Babri Masjid - Knowledge

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Twelve of these pillars now support the interior arcades of the mosque. Two (of these 12) are placed at the entrance of the cloister. The two others are part of the tomb of some 'Moor'.... On the left is seen a square box, raised five inches from the ground, with borders made of lime, with a length of more than 5 ells and a maximum width of about 4. The Hindus call it Bedi, i.e., 'the cradle'. The reason for this is that once upon a time, here was a house where Beschan was born in the form of Ram. It is said that his three brothers too were born here. Aurangzeb or Babor, according to others, got this place razed in order to deny them the noble people, opportunity of practising their superstitions..."

1513:, Chapter 5:"The victorious lord, Mooheyoo Din, Aulumgir, Badshah, the destroyer of infidels, the son of Shah Juhan, the son of Juhangeer Shah; the son of Ukbar Shah; the son of Humayoon Shah, the son of Babur Shah; the son Oomer Sheikh Shah; the son of Soolatan Uboo Saeed; the son of Soolatan Moohammad Shah; the son of Meeran Shah, the son of Shaib-i-Qiran Meer Tymoor." "From the Tughra: In the name of God, most merciful I testify that there is no God but God. He is one, and without equal. I also testify that Mohammad is his Servant and Prophet." "Upon the propitious date of this noble erection, by this weak slave Moohummud Funa Ullah." 1501:, Chapter 5: "By order of King Babur whose justice is a building reaching to the mansions of heaven, this alighting place of the angels was erected by Meer Baquee a nobleman impressed with the seal of happiness. This is lasting Charity in the year of its construction what declares in manifest "that good works are lasting." The anagram "good works are lasting" represented the year 935. "From the Tughra: There is no God but God, and Mohammad is the Prophet of God. Say, O'Mohammad, that God is one, that God is holy, unbegetting and unbegotten, and that he hath no equal." 529:. The excavation period was short due to court time constraints, lasting only 15 days. The report of the excavation concluded that there were ruins of "a massive structure" beneath the ruins of the mosque which was "indicative of remains which are distinctive features found associated with the temples of north India", but found no evidence that the structure was specifically demolished for the construction of the Babri Masjid. The report received both praise and criticism, with some other archaeologists contesting the results of the report. 876:), a fable concerning a dervish called Musha Ashiqan was also included. The translator doubted that the fable was part of the inscription but recorded that the scribe "positively says that the inscription was executed at the erection of this building". The translator also had a difficulty with the anagram for the date, because one of the words was missing, which would have resulted in a date of 923 AH rather than 935 AH. These incongruities and mismatches made no impression on Buchanan, who maintained that the mosque was built by Babur. 794: 174: 680: 139: 647:" architecture. Mosques all over India were built in different styles; the most elegant styles developed in areas where indigenous art traditions were strong and local artisans were highly skilled. Thus regional or provincial styles of mosques grew out of local temple or domestic styles, which were conditioned in their turn by climate, terrain, materials, hence the enormous difference between the mosques of 53: 966:(Muslim trustee) of the mosque argued that the entire land belonged to the mosque. On 24 December 1885, the Sub Judge Pandit Hari Kishan Singh dismissed the suit. On 18 March 1886, the District Judge F.E.A. Chamier also dismissed an appeal against the lower court judgment. He agreed that the mosque was built on the land considered sacred by the Hindus, but ordered maintenance of 4046: 1379: 1407: 156: 1363:

structure was specifically demolished for the construction of the Babri Masjid. On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the land to be handed over to a trust to build the Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to allot an alternative 2-hectare (5-acre) plot to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to build a mosque, which the government allotted in

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founded in year 930 AH by a grandee of Babur, who was (comparable to) "another King of Turkey and China". The year 930 AH corresponds to 1523, three years before Babur's conquest of Hindustan. Despite the apparent contradiction, Führer published the date of "A. H. 930 during the reign of Babar", in his book of 1891.

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rule out the possibility of a Hindu temple having been there beneath the mosque." The report claimed otherwise on the basis of 'pillar bases' was contested since no pillars were found, and the alleged existence of 'pillar bases' has been debated by archaeologists. Syed Rabe Hasan Nadvi, chairman of the

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bench heard the title dispute cases from August to October 2019. The Court observed that archaeological evidence from ASI shows that the Babri Masjid was constructed on a "structure", whose architecture was distinctly indigenous and non-Islamic. The court concluded that no evidence was found that the

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In 1877, Syed Mohammad Asghar the Mutawalli (guardian) of the "Masjid Baburi at Janmasthan" filed a petition with the Commissioner of Faizabad asking him to restrain the Hindus that raised a chabutara on the spot regarded as the birthplace of Rama. In the petition, he stated that Babur had inscribed

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Starting in the 19th century, there were several conflicts and court disputes between Hindus and Muslims over the mosque. In 1949, idols of Rama and Sita were placed inside the mosque, after which the government locked the building to avoid further disputes. Court cases were filed by both Hindus and

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Muslim groups immediately disputed the ASI findings. The Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust (Sahmat) criticised the report saying that it said that "presence of animal bones throughout as well as of the use of 'surkhi' and lime mortar" that was found by ASI are all characteristic of Muslim presence "that

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period. During the early medieval period (11–12th century), a short-lived structure of nearly 50 metres with north–south orientation was constructed. On the remains of this structure, another massive structure was constructed: this structure had at least three structural phases and three successive

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Writer Kishore Kunal states that all the inscriptions claimed were fake. They were affixed almost 285 years after the supposed construction of the mosque in 1528, and repeatedly replaced. His own assessment is that the mosque was built around 1660 by governor Fedai Khan of Aurangzeb, who demolished

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to remove the idols, however Pant was not willing to remove the idols. Pant wrote in response that "there is a reasonable chance of success, but things are still in a fluid state and it will be hazardous to say more at this stage". By 1950, the state took control of the structure under section 145

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1772): "Emperor Aurangzeb got the fortress called Ramcot demolished and got a Muslim temple, with triple domes, constructed at the same place. Others say that it was constructed by 'Babor'. Fourteen black stone pillars of 5 span high, which had existed at the site of the fortress, are seen there.

