504:(rRNA) as well as dozens of distinct proteins (the exact number varies slightly between species). The ribosomal proteins and rRNAs are arranged into two distinct ribosomal pieces of different sizes, known generally as the large and small subunits of the ribosome. Ribosomes consist of two subunits that fit together and work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. Because they are formed from two subunits of non-equal size, they are slightly longer on the axis than in diameter.
413:
particles. The phrase "microsomal particles" does not seem adequate, and "ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction" is much too awkward. During the meeting, the word "ribosome" was suggested, which has a very satisfactory name and a pleasant sound. The present confusion would be eliminated if "ribosome" were adopted to designate ribonucleoprotein particles in sizes ranging from 35 to 100S.
483:
938:
31:
467:
61:
6001:
1312:. The structures obtained in this way are usually identical to the ones obtained during protein chemical refolding; however, the pathways leading to the final product may be different. In some cases, the ribosome is crucial in obtaining the functional protein form. For example, one of the possible mechanisms of folding of the deeply
678:
ribosome allowed the identification of A and P site proteins most likely associated with the peptidyltransferase activity; labelled proteins are L27, L14, L15, L16, L2; at least L27 is located at the donor site, as shown by E. Collatz and A.P. Czernilofsky. Additional research has demonstrated that
412:
During the course of the symposium a semantic difficulty became apparent. To some of the participants, "microsomes" mean the ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction contaminated by other protein and lipid material; to others, the microsomes consist of protein and lipid contaminated by
687:
Archaeal ribosomes share the same general dimensions of bacteria ones, being a 70S ribosome made up from a 50S large subunit, a 30S small subunit, and containing three rRNA chains. However, on the sequence level, they are much closer to eukaryotic ones than to bacterial ones. Every extra ribosomal
319:
The synthesis of proteins from their building blocks takes place in four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recycling. The start codon in all mRNA molecules has the sequence AUG. The stop codon is one of UAA, UAG, or UGA; since there are no tRNA molecules that recognize these codons,
1437:
When a ribosome begins to synthesize proteins that are needed in some organelles, the ribosome making this protein can become "membrane-bound". In eukaryotic cells this happens in a region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called the "rough ER". The newly produced polypeptide chains are inserted
1121:
In summary, ribosomes have two main functions: Decoding the message, and the formation of peptide bonds. These two functions reside in the ribosomal subunits. Each subunit is made of one or more rRNAs and many r-proteins. The small subunit (30S in bacteria and archaea, 40S in eukaryotes) has the
532:
work has shown that there are no ribosomal proteins close to the reaction site for polypeptide synthesis. This suggests that the protein components of ribosomes do not directly participate in peptide bond formation catalysis, but rather that these proteins act as a scaffold that may enhance the
1531:
Ribosomes are compositionally heterogeneous between species and even within the same cell, as evidenced by the existence of cytoplasmic and mitochondria ribosomes within the same eukaryotic cells. Certain researchers have suggested that heterogeneity in the composition of ribosomal proteins in
1109:
Ribosomes are minute particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins that function to synthesize proteins. Proteins are needed for many cellular functions, such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the
1543:. They proposed the ribosome filter hypothesis to explain the regulatory functions of ribosomes. Evidence has suggested that specialized ribosomes specific to different cell populations may affect how genes are translated. Some ribosomal proteins exchange from the assembled complex with
1122:
decoding function, whereas the large subunit (50S in bacteria and archaea, 60S in eukaryotes) catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, referred to as the peptidyl-transferase activity. The bacterial (and archaeal) small subunit contains the 16S rRNA and 21 r-proteins (
1517:
As amino acids gradually appeared in the RNA world under prebiotic conditions, their interactions with catalytic RNA would increase both the range and efficiency of function of catalytic RNA molecules. Thus, the driving force for the evolution of the ribosome from an ancient
541:
5587:
Odintsova TI, Müller EC, Ivanov AV, Egorov TA, Bienert R, Vladimirov SN, et al. (April 2003). "Characterization and analysis of posttranslational modifications of the human large cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit proteins by mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing".
1370:
900:, which inhibits bacterial 50S and eukaryotic mitochondrial 50S ribosomes. Ribosomes in chloroplasts, however, are different: Antibiotic resistance in chloroplast ribosomal proteins is a trait that has to be introduced as a marker, with genetic engineering.
1558:, 14/78 ribosomal proteins are non-essential for growth, while in humans this depends on the cell of study. Other forms of heterogeneity include post-translational modifications to ribosomal proteins such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation.
886:
that can destroy a bacterial infection without harming the cells of the infected person. Due to the differences in their structures, the bacterial 70S ribosomes are vulnerable to these antibiotics while the eukaryotic 80S ribosomes are not. Even though
1126:), whereas the eukaryotic small subunit contains the 18S rRNA and 32 r-proteins (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, although the numbers vary between species). The bacterial large subunit contains the 5S and 23S rRNAs and 34 r-proteins (
1068:
was obtained by crystallography. The model reveals the architecture of eukaryote-specific elements and their interaction with the universally conserved core. At the same time, the complete model of a eukaryotic 40S ribosomal structure in
1289:
to the polypeptide chain. This is done for each triplet on the mRNA, while the ribosome moves towards the 3' end of the mRNA. Usually in bacterial cells, several ribosomes are working parallel on a single mRNA, forming what is called a
1400:
is often restricted to describing sub-cellular components that include a phospholipid membrane, which ribosomes, being entirely particulate, do not. For this reason, ribosomes may sometimes be described as "non-membranous organelles".
6005:
924:
in the larger ribosomes is in several long continuous insertions, such that they form loops out of the core structure without disrupting or changing it. All of the catalytic activity of the ribosome is carried out by the
1577:
Heterogeneity of ribosomal RNA modifications plays a significant role in structural maintenance and/or function and most mRNA modifications are found in highly conserved regions. The most common rRNA modifications are
1522:
into its current form as a translational machine may have been the selective pressure to incorporate proteins into the ribosome's self-replicating mechanisms, so as to increase its capacity for self-replication.
1117:
Ribosomes act as catalysts in two extremely important biological processes called peptidyl transfer and peptidyl hydrolysis. The "PT center is responsible for producing protein bonds during protein elongation".
1506:. In addition, evidence strongly points to ancient ribosomes as self-replicating complexes, where the rRNA in the ribosomes had informational, structural, and catalytic purposes because it could have coded for
4499:"How did life begin? One key ingredient is coming into view - A Nobel-prizewinning scientist's team has taken a big step forward in its quest to reconstruct an early-Earth RNA capable of building proteins"
854:
has a minimalized set of mitochondrial rRNA. In contrast, plant mitoribosomes have both extended rRNA and additional proteins as compared to bacteria, in particular, many pentatricopetide repeat proteins.
269:(mRNA) chain. Ribosomes bind to messenger RNAs and use their sequences to determine the correct sequence of amino acids to generate a given protein. Amino acids are selected and carried to the ribosome by
891:
possess ribosomes similar to the bacterial ones, mitochondria are not affected by these antibiotics because they are surrounded by a double membrane that does not easily admit these antibiotics into the
1384:
Free and membrane-bound ribosomes differ only in their spatial distribution; they are identical in structure. Whether the ribosome exists in a free or membrane-bound state depends on the presence of an
320:
the ribosome recognizes that translation is complete. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, the two subunits separate and are usually broken up but can be reused. Ribosomes are a kind of
4187:
Dabrowski-Tumanski P, Piejko M, Niewieczerzal S, Stasiak A, Sulkowska JI (December 2018). "Protein knotting by active threading of nascent polypeptide chain exiting from the ribosome exit channel".
365:) resemble each other to a remarkable degree, evidence of a common origin. They differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some
1482:. The assembly process involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the four rRNAs, as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins.
1324:
Presence of a ribosome quality control protein Rqc2 is associated with mRNA-independent protein elongation. This elongation is a result of ribosomal addition (via tRNAs brought by Rqc2) of
7416:
961:
The first papers giving the structure of the ribosome at atomic resolution were published almost simultaneously in late 2000. The 50S (large prokaryotic) subunit was determined from the
2937:
Waltz F, Nguyen TT, Arrivé M, Bochler A, Chicher J, Hammann P, Kuhn L, Quadrado M, Mireau H, Hashem Y, Giegé P (January 2019). "Small is big in
Arabidopsis mitochondrial ribosome".
954:
The general molecular structure of the ribosome has been known since the early 1970s. In the early 2000s, the structure has been achieved at high resolutions, of the order of a few
369:
to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In all species, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time (as a
843:. Of the two, chloroplastic ribosomes are closer to bacterial ones than mitochondrial ones are. Many pieces of ribosomal RNA in the mitochondria are shortened, and in the case of
4230:
Brandman O, Stewart-Ornstein J, Wong D, Larson A, Williams CC, Li GW, Zhou S, King D, Shen PS, Weibezahn J, Dunn JG, Rouskin S, Inada T, Frost A, Weissman JS (November 2012).
2735:
Klinge S, Voigts-Hoffmann F, Leibundgut M, Arpagaus S, Ban N (November 2011). "Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 60S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 6".
1417:
and other organelles. Proteins that are formed from free ribosomes are released into the cytosol and used within the cell. Since the cytosol contains high concentrations of
5978:
5966:
7067:
3551:
Selmer M, Dunham CM, Murphy FV, Weixlbaumer A, Petry S, Kelley AC, Weir JR, Ramakrishnan V (September 2006). "Structure of the 70S ribosome complexed with mRNA and tRNA".
5950:
1389:
on the protein being synthesized, so an individual ribosome might be membrane-bound when it is making one protein, but free in the cytosol when it makes another protein.
6891:
1176:
on one end and the appropriate amino acid on the other. For fast and accurate recognition of the appropriate tRNA, the ribosome utilizes large conformational changes (
2188:
Wimberly BT, Brodersen DE, Clemons WM, Morgan-Warren RJ, Carter AP, Vonrhein C, Hartsch T, Ramakrishnan V (September 2000). "Structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit".
281:) in the messenger RNA, there is a unique transfer RNA that must have the exact anti-codon match, and carries the correct amino acid for incorporating into a growing
3443:
Schuwirth BS, Borovinskaya MA, Hau CW, Zhang W, Vila-Sanjurjo A, Holton JM, Cate JH (November 2005). "Structures of the bacterial ribosome at 3.5 A resolution".
