333:. Experts on the languages reject this classification. All agree that the differences between Babine and Witsuwitʼen are small and that the major split is between Babine and Witsuwitʼen on the one hand and Carrier proper on the other hand. The distinction is because speakers of Babine and of Carrier proper call themselves and their language
2747:
Note, however, that the
Carrier-speaking region is marked incorrectly on this map and that Babine-Witsuwitʼen is not indicated. The area around Babine Lake and Takla Lake, included in the Dakelh region on the map, is actually Babine speaking. A correct map would attach the Babine Lake and Takla Lake
326:
Several non-specialist sources (the First
Peoples' Heritage Language and Culture Council, the British Columbia Ministry of Education, and the University of British Columbia Museum of Anthropology) classify Witsuwitʼen as one language and Babine as a distinct language, either on its own or together
1972:
Babine-Witsuwitʼen uses verbal morphology to express grammatical roles. Subjects of transitive and intransitive constructions are marked in the same way and appear in identical positions within the sentence, while objects of transitive constructions may differ in position and occasionally in
1812:
Verbal morpheme order is stable throughout the
Athabaskan family; thus, the template of the Witstuwitʼen verb is very similar to other Athabaskan languages. Prefixes which are furthest away from the lexical stem display more variability. The Witsuwitʼen verb consists of a lexical root and an
2061:
are more appropriate descriptors. Each lexical entry of
Witsuwitʼen verbs features a lexicalized voice/valence marker fused with the verb stem, though this element sometimes appears as zero. The classifiers and regulate transitivity: increases transitivity by creating causatives and the
2231:"Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data"
307:. It is spoken by a minority of the population, primarily elders. There are 161 fluent and 159 partial speakers of the Babine dialect and 131 fluent and 61 partial speakers of the Witsuwitʼen dialect. At most, a handful of children are still speaking the language.
1973:
morphological form. Subjects are marked in different places within the verbal complex, with 1st and 2nd person subjects appearing more closely to the verb stem and 3rd person subjects and direct objects further to the left.
2557:
Rice, Keren (2000). Voice and valence in the
Athapaskan family. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity, ed. by R.M.W. Dixon and A.Y. Aikhenvald, 173-234. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2356:
Krauss, Michael E. and Victor Golla (1981) Northern
Athapaskan Languages. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 6: Subarctic, ed. by June Helm, 67–85. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2462:
Tuttle, Siri G. 2002. A Short
Introduction to Athabaskan Morphology. Morphology in Comparison, ed. by Elke Nowak, 1–37. Technische Universität Berlin Arbeitspapiere zur Linguistik 37.
300:
The two dialects are very similar and are distinguished primarily by the fact that in Babine but not in
Witsuwitʼen the Athabaskan front velar series have become palatal affricates.
2062:
classifier lowers transitivity to create middle voice. The valence marker is more complex in nature, indicating a combination of and where a middle is built upon a causative.
3900:
3910:
1789:
is an alienable entity which need not be possessed by anyone/anything, it does not include any possessive morphology but stands alone in its bare form. In contrast,
1813:
aspectual, tense, or modal affix (most often a suffix). All
Witsuwitʼen verbs carry tense and subject inflection; there is no Witsuwitʼen equivalent to the English
2773:
2032:
1st and 2nd person subjects include 1SG, 2SG, and 2PL. 3rd person subjects can be expressed as unspecified (human), indefinite, or 4th person (referred to as the
3237:
2365:
Poser, William J. (2011) The
Carrier Language: a brief introduction. Prince George, British Columbia: College of New Caledonia Press. Page 8, footnote 15.
3905:
1904:, and Witsuwitʼen. Directional terms are composed of a directional root, prefixes which describe distance, and suffixes which indicate motion or rest.
247:. Specialist opinion is, however, that it should be considered a separate, though related, language (Kari 1975, Story 1984, Kari and Hargus 1989).
3895:
3864:
2230:
2044:
Athabaskan languages like Babine-Witstuwitʼen make use of two main argument transferring morphemes known as classifiers. However, the term
1435:
1220:
968:
770:
1518:
1047:
2270:
Story, Gillian L. (1984) Babine and Carrier Phonology: A Historically Oriented Study. Arlington, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
1492:
1370:
1023:
915:
2979:
3013:
2766:
2579:
2429:
1395:
81:
1809:
The basic lexical verb in Witsuwitʼen is the verb theme, a unit composed of two parts: a verbal root and required thematic prefixes.