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archives. It states that the Hindus generally attributed destruction "to the furious zeal of Aurangzabe". Yet, it was ascertained to have been built by Babur by reying upon "an inscription on its walls". The said inscription in Persian was said to have been copied by a scribe and translated by a

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visited the mosque and found three inscriptions. One was a Quranic verse. The inscription XLI was Persian poetry in the metre Ramal, which stated that the mosque was erected by a noble 'Mir Khan' of Babur. The inscription XLII was also Persian poetry in metre Ramal, and said that the mosque was

1285:(ASI) was asked to conduct a more in-depth study and an excavation to ascertain the type of structure that was beneath the rubble. The excavation was conducted from 12 March 2003 to 7 August 2003, resulting in 1360 discoveries. The ASI submitted its report to the Allahabad high court. 949:

who asserted that the mosque site was home to the Hanuman temple in 1855. After a Hindu-Muslim clash, a boundary wall was constructed to avoid further disputes. It divided the mosque premises into two courtyards; the Muslims offered prayers in the inner courtyard. In 1857, the

1351:, a Hindu religious denomination. While the three-judge bench was not unanimous that the disputed structure was constructed after demolition of a temple, it did agree that a temple or a temple structure predated the mosque at the same site. The excavations by the 1015:, who was a Sunni. The concluding report was published in an official gazette dated 26 February 1944. In 1945, the Shia Central Board moved to court against this decision. On 23 March 1946, Judge S. A. Ahsan ruled in favour of the UP Sunni Central Board of Waqfs. 2198: 1010:

ownership of the mosque, claiming that the site belonged to them because Mir Baqi was a Shia. The Commissioner of Waqfs initiated an inquiry into the dispute. The inquiry concluded that the mosque belonged to the Sunnis, since it was commissioned by

843:, a European Jesuit missionary who lived and worked in India for 38 years (1743–1785), visited Ayodhya in 1767. He noted one Ramkot fortress — comprising the house that was considered as the birthplace of Rama by Hindus — to have been demolished by 973:

On 27 March 1934, a Hindu–Muslim riot occurred in Ayodhya, triggered by cow slaughter in the nearby Shahjahanpur village. The walls around the Masjid and one of the domes of the Masjid were damaged during the riots. These were reconstructed by the

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The summary of the ASI report indicated what appears to be the presence of a 10th-century shrine under the mosque. According to the ASI team, the human activity at the site dates back to the 13th century BC. The next few layers date back to the

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inscriptions. The first inscription said that the mosque was constructed by Mir Baqi in the year 935 AH or 923 AH. The second inscription narrated the genealogy of Aurangzeb. In addition to the two inscriptions and their monograms

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described in 1634 the "pretty old castle of Ranichand built by a Bannyan Pagod of that name" which he described as an antique monument that was "especially memorable". He also recorded the fact of Brahmins recording the names of pilgrims.

1102:, but was revived in 25 places on 23 October 1985. On 25 January 1986, a 28-year-old local lawyer named Umesh Chandra Pandey appealed to a court to remove the restrictions on Hindu worship in the Babri Masjid premises. Subsequently, the 1153:

Communal riots between Hindus and Muslims ensued across India immediately following demolition of the mosque. Rioting in the immediate aftermath resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2,000–3,000 people. Six weeks of riots further

847:(r. 1658–1707); however, "others" said it to have been demolished by Babar. A mosque with three domes was constructed in its place but Hindus continued to offer prayers at a mud platform that marked the birthplace of Rama. 2269: 1065:

filed another lawsuit demanding possession of the mosque. On 18 December 1961, the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board also filed a lawsuit, demanding possession of the site and removal of idols from the mosque premises.

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In 1883, the Hindus launched an effort to construct a temple on the platform. After Muslim protests, the deputy commissioner prohibited any temple construction on 19 January 1885. On 27 January 1885, Raghubar Das, the Hindu

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occupied the Babri Masjid. Periodic violence erupted in the next two years, and the civil administration had to step in, refusing permission to build a temple or to use it as a place of worship. Gulam Hussain led a group of

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one word "Allah" above the door. The district judge and the sub-judge visited the mosque in the presence of all parties and their lawyers and confirmed this fact. No other inscriptions were recorded. In 1889, archaeologist

1306:(AIMPLB) alleged that ASI failed to mention any evidence of a temple in its interim reports and only revealed it in the final report which was submitted during a time of national tension, making the report highly suspect. 1991:

Babri Masjid mosque at Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh, the site of appalling communal vio- lence in 1992. In that year Hindu zealots tore down the 400 - year - old mosque, triggering violence which led to the deaths of 3,000

2076: 2233: 2188: 1090:(VHP) initiated a campaign to gather public support for Hindu access to the Babri Masjid and other structures that had been allegedly built over Hindu shrines. To raise public awareness, VHP planned nationwide 924:" (Sita's kitchen) and "Hanuman's abode." While there was no mention of Babur in this account, the Ayodhya mosque had been juxtaposed with those built by Aurangzeb at Mathura and Banaras. The manuscript, 3323: 5942: 2163: 723:

where he says "for a 16th-century building the deployment and projection of voice from the pulpit is considerably advanced, the unique deployment of sound in this structure will astonish the visitor".

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of the Hanuman Garhi temple erected a raised platform and marked the site of Rama's birth. The Hindus offered their prayers on a raised platform, known as "Ram Chabutara", in the outer courtyard.

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in 1717. The ownership of the land was vested in the deity. The hereditary title of the ownership was recognised and enforced by the Mughal State from 1717. He also found a letter from a

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set up by the Government to investigate the demolition later blamed 68 people including senior BJP, RSS and VHP leaders for the demolition. Among those criticised in the report were

5800: 1430: 1202:, where hundreds of shops, homes and temples of Hindus were destroyed. Widespread retaliatory attacks against scores of Hindu and Jain temples also took place across neighbouring 813:

in the area surrounding the mosque in 1717 (as he had also done in several other Hindu religious places). The documents of Jai Singh preserved in the Kapad-Dwar collection in the

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The architecture of the mosque is completely a replica of the mosques in the Delhi Sultanate. Babri was an important mosque of a distinct style, preserved mainly in architecture,

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The date of construction of the Babri Masjid is uncertain. The inscriptions on the Babri Masjid premises found in the 20th century state that the mosque was built in 935

589:, in Ayodhya District, 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Ayodhya City and 30 kilometres (19 mi) by road from the site of the original Babri Masjid. The construction of the 2072: 1460:

Trilokchand, dated 1723, stating that, while under the Muslim administration people had been prevented from taking a ritual bath in the Saryu river, the establishment of the

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bench heard a title suit from August to October 2019. On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court quashed the lower court's judgement and ordered the entire site (1.1 hectares or

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government ordered the locks on the Babri Masjid gates to be removed. Earlier, the only Hindu ceremony permitted at the site was a Hindu priest performing an annual

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On 16 January 1950, Gopal Singh Visharad filed a civil suit in the Faizabad Court, asking that Hindus be allowed to worship Rama and Sita at the place. In 1959, the

1911: 1221:. Babri Masjid's demolition and its violent repercussions have negatively affected relations between India and Pakistan, and remain strained until the present day. 521:'s fort"). According to Hindu nationalists, Baqi destroyed a pre-existing temple of Rama at the site. The existence of this temple is a matter of controversy. The 3772: 3085: 5825: 5820: 3313: 341: 3817: 3381: 3345: 2155: 1145:(volunteer) was "vaulted" on to the dome and that signalled the breaking of the outer cordon. Soon after, a large number of kar sevaks demolished the mosque. 858:(Buchanan) did a survey of the Gorakhpur Division in 1813–14 on behalf of the British East India Company. His report was never published but partly reused by 5792: 3410: 2836: 2322: 1298:

floors attached with it. The report concluded that it was over this construction that the disputed structure was constructed during the early 16th century.