797:
to identify tRNA-binding sites on rat liver ribosomes. Several proteins, including L32/33, L36, L21, L23, L28/29 and L13 were implicated as being at or near the
380:
of eukaryotic cells are distinct from their other ribosomes. They functionally resemble those in bacteria, reflecting the evolutionary origin of mitochondria as
6478:
6049:
5387:
Mathis AD, Naylor BC, Carson RH, Evans E, Harwell J, Knecht J, Hexem E, Peelor FF, Miller BF, Hamilton KL, Transtrum MK, Bikman BT, Price JC (February 2017).
1869:
5813:
Natchiar SK, Myasnikov AG, Kratzat H, Hazemann I, Klaholz BP (November 2017). "Visualization of chemical modifications in the human 80S ribosome structure".
908:
The various ribosomes share a core structure, which is quite similar despite the large differences in size. Much of the RNA is highly organized into various
4404:
8139:
2121:
7446:
1184:, binds to an AUG codon on the mRNA and recruits the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome contains three RNA binding sites, designated A, P, and E. The
7456:
7193:
1223:
in a proton shuttle mechanism, other steps in protein synthesis (such as translocation) are caused by changes in protein conformations. Since their
707:
703:
3705:
3021:
5548:"Analysis of the Arabidopsis cytosolic ribosome proteome provides detailed insights into its components and their post-translational modification"
3284:
Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore PB, Steitz TA (August 2000). "The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution".
1571:
950:. Proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA chains in brown and yellow. The small patch of green in the center of the subunit is the active site.
4895:
Caetano-Anollés G, Seufferheld MJ (2013). "The coevolutionary roots of biochemistry and cellular organization challenge the RNA world paradigm".
4279:
Defenouillère Q, Yao Y, Mouaikel J, Namane A, Galopier A, Decourty L, Doyen A, Malabat C, Saveanu C, Jacquier A, Fromont-Racine M (March 2013).
983:. These structural studies were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009. In May 2001 these coordinates were used to reconstruct the entire
2019:
7493:
7489:
5051:
4879:
4439:
2293:
2265:
1993:
577:
rather than size. This accounts for why fragment names do not add up: for example, bacterial 70S ribosomes are made of 50S and 30S subunits.
435:
1944:
3337:
Schluenzen F, Tocilj A, Zarivach R, Harms J, Gluehmann M, Janell D, Bashan A, Bartels H, Agmon I, Franceschi F, Yonath A (September 2000).
1239:
1539:
Heterogeneity in ribosome composition was first proposed to be involved in translational control of protein synthesis by Vince Mauro and
1510:
and proteins needed for ribosomal self-replication. Hypothetical cellular organisms with self-replicating RNA but without DNA are called
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7843:
7823:
7818:
7808:
7798:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7733:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7485:
7678:
7673:
7663:
6546:
1200:
AUG near the 5' end of the mRNA. mRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome first. The ribosome recognizes the start codon by using the
870:
that resembles a vestigial eukaryotic nucleus. Eukaryotic 80S ribosomes may be present in the compartment containing the nucleomorph.
1114:. Their main function is to convert genetic code into an amino acid sequence and to build protein polymers from amino acid monomers.
688:
protein archaea have compared to bacteria has a eukaryotic counterpart, while no such relation applies between archaea and bacteria.
6471:
6042:
5914:
4338:
Shen PS, Park J, Qin Y, Li X, Parsawar K, Larson MH, Cox J, Cheng Y, Lambowitz AM, Weissman JS, Brandman O, Frost A (January 2015).
2467:
1693:
6010:
3183:"Transformation of chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes in Chlamydomonas: molecular and genetic characterization of integration events"
1664:
Dynamic
Remodeling Events Drive the Removal of the ITS2 Spacer Sequence During Assembly of 60S Ribosomal Subunits in S. cerevisiae
3651:
Yusupova G, Jenner L, Rees B, Moras D, Yusupov M (November 2006). "Structural basis for messenger RNA movement on the ribosome".
4650:
Nomura M, Mizushima S, Ozaki M, Traub P, Lowry CV (1969). "Structure and function of ribosomes and their molecular components".
233:
chains. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small and large ribosomal subunits. Each subunit consists of one or more
8132:
7436:
7431:
7426:
6541:
6536:
6111:
4400:
1164:
which are decoded by the ribosome to make the protein. Using the mRNA as a template, the ribosome traverses each codon (3
917:
839:
into one 70S particle. These ribosomes are similar to those of bacteria and these organelles are thought to have originated as
84:
7251:
5975:
5963:
4938:
Saladino R, Botta G, Pino S, Costanzo G, Di Mauro E (August 2012). "Genetics first or metabolism first? The formamide clue".
4607:
Noller HF, Hoffarth V, Zimniak L (June 1992). "Unusual resistance of peptidyl transferase to protein extraction procedures".
1606:
679:
the S1 and S21 proteins, in association with the 3′-end of 16S ribosomal RNA, are involved in the initiation of translation.
5947:
5909:
8483:
6213:
5938:
5918:
2786:
Fabijanski S, Pellegrini M (1977). "Identification of proteins at the peptidyl-tRNA binding site of rat liver ribosomes".
2665:
1662:
1490:
The ribosome may have first originated as a protoribosome, possibly containing a peptidyl transferase centre (PTC), in an
1011:
7848:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7813:
7803:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7763:
7738:
7728:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7668:
6617:
6464:
6035:
3889:"Purine bases at position 37 of tRNA stabilize codon-anticodon interaction in the ribosomal A site by stacking and
1563:
105:
6584:
6528:
6456:
1616:
1446:. Bound ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used within the plasma membrane or are expelled from the cell via
1177:
89:
5489:"Direct mass spectrometric analysis of intact proteins of the yeast large ribosomal subunit using capillary LC/FTICR"
4734:
Bose T, Fridkin G, Davidovich C, Krupkin M, Dinger N, Falkovich AH, Peleg Y, Agmon I, Bashan A, Yonat A (Feb 2022).
1536:, the specialized ribosome hypothesis. However, this hypothesis is controversial and the topic of ongoing research.
8125:
7614:
7554:
7401:
7391:
7381:
7341:
7321:
7296:
7271:
7246:
2599:
2597:
2595:
1873:
297:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
4232:"A ribosome-bound quality control complex triggers degradation of nascent peptides and signals translation stress"
8082:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7479:
7421:
7411:
7406:
7396:
7386:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7241:
7226:
4396:
4281:"Cdc48-associated complex bound to 60S particles is required for the clearance of aberrant translation products"
2168:
1639:—Israeli crystallographer known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome, for which she won the
8106:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7499:
7474:
7469:
7236:
7231:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
6208:
1555:
1519:
1467:
1205:
1064:
447:
3230:
Penev PI, Fakhretaha-Aval S, Patel VJ, Cannone JJ, Gutell RR, Petrov AS, Williams LD, Glass JB (August 2020).
600:
RNA subunit (consisting of 1540 nucleotides) that is bound to 21 proteins. The large subunit is composed of a
8102:
1201:
1093:
1071:
1052:
973:
6173:
4340:"Protein synthesis. Rqc2p and 60S ribosomal subunits mediate mRNA-independent elongation of nascent chains"
4145:
Das D, Das A, Samanta D, Ghosh J, Dasgupta S, Bhattacharya A, Basu A, Sanyal S, Das Gupta C (August 2008).
4110:
Baldwin RL (June 1975). "Intermediates in protein folding reactions and the mechanism of protein folding".
8345:
7648:
6503:
6148:
4685:
Krupkin M, Matzov D, Tang H, Metz M, Kalaora R, Belousoff MJ, Zimmerman E, Bashan A, Yonath A (Oct 2011).
3301:
1626:
1621:
1494:, appearing as a self-replicating complex that only later evolved the ability to synthesize proteins when
909:
824:
810:
377:
1758:
1566:
may mediate translations by compositionally distinct ribosomes. For example, 40S ribosomal units without
1018:
resolution in the act of passing a newly synthesized protein strand into the protein-conducting channel.
8364:
6495:
6491:
6412:
6198:
6091:
5682:"O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes associate with the translational machinery and modify core ribosomal proteins"
3887:
Konevega AL, Soboleva NG, Makhno VI, Semenkov YP, Wintermeyer W, Rodnina MV, Katunin VI (January 2004).
1377:
1143:
1130:), with the eukaryotic large subunit containing the 5S, 5.8S, and 25S/28S rRNAs and 46 r-proteins (
1111:
1084:
1007:
343:
214:
4862:
Forterre P, Krupovic M (2012). "The Origin of
Virions and Virocells: The Escape Hypothesis Revisited".
7504:
7464:
6499:
6487:
6445:
5822:
5633:"Mass spectrometric analysis of the human 40S ribosomal subunit: native and HCV IRES-bound complexes"
5500:
5292:
4616:
4351:
4292:
3796:
3660:
3604:"Crystal structure of a 70S ribosome-tRNA complex reveals functional interactions and rearrangements"
3560:
3507:
3452:
3399:
3293:
2891:
2744:
2680:
2617:
2363:
2197:
2136:
1835:
1180:). The small ribosomal subunit, typically bound to an aminoacyl-tRNA containing the first amino acid
1149:
1039:
985:
979:
798:
546:
332:
293:
8284:
7029:
6071:
5957:
3306:
1985:
1583:
1461:
1439:
879:
697:
401:
362:
5731:"RPS25 is essential for translation initiation by the Dicistroviridae and hepatitis C viral IRESs"
2730:
2728:
8478:
8311:
5889:
5846:
5613:
5057:
4920:
4212:
4000:
3765:
3684:
3633:
3584:
3476:
3425:
3368:
2962:
2811:
2768:
2714:
2643:
2604:
Ben-Shem A, Garreau de
Loubresse N, Melnikov S, Jenner L, Yusupova G, Yusupov M (December 2011).
2473:
2221:
2160:
863:
840:
835:(also called plastoribosomes). They also consist of large and small subunits bound together with
723:
431:
408:
due to their granular structure. The term "ribosome" was proposed in 1958 by Howard M. Dintzis:
397:
3181:
Newman SM, Boynton JE, Gillham NW, Randolph-Anderson BL, Johnson AM, Harris EH (December 1990).