3230:
2671:
2606:
1251:
2724:
239:. Because of this linguistic relationship together with political and cultural ties, Babine–Witsuwitʼen is often referred to as
109:
3315:
1624:
292:("People of the Wet'sinkwha / Wa Dzun Kwuh River, i.e. Bulkley River", literally: "People of the blue and green River") in the
3795:
3120:
3115:
3100:
2790:
2759:
128:
3699:
3719:
3223:
1826:
1688:
1638:
1442:
1230:
975:
780:
207:
3890:
2689:
Wright, Richard; Hargus, Sharon; Davis, Katharine (2002). "On the categorization of ejectives: data from Witsuwitʼen".
3841:
3605:
2452:. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique: Canadian Linguistic Association. pp. 123–143.
1601:
1472:
1449:
1377:
1003:
982:
922:
1654:
1506:
1465:
1210:
1200:
1137:
1037:
996:
760:
750:
689:
1703:, and no case marking exists in Witsuwitʼen. Possessive morphology takes different forms depending on whether the
3265:
2960:
1499:
1240:
1096:
1030:
790:
232:
2873:
1700:
1610:
1269:
810:
1691:. Directional terms are considered to be a lexical group in Witsuwitʼen found throughout lexical categories.
3679:
3615:
3562:
3373:
3130:
2950:
1525:
1054:
3860:
3847:
3826:
3168:
1708:
1363:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
908:
901:
883:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
3085:
2878:
2853:
2283:
ms. Alaska Native Language Center, Fairbanks, Alaska, and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
2056:
1384:
1165:
1158:
929:
717:
710:
3428:
3320:
2999:
3831:
3643:
3532:
3388:
3355:
3282:
2831:
2810:
2782:
1901:
1410:
943:
228:
123:
115:
2748:
areas to what is shown on this map as "Wetʼsuwetʼen" and label the combination "Babine-Witsuwitʼen".
3836:
3800:
3476:
3345:
3246:
2842:
1288:
829:
620:
304:
1793:
is an inalienable entity; a brother cannot exist without someone else to be in relation to. Thus,
3810:
3745:
3587:
3524:
3509:
3378:
3300:
3295:
3146:
2894:
2868:
2826:
2706:
2533:
2495:
1354:
1086:
894:
643:
624:
320:
2634:
Krauss, Michael E.; Golla, Victor (1981). "Northern Athapaskan Languages". In Helm, June (ed.).
2179:
289:
77:
2281:
Dialectology, Ethnonymy and Prehistory in the Northwest Portion of the 'Carrier' Language Area,
1552:
are heard in the Lake Babine dialect, corresponding to /c, cʰ, cʼ/ in the River Babine dialect.
315:
Babine-Witsuwitʼen is classified as Northern Athabaskan, in the same linguistic subgrouping as
3790:
3740:
3595:
3577:
3572:
3552:
3547:
3499:
3433:
2993:
2904:
2863:
2858:
2677:
2667:
2627:
Dialectology, Ethnonymy and Prehistory in the Northwest Portion of the 'Carrier' Language Area
2602:
2425:
1631:
1481:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1091:
1012:
682:
668:
661:
653:
2572:
3785:
3775:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3625:
3567:
3514:
3461:
3423:
3368:
3330:
3290:
3260:
3191:
3071:
3048:
3041:
2955:
2929:
2848:
2698:
2648:
2525:
2487:
2189:
2077:
1897:
1193:
1144:
1103:
1081:
743:
696:
648:
638:
316:
62:
3885:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3724:
3633:
3600:
3557:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3443:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3383:
3335:
3325:
3125:
3078:
3065:
2986:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2899:
2645:
Voice and valence in the Athapaskan family. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity
2050:
1889:
1152:
704:
329:
236:
101:
3393:
2836:
3714:
3664:
3638:
3537:
3398:
3340:
3206:
3183:
3151:
3029:
2909:
2805:
2475:
1916:
in Babine-Witsuwitʼen is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), demonstrated in the example below.