970:, since it was "too late now to remedy the grievance". A subsequent appeal before the Judicial Commissioner W. Young was also dismissed on 1 November 1886. 715:

could be heard clearly at the other end, 200 feet away and through the length and breadth of the central court" according to Graham Pickford, architect to

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acres land) to be handed over to a trust to build the Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to give an alternative 2-hectare (5-acre) plot to the

71: 3972: 1321:, the verdict of which was pronounced on 30 September 2010. In their verdict, the three judges of The Allahabad High Court ruled that the 1.1 hectares ( 1029:

just outside the mosque. At the end of this event, on the night of 22–23 December 1949, a group of 50–60 people entered the mosque and placed idols of

4629: 2831: 559:. Muslims were also awarded one-third area of the site for the construction of a mosque. The decision was subsequently appealed by all parties to the 3434: 1190:, "Among its souvenir stalls, those doing the briskest trade are the ones playing videos on a loop of Hindu fundamentalists demolishing the mosque." 2100: 1854:"Creating Suitable Evidence of the Past? Archaeology, Politics, and Hindu Nationalism in India from the End of the Twentieth Century to the Present" 423: 1776:

Jaffrelot, Christophe (7 December 2015). "Ayodhya Issue". In Smith, Anthony D; Hou, Xiaoshuo; Stone, John; Dennis, Rutledge; Rizova, Polly (eds.).

912:) in the early 18th century. The text mentions mosques having been constructed after demolishing the "temples of the idolatrous Hindus situated at 5810: 5805: 5746: 3686: 3450: 2514: 994:

properties in the state. In accordance with this act, the Babri Masjid and its adjacent graveyard (Ganj-e-Saheedan Qabristan) were registered as

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In Lahore, Muslims used a bulldozer, hammers and hands to demolish the Jain Mandar temple near Punjab University. The police did not intervene.

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upheld the claim that the mosque was built on the spot believed to be Rama's birthplace and awarded the site of the central dome for the

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had planned the demolition 10 months in advance. He also suggested that the Indian National Congress leaders, including prime minister

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These developments were apparently known to local Muslims. In mid-nineteenth century, the Muslim activist Mirza Jan quoted from a book

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In December 1949, the Hindu organisation Akhil Bharatiya Ramayana Mahasabha organised a non-stop nine-day recitation of the

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This poetry, giving the date and eulogy, was written by the lazy writer and poor servant Fath-Allah-Ghori, composer.

1206:, with police not intervening. Reprisal attacks against Hindus in both countries, in turn, entered the discourse of 5967: 5777: 4911: 4765: 4719: 3821: 3573: 3371: 785:(Brahmin priests) in the ruins of the fort, recording the names of pilgrims, but there was no mention of a mosque. 3510: 2826: 5445: 5267: 5222: 4967: 4621: 4520: 4396: 4017: 3209: 3080: 1906: 855: 770: 688: 626: 590: 1355:

were heavily used as evidence by the court that the predating structure was a massive Hindu religious building.

5947: 5772: 5158: 5060: 5055: 5002: 4649: 4487: 4464: 4230: 4195: 4160: 4040: 3204: 859: 774: 502:. Before the 1940s, the masjid was officially known as "Masjid-i-Janmasthan" ("the mosque of the birthplace"). 4386: 3432:

Uproar over India mosque report: Inquiry into Babri mosque's demolition in 1992 indicts opposition BJP leaders

3998: 3980: 3977: 3406: 5987: 5589: 5544: 5532: 5420: 5307: 5242: 4997: 4982: 4972: 4860: 4775: 4714: 4659: 4654: 4555: 4326: 4321: 4255: 4250: 3237: 2073:"As a reaction to Babri Masjid demolition, What had happened in Pakistan and Bangladesh on 6 December, 1992" 1033:

there. On the morning of 23 December, the event organisers asked Hindu devotees to come to the mosque for a

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in accordance with the wishes of Babur. However, these inscriptions appear to be of a more recent vintage.

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to replace the Babri Masjid that was demolished in 1992. The government allotted a site in the village of

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Udayakumar, S.P. (August 1997). "Historicizing Myth and Mythologizing History: The 'Ram Temple' Drama".

1087: 716: 664: 537: 372: 4421: 4411: 3880: 2504: 881: 793: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5247: 4929: 4837: 4780: 4639: 4611: 4596: 4573: 4441: 4220: 3349: 3047: 1318: 1240: 1178: 1117:(stone-laying ceremony) at the disputed site before the national election in November 1989. A senior 941: 552: 526: 377: 3796:"No, the Supreme Court did not uphold the claim that Babri Masjid was built by demolishing a temple" 2046: 5656: 5153: 5133: 5075: 4934: 4901: 4795: 4790: 4704: 4699: 4436: 4406: 4240: 4132: 1477: 1236: 1230: 1207: 1054: 840: 814: 700: 545: 511: 387: 241: 5609: 5604: 5425: 5297: 5174: 5070: 5007: 4992: 4957: 4952: 4805: 4800: 4785: 4742: 4669: 4459: 4431: 4245: 4170: 4063: 3907: 3720: 3694: 3502: 3494: 3376: 2792: 2701: 2193: 1777: 1758: 1252: 962:(priest) of the Ram Chabutara filed a civil suit before the Faizabad Sub-Judge. In response, the 809:(or "Sawai Jai Singh") – a Rajput noble in the Mughal court who purchased land and established a 2422:

The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective (17 Lectures).

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have cited the demolition of Babri Masjid as justification for attacks directed against India.

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The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective (17 Lectures)

1670: 1264: 1260: 1210: 1162: 1043: 660: 2932: 2601: 2417: 2395: 1937: 753:(Chronicles of Babur) does not mention either the mosque or the destruction of a temple. The 5952: 5702: 5599: 5496: 5380: 5012: 4510: 4479: 4391: 4283: 4155: 4109: 3961: 3937: 3486: 2928: 2800: 2709: 1861: 1824: 1783: 1750: 1340: 1047: 1025: 867:

Maulvi friend of Buchanan. The translation however contained five pieces of text, including

691:, seen also in the Babari Mosque in the southern suburb of the walled city of Gaur, and the 86: 1181:

which killed 257 people, is believed to have been infuriated by Babri Masjid's demolition.

679: 5697: 5651: 5594: 5561: 5539: 5350: 5322: 5252: 5128: 5080: 5047: 5042: 4770: 4684: 4674: 4525: 4190: 3953: 3753: 3653: 3457: 3438: 2104: 1398: 1166: 1107: 863: 802: 755: 644: 639:, were great patrons of art and architecture and constructed many fine tombs, mosques and 632: 479: 463: 367: 326: 293: 1813:"Archaeology for the courtroom: the Ayodhya Case and the fashioning of a hybrid episteme" 1613: 3890:

van der Veer, Peter (1992). "Ayodhya and Somnath: Eternal Shrines, Contested Histores".