5438:
Steffen KK, McCormick MA, Pham KM, MacKay VL, Delaney JR, Murakami CJ, et al. (May 2012).
2666:"Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 1"
2311:"The site of reaction on ribosomal protein L27 with an affinity label derivative of tRNA Met f"
2015:
8473:
8450:
8435:
8417:
8412:
8334:
8316:
8264:
8246:
8207:
8189:
7175:
6992:
6519:
6395:
6233:
6116:
5881:
5838:
5795:
5760:
5711:
5662:
5605:
5569:
5528:
5487:
Lee SW, Berger SJ, Martinović S, Pasa-Tolić L, Anderson GA, Shen Y, et al. (April 2002).
5469:
5420:
5369:
5320:
5261:
5208:
5157:
5108:
5047:
5032:
Fox GE (2016). "Origins and early evolution of the ribosome". In Hernández G, Jagus R (eds.).
5014:
4963:
4912:
4875:
4844:
4809:
4765:
4736:"Origin of life: protoribosome forms peptide bonds and links RNA and protein dominated worlds"
4716:
4667:
4632:
4574:
4522:
4479:
4435:
4377:
4320:
4261:
4204:
4169:
4127:
4092:
4051:
3992:
3957:
3922:
3869:
3814:
3757:
3676:
3625:
3576:
3533:
3494:
Mitra K, Schaffitzel C, Shaikh T, Tama F, Jenni S, Brooks CL, Ban N, Frank J (November 2005).
3468:
3417:
3360:
3319:
3263:
3212:
3163:
3155:
3117:
3076:
3003:
2954:
2919:
2860:
2803:
2760:
2706:
2635:
2581:
2530:
2463:
2432:
2391:
2332:
2289:
2261:
2213:
2152:
2102:
1925:
1851:
1808:
1740:
1689:
1601:
1554:
Certain ribosomal proteins are absolutely critical for cellular life while others are not. In
1443:
1029:
molecules were solved by using X-ray crystallography by two groups independently, at 2.8
719:
711:
597:
565:
The unit of measurement used to describe the ribosomal subunits and the rRNA fragments is the
521:
500:
The ribosome is a complex cellular machine. It is largely made up of specialized RNA known as
427:
393:
238:
206:
8407:
8306:
8241:
8184:
8049:
8039:
8034:
8024:
8014:
7994:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7929:
7077:
5873:
5830:
5787:
5750:
5742:
5701:
5693:
5652:
5644:
5597:
5559:
5518:
5508:
5459:
5451:
5410:
5400:
5359:
5351:
5310:
5300:
5251:
5243:
5227:
5198:
5188:
5147:
5139:
5098:
5088:
5039:
5004:
4994:
4955:
4947:
4904:
4867:
4836:
4799:
4755:
4747:
4706:
4698:
4659:
4624:
4564:
4556:
4512:
4503:
4471:
4367:
4359:
4310:
4300:
4251:
4243:
4196:
4161:
4119:
4082:
4041:
4031:
3984:
3949:
3912:
3904:
3859:
3849:
3804:
3747:
3739:
3668:
3615:
3568:
3523:
3515:
3460:
3407:
3350:
3311:
3253:
3243:
3202:
3194:
3147:
3107:
3066:
3058:
2993:
2946:
2909:
2899:
2850:
2842:
2795:
2752:
2696:
2688:
2625:
2571:
2561:
2520:
2512:
2455:
2422:
2381:
2371:
2322:
2205:
2144:
2092:
2084:
2053:
1915:
1907:
1843:
1798:
1790:
1730:
1722:
1631:
1611:
1051:
bound at classical ribosomal sites. Interactions of the ribosome with long mRNAs containing
998:
844:
715:
601:
451:
161:
7919:
7899:
7894:
7884:
6574:
6564:
4840:
3386:
Yusupov MM, Yusupova GZ, Baucom A, Lieberman K, Earnest TN, Cate JH, Noller HF (May 2001).
3135:
1062:
In 2011, the first complete atomic structure of the eukaryotic 80S ribosome from the yeast
6096:
5982:
5970:
5954:
5942:
4687:"A vestige of a prebiotic bonding machine is functioning within the contemporary ribosome"
3940:
Rodnina MV, Beringer M, Wintermeyer W (January 2007). "How ribosomes make peptide bonds".
2044:(1960). "Molecular characterization of ribonucleic acid from Escherichia coli ribosomes".
2041:
1726:
1426:
1313:
1309:
897:
529:
286:
94:
5077:"Heterogeneous Ribosomes Preferentially Translate Distinct Subpools of mRNAs Genome-wide"
4456:
3339:"Structure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3.3 angstroms resolution"
5987:
5826:
5504:
5296:
4620:
4355:
4296:
4123:
3800:
3664:
3564:
3511:
3456:
3403:
3297:
2982:"Going, going, not quite gone: nucleomorphs as a case study in nuclear genome reduction"
2895:
2748:
2684:
2621:
2459:
2367:
2201:
2140:
1839:
7137:
6059:
6020:
5755:
5730:
5706:
5681:
5657:
5632:
5464:
5439:
5415:
5388:
5364:
5339:
5256:
5231:
5203:
5176:
5152:
5127:
5103:
5076:
5009:
4982:
4760:
4735:
4711:
4686:
4569:
4544:
4372:
4339:
4315:
4280:
4256:
4231:
4046:
4019:
3917:
3888:
3864:
3833:
3528:
3495:
3258:
3231:
3207:
3182:
3071:
3046:
2914:
2879:
2855:
2830:
2576:
2549:
2525:
2492:
2097:
2072:
1920:
1895:
1826:
Benne R, Sloof P (1987). "Evolution of the mitochondrial protein synthetic machinery".
1803:
1778:
1735:
1710:
1596:
1540:
1386:
1169:
1056:
1034:
1030:
1015:
1003:
990:
955:
937:
794:
574:
540:
517:
210:
6027:
5791:
5523:
5488:
5315:
5280:
3355:
3338:
3112:
3095:
2386:
2351:
2057:
373:), each "reading" a specific sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule.
273:(tRNA) molecules, which enter the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain via an
8467:
8148:
8087:
6342:
6302:
6277:
6193:
6106:
6081:
4427:
3496:"Structure of the E. coli protein-conducting channel bound to a translating ribosome"
3151:
2772:
2477:
2427:
2410:
2327:
2310:
2253:
1969:
1847:
1579:
1499:
1278:
570:
501:
486:
475:
455:
423:
381:
266:
234:
218:
144:
110:
8117:
5893:
5617:
5061:
4924:
4216:
4020:"Protein folding activity of the ribosome (PFAR) – a target for antiprion compounds"
4004:
3637:
3480:
3429:
2966:
2718:
2550:"Many nonuniversal archaeal ribosomal proteins are found in conserved gene clusters"
6689:
6556:
6322:
6294:
6272:
6265:
6245:
6185:
6101:
6086:
5935:
5850:
5389:"Mechanisms of In Vivo Ribosome Maintenance Change in Response to Nutrient Signals"
3769:
3688:
3588:
3372:
2815:
2659:
2657:
2647:
2225:
2164:
1507:
1503:
1479:
1414:
1369:
1282:
1212:
888:
820:
342:, ribosomes are often associated with the intracellular membranes that make up the
315:(50S) has mainly a catalytic function and is also bound to the aminoacylated tRNAs.
270:
100:
73:
41:
17:
1429:, which are formed from oxidized cysteine residues, cannot be produced within it.
1238:
482:
5778:
Decatur WA, Fournier MJ (July 2002). "rRNA modifications and ribosome function".
5340:"Specialized ribosomes: a new frontier in gene regulation and organismal biology"
5128:"Specialized ribosomes: a new frontier in gene regulation and organismal biology"
5093:
4475:
3988:
3730:
Lafontaine, D.; Tollervey, D. (2001). "The function and synthesis of ribosomes".
3315:
3198:
2148:
1683:
8389:
8092:
6424:
6390:
6317:
6312:
6203:
5923:
5455:
4999:
4871:
4663:
4560:
2088:
1640:
1418:
1224:
1197:
878:
The differences between the bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes are exploited by
867:
859:
832:
814:
439:
282:
262:
230:
222:
50:
5564:
5547:
5493:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5285:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5075:
Shi Z, Fujii K, Kovary KM, Genuth NR, Röst HL, Teruel MN, Barna M (July 2017).
4804:
4787:
4517:
4498:
4285:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4247:
3953:
3809:
3784:
3620:
3603:
3062:
2884:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2701:
2356:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1668:
1474:. In eukaryotes, the process takes place both in the cell cytoplasm and in the
8097:
6419:
6359:
6352:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6282:
6228:
6218:
6168:
6163:
6153:
5601:
5247:
5043:
2950:
2846:
2516:
1636:
1498:
began to appear. Studies suggest that ancient ribosomes constructed solely of
1495:
1448:
1332:
1286:
1181:
1165:
1002:
70S ribosome. The structures of a vacant ribosome were determined at 3.5
946:
913:
883:
849:
644:
555:
490:
366:
139:
5864:
Guo H (August 2018). "Specialized ribosomes and the control of translation".
4200:
4146:
4087:
4070:
3159:
1711:"Functions of ribosomal proteins in assembly of eukaryotic ribosomes in vivo"
702:
Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes located in their cytosol, each consisting of a
8275:
7184:
6440:
6402:
6375:
6347:
6255:
6240:
6223:
6158:
6131:
6063:
5697:
5440:"Ribosome deficiency protects against ER stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
5405:
5033:
4628:
4363:
4305:
3975:
Cech, T.R. (August 2000). "Structural biology. The ribosome is a ribozyme".
3854:
3572:
3464:
3412:
3387:
2998:
2981:
2904:
2756:
2692:
2630:
2605:
2501:
Clusters of
Halophiles Are Inversely Related to the Degree of Halotolerance"
1491:
1475:
1393:
1350:
1232:
1220:
1173:
893:
559:
525:
513:
494:
443:
358:
339:
335:
activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA.
