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462:. The early Bakalanga people living in the Shashe-Limpopo basin monopolised trade due to their access to the Indian Ocean coast. By around AD 1220 a new and more powerful kingdom developed around Mapungubgwe Hill, near Botswana's border with South Africa. Some of the early Bakalanga people living in the lower Shashe-Limpopo valley probably moved towards or became part of this newly formed kingdom. But studies of climatic data from the area suggest that a disastrous
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priests in Mwali/Ngwali's church). The traditional attire of the
Kalanga/BaKalanga people clearly shows the importance of rain to BaKalanga. They put on black skirts which represent dark clouds heavy with rain, and the white shirts to represent rain droplets. This is the attire worn when they go and plead for rain at Njelele shrine in Zimbabwe, which is the headquarters for the Hosanna's of Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
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451:, furs and feathers with the Indian Ocean coast for goods such as glass beads and cotton clothes. The majority of these prehistoric Bakalanga villages have been discovered in Botswana and Zimbabwe in areas close to major rivers and were usually built on terraced hilltops with stone walls built around them.
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and they are also found among VhaVenda called VhoMudabeli. The Ntombo(otherwise referred to as Baperi) would then follow suit as the third largest clan being found scattered in a number of villages however, often under the leadership of either the
Sungwasha or Mndambeli people. They are also found in
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The
Kalanga people are a people who have, from the beginning of time always placed a great deal of importance on their totems as well as their clan names. The most notable of these clans are boSungwasha, boMndambeli, boNeswimbo, boNtombo, boKumbudzi, boKadzasha, boPhizha na boNebukhwa. The largest of
517:
The
Kalanga people are known for their rain-making abilities through their Supreme Being Mwali/Ngwali. These abilities have always been a part of the BaKalanga people history as well as all those other related groups. The rain-making has always been the duty of the Hosanna's or AmaWosana (the high
490:(Dlodlo). The moves were accompanied by changes of the dominance from one clan to another. In the 17th century, the rozvi established southern BaKalanga became a powerful competitor, controlling most of the mining areas. The Rozvi even repelled Portuguese colonists from some of their inland posts.
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town. History goes to state that BoNtombo are believed to be descendants of the
Balobedu people found in South Africa who are today a section of the Bapedi tribe. BoKumbudzi and boNebukhwa are found in fewer numbers as they are mostly the ones with the spiritual gifts to communicate with Mwali at
270:. The language has a number of tribal dialects depending on which part of the tribal territory you are situated. There are among others the Talaunda dialect, the Lilima dialect, Jawunda dialect, the Nanzwa dialect, Tjigwizi dialect as well as Tjindodondo dialect (dominant in
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these clans are the
Sungwasha clan as they are found in each & every Kalanga village, district & town in both Botswana & Zimbabwe. They are also known as BaWumbe/ Tjibelu. The following clan would be the Mndambeli people as they are found dominantly in the
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region was uninhabited between A.D 1300 and 1420, forcing the ordinary population to scatter. Mapungubgwe had become a ghost town by AD 1290. Its golden era lasted no more than 50 years culminating in the rise of
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language of
Zimbabwe is the third most spoken language in the country, however, being recognized as a Western Shona branch of the Shona group of languages. It is likewise used in mass media.
1423:
1201:
Huffman, T. N. (2008). "Zhizo and
Leopard's Kopje: test excavations at Simamwe and Mtanye, Zimbabwe". In Badenhorst, Shaw; Mitchell, Peter; Driver, Jonathan C. (eds.).
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came as a result of a series of invasions, beginning with the
Bangwato Kgosi Kgari's ill-fated incursion of around 1828 and culminating in the onslaught of
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Butua and the end of an era: The effect of the collapse of the
Kalanga State on ordinary citizens. An analysis of behaviour under stress.