2396:"Open Spaces, Contested Places: Writing and the Fundamentalist Inscription of Territory" 1718:

Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits

928:, has not yet been found, and scholar Stephan Conermann has stated that Mirza Jan book, 5661: 5625: 5556: 5415: 5375: 5327: 5257: 5212: 5184: 4842: 4737: 4729: 4694: 4679: 4634: 4591: 4545: 4426: 4316: 4205: 4081: 4055: 3949: 3837: 3107: 2894:

Contesting the nation : religion community, and the politics of democracy in India

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In the 1992 Babri Masjid incident, Hindu-Muslim massacres claimed at least 3,000 lives.

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s (chariot processions), the first of which took place in September–October 1984, from

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The earliest record of a mosque at the site traditionally believed by Hindus to be the

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Communal tension in the region worsened when the VHP received permission to perform a

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Such a sovereign who is famous in the world and in person of delight for the world.

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and Awadh etc." Hindus are said to have called these demolished temples in Awadh "

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acres) of Ayodhya land be divided into three parts, with one-third going to the

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Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India

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between the Hindu and Muslim communities since the 19th century. According to

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In his presence one of the grandees who is another King of Turkey and China.

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CrPC and allowed Hindus, not Muslims, to perform their worship at the site.

909: 844: 749: 586: 440: 17: 1135:(RSS) leaders gathered at the site to offer prayers and perform a symbolic 5465: 3993: 897:(Rama's birthplace) accurately but does not mention a temple at the site. 52: 2779: 2628: 2441: 1449: 1203: 1137: 990:

government enacted U.P. Muslim Waqf Act for the better administration of

760: 741: 507: 491: 475: 254: 3932:, People's Publishing House (PPH), 2nd Revised Edition, September 1999, 3911: 4451: 4293: 3945: 3471: 2827:"Muslimische Quellen in der Ram Janmabhumi Mandir-Babri Masjid Debatte" 2486:, p. 421, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, 1866: 1762: 1343:

for the construction of the Ram temple, one-third going to the Islamic

1218: 917: 913: 656: 652: 640: 455: 126: 2420:, in Thomas Albert Gilly; Yakov Gilinskiy; Vladimir Sergevnin (eds.), 1581:

May Babar always pour the flowers of happiness; may remain successful.

536:

On 6 December 1992, a large group of Hindu activists belonging to the

1563:

In the name of him who...; may God perpetually keep him in the world.

959: 818: 712: 648: 451: 2961:

Unfinished Innings: Recollections and Reflections of a Civil Servant

2323:"Ayodhya Mosque Work Starts On Republic Day With Tricolour Hoisting" 1942:. International Studies in Religion and Society. Brill. p. 57. 1779:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism

1754: 1690:

Gilly, Thomas Albert; Gilinskiy, Yakov; Sergevnin, Vladimir (2009).

719:(1828–33). The mosque's acoustics were mentioned by him in his book 4005:

Report of Liberhan Enquiry Commission on Demolition of Babri Masjid

3490: 1584:

His counsellor and minister who is the founder of this fort masjid.

904:, which was said to have been written by a daughter of the emperor 5511: 4142: 4091: 4073: 4045: 3941: 3933: 1578:

O God! May always remain the crown, throne and life with the king.

1012: 792: 678: 643:. These have a distinctive style which bears influences of "later 605: 564: 525:

conducted an excavation of the disputed site on the orders of the

499: 459: 446: 264: 161: 76: 2123:"Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site" 3957: 3818:"Decision of Hon'ble Special Full Bench hearing Ayodhya Matters" 3279:

India's Rise as an Asian Power: Nation, Neighborhood, and Region

2156:"Supreme Court hearing ends in Ayodhya dispute; orders reserved" 1336: 1198:

Riots in the aftermath of Babri Masjid's demolition extended to

1030: 991: 518: 467: 5469: 4013: 4275: 3451:

Babri Masjid demolition was planned 10 months in advance – PTI

2896:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 38. 1309:

The Allahabad High Court, however, upheld the ASI's findings.

1184:

The site has since become a magnet for pilgrims. According to

612:("mosque of the birthplace") including in official documents. 2253: 2251: 1098:

to Ayodhya. The campaign was temporarily suspended after the

3689:. Frontline. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. 2150: 2148: 1971: 1969: 1939:

Bridge Or Barrier: Religion, Violence, and Visions for Peace

3716:"How Allahabad HC exposed 'experts' espousing Masjid cause" 2436:

Before the 1940s, the Mosque was called Masjid-i Janmasthan

1575:

Laid this religious foundation in the auspicious Hijra 930.

3882:

The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources

3025:. Forms of Living. Fordham University Press. p. 408. 2745:. Translated by Bernoulli, Jean. Berlin. pp. 253–254. 462:. It has been claimed to have been built upon the site of 862:

later. Kishore Kunal examined the original report in the

747:

There are no records of the mosque from this period. The

3654:"Ayodhya verdict yet another blow to secularism: Sahmat" 2767: 2755: 2664: 2587: 2568: 2007:

The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India

1554: 1522: 1510: 1498: 1473: 1426:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

1421:

Conversion of mosques into non-Islamic places of worship

659:. The Babri Mosque followed the architectural school of 510:

mob in 1992, which ignited communal violence across the

2183: 2181: 797:

The earliest map of Ram Janmasthan at Ayodhya (1717 CE)

548:, resulting in the death of around 2,000–3,000 people. 5943:

Attacks on religious buildings and structures in India

3022:

Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance

2868:

Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance

2688: 2676: 2652: 2640: 1431:

Conversion of non-Hindu places of worship into temples

1158:, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 900 people. 3346:"Refworld | Chronology for Hindus in Bangladesh" 2218: 2216: 1931: 1929: 833:. The central bay of the built structure is labelled 5834: 5760: 5719: 5670: 5644: 5618: 5582: 5520: 5504: 5336: 5198: 5109: 4943: 4920: 4892: 4869: 4851: 4756: 4728: 4620: 4582: 4564: 4496: 4478: 4450: 4292: 4274: 4141: 4123: 4090: 4072: 4054: 2484:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

689:

developed after the Delhi Sultanate was established

663:. When viewed from the west side, it resembled the 601:The name "Babri Masjid" comes from the name of the 517:

The mosque was located on a hill known as Ramkot ("