329:
274:
128:
124:
68:
30:
5885:
5842:
5799:
5764:
5715:
5666:
5609:
5573:
5532:
5513:
5473:
5424:
5373:
5324:
5305:
5265:
5212:
5193:
5161:
5112:
5018:
4967:
4916:
4848:
4813:
4769:
4720:
4702:
4578:
4526:
4483:
4381:
4324:
4265:
4208:
4173:
4165:
4055:
3996:
3961:
3926:
3873:
3818:
3761:
3680:
3629:
3580:
3537:
3472:
3421:
3364:
3323:
3267:
3080:
3047:"Basis for prokaryotic specificity of action of aminoglycoside antibiotics"
3007:
2958:
2923:
2864:
2764:
2710:
2639:
2585:
2534:
2217:
2156:
2106:
1929:
1812:
1744:
1466:
In bacterial cells, ribosomes are synthesized in the cytoplasm through the
604:
RNA subunit (120 nucleotides), a 23S RNA subunit (2900 nucleotides) and 31
5932:—The free, collaborative 3D encyclopedia of proteins & other molecules
4751:
4671:
4636:
4131:
4096:
3248:
3216:
3167:
3121:
3096:"The general occurrence of 55 S ribosomes in mammalian liver mitochondria"
2807:
2566:
2436:
2395:
2376:
1855:
1794:
929:; the proteins reside on the surface and seem to stabilize the structure.
528:(250–300 Å) in diameter with an rRNA-to-protein ratio that is close to 1.
8424:
8396:
8371:
8352:
8323:
8295:
8288:
8253:
8230:
8223:
8218:
8196:
8173:
8166:
7099:
7094:
7089:
6141:
6126:
6121:
5995:
3D electron microscopy structures of ribosomes at the EM Data Bank (EMDB)
5648:
3022:"Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes | Boundless Microbiology"
2336:
1511:
1296:
1228:
1216:
1168:) of the mRNA, pairing it with the appropriate amino acid provided by an
977:, and the structure of the 30S subunit was determined from the bacterium
969:
926:
581:
566:
534:
370:
350:
325:
305:
301:
134:
5994:
5877:
5834:
5746:
4959:
3908:
3672:
3519:
1192:
binds a peptidyl-tRNA (a tRNA bound to the poly-peptide chain); and the
466:
60:
8378:
8359:
8161:
6820:
6407:
6307:
6260:
6136:
4951:
3785:"The ribosome as an optimal decoder: A lesson in molecular recognition"
2799:
1911:
1544:
1410:
1341:
1340:
of a stalled protein with random, translation-independent sequences of
1157:
1037:. These structures allow one to see the details of interactions of the
962:
836:
828:
714:(1900 nucleotides) and 33 proteins. The large subunit is composed of a
605:
471:
354:
120:
115:
4908:
1551:
ribosome can be modified without synthesizing an entire new ribosome.
458:
for determining the detailed structure and mechanism of the ribosome.
8054:
8044:
8029:
8019:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7989:
7984:
7964:
7959:
7939:
7934:
7111:
7084:
7072:
6945:
6901:
6896:
6879:
6874:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6785:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6701:
6696:
6684:
6660:
6655:
6250:
4036:
3743:
2209:
2122:"The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis"
1471:
1366:
Ribosomes are classified as being either "free" or "membrane-bound".
1193:
1189:
1185:
321:
5355:
5143:
3752:
2350:
Czernilofsky AP, Collatz EE, Stöffler G, Kuechler E (January 1974).
1316:
relies on the ribosome pushing the chain through the attached loop.
847:, replaced by other structures in animals and fungi. In particular,
4426:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
3602:
Korostelev A, Trakhanov S, Laurberg M, Noller HF (September 2006).
2878:
Sharma MR, Booth TM, Simpson L, Maslov DA, Agrawal RK (June 2009).
2411:"30S ribosomal proteins associated with the 3'-terminus of 16S RNA"
2252:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
7924:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7889:
7634:
7441:
7163:
7158:
7116:
7106:
7062:
7014:
7009:
6952:
6940:
6913:
6908:
6886:
6869:
6847:
6825:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6711:
6706:
6643:
6569:
4827:
Yarus M (2002). "Primordial genetics: phenotype of the ribocyte".
2491:
Tirumalai MR, Anane-Bediakoh D, Rajesh R, Fox GE (November 2021).
2352:"Proteins at the tRNA binding sites of Escherichia coli ribosomes"
1567:
1422:
1285:
that matches the current codon (triplet) on the mRNA to append an
1237:
1161:
996:
Two papers were published in November 2005 with structures of the
936:
539:
481:
465:
312:(30S) has mainly a decoding function and is also bound to the mRNA
278:
226:
29:
7148:
7123:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7024:
7019:
6974:
6964:
6935:
6925:
6837:
6755:
6743:
6674:
6648:
6638:
6628:
6016:
2664:
Rabl J, Leibundgut M, Ataide SF, Haag A, Ban N (February 2011).
2309:
Collatz E, Küchler E, Stöffler G, Czernilofsky AP (April 1976).
1153:
1098:
1080:
1048:
1044:
1026:
1022:
245:). The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the
8121:
6460:
6031:
5035:
Evolution of the Protein Synthesis Machinery and Its Regulation
3232:"Supersized ribosomal RNA expansion segments in Asgard archaea"
1945:"A Brief History of Protein Biosynthesis and Ribosome Research"
896:. A noteworthy counterexample is the antineoplastic antibiotic
550:. Proteins are shown in blue and the single RNA chain in brown.
404:, as dense particles or granules. They were initially called
8428:
8400:
8327:
8299:
8257:
8234:
8200:
8177:
6380:
2606:"The structure of the eukaryotic ribosome at 3.0 Å resolution"
2120:
Nissen P, Hansen J, Ban N, Moore PB, Steitz TA (August 2000).
1088:
1076:
921:
589:
585:
308:) components, called subunits, which are bound to each other:
258:
5927:
5546:
Carroll AJ, Heazlewood JL, Ito J, Millar AH (February 2008).
4464:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
4397:"Ribosome studies turn up new mechanism of protein synthesis"
2831:"Structural aspects of mitochondrial translational apparatus"
3700:
3698:
1442:
and are then transported to their destinations, through the
1188:
binds an aminoacyl-tRNA or termination release factors; the
5177:"Does functional specialization of ribosomes really exist?"
1376:
A ribosome translating a protein that is secreted into the
1079:, as well as much about the 40S subunit's interaction with
1021:
The first atomic structures of the ribosome complexed with
474:
protein molecules, the order of which is controlled by the
194:
182:
176:
170:
1688:(in German). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. p. 532.
1667:(Ph.D. thesis). Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from
4788:"The ribosome as a missing link in the evolution of life"
1277:) assemble at the start codon (towards the 5' end of the
418:
Albert Claude, Microsomal Particles and Protein Synthesis
2880:"Structure of a mitochondrial ribosome with minimal RNA"
2409:
Czernilofsky AP, Kurland CG, Stöffler G (October 1975).
2260:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. p. 342.
1231:," and it is thought that they might be remnants of the
1196:(exit) binds a free tRNA. Protein synthesis begins at a
1014:
was published, which depicts the ribosome at 11–15
5138:(6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 355–369.
3388:"Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 A resolution"
2073:"The structure and function of the eukaryotic ribosome"
1779:"The Peptidyl Transferase Center: a Window to the Past"
1777:
Tirumalai MR, Rivas M, Tran Q, Fox GE (November 2021).
1570:
in yeast and mammalian cells are unable to recruit the
793:
During 1977, Czernilofsky published research that used
300:. In prokaryotes each ribosome is composed of small (30
4781:
4779:
1308:
The ribosome is known to actively participate in the
289:
to produce a functional three-dimensional structure.
191:
179:
4786:
Root-Bernstein M, Root-Bernstein R (February 2015).
1257:(3). The ribosome begins at the start codon of RNA (
173:
167:
8449:
8388:
8344:
8283:
8274:
8217:
8160:
8075:
7877:
7656:
7647:
7455:
7192:
7183:
7174:
7136:
7053:
7000:
6991:
6961:
6922:
6834:
6752:
6671:
6625:
6616:
6583:
6555:
6527:
6518:
6511:
6433:
6368:
6293:
6184:
6070:
4897:
Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology
4652:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
4455:Kressler, Dieter; Hurt, Ed; Babler, Jochen (2009).
1900:
The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
1245:Translation of mRNA (1) by a ribosome (2)(shown as
520:) in diameter and are composed of 65% rRNA and 35%
197:
185:
164:
40:
34:
Large (red) and small (blue) subunits of a ribosome
5729:Landry DM, Hertz MI, Thompson SR (December 2009).
5680:Zeidan Q, Wang Z, De Maio A, Hart GW (June 2010).
5232:"Ribosomopathies: Old Concepts, New Controversies"
4545:"Evolution of protein synthesis from an RNA world"
1759:"Scitable by nature translation / RNA translation"
1134:; again, the exact numbers vary between species).
438:, in 1974, for the discovery of the ribosome. The
392:Ribosomes were first observed in the mid-1950s by
3136:"Chloramphenicol-lnduced Bone Marrow Suppression"
1438:directly into the ER by the ribosome undertaking
1075:was published and described the structure of the
674:Affinity label for the tRNA binding sites on the
285:chain. Once the protein is produced, it can then
3706:"Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes"
3045:Recht MI, Douthwaite S, Puglisi JD (June 1999).
1986:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974"
1896:"A small particulate component of the cytoplasm"
1055:were visualized soon after that at 4.5–5.5
5038:. Switzerland: Springer, Cham. pp. 31–60.
2279:
2277:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
1709:de la Cruz J, Karbstein K, Woolford JL (2015).
1502:could have developed the ability to synthesize
1320:Addition of translation-independent amino acids
410:
4538:
4536:
4428:"Membrane-bound Ribosomes Define the Rough ER"
2493:"Net Charges of the Ribosomal Proteins of the
2254:"Membrane-bound Ribosomes Define the Rough ER"
1409:Free ribosomes can move about anywhere in the
1010:. Then, two weeks later, a structure based on
8133:
6472:
6043:
5631:Yu Y, Ji H, Doudna JA, Leary JA (June 2005).
5187:(5). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: 521–538.