1893:
1885:
293:
278:
161:
17:
199:
3879:
3704:
3310:
3305:
3035:
2710:
2537:
2499:
1583:
1458:
1424:
1403:
1259:
989:
957:
936:
800:
3805:
3709:
3466:
2516:
Gunlogson, Christine (2001). "Third-Person Object Prefixes in Babine Witsuwitʼen".
1279:
820:
3610:
2638:. Vol. 6: Subarctic. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 67–85.
2744:
2652:
3451:
1578:
274:
212:
3542:
2702:
2661:
2491:
2213:
2208:
1913:
1814:
1595:
1588:
1418:
951:
282:
255:
2734:
323:(though the latter is far more distinctly separate from Babine-Witsuwitʼen).
3456:
2033:
1684:
1646:
1618:
1187:
737:
192:
176:
2739:
2344:
2330:
2293:
183:
1884:
Complex directional systems and directional terms have been described in
1704:
1567:
Witsuwitʼen and Babine both have six underlying vowels in its inventory.
1130:
675:
303:
Like most languages native to British Columbia, Babine–Witsuwitʼen is an
265:
As its name suggests, Babine–Witsuwitʼen consists of two main dialects:
2015:
1951:
1947:
1932:
1855:
1845:
1752:
2751:
3215:
2184:
2174:
1825:
Postpositional object marking is demonstrated in the examples below.
270:
156:
73:
52:
2729:
2573:"Sounds and writing systems of Deg Xinag, Tsek'ene and Witsuwit'en"
2529:
1756:
2681:
2316:
1680:
1676:
3219:
2755:
262:
for the language as a whole, not just for the Babine dialect.
2643:
Rice, Keren (2000). Dixon, R.M.W.; Aikhenvald, A.Y. (eds.).
2663:
Babine and Carrier Phonology: A Historically Oriented Study
2647:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–234.
1936:
2730:
Entry on First Nations Languages of British Columbia site
2725:
First Voices: Contains Learning Resources for Witsuwitʼen
296:, around Broman Lake, and in the vicinity of Skins Lake.
2478:(2000). "Optional Wh-Movement in Babine-Witsuwitʼen".
2345:
The Status of the Native Languages of British Columbia
2599:
Witsuwit'en Grammar: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology
2422:
Witsuwitʼen Grammar: Phonetics, phonology, morphology
2373:
2371:
2258:
ms. Alaska Native Language Center, Fairbanks, Alaska.
3819:
3733:
3692:
3652:
3624:
3586:
3523:
3475:
3442:
3354:
3281:
3274:
3253:
3182:
3160:
3139:
3108:
3099:
3058:
3021:
3012:
2971:
2938:
2887:
2819:
2798:
2789:
206:
190:
174:
169:
150:
98:
88:
68:
58:
48:
32:
2740:Status of the Native Languages of British Columbia
2666:. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
2048:is recognized among Athabaskanists as a misnomer;
2691:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2392:
2629:. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center.
2620:. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center.
2450:Consonant Classes and Vowel Qualities in Babine
2332:First People's Language Map of British Columbia
2318:First People's Language Map of British Columbia
1797:requires possessive morphology, as exampled in
27:Athabaskan language spoken in British Columbia
3231:
2767:
2518:International Journal of American Linguistics
2256:Babine, a New Athabaskan Linguistic Grouping,
1548:
1546:
1544:
8:
2618:Babine, a New Athabaskan Linguistic Grouping
1829:can stand by themselves, as in the example '
3278:
3238:
3224:
3216:
3105:
3018:
2795:
2774:
2760:
2752:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
29:
1699:Witsuwitʼen nouns are only inflected for
627:labials are rarer than other consonants.
337:but that speakers of Witsuwitʼen do not.
2480:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory
2321:Nedut'en (Babine): State of the Language
2069:
1713:
1569:
1072:
629:
472:
344:
252:Bulkley Valley – Lakes District Language
2201:
1675:Witsuwitʼen lexical categories include
1540:
2377:
1912:Like most Athabaskan languages, basic
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2511:
2509:
2470:
2468:
2443:
2441:
2388:
2386:
2279:Kari, James and Sharon Hargus (1989)
1833:,' or attach to the verbal complex.