270: 260: 250: 240: 235: 196: 149: 132: 122: 117: 102: 92: 82: 70: 65: 36: 3052:The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics 1665:Stähler, Axel; Stierstorfer, Klaus (27 May 2009). 1243:, the party's chief LK Advani, and chief minister 2802:Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property 2711:Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property 27:Destroyed mosque in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India 3314:"The unfinished Partition of India and Pakistan" 2738:Description historique et géographique de l'Inde 1317:A land title case on the site was lodged in the 1255:claimed the senior leaders of RSS, BJP, VHP and 1213:– for example, in 1995, the VHP appealed to the 3282:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 54–58. 3747:Ram Janm Bhumi Babri Masjid: Gist of Judgments 3624:"Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report" 3054:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. 417, 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2780:Narain, The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute 1993 2629:Narain, The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute 1993 2398:, in Axel Stähler; Klaus Stierstorfer (eds.), 1721:, University of Chicago Press, pp. 227–, 1560:In the name of God, the merciful, the clement. 1281:In 2003, by the order of an Indian court, the 1217:to protect Hindus in Bangladesh, Pakistan and 1177:, wanted in India for his alleged ties to the 940:In 1853, a group of armed Hindu ascetics from 5481: 4025: 3172:"Why there's no noise about the Mumbai riots" 3076:"What If Rajiv Hadn't Unlocked Babri Masjid?" 2998:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 203. 2442:Narain, The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute1993 2402:, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 63, 1858:South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 1669:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 63. 1528:By the order of Babur, the king of the world; 417: 8: 5963:Demolished buildings and structures in India 3594:"ASI findings may not resolve title dispute" 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 1981:. Tablet Publishing Company. 2002. p. 4 1888: 889:many temples in Ayodhya. Lal Das, who wrote 5958:Buildings and structures demolished in 1992 5768:Cities and towns in Ambedkar Nagar district 2606:Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact 2538:"Young girls rally to safeguard secularism" 2117: 2115: 2113: 2010:, Princeton University Press, p. 262, 773:(1598) made no mention of a mosque either. 5488: 5474: 5466: 4032: 4018: 4010: 3536:"ASI submits report on Ayodhya excavation" 3407:"Report: Sequence of events on December 6" 2424:, Charles C Thomas Publisher, p. 25, 2418:"Communal Violence and Terrorism in India" 2075:. The Morning Chronicle. 6 December 2018. 1694:. Charles C Thomas Publisher. p. 25. 424: 410: 289: 51: 33: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 2871:, Fordham University Press, p. 406, 2162:. Press Trust of India. 16 October 2019. 1865: 1828: 5457:States and UTs are sorted alphabetically 3685:Muralidharan, Sukumar (September 2003). 3276:Gordon, Sandy; Gordon, A. D. D. (2014). 2358:. Oxford University Press. p. 165. 3816:Allahabad High Court (30 August 2010). 2459:Babri-Masjid Ramjanambhoomi controversy 1605: 1441: 1339:or Infant Lord Rama represented by the 359: 292: 5788:Cities and towns in Sultanpur district 5783:Cities and towns in Barabanki district 3692: 3634:from the original on 26 September 2010 3308: 3306: 3139:"The Mumbai riots in historic context" 2937:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 64–77. 2608:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 28–29. 2291:Razak, Hanie Abdul (19 January 2021). 1852:Etter, Anne-Julie (14 December 2020). 1345:Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board 583:Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board 504:The mosque was attacked and demolished 398:Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board 3973:Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them 3775:from the original on 25 December 2018 3441:Al-Jazeera English – 24 November 2009 3384:from the original on 25 February 2021 3248:from the original on 25 December 2018 3205:"The Latest 'Indian Mujahideen Mail'" 3118:from the original on 26 December 2018 2550:from the original on 19 November 2018 1902:"Tracing The History of Babri Masjid" 1646:from the original on 10 December 2019 1347:and the remaining one-third going to 7: 5778:Cities and towns in Ayodhya district 3794:Daniyal, Shoaib (11 November 2019). 3548:from the original on 26 October 2012 3413:from the original on 4 November 2013 3372:"Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples" 3236:Sinha, Amitabh (14 September 2008). 3217:from the original on 22 October 2014 3184:from the original on 29 January 2020 3151:from the original on 4 February 2020 3108:"Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis" 3088:from the original on 27 January 2016 2964:. Orient Longman. pp. 332–333. 2333:from the original on 26 January 2021 2303:from the original on 31 January 2021 2201:from the original on 9 November 2019 2166:from the original on 23 October 2019 2133:from the original on 17 October 2019 2079:from the original on 3 February 2021 1914:from the original on 2 February 2019 1636:"Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis" 1293:period (2nd-1st century BC) and the 926:Sahifa-I-Chihil Nasaih Bahadur Shahi 902:Sahifa-I-Chihil Nasaih Bahadur Shahi 180: 5793:Villages in Ambedkar Nagar district 5773:Cities and towns in Amethi district 3930:Communal History and Rama's Ayodhya 3666:from the original on 6 October 2010 3326:from the original on 19 August 2017 2839:from the original on 8 October 2019 2462:. Ajanta Publications. p. 37. 2258:Sharma, Ritwik (14 February 2020). 2053:from the original on 15 August 2020 2045:Khalid, Haroon (14 November 2019). 1936:Haar, G.T.; Busuttil, J.J. (2005). 1811:Varghese, Rachel A (19 July 2023). 1782:(1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 1–3. 1304:All India Muslim Personal Law Board 1231:Liberhan Commission § Findings 3662:. Chennai, India. 3 October 2010. 3604:from the original on 11 April 2009 3567:Prasannan, R. (7 September 2003). 3170:Punwani, Jyoti (4 February 2014). 2536:Javaid, Azaan (9 December 2014l). 2517:from the original on 20 April 2017 2390:Multiple sources state this fact: 2372:from the original on 14 April 2023 2236:from the original on 1 August 2020 1540:May ever remain such a foundation; 936:1880s temple construction attempts 25: 3592:Suryamurthy, R (26 August 2003). 3516:from the original on 24 July 2018 3238:"Blast a revenge for Babri: mail" 3074:Elst, Koenraad (23 August 2004). 2995:Current Trends in Indian Politics 2272:from the original on 31 July 2020 2004:Fuller, Christopher John (2004), 1537:By the auspicious noble Mir Khan; 837:, which also denotes birthplace. 