1227:is made of RNA, ribosomes are classified as "
524:. Eukaryotic ribosomes are between 25 and 30
8:
4395:Keeley, J.; Gutnikoff, R. (2 January 2015).
2548:Wang J, Dasgupta I, Fox GE (28 April 2009).
1547:copies suggesting that the structure of the
726:(160 nucleotides) subunits and 49 proteins.
544:Molecular structure of the 30S subunit from
533:ability of rRNA to synthesize protein (see:
5450:(1). Genetics Society of America: 107–118.
4434:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
2288:(4th ed.). Cengage Learning Services.
1269:In Figure 5, both ribosomal subunits (
8280:
8140:
8126:
8118:
7653:
7189:
7180:
6997:
6622:
6524:
6515:
6479:
6465:
6457:
6050:
6036:
6028:
4594:Mutant studies on the prokaryotic ribosome
4549:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
2077:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
1971:Microsomal Particles and Protein Synthesis
1532:mammals is important for gene regulation,
1172:. Aminoacyl-tRNA contains a complementary
730:
612:
5910:Lab computer simulates ribosome in motion
5754:
5705:
5656:
5563:
5522:
5512:
5463:
5414:
5404:
5363:
5314:
5304:
5255:
5202:
5192:
5151:
5102:
5092:
5008:
4998:
4803:
4759:
4710:
4568:
4516:
4371:
4314:
4304:
4255:
4147:"Role of the ribosome in protein folding"
4086:
4045:
4035:
3916:
3863:
3853:
3808:
3751:
3619:
3527:
3411:
3354:
3305:
3257:
3247:
3206:
3111:
3070:
2997:
2913:
2903:
2854:
2700:
2629:
2575:
2565:
2524:
2454:. New York: Facts On File. pp. 1–5.
2426:
2385:
2375:
2326:
2096:
1943:Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg (September 2022).
1919:
1802:
1734:
944:Atomic structure of the 50S subunit from
512:Prokaryotic ribosomes are around 20
4069:Fedorov AN, Baldwin TO (December 1997).
2450:Cullen KE (2009). "Archaeal Ribosomes".
2183:
2181:
1968:Roberts RB, ed. (1958). "Introduction".
1368:
819:In eukaryotes, ribosomes are present in
815:Chloroplast § Chloroplast ribosomes
296:of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a
5279:Mauro VP, Edelman GM (September 2002).
2829:Agrawal RK, Sharma MR (December 2012).
1653:
1392:Ribosomes are sometimes referred to as
584:ribosomes, each consisting of a small (
225:together in the order specified by the
5344:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
5132:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
4983:"Origin and Evolution of the Ribosome"
4841:10.1146/annurev.genet.36.031902.105056
3832:Korkmaz G, Sanyal S (September 2017).
3279:
3277:
2071:Wilson DN, Doudna Cate JH (May 2012).
37:
5936:Ribosomal proteins families in ExPASy
5175:Ferretti MB, Karbstein K (May 2019).
4018:Banerjee D, Sanyal S (October 2014).
2835:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
1772:
1770:
1768:
1727:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033917
1564:internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs)
436:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
65:Components of a typical animal cell:
7:
4407:from the original on 12 January 2015
1996:from the original on 26 January 2013
277:stem loop. For each coding triplet (
5552:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
5393:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
4189:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4124:10.1146/annurev.bi.44.070175.002321
4075:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3842:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3100:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2460:10.1002/9780470015902.a0000293.pub3
1091:structure was also determined from
265:in a protein is transcribed into a
229:of messenger RNA molecules to form
2022:from the original on 28 April 2012
25:
4864:Viruses: Essential Agents of Life
4497:Dance, Amber (28 February 2023).
4071:"Cotranslational protein folding"
1685:Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik
1160:. The mRNA comprises a series of
805:Plastoribosomes and mitoribosomes
261:that encodes the sequence of the
6004: This article incorporates
5999:
5866:Biochemical Society Transactions
5281:"The ribosome filter hypothesis"
3783:Savir Y, Tlusty T (April 2013).
3152:10.1001/jama.1970.03170330063011
2788:Molecular & General Genetics
1974:. New York: Pergamon Press, Inc.
1148:Ribosomes are the workplaces of
732:eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes (
160:
59:
4401:Howard Hughes Medical Institute
2016:"2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry"
1478:, which is a region within the
1204:of the mRNA in prokaryotes and
569:unit, a measure of the rate of
5780:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
4987:Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol
4792:Journal of Theoretical Biology
3942:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2980:Archibald JM, Lane CE (2009).
2284:Garrett R, Grisham CM (2009).
1949:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings
1607:Posttranslational modification
1261:) and ends at the stop codon (
1:
6214:Microtubule organizing center
5792:10.1016/s0968-0004(02)02109-6
5686:Molecular Biology of the Cell
4432:Molecular Biology of the Cell
4112:Annual Review of Biochemistry
3356:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00084-2
3113:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62239-2
2258:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2058:10.1016/s0022-2836(60)80029-0
1715:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1152:, the process of translating
874:Making use of the differences
221:translation). Ribosomes link
27:Synthesizes proteins in cells
5590:Journal of Protein Chemistry
5242:(10). Elsevier BV: 754–767.
5226:Farley-Barnes KI, Ogawa LM,
5094:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.021
5087:(1). Elsevier BV: 71–83.e7.
4596:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
4476:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.10.009
3989:10.1126/science.289.5481.878
3316:10.1126/science.289.5481.905
3236:Genome Biology and Evolution
3146:(7): 1183–1184. 1970-08-17.
2452:Encyclopedia of Life Science
2428:10.1016/0014-5793(75)80279-1
2328:10.1016/0014-5793(76)80112-3
2149:10.1126/science.289.5481.920
2046:Journal of Molecular Biology
1848:10.1016/0303-2647(87)90006-2
1661:Konikkat S (February 2016).
1413:, but are excluded from the
1387:ER-targeting signal sequence
1087:. Similarly, the eukaryotic
215:biological protein synthesis
106:Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5456:10.1534/genetics.111.136549
5338:Xue S, Barna M (May 2012).
5126:Xue S, Barna M (May 2012).
5000:10.1101/cshperspect.a003483
4872:10.1007/978-94-007-4899-6_3
4664:10.1101/sqb.1969.034.01.009
4561:10.1101/cshperspect.a003681
4457:"Driving ribosome assembly"
2089:10.1101/cshperspect.a011536
1682:Weiler EW, Nover L (2008).
1617:Ribosome-associated vesicle
1178:conformational proofreading
710:. Their 40S subunit has an
344:rough endoplasmic reticulum
90:Rough endoplasmic reticulum
8500:
5565:10.1074/mcp.m700052-mcp200
4805:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.025
4518:10.1038/d41586-023-00574-4
4248:10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.044
3954:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.11.007
3810:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.032
3621:10.1016/j.cell.2006.08.032
3199:10.1093/genetics/126.4.875
1894:Palade GE (January 1955).
1470:of multiple ribosome gene
1459:
1396:, but the use of the term
1211:Although catalysis of the
1141:
910:tertiary structural motifs
808:
695:
554:The ribosomal subunits of
8083:Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
5917:, Gwen V. Childs, copied
5248:10.1016/j.tig.2019.07.004
5044:10.1007/978-3-319-39468-8
4981:Fox GE (September 2010).
4829:Annual Review of Genetics
3710:courses.lumenlearning.com
3026:courses.lumenlearning.com
2951:10.1038/s41477-018-0339-y
2847:10.1016/j.sbi.2012.08.003
2517:10.1128/spectrum.01782-21
989:70S particle at 5.5
933:High-resolution structure
763:
757:
754:
749:
746:
743:
740:
649:
639:
636:
631:
628:
625:
622:
434:were jointly awarded the
298:ribonucleoprotein complex
58:
49:
8107:Kozak consensus sequence
6209:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
5958:© RCSB Protein Data Bank
4940:Chemical Society Reviews
4543:Noller HF (April 2012).
4201:10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07634
4088:10.1074/jbc.272.52.32715
3712:. Boundless Microbiology
3063:10.1093/emboj/18.11.3133
2018:. The Nobel Foundation.
1992:. The Nobel Foundation.
1520:self-replicating machine
1433:Membrane-bound ribosomes
1065:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1053:Shine-Dalgarno sequences
1012:cryo-electron microscopy
448:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
292:A ribosome is made from
127:; with which, comprises
8103:Shine-Dalgarno sequence
5735:Genes & Development
5698:10.1091/mbc.e09-11-0941
5602:10.1023/a:1025068419698
5406:10.1074/mcp.M116.063255
4629:10.1126/science.1604315
4364:10.1126/science.1259724
4306:10.1073/pnas.1221724110
3855:10.1074/jbc.M117.785238
3573:10.1126/science.1131127
3465:10.1126/science.1117230
3413:10.1126/science.1060089
3094:O'Brien TW (May 1971).
2986:The Journal of Heredity
2905:10.1073/pnas.0901631106
2757:10.1126/science.1211204
2693:10.1126/science.1198308
2631:10.1126/science.1212642
1527:Heterogeneous ribosomes
1331:: ribosomes extend the
1304:Cotranslational folding
1202:Shine-Dalgarno sequence
1094:Tetrahymena thermophila
1072:Tetrahymena thermophila
974:Deinococcus radiodurans
880:pharmaceutical chemists
378:mitochondrial ribosomes
247:translational apparatus
207:macromolecular machines
6006:public domain material
5514:10.1073/pnas.082119899
5306:10.1073/pnas.192442499
5194:10.1261/rna.069823.118
4703:10.1098/rstb.2011.0146
4691:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
4166:10.1002/biot.200800098
1783:Microbiol Mol Biol Rev
1627:Translation (genetics)
1622:RNA tertiary structure
1425:, proteins containing
1381:
1266:
1085:translation initiation
966:Haloarcula marismortui
951:
947:Haloarcula marismortui
811:Mitochondrial ribosome
722:(4700 nucleotides), a
551:
497:
479:
421:
35:
6199:Intermediate filament
6092:Endoplasmic reticulum
5948:Molecule of the Month
4154:Biotechnology Journal
3732:Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
2999:10.1093/jhered/esp055
2377:10.1073/pnas.71.1.230
1795:10.1128/MMBR.00104-21
1421:and is, therefore, a
1378:endoplasmic reticulum
1372:
1281:). The ribosome uses
1241:
1144:Translation (biology)
1112:endoplasmic reticulum
1008:X-ray crystallography
940:
596:, for example, has a
543:
508:Prokaryotic ribosomes
485:
478:'s molecule sequence.