1078:
635:
149:
7:
2745:Map of Northwest Coast First Nations
2625:Kari, James; Hargus, Sharon (1989).
2266:
2264:
250:A term used briefly in the 1990s is
233:Central Interior of British Columbia
3901:Endangered Dené–Yeniseian languages
2735:Family Tree of Athabaskan Languages
1960:Mary 3SG.REFL.brother 3SG.loves.3SG
327:with Carrier proper under the name
2636:Handbook of North American Indians
2347:Yinka Déné Language Institute 2007
2335:Witsusit'en: State of the Language
25:
3906:First Nations languages in Canada
2585:from the original on 18 May 2022.
1653:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1609:
1600:
1524:
1517:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1250:
1239:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1164:
1157:
1053:
1046:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
819:
809:
799:
789:
779:
769:
759:
749:
716:
709:
2597:Hargus, Sharon (November 2011).
2393:Wright, Hargus & Davis (2002
631:Witsuwitʼen Consonant Inventory
269:"Babine/Nedut'en" spoken by the
619:Witsuwitʼen has 35 consonants.
1:
3911:Subject–object–verb languages
3896:Northern Athabaskan languages
1963:'Mary loves her own brother.'
80:in 7 of 9 communities (2014,
3720:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
2653:10.1017/CBO9780511627750.007
2578:. University of Washington.
2424:. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
288:"Witsuwitʼen" spoken by the
3842:Plains Indian Sign Language
2209:Babine-Witsuwitʼen language
1976:Two object prefixes and :
1074:Babine Consonant Inventory
3927:
3693:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
2660:Story, Gillian L. (1984).
2036:in Algonquian languages).
235:. Its closest relative is
3857:
3200:
2703:10.1017/S0025100302000142
1957:Mary dilhtsen yikʼëntsiyʼ
1417:
1277:
1186:
1151:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
950:
818:
736:
703:
652:
647:
642:
637:
37:
3700:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
2939:Central British Columbia
2571:Hargus, Sharon (2016).
2492:10.1023/A:1006475026526
2420:Hargus, Sharon (2007).
2219:(subscription required)
2025:what 3SG.is.drinking.it
231:language spoken in the
18:Babine-Witsuwit'en
3865:Canadian dictionaries
3848:Maritime Sign Language
3827:American Sign Language
3316:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
2972:Other North Athabaskan
2448:Cook, Eung Do (1990).
2237:. Government of Canada
1831:3s was playing with it
94:135 (2016 census)
3861:Canadian style guides
3022:California Athabaskan
2980:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
2147:Hello. How are you?
2028:'What's he drinking?'
1968:Grammatical relations
1871:'3s was playing with
474:Witsuwit’en alphabet
225:Nadotʼen-Wetʼsuwetʼen
3832:Quebec Sign Language
3275:Indigenous languages
2820:Central Alaska–Yukon
2783:Athabaskan languages
2616:Kari, James (1975).
2164:Source: First Voices
254:, abbreviated BVLD.