711:"A whisper from the Babri Masjid 699:. This was the forerunner of the 483: 5096:Triplicane Labbai Jamaath Mosque 4690:Nellikunnu Muhyaddin Juma Mosque 4044: 3992: 3714:Garg, Abhinav (9 October 2010). 3687:"Ayodhya: Not the last word yet" 3470:Ratnagar, Shereen (April 2004). 2503:Shankar, Ravi (4 October 2010). 2456:Asgharali Engineer, ed. (1990). 1405: 1391: 1377: 544:, triggering riots all over the 179: 172: 154: 137: 1788:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen644 1000:UP Sunni Central Board of Waqfs 486:, it was built in 1528–29 (935 69: 5811:Villages in Sultanpur district 5806:Villages in Barabanki district 5801:Villages in Balrampur district 5052:Meltheru and Keeltheru Mosques 3976:, Voice of India, Delhi 1991. 2355:The geography of war and peace 2034:. MacMillan. pp. 582–598. 1353:Archaeological Survey of India 1283:Archaeological Survey of India 1100:assassination of Indira Gandhi 1076:Demolition of the Babri Masjid 523:Archaeological Survey of India 466:, the legendary birthplace of 320:Demolition of the Babri Masjid 1: 5038:Masjid e Mahmood, Choolaimedu 4963:Bawa Kassim Valiyullah Mosque 4176:Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb 3203:Raman, B. (9 December 2010). 2768:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 2756:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 2735:Tiefenthaler, Joseph (1786). 2665:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 2588:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 2569:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 2107:, Outlook, 30 September 2010. 1817:Journal of Social Archaeology 1555:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 1543:And such a king of the world. 1523:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 1511:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 1499:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 1485: 1474:Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016 557:construction of a Rama temple 5797:Villages in Ayodhya district 2743:La Géographie de l'Indoustan 1534:Strong building was erected; 1464:has removed all impediments. 1247:. A 2005 book by the former 721:Historic Structures of Oudhe 593:started on 26 January 2021. 352:Muhammad bin Abdullah Masjid 112:Muhammad bin Abdullah Masjid 5567:2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack 5273:Jama Mosque, Fatehpur Sikri 4710:Shahre Mubarak Grand Mosque 4630:Central Mahallu Juma Mosque 3885:. Delhi: Penman Publishers. 3460:, Outlook, 30 January 2005. 2714:. Routledge. pp. 2–9. 2689:Jain, Rama and Ayodhya 2013 2677:Jain, Rama and Ayodhya 2013 2653:Jain, Rama and Ayodhya 2013 2641:Jain, Rama and Ayodhya 2013 2604:. In Gilbert Pollet (ed.). 1531:This firmament-like, lofty; 1476:, pp. xvi quotes from 1133:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 533:Muslims asking for access. 337:2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack 6004: 4912:Moorish Mosque, Kapurthala 4879:Khutba Mosque, Pondicherry 4766:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad 4720:Thazhathangady Juma Mosque 4372:Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque 3844:. New Delhi: Aryan Books. 3574:The Week (Indian magazine) 3569:"Ayodhya: Layers of truth" 2832:Internationales Asienforum 2741:(in French). Vol. 1. 2394:Griffiths, Gareth (2009), 2030:Guha, Ramachandra (2007). 1274: 1271:Archaeological excavations 1228: 1079: 1073: 635:and their successors, the 624: 443:: Bābarī Masjida; meaning 342:2019 Supreme Court verdict 5978:Mosques completed in 1529 5439: 5268:Jama Mosque, Dildar Nagar 5223:Ayodhya Mosque, Dhannipur 5159:Makkah Masjid (Hyderabad) 4968:Begumpur Mosque, Dindigul 4521:Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque 3752:28 September 2011 at the 3699:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3210:Outlook (Indian magazine) 3081:Outlook (Indian magazine) 1907:Outlook (Indian magazine) 1830:10.1177/14696053231190374 1715:Hiltebeitel, Alf (2009), 996:Waqf no. 26 Faizabad 976:British Indian government 856:Francis Buchanan-Hamilton 627:Indo-Islamic architecture 540:and allied organisations 484:the mosque's inscriptions 167: 106:Site now occupied by the 50: 41: 5983:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh 5720:Lok Sabha constituencies 5061:Muhyuddin Andavar Mosque 5056:Mohaideen Andavar Mosque 5003:Jama Mosque, Kanchipuram 4650:Juma Mosque, Pullancheri 4488:Jama Mosque, Dharamshala 4465:Mosque of Ala Vardi Khan 4442:Shah Wajihuddin's Mosque 4231:Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque 4196:Kotla Mubarakpur Complex 3771:. Allahabad High Court. 3019:Chatterji, Roma (2014). 2865:Chatterji, Roma (2014), 2805:. Routledge. p. 8. 1019:Placement of Hindu idols 781:of the world." He found 703:style adopted by Akbar. 683:Site map of Babri Masjid 5973:Former mosques in India 5545:Ayodhya firing incident 5533:Vishnu Hari inscription 5421:Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque 5308:Moti Masjid (Agra Fort) 5243:Ganj-e-Shaheedan Mosque 5023:Makkah Mosque (Chennai) 4998:Hafiz Ahmad Khan Mosque 4973:Big Mosque, Poonamallee 4861:Madina Mosque, Shillong 4834:Al-Furkan Masjid, Jalna 4825:Miya Sahab Darga, Jalna 4776:Jama Mosque, Aurangabad 4660:Kolloorvila Juma Mosque 4655:Kambalakkad Juma Mosque 4251:Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki 3859:Kunal, Kishore (2016), 3544:. PTI. 22 August 2003. 3456:2 February 2017 at the 3437:31 January 2010 at the 2416:Jaishankar, K. (2009), 2160:The Hindu Business Line 2103:18 October 2019 at the 551:In September 2010, the 332:Ayodhya firing incident 308:Vishnu Hari inscription 5528:Archaeology of Ayodhya 5386:Jama Masjid, Motijheel 5086:Thousand Lights Mosque 5028:Malik ibn Dinar Mosque 4978:Butt Road Jumma Mosque 4907:Mubarak Mosque, Qadian 4822:Kadrabad Masjid, Jalna 4602:Jama Mosque Kalaburagi 4556:Jamia Masjid Bhaderwah 4516:Jamia Masjid, Srinagar 4470:Thanesar Pathar Mosque 4397:Rani Rupamati's Mosque 4337:Jama Mosque, Champaner 4332:Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad 4216:Moti Mosque (Red Fort) 4211:Moti Mosque (Mehrauli) 3879:Narain, Harsh (1993). 3137:Engineer, Asghar Ali. 2892:Ludden, David (1996). 2655:, p. 9, 120, 164. 2444:, pp. 19, 27, 104 2400:Writing Fundamentalism 1667:Writing Fundamentalism 1277:Archaeology of Ayodhya 1161:Jihadist outfits like 1119:Bharatiya Janata Party 908:(and granddaughter of 893:in 1672 describes the 798: 771:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak 684: 383:Bharatiya Janata Party 303:Archaeology of Ayodhya 276:; 31 years ago 198:Geographic coordinates 57:19th century photo by 5826:People from Sultanpur 5821:People from Barabanki 5293:Jama Masjid, Pilibhit 5218:Atala Mosque, Jaunpur 5139:Jama Mosque, Golconda 5091:Triplicane Big Mosque 4988:Dharma Kidangu Mosque 4645:Edappally Juma Mosque 4531:Jamia Masjid, Shopian 4417:Sarkhej Roza's Mosque 4387:Qutub-e-Alam's Mosque 4377:Mohammed Ghous Mosque 4357:Lila Gumbaj Ki Mosque 4342:Jami Mosque, Khambhat 4115:Sher Shah Suri Mosque 3865:, Prabhat Prakashan, 3766:"Issues For Briefing" 3114:. 