the skin, and is sometimes taken orally for certain medical conditions.
849:
69:. Individual B vitamins are referred to by B-number or by chemical name, such as B
2362:
2008:
Carnitine is an essential dietary nutrient for certain worms, but not for humans.
5056:
5046:
4931:
4687:
4677:
4512:
4369:
4190:
4082:
2078:
1911:
1868:
1864:
1798:
1728:
1602:
1449:
1366:
1296:
1202:
1113:
923:
713:
478:
380:
368:
338:
256:
3831:
10.1002/1097-0142(19840201)53:3+<815::AID-CNCR2820531334>3.0.CO;2-U
663:
4748:
4450:
4442:
4435:
4399:
4392:
4265:
4247:
4163:
4138:
4112:
4087:
4046:
3633:
2565:
2002:
1841:
1836:
1792:
1717:
1271:
1229:
1216:
1159:
1151:
1068:
907:
892:
735:
721:
620:
342:
324:
300:
292:
284:
270:
248:
221:
191:
183:
175:
167:
149:
117:
48:
2661:
2406:
2389:
1528:
US UL = 100 mg/day; EU UL = 25 mg/day
4555:
4547:
4464:
4430:
4256:
4225:
4155:
4032:
4022:
3999:
2460:
2142:
2052:
1988:
1859:
1822:
1347:
1310:
1220:
1117:
1089:
843:
739:
601:
production, as well as nerve function. Its active form is a coenzyme called
466:
388:
310:
31:
3936:
3708:
3641:
3480:
3431:
2583:
2444:
2415:
2314:
371:
DNA; a cofactor in various reactions; especially important in aiding rapid
3839:
3077:
2624:
2468:
1125:
1025:(impaired sensory perception), weakness and pain in the limbs, periods of
17:
5051:
4761:
4720:
4682:
4333:
3232:
2339:
2296:
2177:
2028:
1681:
1500:
1468:
1237:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1097:
1046:
1005:
866:
579:
427:
236:
157:
56:
1041:
may occur in advanced cases. Chronic thiamine deficiency can also cause
4860:
4017:
3977:
2197:
2193:
1984:
1980:
1936: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1627: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1391: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1287:. Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects, particularly
1121:
1101:
1050:
948: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
899:
812:
792:
626:
454:
423:
41:
3462:
1178:
and death (the 3(+1) D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death).
848:
811:
781:
748:
699:
662:
625:
584:
4849:
4490:
4477:
4407:
3172:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
3111:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
3019:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
2962:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
2095:
2091:
2065:
1816:
1251:
903:
806:
776:
532:, many of which have been marketed with large amounts of B vitamins.
458:
362:
354:
332:
229:
2905:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
585:
3246:
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (1998). "Biotin".
2649:
Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine
1343:
1038:
1030:
490:
171:
3946:
3613:
Capozzi V, Russo P, Dueñas MT, López P, Spano G (December 2012).
2597:
Shaw GM, Schaffer D, Velie EM, Morland K, Harris JA (May 1995).
2364:
Biochemical, physiological, molecular aspects of human nutrition
1198:
493:
diet. Manufacturers of plant-based foods will sometimes report B
4632:
4628:
3950:
2709:
Whitney N, Rolfes S, Crowe T, Cameron-Smith D, Walsh A (2011).
1480:) when riboflavin was exposed to intense visible and UV light.
3122:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 196–305.
3030:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 123–149.
1905:
1596:
1448:
No known toxicity from oral intake. There are some reports of
1360:
917:
716:, phospholipids, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters (such as
598:
594:
3156:
3154:
3099:
3097:
3007:
3005:
2973:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 87–122.
2950:
2948:
2893:
2891:
2916:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 58–86.
485:
of the vitamin in these cases remaining uncertain), making B
3250:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 374–389.
910:, allowing for the transportation of oxygen through blood.
2367:(2nd ed.). St Louis: Saunders Elsevier. p. 667.
3183:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. p. 346.
671:
Niacin is composed of two structures: nicotinic acid and
605:(TPP), which takes part in the conversion of pyruvate to
216:
enzyme reactions, including activation of other vitamins
497:
content, leading to confusion about what sources yield B
489:
deficiency a legitimate concern for those maintaining a
3345:
The Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements
1342:
is another common cause. It can also cause symptoms of
2445:"Vitamin B-12: plant sources, requirements, and assay"
524:
A common way to increase vitamin B intake is by using
305:
A coenzyme in many enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
3539:
Berdanier CD, Dwyer JT, Feldman EB (24 August 2007).