469:
123:(fluid that contains
33:
8484:Protein biosynthesis
7003:Mitochondrial
6488:Protein biosynthesis
6446:Extracellular matrix
5915:Role of the Ribosome
5649:10.1110/ps.041293005
1423:reducing environment
1150:protein biosynthesis
1040:Thermus thermophilus
980:Thermus thermophilus
866:algae may contain a
799:peptidyl transferase
692:Eukaryotic ribosomes
547:Thermus thermophilus
446:2009 was awarded to
333:peptidyl transferase
8456:(See article table)
6149:Cytoplasmic granule
5878:10.1042/BST20160426
5835:10.1038/nature24482
5827:2017Natur.551..472N
5747:10.1101/gad.1832209
5505:2002PNAS...99.5942L
5297:2002PNAS...9912031M
4752:10.1093/nar/gkac052
4621:1992Sci...256.1416N
4356:2015Sci...347...75S
4297:2013PNAS..110.5046D
4195:(49): 11616–11625.
4081:(52): 32715–32718.
3909:10.1261/rna.5142404
3848:(36): 15134–15142.
3801:2013APS..MARY46006T
3673:10.1038/nature05281
3665:2006Natur.444..391Y
3565:2006Sci...313.1935S
3520:10.1038/nature04133
3512:2005Natur.438..318M
3457:2005Sci...310..827S
3404:2001Sci...292..883Y
3298:2000Sci...289..905B
3249:10.1093/gbe/evaa170
2896:2009PNAS..106.9637S
2749:2011Sci...334..941K
2702:20.500.11850/153130
2685:2011Sci...331..730R
2622:2011Sci...334.1524B
2567:10.1155/2009/971494
2368:1974PNAS...71..230C
2202:2000Natur.407..327W
2141:2000Sci...289..920N
1840:1987BiSys..21...51B
1602:Biological machines
1462:Ribosome biogenesis
1440:vectorial synthesis
737:
718:(120 nucleotides),
708:large (60S) subunit
698:Eukaryotic ribosome
619:
580:Prokaryotes have 70
562:are quite similar.
470:Ribosomes assemble
402:electron microscope
363:three-domain system
237:molecules and many
209:, found within all
81:(dots as part of 5)
52:Animal cell diagram
18:Bacterial ribosomes
8451:Ribosomal proteins
7176:Ribosomal Proteins
6174:Weibel–Palade body
6058:Structures of the
5981:2011-03-16 at the
5976:Elongation Factors
5969:2010-11-14 at the
5953:2009-10-27 at the
5941:2011-04-30 at the
5236:Trends in Genetics
4952:10.1039/c2cs35066a
4866:. pp. 43–60.
2800:10.1007/BF00431588
1912:10.1083/jcb.1.1.59
1382:
1362:Ribosome locations
1267:
952:
864:chlorarachniophyte
841:symbiotic bacteria
823:(sometimes called
734:R. norvegicus
731:
683:Archaeal ribosomes
613:
552:
522:ribosomal proteins
498:
480:
432:George Emil Palade
398:George Emil Palade
239:ribosomal proteins
36:
8461:
8460:
8445:
8444:
8115:
8114:
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8062:
7643:
7642:
7132:
7131:
7056:Eukaryotic
6993:Elongation factor
6987:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6520:Initiation factor
6454:
6453:
6234:Spindle pole body
5821:(7681): 472–477.
5741:(23): 2753–2764.
5692:(12): 1922–1936.
5053:978-3-319-39468-8
4909:10.1159/000346551
4881:978-94-007-4898-9
4740:Nucleic Acids Res
4592:Dabbs ER (1986).
4441:978-0-8153-4072-0
4399:(Press release).
4291:(13): 5046–5051.
4030:(10): 3907–3924.
3983:(5481): 878–879.
3559:(5795): 1935–42.
3242:(10): 1694–1710.
2505:Microbiol. Spectr
2295:978-0-495-11464-2
2267:978-0-8153-4072-0
1671:on 3 August 2017.
1580:pseudouridylation
1444:secretory pathway
1255:polypeptide chain
1253:subunits) into a
1006:resolution using
904:Common properties
795:affinity labeling
789:
788:
670:
669:
428:Christian de Duve
394:Romanian-American
153:
152:
16:(Redirected from
8491:
8281:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8119:
7654:
7190:
7181:
7055:
7002:
6998:
6968:
6929:
6841:
6759:
6678:
6632:
6623:
6525:
6516:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6458:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6029:
6024:
6019:. Archived from
6003:
6002:
5898:
5897:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5758:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5660:
5643:(6): 1438–1446.
5628:
5622:
5621:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5526:
5516:
5499:(9): 5942–5947.
5484:
5478:
5477:
5467:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5408:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5367:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5318:
5308:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5259:
5230:(October 2019).
5223:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5196:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5106:
5096:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4763:
4746:(4): 1815–1828.
4731:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4697:(1580): 2972–8.
4682:
4676:
4675:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4615:(5062): 1416–9.
4604:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4572:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4520:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4375:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4318:
4308:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4242:(5): 1042–1054.
4227:
4221:
4220:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4151:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4039:
4037:10.3390/v6103907
4015:
4009:
4008:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3857:
3836:Escherichia coli
3829:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3755:
3744:10.1038/35080045
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3623:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3506:(7066): 318–24.
3491:
3485:
3484:
3451:(5749): 827–34.
3440:
3434:
3433:
3415:
3398:(5518): 883–96.
3383:
3377:
3376:
3358:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3309:
3292:(5481): 905–20.
3281:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3051:The EMBO Journal
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2907:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2704:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2633:
2616:(6062): 1524–9.
2601:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2249:
2230:
2229:
2210:10.1038/35030006
2196:(6802): 327–39.
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2167:. Archived from
2135:(5481): 920–30.
2126:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1872:. Archived from
1866:
1860:
1859:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1632:Wobble base pair
1612:Protein dynamics
1584:2'-O-methylation
1514:(or ribocells).
1314:knotted proteins
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1219:of RNA's P-site
1215:involves the C2
1124:Escherichia coli
1097:in complex with
1033:and at 3.7
999:Escherichia coli
918:coaxial stacking
738:
620:
530:Crystallographic
489:composition for
452:Thomas A. Steitz
419:
340:eukaryotic cells
257:The sequence of
244:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
97:(or, Golgi body)
63:
53:
44:
38:
21:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8464:
8463:
8462:
8457:
8441:
8440:
8423:
8422:
8384:
8383:
8370:
8369:
8340:
8339:
8322:
8321:
8270:
8269:
8252:
8251:
8221:
8213:
8212:
8195:
8194:
8164:
8156:
8146:
8116:
8111:
8059:
7873:
7639:
7451:
7170:
7128:
7049:
6979:
6962:
6957:
6923:
6918:
6835:
6830:
6753:
6748:
6672:
6667:
6626:
6612:
6579:
6551:
6507:
6485:
6455:
6450:
6429:
6364:
6289:
6180:
6097:Golgi apparatus
6073:
6066:
6056:
6009:
6000:
5983:Wayback Machine
5971:Wayback Machine
5955:Wayback Machine
5943:Wayback Machine
5906:
5901:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5637:Protein Science
5630:
5629:
5625:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5356:10.1038/nrm3359
5337:
5336:
5332:
5291:(19): 12031–6.
5278:
5277:
5273:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5144:10.1038/nrm3359
5125:
5124:
5120:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5054:
5031:
5030:
5026:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4946:(16): 5526–65.
4937:
4936:
4932:
4903:(1–2): 152–77.
4894:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4785:
4784:
4777:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4511:(7950): 22–25.
4496:
4495:
4491:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4350:(6217): 75–78.
4337:
4336:
4332:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4160:(8): 999–1009.
4149:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4017:
4016:
4012:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3659:(7117): 391–4.
3650:
3649:
3645:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3106:(10): 3409–17.
3093:
3092:
3088:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3015:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2890:(24): 9637–42.
2877:
2876:
2872:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2743:(6058): 941–8.
2734:
2733:
2726:
2679:(6018): 730–6.
2668:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2511:(3): e0178221.
2490:
2489:
2485:
2470:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2251:
2250:
2233:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1789:(4): e0010421.
1776:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1597:Aminoglycosides
1592:
1529:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1435:
1427:disulfide bonds
1407:
1364:
1322:
1310:protein folding
1306:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1208:in eukaryotes.
1146:
1140:
1107:
986:T. thermophilus
935:
906:
898:chloramphenicol
876:
817:
809:Main articles:
807:
700:
694:
685:
588:) and a large (
510:
464:
420:
417:
406:Palade granules
396:cell biologist
390:
349:Ribosomes from
304:) and large (50
255:
242:
213:, that perform
190:
163:
159:
149:
95:Golgi apparatus
51:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8497:
8495:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8466:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8432:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8404:
8395:
8393:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8375:
8368:
8367:
8362:
8356:
8351:
8349:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8331:
8320:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8303:
8294:
8292:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8261:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8238:
8229:
8227:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8204:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8181:
8172:
8170:
8158:
8157:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8079:
8077:
8076:Other concepts
8073:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7660:
7658:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7461:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7198:
7196:
7187:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7142:
7140:
7138:Release factor
7134:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7004:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6971:
6969:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6844:
6842:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6762:
6760:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6681:
6679:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6635:
6633:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6522:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6369:Other internal
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6243:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6068:
6067:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:on 2009-12-08.
6012:Science Primer
5997:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5973:
5945:
5933:
5921:
5912:
5905:
5904:External links
5902:
5900:
5899:
5872:(4): 855–869.
5856:
5805:
5770:
5721:
5672:
5623:
5596:(3): 249–258.
5579:
5558:(2): 347–369.
5538:
5479:
5430:
5399:(2): 243–254.
5379:
5330:
5271:
5218:
5167:
5118:
5081:Molecular Cell
5067:
5052:
5024:
4993:(9): a003483.