30 September 2010. 3048:Jaffrelot, Christophe 2992:Gehlot, N.S. (1998). 2505:"Memoirs of a Mosque" 2352:Flint, Colin (2005). 1141:. At noon, a teenage 1088:Vishwa Hindu Parishad 1080:Further information: 1050:directed the state's 796: 717:Lord William Bentinck 682: 542:demolished the mosque 538:Vishva Hindu Parishad 494:, a commander of the 373:Vishva Hindu Parishad 110:temple; succeeded by 5288:Jama Mosque, Mathura 5283:Jama Mosque, Lucknow 5278:Jama Mosque, Jaunpur 5248:Great Mosque, Budaun 5169:Masjid E Qutub Shahi 4983:Casa Verona's Mosque 4930:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra 4838:Masjid Ghareeb Nawaz 4819:Chawki Masjid, Jalna 4781:Jama Mosque, Erandol 4640:Cheraman Juma Mosque 4612:Zeenath Baksh Mosque 4597:Jama Mosque, Bijapur 4574:Jama Mosque, Ramgarh 4422:Shah-e-Alam's Mosque 4412:Sardar Khan's Mosque 4327:Haibat Khan's Mosque 4322:Dastur Khan's Mosque 4221:Mubarak Begum Mosque 4001:at Wikimedia Commons 3479:Current Anthropology 2958:Godbole, M. (1996). 2602:"The Ayodhya Debate" 2098:The Three Way Divide 1319:Allahabad High Court 1251:(IB) Joint Director 1241:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1179:1993 Bombay bombings 942:Hanuman Garhi temple 693:Jamali Kamili Mosque 553:Allahabad High Court 527:Allahabad High Court 378:Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas 274:6 December 1992 5816:People from Ayodhya 5619:Rivers, dams, lakes 5154:Kulsum Begum Mosque 5134:Hayat Bakshi Mosque 5076:Palaiya Jumma Palli 4935:Ajmer Sharif Dargah 4902:Aqsa Mosque, Qadian 4828:Bilal Masjid, Jalna 4796:Jama Mosque, Nagpur 4791:Jama Mosque, Mumbai 4705:Ponnani Juma Masjid 4700:Palayam Juma Mosque 4437:Sidi Saiyyed Mosque 4407:Saiyad Usman Mosque 4402:Rani Sipri's Mosque 4367:Malik Isan's Mosque 4362:Malik Alam's Mosque 4312:Baba Lului's Mosque 4307:Ahmed Shah's Mosque 4302:Achut Bibi's Mosque 4241:Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque 4133:Jama Mosque, Bhilai 3380:. 8 December 1992. 2691:, pp. 112–115. 2679:, pp. 112–114. 2643:, pp. 165–166. 2232:. 5 February 2020. 2197:. 9 November 2019. 2129:. 16 October 2019. 1910:. 1 December 2017. 1889:van der Veer (1992) 1642:. 6 December 2012. 1313:Title cases verdict 1249:Intelligence Bureau 1237:Liberhan Commission 1225:Liberhan Commission 1086:In April 1984, the 1055:Govind Ballabh Pant 1046:and Prime Minister 932:, is not reliable. 841:Joseph Tiefenthaler 701:Mughal architecture 675:Architectural style 610:Masjid-i Janmasthan 546:Indian subcontinent 512:Indian subcontinent 388:Liberhan Commission 220:26.7956°N 82.1945°E 216: / 44:Masjid-i-Janmasthān 5521:Mythology, history 5451:Mosques by country 5426:Tipu Sultan Mosque 5298:Lal Darwaza Mosque 5175:Musheerabad Mosque 5071:Nawab Jamia Mosque 5008:Kazimar Big Mosque 4993:Goripalayam Mosque 4958:Bahram Jung Mosque 4953:Athar Jamad Mosque 4831:Aksa Masjid, Jalna 4813:Jama Masjid, Jalna 4810:Moti Masjid, Jalna 4806:Kali Masjid, Jalna 4801:Jama Masjid, Nerul 4786:Jama Mosque, Furus 4743:Jama Masjid, Mandu 4670:Malik Dinar Mosque 4551:Jenab Sahib Anchar 4460:Kabuli Bagh Mosque 4432:Sidi Bashir Mosque 4246:Qutb Minar complex 4064:Shahi Jamia Mosque 3960:. Two versions in 3936:. Translated into 3728:on 4 November 2012 3721:The Times of India 3630:. 25 August 2003. 3377:The New York Times 3352:on 18 October 2012 3322:. 17 August 2017. 3242:The Indian Express 2194:The Times of India 2032:India After Gandhi 1867:10.4000/samaj.6926 1263:and home minister 1253:Maloy Krishna Dhar 1211:Hindu nationalists 982:Shia–Sunni dispute 815:City Palace Museum 803:birthplace of Rama 799: 685: 631:The rulers of the 5968:Destroyed mosques 5930: 5929: 5708:Sultanpur Airport 5703:Akbarpur Airport 5645:Languages, people 5463: 5462: 5361:Baro Shona Masjid 5356:Basri Shah Mosque 5263:Jama Mosque, Agra 5233:Chaukhamba Mosque 5164:Mian Mishk Mosque 5149:Khairtabad Mosque 5119:Afzal Gunj Mosque 5066:Nadir Shah Mosque 5018:Kottaimedu Mosque 4816:Gol Masjid, Jalna 4498:Jammu and Kashmir 4480:Himachal Pradesh‎ 4266:Zeenat-ul-Masajid 4226:Nizamuddin Dargah 4166:Hijron Ka Khanqah 4151:Akbarabadi Mosque 3997:Media related to 3926:Ram Sharan Sharma 3872:978-81-8430-357-5 3862:Ayodhya Revisited 3824:on 27 August 2014 3581:on 23 March 2005. 3289:978-1-62616-074-3 3061:978-1-85065-301-1 3032:978-0-8232-6187-1 3005:978-81-7100-798-1 2971:978-81-250-0883-5 2944:978-1-85649-050-4 2878:978-0-8232-6187-1 2812:978-1-134-60498-2 2782:, pp. 23–25. 2721:978-1-134-60498-2 2431:978-0-398-07995-6 2409:978-1-4438-1189-7 2365:978-0-19-516208-0 2265:Business Standard 1949:978-90-04-13943-5 1891:, pp. 98–99. 1797:978-1-4051-8978-1 1728:978-0-226-34055-5 1616:. 16 October 2019 1482:Descriptio Indiae 1437:Explanatory notes 1261:P V Narasimha Rao 1163:Indian Mujahideen 1156:erupted in Bombay 1044:Vallabhbhai Patel 930:Hadiqa-yi shuhada 860:Montgomery Martin 807:Jai Singh II 661:Jaunpur Sultanate 563:, wherein a five 508:Hindu nationalist 434: 433: 288: 287: 188:Location in India 16:(Redirected from 5995: 5747:Sant Kabir Nagar 5497:Ayodhya division 5490: 5483: 5476: 5467: 5446:Mosques in India 5381:Hooghly Imambara 5013:Kattubava Mosque 4511:Hazratbal Shrine 4392:Qutbuddin Mosque 4256:Shia Jama Mosque 4156:Fatehpuri Mosque 4110:Pathar Ki Mosque 4049: 4048: 4041:Mosques in India 4034: 4027: 4020: 4011: 3996: 3915: 3886: 3875: 3855: 3842:Rama and Ayodhya 3833: 3831: 3829: 3820:. Archived from 3804: 3803: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3724:. Archived from 3711: 3705: 3704: 3698: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3577:. 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Elst (1995). 2597: 2591: 2585: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2500: 2494: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2453: 2447: 2438: 2412: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2297:The Siasat Daily 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2119: 2108: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1933: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1869: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1832: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1743:Social Scientist 1738: 1732: 1731: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1610: 1590: 1552: 1546: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1471: 1465: 1446: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1341:Hindu Maha Sabha 1334: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1048:Jawaharlal Nehru 1026:Ramacharitamanas 988:United Provinces 580: 579: 575: 572: 480:focus of dispute 478:. It has been a 426: 419: 412: 290: 284: 282: 277: 231: 230: 228: 227: 226: 225:26.7956; 82.1945 221: 217: 214: 213: 212: 209: 183: 182: 176: 160: 158: 157: 142: 141: 140: 55: 34: 21: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5948:Ayodhya dispute 5933: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5835:Other Divisions 5830: 5756: 5715: 5698:Ayodhya Airport 5666: 5640: 5614: 5578: 5562:Ram Janmabhoomi 5540:Ayodhya dispute 5516: 5500: 5494: 5464: 5459: 5453: 5435: 