3801:Pennsylvania German
3247:Languages of Canada
2888:Northwestern Canada
2254:Kari, James (1975)
2235:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1572:
1075:
632:
475:
347:
305:endangered language
258:uses the bare name
129:Northern Athabaskan
3837:Inuk Sign Language
3796:Newfoundland Irish
3761:Tagalog (Filipino)
3734:Minority languages
3606:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
3364:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
3254:Official languages
2946:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
1868:with-3SG 3SG-plays
1671:Lexical categories
1570:
1389:⟨k'⟩
1339:⟨qʷ⟩
1316:⟨ts⟩
1308:⟨tl⟩
1264:⟨Gʷ⟩
1235:⟨dz⟩
1225:⟨dl⟩
1073:
879:⟨kʷ⟩
863:⟨ts⟩
855:⟨tl⟩
805:⟨gʷ⟩
785:⟨dz⟩
775:⟨dl⟩
630:
473:
346:Nedut'en alphabet
345:
221:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
134:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
33:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
3873:
3872:
3791:Doukhobor Russian
3688:
3687:
3213:
3212:
3207:extinct languages
3178:
3177:
3095:
3094:
3079:Upper Rogue River
3072:Lower Rogue River
3059:Oregon Athabaskan
3008:
3007:
2864:Southern Tutchone
2859:Northern Tutchone
2217:(18th ed., 2015)
2161:
2160:
2066:Words and phrases
1880:Directional terms
1783:
1782:
1774:1SG.POSS- brother
1663:
1662:
1537:
1536:
1530:⟨ɣ⟩
1511:⟨y⟩
1484:
1427:
1357:
1347:⟨q⟩
1324:⟨k⟩
1300:⟨t⟩
1291:
1274:⟨G⟩
1245:⟨g⟩
1215:⟨d⟩
1205:⟨b⟩
1196:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1066:
1065:
1059:⟨ɣ⟩
1042:⟨y⟩
1015:
960:
897:
887:⟨q⟩
871:⟨c⟩
847:⟨t⟩
839:⟨p⟩
832:
815:⟨G⟩
795:⟨g⟩
765:⟨d⟩
755:⟨b⟩
746:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
602:
601:
471:
470:
271:Babine (Nadot'en)
218:
217:
16:(Redirected from
3918:
3786:Hutterite German
3279:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3192:Proto-Athabaskan
3140:Eastern Apachean
3109:Western Apachean
3106:
3019:
2961:Southern Carrier
2799:Southern Alaskan
2796:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2714:
2685:
2656:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2586:
2584:
2577:
2558:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2472:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2417:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2206:
2190:Carrier language
2070:
2017:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1934:
1857:
1847:
1758:
1754:
1714:
1707:is alienable or
1657:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1613:
1604:
1573:
1553:
1550:
1531:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1423:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1192:
1168:
1161:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1076:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1011:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
956:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
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904:
893:
888:
885:
880:
877:
872:
869:
864:
861:
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853:
848:
845:
840:
837:
828:
823:
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813:
806:
803:
796:
793:
786:
783:
776:
773:
766:
763:
756:
753:
742:
720:
713:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
633:
476:
348:
241:Northern Carrier
202:
186:
179:
104:
72:3,410 Nadotʼen (
63:British Columbia
30:
21:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3853:
3815:
3781:Canadian Gaelic
3729:
3684:
3680:Coast Tsimshian
3648:
3620:
3582:
3519:
3471:
3438:
3350:
3270:
3249:
3244:
3214:
3209:
3196:
3174:
3161:Plains Apachean
3156:
3135:
3091:
3054:
3004:
2967:
2934:
2883:
2874:Upper Kuskokwim
2815:
2785:
2780:
2721:
2688:
2674:
2659:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2609:
2596:
2593:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2545:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2476:Denham, Kristin
2474:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2419:
2418:
2399:
2391:
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2329:
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2311:
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2300:
2292:
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2274:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2171:
2142:Hadï Soʼendzin
2068:
2042:
2040:Voice / Valence
2030:
2020:
2018:.is.drinking.it
2009:
2000:
1986:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1941:
1926:
1910:
1882:
1877:
1860:
1849:
1823:
1807:
1779:
1769:
1761:
1743:
1733:
1697:
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1668:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1529:
1510:
1388:
1346:
1338:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1273:
1263:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1098:
1071:
1058:
1041:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
846:
838:
814:
804:
794:
784:
774:
764:
754:
617:
612:
607:
343:
313:
245:Western Carrier
198:
182:
175:
146:
120:Athabaskan–Eyak
105:
102:Language family
100:
91:
90:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3924:
3922:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3820:Sign languages
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Chinook Jargon
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
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3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3616:Nuu-chah-nulth
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
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3401:
3396:
3391:
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3376:
3371:
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3360:
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3352:
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3348:
3343:
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3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3245:
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3235:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3184:Proto-language
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3131:Western Apache
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
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3052:
3045:
3038:
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3025:
3023:
3016:
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3009:
3006:
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2997:
2990:
2983:
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2764:
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2750:
2749:
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2720:
2719:External links
2717:
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2543:
2530:10.1086/466468
2524:(4): 365–395.
2505:
2486:(2): 199–251.
2464:
2455:
2437:
2431:978-0774813822
2430:
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2010:
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1979:
1978:
1969:
1966:
1942:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1906:
1881:
1878:
1865:-lh niwilyekh.