3534:
3532:
3530:
442:
B vitamins are found in abundance in meat, eggs, and
2132:(DMG) is synthesized by the human body from choline.
1084:(cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to sunlight,
5034:
4999:
4897:
4828:
4705:
4696:
4666:
4573:
4546:
4318:
4309:
4224:
4154:
4031:
3998:
3989:
2141:: pseudoscientific name for the poisonous compound
634:Riboflavin is involved in release of energy in the
287:and therefore needed to metabolize many molecules.
3780:
3778:
3502:
3398:"Choline: an essential nutrient for public health"
2646:Fattal-Valevski A (2011). "Thiamin (vitamin B1)".
2430:"Vitamin B12 supplements are essential for vegans"
2240:: an alternative name for both pABA (see vitamin B
2068:("pteroylmonoglutamic acid" in this nomenclature).
30:"B complex" redirects here. For the musician, see
2200:; can be replaced by choline and manganese salts.
877:, and the methylmalonyl CoA mutase reaction with
101:, such as breakfast cereals, baked products, and
3301:. Associated Press. 10 October 1988. p. B8.
2279:Hanna M, Jaqua E, Nguyen V, Clay J (June 2022).
978:Vitamin deficiency § Water-soluble vitamins
3725:Herbert V, Subak-Sharpe GJ (15 February 1995).
3661:
3659:
3313:"The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins"
3720:
3718:
3372:Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
375:and growth, such as in infancy and pregnancy.
4644:
3962:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3375:(Fourth ed.). CRC Press. pp. 251–.
3295:"Dean Burk, 84, Chemist for Cancer Institute"
2491:"B vitamins don't boost energy drinks' power"
2023:(AMP), also known as adenylic acid. Vitamin B
1021:include weight loss, emotional disturbances,
8:
3567:"Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Overview Information"
2281:"B Vitamins: Functions and Uses in Medicine"
1871:for direct and indirect studies of vitamin B
642:, as well as the catabolism of fatty acids (
501:. The confusion arises because the standard
3582:
3580:
3545:(Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 117.
2183:, also called "mouse antialopaecia factor".
791:carboxylase, involved in the metabolism of
681:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
675:. There are two co-enzyme forms of niacin:
4702:
4651:
4637:
4629:
4315:
4088:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
3995:
3969:
3955:
3947:
2484:
2482:
2449:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2394:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1586:Skin and spinal lesions. Acne-like rash .
1491:US UL = 35 mg as a dietary supplement
1174:. In advanced cases, pellagra may lead to
861:is involved in the cellular metabolism of
820:Folate acts as a co-enzyme in the form of
131:
65:containing all eight are referred to as a
3894:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
3829:
3470:
3421:
3369:Lundblad RL, Macdonald F (30 July 2010).
3278:
2834:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2728:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2614:
2573:
2405:
2304:
1952:Learn how and when to remove this message
1643:Learn how and when to remove this message
1407:Learn how and when to remove this message
964:Learn how and when to remove this message
521:content in other types of foods as well.
477:vitamin is not abundantly available from
3891:Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins
3396:Zeisel SH, da Costa KA (November 2009).
2766:. Belmont, California: Cengage Learning.
1654:
1568:deficiency, which can lead to permanent
1424:
1422:dietary supplements and not foodstuffs.
984:
555:
367:A precursor needed to make, repair, and
3917:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
3180:, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
3119:, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
3027:, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
2970:, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
2913:, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
2764:Advanced nutrition and human metabolism
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2231:: a type of biotin other than d-biotin.
2192:: "antiperosis factor", which prevents
3622:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2868:Sardesai, Vishwanath (11 April 2003).
2475:from the original on 24 February 2008.
1979:: can refer to the distinct chemicals
419:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
291:
220:
7:
3348:. Infobase Publishing. p. 155.
3323:from the original on 16 January 2018
2688:. Academic Press. 2 September 2009.
2503:from the original on 19 October 2008
1934:adding citations to reliable sources
1625:adding citations to reliable sources
1495:vasodilatory effects, also known as
1389:adding citations to reliable sources
946:adding citations to reliable sources
469:, potatoes, bananas, chili peppers,
453:Sources for B vitamins also include
3509:. Oxford University Press. p.
2094:, rat growth factor, and antitumor
528:. B vitamins are commonly added to
4284:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K
3731:. St. Martin's Press. p. 98.
3505:A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition
2871:Introduction to Clinical Nutrition
2788:from the original on 14 March 2018
1472:studies showing the production of
1017:. Symptoms of this disease of the
25:
3757:Compliance Policy Guidance Manual
3671:Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia
1431:Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
677:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
341:enzymes, needed for synthesis of
3414:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x
2685:Guide to Nutritional Supplements
2616:10.1097/00001648-199505000-00005
2523:"Vitamin B injections mentioned"
1910:
1601:
1365:
922:
505:(USP) method for measuring the B
3888:Bender DA (11 September 2003).