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districts venerating the Ghudo or Tembo. The Mndambeli are also found among the Shona people of Zimbabwe, often referred to as
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497:) and adjacent parts of present-day Botswana, Kalanga states survived for more than another century. The fall of the
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or Central Shona languages in Zimbabwe, Tswana in Botswana, and other local languages of the surrounding peoples of
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1364:"Understanding "Mwali" as Traditional Supreme Deity of the Bakalanga of Botswana and Western Zimbabwe: Part One"
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1234:
Van Waarden, Catharina (1998). "The Late Iron Age". In Lane, Paul J.; Reid, Andrew; Segobye, Alinah (eds.).
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David N. Beach: The Shona and Zimbabwe 900–1850. Heinemann, London 1980 und Mambo Press, Gwelo 1980,
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1306:"Landscapes and Ethnicity: An Historical Archaeology of Khami-Phase Sites in Southwestern Zimbabwe"
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indicated that there were 32,777 (40% of the numerically largest district) BaKalanga in the
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Later, in the 15th century, the centre of power moved back west, from Great Zimbabwe to
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The BaKalanga of Botswana are the second largest ethnic group in the country, and their
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Democracy in Botswana: The Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Gaborone, 1-5 August 1988
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1176:. Botswana Society Conference publication. Gaborone, Botswana: Macmillan. pp.
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District using the Shoko as well as Zhou and Tshuma as their totems as well as the
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1142:. Kalanga Language and Cultural Development Association (KLCDA). 9 June 2012.
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2012. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 82. Oxford: Archaeopress.
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being the second most spoken in the country (most prevalent in the North).
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According to Huffman (2008), the original Bakalanga people descended from
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farmers. These people occupied areas covering parts of north eastern
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1223:. Doctoral dissertation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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Animals and people: Archaeozoological papers in honour of Ina Plug
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Kalanga knives with wooden sheaths; wooden pillows. From a 1910
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The BaKalanga are one of the largest ethnolinguistic groups in
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1238:. Gaborone, Botswana: Botswana Society. pp. 115–160.
1268:. Botswana: Macmillan Botswana Publishing Co (Pty) Ltd.
1169:"Representation of cultural minorities in policy making"
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The Kalanga are linked to such early African States as
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Kalanga Language and Cultural Development Association
1205:. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. pp. 200–214.
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1304:Machiridza, Lesley Hatipone (1 September 2020).
1172:. In Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (eds.).
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403:Learn how and when to remove this message
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195:, northern Botswana, and parts of the
1259:Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec (1984).
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341:adding citations to reliable sources
70:Regions with significant populations
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466:soon struck Mapungubgwe, and the
447:by around AD 100. They traded in
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1166:Mpho, Motsamai Keyecwe (1989).
1097:"Kalanga 'The cultural people'"
493:In south-western Zimbabwe (now
328:needs additional citations for
187:ethnic group mainly inhabiting
230:North-East District (Botswana)
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522:Bakalanga villages and towns
142:African Traditional Religion
1221:The Leopard Kopje Tradition
486:and in the 17th century to
258:The native language of the
54:Kalanga woman from Botswana
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1368:Botswana Notes and Records
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30:Not to be confused with
1219:Huffman, T. N. (1974).
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435:, western and southern
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166:Southern Bantu peoples
1362:Rodewald, Mk (2010).
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152:Related ethnic groups
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305:(Central) District.
131:, TshiVenda language
1262:History of Botswana
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262:is referred to as
243:Plumtree, Zimbabwe
27:Bantu ethnic group
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1217: See also,
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1187:978-0-8214-0943-5
1107:SIL International
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1150:18 September
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1115:. Retrieved
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1043:Tjingababili
794:Masingwaneng
749:Ramokgwebana
634:Mulambakwena
579:Makalamabedi
534:Shashe-Mooke
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495:Matabeleland
492:
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460:Rozvi Empire
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441:South Africa
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335:Please help
330:verification
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201:South Africa
189:Matebeleland
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176:
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162:Venda people
158:Shona people
146:Christianity
39:Ethnic group
36:
1023:Mathangwane
887:Madlambudzi
832:Themashanga
684:Mathangwane
599:Magalanyeza
539:Mbambanyika
513:Rain-making
484:Khami/Nkami
456:Mapungubgwe
393:August 2023
297:. The 1946
238:Mwendamberi
90:1.1 million
65:1.8 million
1454:Batalaunda
1136:"Language"
1117:25 October
1102:Ethnologue
1079:References
1028:Makorokoro
1018:mabhongani
877:Kalakamati
842:Nlapkhwane
714:Kalakamati
709:Zwenshambe
699:Sekakangwe
554:Letlhakane
549:Nata-Gweta
507:Amandebele
488:Danan'ombe
445:Mozambique
363:newspapers
303:Bamangwato
268:TjiKalanga
218:TjiKalanga
121:TjiKalanga
1380:0525-5090
1374:: 11–21.