1850:
1836:
1835:
1822:
1819:
1806:
1803:
1801:'my brother'.
1781:
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986:
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905:
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379:
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367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
342:
341:Writing system
339:
312:
311:Classification
309:
298:
297:
294:Bulkley Valley
286:
279:Trembleur Lake
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
196:
188:
187:
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172:
171:
170:Language codes
167:
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159:
152:
148:
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145:
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143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
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136:
110:Dené–Yeniseian
108:
106:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
49:Native to
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3923:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Broken Slavey
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
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3658:
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3642:
3640:
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3623:
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3612:
3609:
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3599:
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3531:
3530:
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3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
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3482:
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3474:
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3427:
3425:
3422:
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3417:
3415:
3412:
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3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
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3367:
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3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
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3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
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3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:Plains Apache
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Pacific Coast
3011:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2976:
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2970:
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2923:
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2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
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2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
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2867:
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2860:
2857:
2855:
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2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2673:0-88312-094-1
2669:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2608:9780774841245
2604:
2601:. UBC Press.
2600:
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2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2152:Sne kal yëgh
2151:
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2141:
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2129:
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2053:
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2019:
2013:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
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1827:Postpositions
1821:Postpositions
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1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
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1689:postpositions
1686:
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1665:
1659:
1656:
1652:
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1648:
1645:
1644:
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1549:
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1533:
1527:
1523:
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1508:
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1497:
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1478:
1474:
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1463:
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1456:
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1397:
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1379:
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1356:
1352:
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1342:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1311:
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1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
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1238:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
987:
984:
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
964:
962:
959:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
892:
891:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
834:
831:
827:
826:
822:
812:
808:
802:
798:
792:
788:
782:
778:
772:
768:
762:
758:
752:
748:
745:
741:
739:
735:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
650:
645:
640:
634:
628:
626:
622:
614:
609:
604:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
349:
340:
338:
336:
332:
331:
324:
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
301:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
266:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
194:
189:
185:
181:
178:
173:
168:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
111:
107:
103:
97:
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3891:Wet'suwet'en
3859:
3846:
3806:Plautdietsch
3467:Inuvialuktun
3363:
3202:
3167:
3086:Upper Umpqua
3084:
3077:
3070:
3047:
3040:
3028:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2945:
2879:Upper Tanana
2854:Lower Tanana
2841:
2697:(1): 43–77.
2694:
2690:
2662:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2598:
2591:Bibliography
2521:
2517:
2483:
2479:
2458:
2449:
2421:
2361:
2352:
2340:
2331:
2326:
2317:
2312:
2301:. Retrieved
2297:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2255:
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2212:
2204:
2180:Wetʼsuwetʼen
2163:
2162:
2073:Witsuwitʼen
2055:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:Ndutah yiziz
2021:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1946:
1943:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1911:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1777:'my brother'
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1751:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1720:Inalienable
1698:
1674:
1566:
1558:
618:
334:
328:
325:
314:
302:
299:
290:Wet'suwet'en
264:
259:
251:
249:
244:
240:
224:
220:
219:
191:
133:
78:Wetʼsuwetʼen
42:
38:
3644:Assiniboine
3533:Bella Coola
3452:Inuinnaqtun
2895:Dene Suline
2378:Hargus 2016
1994:'They need
1991:-ïtsʼoldeh.
1984:-ïtsʼoldeh.
1944:yikʼëntsiyʼ
1741:'trap bait'
1709:inalienable
615:Witsuwitʼen
275:Babine Lake
213:Witsuwit'en
162:Witsuwitʼen
43:Witsuwitʼen
3880:Categories
3543:Halkomelem
3356:Athabaskan
3346:Potawatomi
3283:Algonquian
3116:Chiricahua
2843:Holikachuk
2827:Deg Hitʼan
2303:2017-03-13
2298:Ethnologue
2241:2017-11-23
2214:Ethnologue
2196:References
2157:Thank you
2046:classifier
1914:word order
1852:niwilyekh.