3267:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2390:"Health effects of vegan diets"
1921:needs additional citations for
1612:needs additional citations for
1376:needs additional citations for
1261:Multiple carboxylase deficiency
1158:. Symptoms include aggression,
933:needs additional citations for
4293:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K
4275:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K
3861:Velisek J (24 December 2013).
3785:Velisek J (24 December 2013).
3542:Handbook of Nutrition and Food
2713:. Melbourne: Cengage Learning.
2005:synthesized by the human body.
1092:(inflammation of the tongue),
1033:(swelling of bodily tissues).
509:content does not measure the B
1:
3814:"The whys of cancer quackery"
3675:National Institutes of Health
3501:Bender DA (29 January 2009).
3280:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)73468-6
1150:, along with a deficiency of
93:). B vitamins are present in
59:diverse class of compounds.
44:that play important roles in
40:are a class of water-soluble
3929:10.1016/0003-9861(52)90047-7
3761:Food and Drug Administration
3342:Navarra T (1 January 2004).
2443:Herbert V (September 1988).
2117:Food and Drug Administration
1100:(particularly affecting the
1043:alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome
4726:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
3812:Lerner IJ (February 1984).
3447:"The assay of vitamin B(4)"
2762:Gropper S, Smith J (2009).
2489:Woolston C (14 July 2008).
1722:D.T Smith and E.G Hendrick
1205:, although it is uncommon.
1195:Pantothenic acid deficiency
247:, which are needed in many
108:Each B vitamin is either a
5094:
3261:Gyorgy P (December 1939).
1694:Failed to gain publicity.
975:
105:, may contain B vitamins.
29:
4731:Wernicke's encephalopathy
4589:
4083:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
3634:10.1007/s00253-012-4440-2
2566:10.1007/s00125-007-0771-4
2090:: cell proliferant, anti-
1863:
1820:
1680:
1674:
1283:, and elevated levels of
836:
799:
769:
728:
687:
613:
572:
567:
564:
561:
558:
465:or beans), whole grains,
379:
353:
323:
304:
269:
234:
182:
148:
143:
140:
137:
3667:"Para-aminobenzoic acid"
2957:"Chapter 5 - Riboflavin"
2662:10.1177/1533210110392941
2407:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N
1170:, mental confusion, and
636:electron transport chain
3451:The Biochemical Journal
2857:– via bris.ac.uk.
2849:. University of Bristol
2819:– via bris.ac.uk.
2811:. University of Bristol
2751:– via bris.ac.uk.
2743:. University of Bristol
2711:Understanding Nutrition
2361:Stipanuk, M.H. (2006).
2021:adenosine monophosphate
1474:reactive oxygen species
1023:Wernicke encephalopathy
212:, which are needed for
3867:. Wiley. p. 209.
3791:. Wiley. p. 398.
3163:"Chapter 9 - Vitamin B
2285:The Permanente Journal
2222:other than pyridoxine.
1539:for more information.
1080:, which may result in
853:
816:
786:
759:pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
753:
704:
667:
630:
603:thiamine pyrophosphate
589:
4907:Electrolyte imbalance
4775:Pyridoxine deficiency
4749:Riboflavin deficiency
4106:Dihydroergocalciferol
3864:The Chemistry of Food
3788:The Chemistry of Food
2900:"Chapter 4 - Thiamin"
2845:Schnepp, Zoe (2002).
2807:Schnepp, Zoe (2002).
2739:Schnepp, Zoe (2002).
2461:10.1093/ajcn/48.3.852
2388:Craig WJ (May 2009).
2196:, a leg disorder, in
1731:invented methods for
1336:peripheral neuropathy
1277:Folic acid deficiency
1094:seborrheic dermatitis
1074:Riboflavin deficiency
852:
815:
785:
752:
703:
666:
629:
588:
407:amino acid metabolism
403:fatty acid metabolism
264:Nicotinamide riboside
77:for riboflavin, and B
4885:Vitamin K deficiency
4879:Vitamin E deficiency
4856:Vitamin D deficiency
4837:Vitamin A deficiency
4736:Korsakoff's syndrome
4561:Dehydroascorbic acid
4065:7-Dehydrocholesterol
3106:"Chapter 8 - Folate"
3014:"Chapter 6 - Niacin"
1930:improve this article
1621:improve this article
1385:improve this article
942:improve this article
828:, the production of
124:needed to make one.