5411:Motichur Mosque 5332: 5323:Sir Syed Mosque 5253:Gyanvapi Mosque 5194: 5129:Chowk Ke Mosque 5105: 5081:Periamet Mosque 5048:Masjid-o-Anwari 5043:Masjid-e-Anwari 4939: 4916: 4888: 4865: 4847: 4771:Haji Ali Dargah 4752: 4724: 4685:Muchundi Mosque 4675:Mampuram Mosque 4616: 4578: 4560: 4526:Khanqah-e-Moula 4492: 4474: 4446: 4288: 4270: 4191:Khairul Manazil 4137: 4119: 4086: 4068: 4050: 4043: 4038: 3989: 3922: 3920:Further reading 3892:Social Research 3889: 3878: 3873: 3858: 3852: 3838:Jain, Meenakshi 3836: 3827: 3825: 3815: 3812: 3810:General sources 3807: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3754:Wayback Machine 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3691: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3458:Wayback Machine 3449: 3445: 3439:Wayback Machine 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3387: 3385: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3275: 3274: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2927: 2926: 2911: 2904: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2864: 2863: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2575: 2571:, p. xxix. 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2432: 2415: 2410: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2366: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2121: 2120: 2111: 2105:Wayback Machine 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1984: 1982: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1755:10.2307/3517601 1740: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1557:, p. 169: 1553: 1549: 1525:, p. 168: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1472: 1468: 1454:Rama Janmasthan 1447: 1443: 1439: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1399:Hinduism portal 1397: 1392: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1358:The five judge 1331: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1315: 1279: 1273: 1233: 1227: 1196: 1194:Regional impact 1167:Lashkar-e-Taiba 1151: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1021: 984: 938: 864:British Library 853: 756:Ramcharitamanas 734: 729: 709: 677: 633:Delhi Sultanate 629: 623: 618: 599: 577: 573: 570: 568: 464:Ram Janmabhoomi 430: 368:Hindu Mahasabha 327:Ram Janmabhoomi 294:Ayodhya dispute 280: 278: 275: 224: 222: 218: 215: 210: 207: 205: 203: 202: 192: 191: 190: 189: 186: 185: 184: 155: 153: 138: 136: 61: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6001: 5999: 5991: 5990: 5988:Mughal mosques 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5935: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5727:Ambedkar Nagar 5723: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5662:Standard Hindi 5659: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5590:Ambedkar Nagar 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5559: 5557:Nawab of Awadh 5554: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5448: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5416:Nakhoda Mosque 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5376:Furfura Sharif 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5328:Ziarat Shareef 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5258:Humayun Mosque 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5213:Alamgir Mosque 5210: 5204: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5185:Spanish Mosque 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4843:Sat Tad Mosque 4840: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4738:Taj-ul-Masajid 4734: 4732: 4730:Madhya Pradesh 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4695:Odathil Mosque 4692: 4687: 4682: 4680:Mishkal Mosque 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4635:Chempittapally 4632: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4546:Dastgeer Sahib 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4427:Shahpur Mosque 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4317:Bawaman Mosque 4314: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4261:Sunehri Mosque 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4206:Moth ki Mosque 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4082:Panbari Mosque 4078: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4056:Andhra Pradesh 4052: 4051: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3988: 3987:External links 3985: 3984: 3983: 3965: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3887: 3876: 3871: 3856: 3851:978-8173054518 3850: 3834: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3786: 3757: 3739: 3706: 3677: 3645: 3615: 3584: 3559: 3527: 3499:10.1086/381044 3491:10.1086/381044 3485:(2): 239–259. 3462: 3443: 3424: 3398: 3363: 3337: 3302: 3288: 3259: 3228: 3195: 3162: 3129: 3099: 3066: 3060: 3038: 3031: 3011: 3004: 2984: 2970: 2950: 2943: 2909: 2902: 2884: 2877: 2850: 2818: 2811: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2758:, p. 143. 2748: 2727: 2720: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2614: 2592: 2573: 2561: 2528: 2495: 2475: 2468: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2413: 2408: 2383: 2364: 2344: 2314: 2283: 2247: 2212: 2177: 2144: 2109: 2090: 2064: 2037: 2022: 2016: 1996: 1965: 1948: 1925: 1893: 1881: 1844: 1823:(2): 109–129. 1803: 1796: 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5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5574:Rajesultanpur 5572: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5431:Yellow Mosque 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:Madina Mosque 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396:Kherur Mosque 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5318:Purani Mosque 5316: 5314: 5313:Nagina Mosque 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Eidgah, Kheri 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5200:Uttar Pradesh 5197: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171:(Langer Houz) 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5101:Sungam Mosque 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5033:Mamoor Mosque 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4884:Meeran Mosque 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665:Madayi Mosque 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536:Pathar Mosque 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 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2654: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2631:, p. 17. 2630: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2615:9789068317015 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2543:Deccan Herald 2539: 2532: 2529: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482:Harle, J.C., 2479: 2476: 2471: 2469:9788120202832 2465: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2345: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2284: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2017:0-691-12048-X 2013: 2009: 2008: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1932: 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