4973:
4930:
4887:
4880:
4854:
4819:
4775:
4726:
4677:
4642:
4599:
4584:
4555:(4): a003681.
4532:
4489:
4470:(6): 673–683.
4447:
4440:
4418:
4387:
4330:
4271:
4222:
4179:
4137:
4118:(1): 453–475.
4102:
4061:
4010:
3967:
3932:
3879:
3824:
3795:(2): 471–479.
3775:
3738:(7): 514–520.
3722:
3694:
3643:
3614:(6): 1065–77.
3594:
3543:
3486:
3435:
3378:
3329:
3307:10.1.1.58.2271
3273:
3222:
3173:
3127:
3086:
3057:(11): 3133–8.
3037:
3013:
2972:
2945:(1): 106–117.
2929:
2870:
2841:(6): 797–803.
2821:
2778:
2724:
2653:
2591:
2540:
2483:
2468:
2442:
2401:
2342:
2301:
2294:
2273:
2266:
2231:
2177:
2174:on 2020-11-30.
2112:
2083:(5): a011536.
2063:
2033:
2007:
1990:Nobelprize.org
1977:
1960:
1935:
1886:
1861:
1818:
1764:
1750:
1701:
1694:
1674:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1541:Gerald Edelman
1528:
1525:
1487:
1484:
1460:Main article:
1457:
1454:
1434:
1431:
1406:
1405:Free ribosomes
1403:
1363:
1360:
1321:
1318:
1305:
1302:
1225:catalytic core
1170:aminoacyl-tRNA
1142:Main article:
1139:
1136:
1106:
1103:
1043:ribosome with
934:
931:
912:, for example
905:
902:
875:
872:
806:
803:
791:
790:
787:
786:
783:
780:
776:
775:
771:
770:
769:5.8S (160 nt)
766:
765:
762:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
696:Main article:
693:
690:
684:
681:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
661:
657:
656:
652:
651:
648:
641:
638:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
618:(a bacterium)
575:centrifugation
509:
506:
463:
460:
415:
389:
386:
317:
316:
313:
254:
251:
151:
150:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
87:
82:
76:
71:
64:
56:
55:
47:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8496:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8430:
8426:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8391:
8387:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8350:
8347:
8346:Mitochondrial
8343:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8325:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8255:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8225:
8220:
8216:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8202:
8198:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8163:
8159:
8154:
8150:
8149:Ribosomal RNA
8143:
8138:
8136:
8131:
8129:
8124:
8123:
8120:
8108:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8088:Reading frame
8086:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7649:Mitochondrial
7646:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7052:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6670:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6557:Mitochondrial
6554:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6477:
6475:
6470:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6343:Proteinoplast
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6303:Mitochondrion
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6295:Endosymbionts
6292:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6278:Lamellipodium
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Microfilament
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6107:Autophagosome
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6082:Cell membrane
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6072:Endomembrane
6069:
6065:
6061:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6041:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6007:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5786:(7): 344–51.
5785:
5781:
5774:
5771:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5673:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5583:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5539:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5383:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5350:(6): 355–69.
5349:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5028:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4588:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4419:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:(1): 90–101.
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:interactions"
3883:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3349:(5): 615–23.
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:(4): 875–88.
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2992:(5): 582–90.
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:Nature Plants
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2560:(4): 241–51.
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2469:9780470015902
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1876:on 2009-03-20
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1695:9783131527912
1691:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1572:CrPV IGR IRES
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:budding yeast
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:peptide bonds
1501:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:transcription
1463:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1132:S. cerevisiae
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
987:
982:
981:
976:
975:
971:
967:
964:
959:
957:
949:
948:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
923:
919:
916:that exhibit
915:
911:
903:
901:
899:
895:
890:
885:
881:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
853:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:mitoribosomes
822:
816:
812:
804:
802:
800:
796:
784:
782:18S (1874 nt)
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
768:
767:
761:28S (4718 nt)
760:
753:
739:
735:
729:
728:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
699:
691:
689:
682:
680:
677:
665:
663:16S (1542 nt)
662:
659:
658:
654:
653:
646:
642:
635:
621:
617:
611:
610:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
571:sedimentation
568:
563:
561:
557:
549:
548:
542:
538:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
502:ribosomal RNA
496:
492:
488:
487:Ribosomal RNA
484:
477:
476:messenger RNA
473:
468:
461:
459:
457:
456:Ada E. Yonath
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Albert Claude
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
385:
383:
382:endosymbiotic
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
331:
327:
323:
314:
311:
310:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:messenger RNA
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
240:
236:
235:ribosomal RNA
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:messenger RNA
216:
212:
208:
202:
157:
146:
145:Cell membrane
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
111:Mitochondrion
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
62:
57:
54:
48:
45:
39:
32:
19:
8379:MT-RNR1, 12S
8360:MT-RNR2, 16S
8152:
7155:Class 2/RF3
6963:
6924:
6836:
6754:
6673:
6627:
6385:
6323:Gerontoplast
6273:Pseudopodium
6266:Radial spoke
6246:Undulipodium
6186:Cytoskeleton
6102:Parenthesome
6021:the original
6011:
5928:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5447:
5443:
5433:
5396:
5392:
5382:
5347:
5343:
5333:
5288:
5284:
5274:
5239:
5235:
5221:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5135:
5131:
5121:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5034:
5027:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4960:11573/494138
4943:
4939:
4933:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4863:
4857:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4795:
4791:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4593:
4587:
4552:
4548:
4508:
4502:
4492:
4467:
4463:
4450:
4431:
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4390:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4157:
4153:
4140:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4027:
4023:
4013:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3948:(1): 20–26.
3945:
3941:
3935:
3900:
3896:
3891:Mg-dependent
3882:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3714:. Retrieved
3709:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3289:
3285:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3029:. Retrieved
3025:
3016:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2794:(3): 551–6.
2791:
2787:
2781:
2740:
2736:
2676:
2672:
2613:
2609:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2451:
2445:
2421:(1): 281–4.
2418:
2415:FEBS Letters
2414:
2404:
2362:(1): 230–4.
2359:
2355:
2345:
2321:(2): 283–6.
2318:
2315:FEBS Letters
2314:
2304:
2286:Biochemistry
2285:
2257:
2193:
2189:
2169:the original
2132:
2128:
2115:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2052:(2): 83–91.
2049:
2045:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1989:
1980:
1970:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:
1938:
1906:(1): 59–68.
1903:
1899:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1864:
1834:(1): 51–68.
1831:
1827:
1821:
1786:
1782:
1753:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1684:
1677:
1669:the original
1663:
1656:
1576:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1516:
1489:
1480:cell nucleus
1465:
1447:
1436:
1415:cell nucleus
1408:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1373:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1307:
1295:
1292:polyribosome
1291:
1268:
1242:
1213:peptide bond
1210:
1147:
1131:
1128:E. coli
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1092:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1059:resolution.
1038:
1020:
997:
995:
993:resolution.
984:
978:
972:
965:
960:
953:
945:
941:
920:. The extra
907:
889:mitochondria
877:
857:
848:
833:chloroplasts
821:mitochondria
818:
792:
774:5S (120 nt)
733:
701:
686:
675:
673:
655:5S (120 nt)
615:
614:Ribosome of
593:
579:
564:
553:
545:
511:
499:
422:
411:
405:
391:
375:
348:
337:
328:because the
318:
291:
271:transfer RNA
256:
246:
155:
154:
101:Cytoskeleton
78:
43:Cell biology
8390:Chloroplast
8285:Cytoplasmic
8093:Start codon
7878:28S subunit
7657:39S subunit
7457:40S subunit
7194:60S subunit
7185:Cytoplasmic
6649:SUI1 family
6492:translation
6425:Magnetosome
6391:Spliceosome
6318:Chromoplast
6313:Chloroplast
6204:Microtubule
5929:Proteopedia
4798:: 130–158.
2026:10 December
2000:10 December
1870:"Ribosomes"
1828:Bio Systems
1641:Nobel Prize
1586:of ribose.
1560:Arabidopsis
1496:amino acids
1419:glutathione
1198:start codon
1166:nucleotides
1138:Translation
1089:60S subunit
1077:40S subunit
914:pseudoknots
884:antibiotics
868:nucleomorph
860:cryptomonad
750:r-proteins
704:small (40S)
632:r-proteins
592:) subunit.
556:prokaryotes
491:prokaryotes
440:Nobel Prize
400:, using an
367:antibiotics
283:polypeptide
263:amino acids
231:polypeptide
223:amino acids
8468:Categories
8276:Eukaryotes
8098:Stop codon
7442:RRP15-like
7252:RPL10-like
7001:Bacterial/
6618:Eukaryotic
6504:eukaryotic
6420:Proteasome
6413:Inclusions
6360:Nitroplast
6353:Apicoplast
6338:Elaioplast
6333:Amyloplast
6328:Leucoplast
6283:Filopodium
6229:Basal body
6219:Centrosome
6169:Peroxisome
6164:Glyoxysome
6154:Melanosome
6064:organelles
5228:Baserga SJ
4835:: 125–51.
4411:16 January
3716:2018-09-27
3031:2021-09-24
2042:Kurland CG
1954:2023-08-16
1880:2011-04-28
1721:: 93–129.
1649:References
1637:Ada Yonath
1456:Biogenesis
1449:exocytosis
1394:organelles
1287:amino acid
1182:methionine
882:to create
852:tarentolae
850:Leishmania
643:23S (2904
560:eukaryotes
516:(200
495:eukaryotes
384:bacteria.
359:eukaryotes
275:anti-codon
243:r-proteins
140:Centrosome
125:organelles
8479:Ribozymes
7054:Archaeal/
6529:Bacterial
6496:bacterial
6441:Cell wall
6403:Cytoplasm
6376:Nucleolus
6348:Tannosome
6256:Flagellum
6241:Myofibril
6224:Centriole
6159:Microbody
6132:Phagosome
4658:: 49–61.