4455:Pyridoxal phosphate
3176:, Folate, Vitamin B
3115:, Folate, Vitamin B
3023:, Folate, Vitamin B
2966:, Folate, Vitamin B
2909:, Folate, Vitamin B
2432:. 14 February 2018.
1553:No toxicity known.
1517:No toxicity known.
1289:neural tube defects
1120:, and edema of the
1027:irregular heartbeat
1011:Thiamine deficiency
994:Deficiency effects
568:Molecular function
552:Molecular functions
546:neural tube defects
526:dietary supplements
134:
133:List of B vitamins
63:Dietary supplements
4899:Mineral deficiency
4698:Vitamin deficiency
4616:Never to phase III
4129:Dihydrotachysterol
3824:(3 Suppl): 815–9.
3317:www.nobelprize.org
3299:The New York Times
3200:on 11 October 2010
2741:"Pantothenic Acid"
2455:(3 Suppl): 852–8.
2400:(5): 1627S–1633S.
2297:10.7812/TPP/21.204
2045:-aminobenzoic acid
2027:may also refer to
1867:have been awarded
1328:methylmalonic acid
1045:, an irreversible
854:
817:
787:
754:
705:
668:
631:
590:
434:, 11, and others.
420:#Related compounds
132:
128:List of B vitamins
120:processes or is a
5065:
5064:
5014:Failure to thrive
5009:Delayed milestone
4893:
4892:
4871:Harrison's groove
4801:Folate deficiency
4788:Biotin deficiency
4626:
4625:
4569:
4568:
4521:Adenosylcobalamin
4496:Dihydrofolic acid
4305:
4304:
3901:978-1-139-43773-8
3874:978-1-118-38383-4
3798:978-1-118-38383-4
3738:978-0-312-11386-5
3552:978-1-4200-0889-0
3520:978-0-19-157975-2
3463:10.1042/bj0241827
3445:Reader V (1930).
3402:Nutrition Reviews
3382:978-1-4200-0869-2
3355:978-1-4381-2103-1
3190:978-0-309-06411-8
3129:978-0-309-06411-8
3037:978-0-309-06411-8
2980:978-0-309-06411-8
2923:978-0-309-06411-8
2881:978-0-203-91239-3
2695:978-0-12-375661-9
2496:Los Angeles Times
2157:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1902:Related compounds
1899:
1898:
1889:Alexander R. Todd
1775:Roger J. Williams
1653:
1652:
1645:
1590:
1589:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1354:
1353:
1340:pernicious anemia
1324:macrocytic anemia
1281:macrocytic anemia
1257:Biotin deficiency
1148:Niacin deficiency
1086:angular cheilitis
1053:and compensatory
1049:characterized by
974:
973:
966:
885:
884:
879:adenosylcobalamin
763:neurotransmitters
640:citric acid cycle
607:acetyl coenzyme A
471:breakfast cereals
413:
412:
232:(nicotinic acid)
67:vitamin B complex
51:and synthesis of
27:Group of vitamins
16:(Redirected from
5085:
4703:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4630:
4531:Hydroxocobalamin
4506:Levomefolic acid
4426:Pantothenic acid
4316:
4239:Phylloquinone (K
3996:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3941:
3940:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3833:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3673:. United States
3663:
3654:
3653:
3619:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3536:
3525:
3524:
3508:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3193:. Archived from
3158:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3132:. Archived from
3101:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3076:. Archived from
3074:www.rxabbott.com
3071:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3040:. Archived from
3009:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2983:. Archived from
2952:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2926:. Archived from
2895:
2886:
2885:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2618:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2525:. Archived from
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2336:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2276:
2246:pantothenic acid
2155:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1914:
1906:
1770:Pantothenic acid
1655:
1648:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1605:
1597:
1583:None established
1434:Harmful effects
1425:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1369:
1361:
1190:Pantothenic acid
985:
969:
962:
958:
955:
949:
926:
918:
822:tetrahydrofolate
757:The active form
695:Pantothenic acid
556:
279:Pantothenic acid
135:
89:), and folate (B
21:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5030:
4995:
4889:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4797:
4784:
4771:
4758:
4745:
4717:
4692:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4606:Clinical trials
4585:
4565:
4542:
4536:Methylcobalamin
4516:
4487:
4474:
4446:
4422:
4403:
4389:
4344:
4330:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4248:Menaquinones (K
4242:
4220:
4150:
4116:
4102:
4093:Calcitroic acid
4078:Cholecalciferol
4073:
4061:
4043:
4027:
3991:
3985:
3975:
3945:
3944:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3521:
3500:
3499:
3488:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3139:on 18 June 2009
3136:
3130:
3118:
3114:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3047:on 18 June 2009
3044:
3038:
3026:
3022:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2990:on 18 June 2009
2987:
2981:
2969:
2965:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2933:on 18 June 2009
2930:
2924:
2912:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2560:(10): 2164–70.