1815:infinitive
1717:Alienable
1701:possession
1685:adjectives
1419:Continuant
952:Continuant
610:Consonants
283:Takla Lake
256:Ethnologue
229:Athabaskan
124:Athabaskan
3811:Ukrainian
3746:Cantonese
3611:Kwakʼwala
3510:Tuscarora
3477:Iroquoian
3457:Inuktitut
3429:Tsuutʼina
3379:Chipewyan
3374:Chilcotin
3301:Blackfoot
3296:Algonquin
3205:indicate
3147:Jicarilla
3121:Mescalero
3000:Tsuutʼina
2951:Chilcotin
2869:Tanacross
2711:145579984
2682:83-051454
2538:143524677
2500:170057270
2076:Southern
2034:obviative
1787:trap bait
1771:s- əɬtsen
1738:trap.bait
1731:trap.bait
1425:voiceless
1289:aspirated
1188:Occlusive
958:voiceless
830:aspirated
738:Occlusive
621:Aspirated
605:Phonology
321:Chilcotin
193:Glottolog
177:ISO 639-3
69:Ethnicity
3741:Mandarin
3596:Ditidaht
3588:Wakashan
3578:Thompson
3573:Squamish
3563:shíshálh
3553:Okanagan
3548:Lillooet
3525:Salishan
3500:Onondaga
3434:Tutchone
3389:Gwichʼin
3101:Southern
2994:Tsetsaut
2832:Gwichʼin
2811:Denaʼina
2791:Northern
2580:Archived
2294:"Babine"
2169:See also
2082:English
1939:.brother
1929:dilhtsen
1902:Tsek'ene
1785:Because
1705:referent
1355:ejective
1131:sibilant
1099:alveolar
1087:Alveolar
895:ejective
676:sibilant
644:Alveolar
625:ejective
200:babi1235
151:Dialects
39:Nedut'en
3776:Italian
3756:Spanish
3751:Punjabi
3675:Tlingit
3670:Kutenai
3660:Beothuk
3568:Shuswap
3558:Saanich
3515:Wyandot
3462:Inupiaq
3424:Tahltan
3369:Carrier
3331:Naskapi
3321:Miꞌkmaq
3291:Abenaki
3261:English
3203:Italics
3049:Wailaki
3042:Mattole
2930:Tahltan
2905:Dunneza
2849:Koyukon
2565:Sources
2134:takʼih
2131:takʼiy
2123:nankoh
2112:lhukʼi
2109:lhkʼiy
2104:mother
2078:Carrier
2059:markers
2057:valence
1950:.loves.
1898:Koyukon
1799:səɬtsen
1795:brother
1791:brother
1767:brother
1666:Grammar
1584:Central
1571:Vowels
1138:rounded
1124:lateral
1117:central
1109:Glottal
1097:Palato-
1092:Palatal
690:rounded
683:fronted
669:lateral
662:central
654:Glottal
273:around
237:Carrier
116:Na-Dené
3886:Babine
3771:German
3766:Arabic
3725:Michif
3710:Bungee
3634:Stoney
3626:Siouan
3601:Haisla
3505:Seneca
3495:Oneida
3490:Mohawk
3485:Cayuga
3419:Tagish
3414:Slavey
3409:Sekani
3404:Nicola
3384:Dogrib
3341:Ottawa
3336:Ojibwe
3326:Munsee
3266:French
3126:Navajo
3066:Tolowa
2987:Nicola
2956:Dakelh
2925:Tagish
2920:Slavey
2915:Sekani
2900:Dogrib
2709:
2680:
2670:
2605:
2536:
2498:
2428:
2185:Dakelh
2175:Babine
2137:three
2090:lhook
2004:Ndutah
1908:Syntax
1890:Slavey
1858:-plays
1764:əɬtsen
1687:, and
1563:Vowels
1482:voiced
1194:tenuis
1145:backed
1104:Dorsal
1082:Labial
1069:Babine
1013:voiced
744:tenuis
697:backed