3302:CiteSeerX
3160:0098-7484
2773:206536444
2478:243730576
1545:cytosolic
1512:ribocytes
1492:RNA world
1476:nucleolus
1398:organelle
1374:Figure 6:
1356:hreonines
1338:-terminus
1243:Figure 5:
1233:RNA world
1229:ribozymes
1221:adenosine
1206:Kozak box
1174:anticodon
1047:and with
970:bacterium
956:ångströms
942:Figure 4:
894:organelle
827:) and in
741:ribosome
623:ribosome
472:polymeric
462:Structure
444:Chemistry
388:Discovery
330:catalytic
326:ribozymes
324:, called
294:complexes
156:Ribosomes
129:cytoplasm
69:Nucleolus
8474:Ribosome
8219:Bacteria
8155:subunits
8153:ribosome
7145:Class 1
6585:Archaeal
6512:Proteins
6500:archaeal
6434:External
6386:Ribosome
6142:Acrosome
6127:Endosome
6122:Lysosome
5979:Archived
5967:Archived
5964:Ribosome
5951:Archived
5939:Archived
5924:Ribosome
5894:51609077
5886:29986937
5843:29143818
5800:12114023
5765:19952110
5716:20410138
5667:15883184
5618:10710245
5610:12962325
5574:17934214
5533:11983894
5474:22377630
5444:Genetics
5425:27932527
5374:22617470
5325:12221294
5266:31376929
5213:30733326
5162:22617470
5113:28625553
5062:27493054
5019:20534711
4968:22684046
4925:41725226
4917:23615203
4849:12429689
4814:25500179
4770:35137169
4721:21930590
4579:20610545
4527:36854922
4484:19879902
4405:Archived
4382:25554787
4325:23479637
4266:23178123
4217:52176392
4209:30198720
4174:18702035
4056:25341659
4005:24172338
3997:10960319
3962:17157507
3927:14681588
3874:28743745
3819:23582332
3762:11433365
3753:1842/729
3681:17051149
3638:13452915
3630:16962654
3581:16959973
3538:16292303
3481:37382005
3473:16272117
3430:39505192
3422:11283358
3365:11007480
3324:10937989
3268:32785681
3187:Genetics
3081:10357824
3008:19617523
2967:58004990
2959:30626926
2924:19497863
2865:22959417
2765:22052974
2719:24771575
2711:21205638
2640:22096102
2586:19478915
2535:34908470
2218:11014182
2157:10937990
2107:22550233
2020:Archived
1994:Archived
1930:14381428
1813:34756086
1745:25706898
1590:See also
1562:, Viral
1297:polysome
1217:hydroxyl
1105:Function
968:and the
963:archaeon
837:proteins
831:such as
829:plastids
801:center.
744:subunit
724:5.8S RNA
626:subunit
606:proteins
567:Svedberg
535:Ribozyme
416:—
371:polysome
361:(in the
351:bacteria
253:Overview
135:Lysosome
79:Ribosome
8374:(39S):
8365:MT-tRNA
8355:(28S):
8162:Archaea
7447:RSL24D1
7124:a/eEF-2
7063:a/eEF-1
6408:Cytosol
6308:Plastid
6261:Axoneme
6137:Vacuole
6117:Exosome
6112:Vesicle
6087:Nucleus
5851:4465175
5823:Bibcode
5756:2788332
5707:2883937
5658:2253395
5501:Bibcode
5465:3338253
5416:5294211
5365:4039366
5293:Bibcode
5257:6852887
5204:6467006
5153:4039366
5104:5548184
5010:2926754
4761:8886871
4712:3158926
4672:4909519
4637:1604315
4617:Bibcode
4609:Science
4570:3312679
4373:4451101
4352:Bibcode
4344:Science
4316:3612664
4293:Bibcode
4257:3534965
4132:1094916
4097:9407040
4047:4213570
4024:Viruses
3977:Science
3918:1370521
3865:5592688
3797:Bibcode
3770:2637106
3689:4419198
3661:Bibcode
3589:9737925
3561:Bibcode
3553:Science
3529:1351281
3508:Bibcode
3453:Bibcode
3445:Science
3400:Bibcode
3392:Science
3373:1024446
3294:Bibcode
3286:Science
3259:7594248
3217:1981764
3208:1204285
3168:5468266
3122:4930061
3072:1171394
2915:2700991
2892:Bibcode
2856:3513651
2816:9751945
2808:6950200
2745:Bibcode
2737:Science
2681:Bibcode
2673:Science
2648:9099683
2618:Bibcode
2610:Science
2577:2686390
2554:Archaea
2526:8672879
2437:1225593
2396:4589893
2364:Bibcode
2226:4419944
2198:Bibcode
2165:8370119
2137:Bibcode
2129:Science
2098:3331703
1921:2223592
1856:2446672
1836:Bibcode
1804:8579967
1736:4772166
1549:in vivo
1472:operons
1411:cytosol
1347:lanines
1158:protein
1083:during
845:5S rRNA
720:28S RNA
712:18S RNA
676:E. coli
616:E. coli
594:E. coli
355:archaea
121:Cytosol
116:Vacuole
85:Vesicle
74:Nucleus
7615:RPS27A
7555:RPS15A
7494:RPS4Y2
7490:RPS4Y1
7484:RPS4 (
7402:RPL37A
7392:RPL36A
7382:RPL35A
7342:RPL27A
7322:RPL23A
7297:RPL18A
7272:RPL13A
7247:RPL10A
6702:γ
6697:β
6690:kinase
6685:α
6251:Cilium
6074:system
5988:Palade
5892:
5884:
5849:
5841:
5815:Nature
5798:
5763:
5753:
5714:
5704:
5665:
5655:
5616:
5608:
5572:
5531:
5524:122881
5521:
5472:
5462:
5423:
5413:
5372:
5362:
5323:
5316:129393
5313:
5264:
5254:
5211:
5201:
5160:
5150:
5111:
5101:
5060:
5050:
5017:
5007:
4966:
4923:
4915:
4878:
4847:
4812:
4768:
4758:
4719:
4709:
4670:
4635:
4577:
4567:
4525:
4504:Nature
4482:
4438:
4380:
4370:
4323:
4313:
4264:
4254:
4215:
4207:
4172:
4130:
4095:
4054:
4044:
4003:
3995:
3960:
3925:
3915:
3872:
3862:
3817:
3768:
3760:
3687:
3679:
3653:Nature
3636:
3628:
3587:
3579:
3536:
3526:
3500:Nature
3479:
3471:
3428:
3420:
3371:
3363:
3322:
3304:
3266:
3256:
3215:
3205:
3166:
3158:
3120:
3079:
3069:
3006:
2965:
2957:
2922:
2912:
2863:
2853:
2814:
2806:
2771:
2763:
2717:
2709:
2646:
2638:
2584:
2574:
2533:
2523:
2476:
2466:
2435:
2394:
2387:387971
2384:
2337:770196
2335:
2292:
2264:
2224:
2216:
2190:Nature
2163:
2155:
2105:
2095:
1928:
1918:
1854:
1811:
1801:
1743:
1733:
1692:
1486:Origin
1194:E-site
1190:P-site
1186:A-site
1162:codons
747:rRNAs
716:5S RNA
629:rRNAs
430:, and
357:, and
322:enzyme
227:codons
205:) are
8425:Small
8397:Large
8392:(70S)
8372:Small
8353:Large
8348:(55S)
8324:Small
8296:Large
8254:Small
8231:Large
8197:Small
8174:Large
7885:MRPS1
7664:MRPL1
7635:RACK1
7630:RPS30
7625:RPS29
7620:RPS28
7610:RPS27
7605:RPS26
7600:RPS25
7595:RPS24
7590:RPS23
7585:RPS21
7580:RPS20
7575:RPS19
7570:RPS18
7565:RPS17
7560:RPS16
7550:RPS15
7545:RPS14
7540:RPS13
7535:RPS12
7530:RPS11
7525:RPS10
7486:RPS4X
7480:RPS3A
7437:RPLP2
7432:RPLP1
7427:RPLP0
7422:RPL41
7417:RPL40
7412:RPL39
7407:RPL38
7397:RPL37
7387:RPL36
7377:RPL35
7372:RPL34
7367:RPL32
7362:RPL31
7357:RPL30
7352:RPL29
7347:RPL28
7337:RPL27
7332:RPL26
7327:RPL24
7317:RPL23
7312:RPL22
7307:RPL21
7302:RPL19
7292:RPL18
7287:RPL17
7282:RPL15
7277:RPL14
7267:RPL13
7262:RPL12
7257:RPL11
7242:RPL10
7227:RPL7A
7164:GSPT2
7159:GSPT1
7015:EF-Ts
7010:EF-Tu
6941:EIF5A
6744:eIF2D
6712:eIF2B
6707:eIF2A
6656:eIF1A
6575:MTIF3
6570:MTIF2
6565:MTIF1
6396:Vault
6008:from
5890:S2CID
5847:S2CID
5614:S2CID
5058:S2CID
4921:S2CID
4460:(PDF)
4213:S2CID
4150:(PDF)
4001:S2CID
3766:S2CID
3685:S2CID
3634:S2CID
3585:S2CID
3477:S2CID
3426:S2CID
3369:S2CID
2963:S2CID
2812:S2CID
2769:S2CID
2715:S2CID
2669:(PDF)
2644:S2CID
2474:S2CID
2222:S2CID
2172:(PDF)
2161:S2CID
2125:(PDF)
1508:tRNAs
1329:tails
1275:large
1271:small
1251:large
1247:small
1156:into
1049:tRNAs
279:codon
211:cells
8413:4.5S
8312:5.8S
8302:):
7520:RPS9
7515:RPS8
7510:RPS7
7505:RPS6
7500:RPS5
7475:RPS3
7470:RPS2
7465:RPSA
7237:RPL9
7232:RPL8
7222:RPL7
7217:RPL6
7212:RPL5
7207:RPL4
7202:RPL3
7149:eRF1
7045:GFM2
7040:GFM1
7035:TSFM
7030:EF-P
7025:EF-4
7020:EF-G
6975:EIF6
6965:eIF6
6936:EIF5
6926:eIF5
6838:eIF4
6756:eIF3
6675:eIF2
6639:eIF1
6629:eIF1
6608:aIF6
6603:aIF5
6598:aIF2
6593:aIF1
6060:cell
6017:NCBI
5919:here
5882:PMID
5839:PMID
5796:PMID
5761:PMID
5712:PMID
5663:PMID
5606:PMID
5570:PMID
5529:PMID
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