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2322:
2278:
2277:
2260:
2255:
2243:
2238:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2207:
2190:
2174:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2130:dimethylglycine
2126:
2109:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2038:
2026:
2017:
1977:
1968:
1958:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1927:
1915:
1904:
1893:Dorothy Hodgkin
1874:
1856:
1833:
1813:
1789:
1766:
1752:Conrad Elvehjem
1743:
1714:
1678:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1618:
1606:
1595:
1580:
1567:
1547:
1536:
1525:
1511:
1488:
1460:
1442:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1382:
1370:
1359:
1319:
1307:
1248:
1233:
1213:
1186:
1139:
1116:(sore throat),
1078:ariboflavinosis
1065:
1002:
980:
970:
959:
953:
950:
939:
927:
916:
875:methylcobalamin
872:
860:
840:
830:red blood cells
803:
773:
732:
691:
654:
617:
609:in metabolism.
576:
554:
543:
539:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:US Pharmacopeia
500:
496:
488:
483:bioavailability
476:
440:
399:methylcobalamin
384:
358:
347:gluconeogenesis
337:A coenzyme for
328:
296:
283:A precursor of
274:
235:A precursor of
225:
187:
153:
130:
103:infant formulas
99:Fortified foods
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:for thiamine, B
72:
53:red blood cells
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5091:
5089:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4984:Keshan disease
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4668:Protein-energy
4664:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4526:Cyanocobalamin
4523:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4234:Naphthoquinone
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4052:Ergocalciferol
4049:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3907:
3900:
3880:
3873:
3853:
3804:
3797:
3774:
3744:
3737:
3714:
3687:
3655:
3628:(6): 1383–94.
3605:
3576:
3558:
3551:
3526:
3519:
3486:
3457:(6): 1827–31.
3437:
3408:(11): 615–23.
3388:
3381:
3361:
3354:
3334:
3304:
3286:
3273:(2): 733–744.
3253:
3238:
3211:
3189:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3150:
3128:
3116:
3112:
3093:
3058:
3036:
3024:
3020:
3001:
2979:
2967:
2963:
2944:
2922:
2910:
2906:
2887:
2880:
2860:
2837:
2822:
2799:
2779:
2769:
2754:
2731:
2716:
2701:
2694:
2675:
2638:
2589:
2540:
2529:on 3 July 2008
2514:
2478:
2435:
2421:
2380:
2373:
2353:
2320:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2188:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2107:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1999:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1918:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1885:William Murphy
1877:George Whipple
1872:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1853:Vitamin B
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1830:Vitamin B
1827:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1810:Vitamin B
1807:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1786:Vitamin B
1783:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1763:Vitamin B
1760:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1740:Vitamin B
1737:
1736:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1711:Vitamin B
1708:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1687:Umetaro Suzuki
1684:
1679:
1676:
1675:Vitamin B
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1609:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:Vitamin B
1574:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:Vitamin B
1541:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:Vitamin B
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:Vitamin B
1505:
1504:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:Vitamin B
1482:
1481:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:Vitamin B
1454:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:Vitamin B
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1415:
1414:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1304:Vitamin B
1301:
1300:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1245:Vitamin B
1242:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1211:
1210:Vitamin B
1207:
1206:
1197:can result in
1192:
1187:
1184:
1183:Vitamin B
1180:
1179:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1136:Vitamin B
1133:
1132:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1062:Vitamin B
1059:
1058:
1019:nervous system
1008:
1003:
1000:
999:Vitamin B
996:
995:
992:
989:
972:
971:
930:
928:
921:
915:
912:
883:
882:
870:
858:
855:
846:
841:
838:
837:Vitamin B
834:
833:
826:erythropoiesis
818:
809:
804:
801:
800:Vitamin B
797:
796:
788:
779:
774:
771:
770:Vitamin B
767:
766:
755:
746:
733:
730:
729:Vitamin B
726:
725:
706:
697:
692:
689:
688:Vitamin B
685:
684:
669:
660:
655:
652:
651:Vitamin B
648:
647:
644:beta oxidation
632:
623:
618:
615:
614:Vitamin B
611:
610:
591:
582:
577:
574:
573:Vitamin B
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
553:
550:
541:
537:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
494:
486:
479:plant products
474:
448:enriched flour
444:dairy products
439:
436:
411:
410:
395:cyanocobalamin
391:
386:
382:
377:
376:
365:
360:
356:
351:
350:
335:
330:
326:
321:
320:
314:
313:
307:
306:
303:
298:
294:
289:
288:
281:
276:
272:
267:
266:
260:
259:
253:
252:
233:
227:
223:
218:
217:
194:
189:
185:
180:
179:
160:
155:
151:
146:
145:
142:
139:
129:
126:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5090:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:Short stature
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4842:Bitot's spots
4840:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4581:Multivitamins
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Ascorbic acid
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:Prosultiamine
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Fursultiamine
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Acefurtiamine
4348:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4273:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3923:(1): 405–16.