649:Dorsal
639:Labial
335:Dakelh
330:Dakelh
317:Dakelh
281:, and
260:Babine
227:is an
157:Babine
76:) and
74:Babine
59:Region
53:Canada
3665:Haida
3653:other
3639:Sioux
3538:Comox
3444:Inuit
3399:Kaska
3152:Lipan
2910:Kaska
2806:Ahtna
2707:S2CID
2583:(PDF)
2576:(PDF)
2534:S2CID
2496:S2CID
2101:ʼama
2093:fish
2087:lhok
2051:voice
2012:yiziz
1894:Kaska
1886:Ahtna
1844:with-
1805:Verbs
1735:cʼəni
1728:cʼəni
1695:Nouns
1681:verbs
1677:nouns
1579:Front
1153:Nasal
705:Nasal
285:, and
3311:Innu
3306:Cree
3036:Hupa
3030:Kato
2678:LCCN
2668:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2395::45)
2126:two
2120:nek
2115:one
2098:neʼ
2054:and
2007:what
1937:REFL
1924:Mary
1921:Mary
1757:POSS
1596:High
1589:Back
623:and
440:tl’
319:and
82:FPCC
3394:Hän
2837:Hän
2699:doi
2649:doi
2526:doi
2488:doi
2211:at
2016:3SG
1989:Hiy
1982:Hiy
1952:3SG
1948:3SG
1933:3SG
1856:3SG
1846:3SG
1841:-lh
1753:1SG
1647:Low
1619:Mid
1404:qʷʼ
1396:tʃʼ
1378:tsʼ
1371:tɬʼ
1336:qʷʰ
1330:tʃʰ
1313:tsʰ
1305:tɬʰ
937:kʷʼ
923:tsʼ
916:tɬʼ
876:kʷʰ
860:tsʰ
852:tɬʰ
577:ts’
571:tl’
568:tl
536:k’
533:kw’
506:gh
491:dl
446:ts’
402:kw’
378:gh
363:dl
243:or
223:or
208:ELP
184:bcr
3882::
3863:-
2705:.
2695:32
2693:.
2676:.
2546:^
2532:.
2522:67
2520:.
2508:^
2494:.
2484:18
2482:.
2467:^
2440:^
2400:^
2385:^
2370:^
2296:.
2263:^
2233:.
1998:.'
1996:it
1900:,
1896:,
1892:,
1888:,
1875:.'
1873:it
1863:Yi
1839:Yi
1817:.
1749:s-
1711:.
1683:,
1679:,
1543:^
1459:χʷ
1411:qʼ
1399:)
1385:cʼ
1364:tʼ
1344:qʰ
1332:)
1321:cʰ
1297:tʰ
1260:qʷ
1255:)
1252:tʃ
1231:ts
1221:tɬ
990:xʷ
944:qʼ
930:cʼ
909:tʼ
902:pʼ
884:qʰ
868:cʰ
844:tʰ
836:pʰ
801:kʷ
781:ts
771:tɬ
598:’
592:yh
589:wh
583:u
580:t’
574:ts
559:p’
553:o
544:lh
530:kw
527:kh
521:j
509:gw
494:dz
485:c’
467:’
461:yh
458:wh
455:w
449:t’
443:ts
437:tl
428:p’
425:p
413:lh
408:l
405:k’
399:kw
396:kh
393:k
381:gw
372:ee
366:dz
357:c’
277:,
112:?
3867:
3239:e
3232:t
3225:v
2775:e
2768:t
2761:v
2713:.
2701::
2684:.
2655:.
2651::
2611:.
2540:.
2528::
2502:.
2490::
2434:.
2380:.
2306:.
2244:.
1935:.
1759:-
1755:.
1655:a
1639:o
1632:ə
1625:e
1611:u
1602:i
1526:ʁ
1519:w
1507:j
1500:z
1493:l
1473:h
1466:χ
1450:ç
1443:s
1436:ɬ
1393:(
1328:(
1280:ʔ
1270:q
1249:(
1241:c
1211:t
1201:p
1166:n
1159:m
1055:ʁ
1048:w
1038:j
1031:z
1024:l
1004:h
997:χ
983:ç
976:s
969:ɬ
821:ʔ
811:q
791:c
761:t
751:p
718:n
711:m
595:z
586:w
565:t
562:s
556:p
550:n
547:m
541:l
524:k
518:ï
515:i
512:h
503:g
500:ë
497:e
488:d
482:c
479:a
464:z
452:u
434:t
431:s
422:o
419:n
416:m
390:j
387:i
384:h
375:g
369:e
360:d
354:c
351:a
84:)
41:–
20:)
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