1332:2328-1103
990:Dombodema
950:Makhulela
916:Malebegwa
912:Bilingoma
769:Nhopemano
644:Maitengwe
629:Masukwane
594:Gombalume
503:Mzilikazi
181:BaKalanga
115:Languages
43:BaKalanga
18:BaKalanga
1549:Category
1489:Mbanderu
1484:Mangwato
1280:Archived
1144:Archived
1111:Archived
1004:Tjompani
960:Mbalambi
955:Tjehanga
935:Bambadzi
925:Malalume
907:Makhekhe
892:Ndolwane
827:Gulubane
823:Matjinge
789:Tjolotjo
734:Marapong
669:Tjizwina
664:Makaleng
624:Bambadzi
619:Mabungwe
604:Tjangula
569:Changate
437:Zimbabwe
433:Botswana
295:Botswana
272:Zimbabwe
264:Ikalanga
254:Language
211:language
208:Ikalanga
193:Zimbabwe
136:Religion
129:Xitsonga
105:Botswana
85:Zimbabwe
1555:Kalanga
1514:Talaote
1469:Kalanga
1140:Kalanga
1033:Hhobodo
980:Nswazwi
945:Jutjume
902:Bhagani
897:Masendu
867:Sechele
804:Mosetse
799:Tsamaya
779:Makumbi
764:Masendu
759:Tokwana
729:Semitwe
719:Sinotsi
694:Gambule
689:Masunga
679:Mpatane
659:Matenge
649:Nswazwi
589:Kandana
472:Limpopo
464:drought
377:scholar
309:History
284:Ndebele
177:Kalanga
110:700,000
1524:Tswana
1519:Tlôkwa
1509:Subiya
1464:Herero
1378:
1330:
1289:29 May
1272:
1242:
1209:
1184:
1178:130–38
1064:
1048:Mafule
1038:Madabe
1013:mafeha
1008:Sevaka
975:Butshe
970:Ngwana
940:Hingwe
930:Malopa
920:Sihore
882:Goshwe
862:Moroka
819:Senete
814:Nkange
784:Mbimba
774:Mafule
754:Mapoka
744:Butale
739:Sebina
724:Matobo
704:Vhukwi
674:Hulela
639:Tutume
609:Gwambe
584:Tonota
564:Rakops
544:Mopipi
529:Serowe
468:Shashe
379:
372:
365:
358:
350:
299:census
234:Tutume
232:&
226:Boteti
164:, and
102:
82:
1504:Sotho
1474:ǃKung
1349:(PDF)
1283:(PDF)
1266:(PDF)
995:Hikwa
857:Kgari
852:Khame
847:Gampo
837:Ntoli
809:Dagwi
614:Mbila
574:Xhumo
559:Orapa
449:ivory
423:work.
384:JSTOR
370:books
185:Bantu
1534:Yeyi
1494:Nama
1479:Lozi
1376:ISSN
1328:ISSN
1291:2020
1270:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1152:2018
1119:2012
1062:ISBN
1000:Male
985:Gutu
965:Lemu
443:and
356:news
216:The
1529:Twa
1499:San
1318:doi
505:'s
339:by
266:or
199:in
191:in
179:or
174:The
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