3922:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3703:(1–2): 1–12.
3702:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3606:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:. WebMD, LLC.
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3335:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3212:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3168:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3083:on 2012-06-08
3079:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2958:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2874:. CRC Press.
2873:
2872:
2864:
2861:
2848:
2847:"Vitamin B12"
2841:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2609:(3): 219–26.
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2374:9781416002093
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2354:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2218:: a type of B
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:pangamic acid
2110:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2001:Adenine is a
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1919:This section
1917:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1636:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1610:This section
1608:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1561:1 mg/day
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1533:Megavitamin-B
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:free radicals
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1408:
1400:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:This section
1372:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:results in a
1321:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:results in a
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:confabulation
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Heart failure
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
993:
990:
987:
986:
983:
979:
968:
965:
957:
947:
943:
937:
936:
931:This section
929:
925:
920:
919:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
889:
880:
876:
868:
864:
863:carbohydrates
856:
851:
847:
845:
842:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
808:
805:
798:
794:
789:
784:
780:
778:
775:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
745:
741:
737:
734:
727:
723:
719:
718:acetylcholine
715:
711:
710:ketone bodies
707:
702:
698:
696:
693:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
659:
656:
650:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
622:
619:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
583:
581:
578:
571:
557:
551:
549:
547:
533:
531:
530:energy drinks
527:
522:
504:
492:
484:
480:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
387:
385:
378:
374:
373:cell division
370:
366:
364:
361:
359:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
334:
331:
329:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
308:
302:
299:
297:
290:
286:
282:
280:
277:
275:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
231:
228:
226:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
193:
190:
188:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
159:
156:
154:
147:
136:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
112:(generally a
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
68:
64:
60:
58:
55:. They are a
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4866:Osteomalacia
4706:
4670:malnutrition
4660:Malnutrition
4574:Combinations
4501:Folinic acid
4460:Pyridoxamine
4431:Dexpanthenol
4380:Sulbutiamine
4360:Benfotiamine
4355:Allithiamine
4319:
4257:Menadione (K
4216:Tocofersolan
4144:Paricalcitol
4134:Calcipotriol
4124:Alfacalcidol
4120:D analogues
4070:Previtamin D
3920:
3916:
3910:
3890:
3883:
3863:
3856:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3787:
3765:. Retrieved
3763:. March 1995
3756:
3747:
3727:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3678:. Retrieved
3670:
3625:
3621:
3608:
3596:. Retrieved
3594:. WebMD, LLC
3591:
3570:
3561:
3541:
3504:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3371:
3364:
3344:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3316:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3247:
3241:
3227:(2): 210–1.
3224:
3220:
3214:
3204:23 September
3202:. Retrieved
3195:the original
3171:
3141:. Retrieved
3134:the original
3110:
3085:. Retrieved
3078:the original
3073:
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3042:the original
3018:
2992:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2961:
2935:. Retrieved
2928:the original
2904:
2870:
2863:
2853:16 September
2851:. Retrieved
2840:
2831:
2825:
2815:17 September
2813:. Retrieved
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2757:
2747:16 September
2745:. Retrieved
2734:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2684:
2678:
2656:(1): 12–20.
2653:
2647:
2641:
2606:
2603:Epidemiology
2602:
2592:
2557:
2554:Diabetologia
2553:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2494:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2424:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2363:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:"B vitamins"
2291:(2): 89–97.
2288:
2284:
2234:
2225:
2212:
2209:: carnitine.
2203:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2167:: carnitine.
2161:
2148:
2135:
2122:
2105:
2100:xanthopterin
2084:
2071:
2058:
2042:
2034:
2013:
1973:
1963:
1948:
1942:January 2021
1939:
1928:Please help
1923:verification
1920:
1891:(1957), and
1881:George Minot
1869:Nobel Prizes
1733:synthesizing
1700:Casimir Funk
1639:
1633:January 2021
1630:
1619:Please help
1614:verification
1611:
1570:neurological
1467:
1420:
1418:
1403:
1397:January 2021
1394:
1383:Please help
1378:verification
1375:
1357:Side effects
1332:homocysteine
1293:spina bifida
1285:homocysteine
1225:pyridoxamine
1106:labia majora
981:
960:
954:January 2021
951:
940:Please help
935:verification
932:
914:Deficiencies
897:
890:
886:
744:pyridoxamine
673:nicotinamide
534:
523:
452:
441:
422:for numbers
415:
414:
318:Pyridoxamine
214:flavoprotein
144:Description
107:
85:), biotin (B
66:
61:
37:
36:
5057:Underweight
5047:Weight loss
4688:Catabolysis
4678:Kwashiorkor
4602:from market
4413:Niacinamide
4370:Octotiamine
4191:Tocotrienol
3327:15 February
2158:-carnitine.
2079:orotic acid
1996:synthesized
1994:Choline is
1865:Five people
1799:Paul Gyorgy
1729:Max Tishler
1450:anaphylaxis
1326:, elevated
1297:anencephaly
1203:paresthesia
1114:pharyngitis
714:cholesterol
343:fatty acids
339:carboxylase
257:Niacinamide
251:processes.
176:amino acids
5078:B vitamins
5024:Idiopathic
4974:Molybdenum
4818:deficiency
4707:B vitamins
4491:Folic acid
4451:Pyridoxine
4436:Pantethine
4393:Riboflavin
4266:Various (K
4164:Tocopherol
4139:Tacalcitol
4047:Ergosterol
4013:β-Carotene
4008:α-Carotene
3767:25 January
3680:24 January
3598:24 January
3087:2010-11-17
2778:"Vitamin B
2253:References
2051:-blocking
2003:nucleobase
1860:Cobalamins
1842:Lucy Wills
1837:Folic acid
1793:Pyridoxine
1718:Riboflavin
1664:Discoverer
1320:deficiency
1311:Cobalamins
1272:Folic acid
1234:deficiency
1217:Pyridoxine
1160:dermatitis
1152:tryptophan
1122:pharyngeal
1096:or pseudo-
1076:can cause
1069:Riboflavin
976:See also:
908:hemoglobin
893:Catabolism
736:Pyridoxine
722:antibodies
679:(NAD) and
621:Riboflavin
565:Structure
389:Cobalamins
301:Pyridoxine
285:coenzyme A
192:Riboflavin
168:catabolism
116:) for key
57:chemically
49:metabolism
38:B vitamins
18:B Vitamins
4954:Manganese
4932:Potassium
4927:Phosphate
4922:Magnesium
4814:Vitamin B
4612:Phase III
4600:Withdrawn
4465:Pyritinol
4345:analogues
4023:Tretinoin
3592:WebMD.com
3571:WebMD.com
3067:"Niaspan"
2507:8 October
2235:Vitamin B
2226:Vitamin B
2213:Vitamin B
2204:Vitamin B
2187:Vitamin B
2181:-inositol
2171:Vitamin B
2162:Vitamin B
2149:Vitamin B
2143:amygdalin
2136:Vitamin B
2123:Vitamin B
2106:Vitamin B
2085:Vitamin B
2072:Vitamin B
2059:Vitamin B
2053:sunscreen
2035:Vitamin B
2014:Vitamin B
1989:carnitine
1974:Vitamin B
1965:vitamin B
1823:Dean Burk
1593:Discovery
1348:psychosis
1316:Vitamin B
1230:Vitamin B
1221:pyridoxal
1154:, causes
1118:hyperemia
1090:glossitis
1082:cheilosis
857:Vitamin B
844:Cobalamin
740:pyridoxal
467:asparagus
393:Commonly
381:Vitamin B
369:methylate
355:Vitamin B
325:Vitamin B
311:Pyridoxal
293:Vitamin B
271:Vitamin B
249:metabolic
237:coenzymes
222:Vitamin B
202:coenzymes
198:precursor
184:Vitamin B
150:Vitamin B
122:precursor
118:metabolic
32:B-Complex
5072:Category
5052:Cachexia
5042:Anorexia
4991:Fluorine
4979:Selenium
4969:Chromium
4917:Chloride
4762:Pellagra
4721:Beriberi
4683:Marasmus
4334:Thiamine
3978:Vitamins
3937:12997117
3848:36332694
3709:18905002
3642:23093174
3481:16744538
3432:19906248
3321:Archived
2809:"Biotin"
2786:Archived
2670:71436117
2584:17676306
2501:Archived
2473:Archived
2416:19279075
2315:35933667
2029:inositol
1895:(1964).
1887:(1934),
1682:Thiamine
1572:damage.
1537:syndrome
1501:pruritus
1497:flushing
1469:in vitro
1291:such as
1238:epilepsy
1176:dementia
1172:diarrhea
1168:weakness
1164:insomnia
1156:pellagra
1108:and the
1098:syphilis
1047:dementia
1015:beriberi
1006:Thiamine
867:proteins
580:Thiamine
559:Vitamin
473:. The B
164:coenzyme
158:Thiamine
138:Vitamin
114:coenzyme
110:cofactor
42:vitamins
5035:General
4912:Calcium
4861:Rickets
4312:soluble
4018:Retinol
3992:soluble
3840:6362828
3650:1162368
3472:1254803
3423:2782876
3143:17 June
3051:17 June
2994:17 June
2937:17 June
2792:7 March
2633:2740838
2625:7619926
2575:1998885
2533:29 July
2469:3046314
2306:9662251
2194:perosis
1985:adenine
1981:choline
1658:Vitamin
1564:Masks B
1558:Folate
1428:Vitamin
1268:Folate
1102:scrotum
1051:amnesia
1013:causes
988:Vitamin
900:glycine
793:leucine
720:), and
459:legumes
455:spinach
438:Sources
345:and in
239:called
204:called
166:in the
95:protein
5001:Growth
4964:Iodine
4959:Copper
4937:Sodium
4850:Scurvy
4595:WHO-EM
4478:Biotin
4408:Niacin
4310:Water
3935:
3898:
3871:
3846:
3838:
3818:Cancer
3795:
3735:
3707:
3648:
3640:
3549:
3517:
3479:
3469:
3430:
3420:
3379:
3352:
3233:157854
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2631:
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2572:
2467:
2414:
2371:
2346:2 June
2313:
2303:
2244:) and
2198:chicks
2096:pterin
2092:anemia
2066:folate
1817:Biotin
1747:Niacin
1670:Notes
1252:Biotin
1143:Niacin
1129:mucosa
1029:, and
904:Heme B
807:Folate
777:Biotin
658:Niacin
638:, the
463:pulses
363:Folate
333:Biotin
230:Niacin
172:sugars
4829:Other
4210:Delta
4206:Gamma
4196:Alpha
4184:Delta
4179:Gamma
4169:Alpha
3844:S2CID
3759:. US
3646:S2CID
3618:(PDF)
3221:Cutis
3198:(PDF)
3137:(PDF)
3081:(PDF)
3070:(PDF)
3045:(PDF)
2988:(PDF)
2931:(PDF)
2666:S2CID
2629:S2CID
1987:, or
1344:mania
1110:mouth
1039:death
1031:edema
562:Name
491:vegan
416:Note:
141:Name
4949:Zinc
4944:Iron
4201:Beta
4174:Beta
3990:Fat
3933:PMID
3896:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3836:PMID
3793:ISBN
3769:2014
3733:ISBN
3705:PMID
3682:2014
3638:PMID
3600:2014
3547:ISBN
3515:ISBN
3477:PMID
3428:PMID
3377:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3329:2018
3229:PMID
3206:2010
3185:ISBN
3145:2009
3124:ISBN
3053:2009
3032:ISBN
2996:2009
2975:ISBN
2939:2009
2918:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2855:2012
2817:2012
2794:2017
2749:2012
2690:ISBN
2621:PMID
2580:PMID
2535:2008
2509:2008
2465:PMID
2412:PMID
2369:ISBN
2348:2024
2311:PMID
2043:para
1883:and
1846:1933
1803:1934
1795:etc.
1779:1933
1756:1937
1735:it.
1725:1926
1704:1912
1691:1910
1667:Date
1661:Name
1550:None
1531:See
1514:None
1463:None
1445:None
1346:and
1330:and
1295:and
1201:and
1199:acne
1126:oral
1124:and
1037:and
991:Name
597:and
405:and
245:NADP
243:and
208:and
174:and
46:cell
4883:K:
4877:E:
4854:D:
4848:C:
4835:A:
3982:A11
3925:doi
3826:doi
3630:doi
3511:521
3467:PMC
3459:doi
3418:PMC
3410:doi
3275:doi
3271:131
2658:doi
2611:doi
2570:PMC
2562:doi
2457:doi
2402:doi
2301:PMC
2293:doi
2179:myo
1932:by
1623:by
1387:by
1240:).
1112:),
1104:or
944:by
646:).
599:DNA
595:RNA
397:or
241:NAD
210:FMN
206:FAD
200:of
170:of
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4809:12
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162:A
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4652:e
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4638:v
4548:C
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