294:; while the babble has no logical meaning, the verbal interaction demonstrates to the child the bidirectional nature of speech, and the importance of verbal feedback. Some experts advise that parents should not talk to young children solely in baby talk, but should integrate some normal adult speech as well. The high-pitched sound of CDS gives it special acoustic qualities which may appeal to the infant. CDS may aid a child in the acquisition and/or comprehension of language-particular rules which are otherwise unpredictable; an example is the reduction or avoidance of pronoun reversal errors. It has been also suggested that motherese is crucial for children to acquire the ability to ask questions.
480:. This is the basis for claims that CDS is a necessary aspect of social development for children. Although found in many cultures, CDS is far from universal in terms of style and amount of use. A factor found to influence the way adults communicate with children is the way the culture views children. For example, if they view children as helpless and unable to understand, adults tend to interact with children less than if they believe that children are capable of learning and understanding. Often, cultures lacking a form of CDS make up for it in other ways, such as involving the children more in everyday activities, though the reverse might also be a valid assessment.
363:. People tend to use sentences of around 11 words when talking to another adult; this is reduced to four words when speaking to a dog. People employ more imperatives or commands to a dog, but ask twice as many questions of the dog as of other humans, even though they do not expect the dog to answer. Recordings show that 90% of pet-talk is spoken mostly in the present tense because people talk to dogs about what is happening now rather than the past or the future, which is twice as much as with humans. Also, people are 20 times more likely to repeat or rephrase themselves to dogs than they do to humans.
102:, slower speech rate and shorter utterances. It can display vowel hyperarticulation (an increase in distance in the formant space of the peripheral vowels e.g., , , and ) and words tend to be shortened and simplified. There is evidence that the exaggerated pitch modifications are similar to the affectionate speech style employed when people speak to their pets (pet-directed speech). However, the hyperarticulation of vowels appears to be related to the propensity for the infant to learn language, as it is not exaggerated in speech to infants with hearing loss or to pets.
497:, whereas Latinate vocabulary is usually reserved for more formal uses such as legal and scientific texts. Child-directed speech, an informal speech register, also tends to use Anglo-Saxon vocabulary. The speech of mothers to young children has a higher percentage of native Anglo-Saxon verb tokens than speech addressed to adults. In particular, in parents’ CDS the clausal core is built in the most part by Anglo-Saxon verbs, namely, almost all tokens of the
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create the link between speech and visual face movements in situations such as these. When fathers who are not depressed are able to provide the stimulation of CDS, infants respond well and are able to compensate from the deficit left by their mothers. This too can inhibit language and speech development. Therefore, this deficit can be especially harmful to infants with depressed mothers and little contact with male caregivers.
417:. While this kind of simplifications could be helpful for, say, foreign tourists, this type of communication is perceived as rude or offensive in some societies, because it may cause the foreigner to feel infantilized. It can also be considered insulting if the foreigner is skilled in the speaker's language. While not considered to be actual parentese, it has aspects which make the two language styles similar.
530:. The vocabulary of made-up words, such as those listed below, may be quite long with terms for a large number of things, rarely or possibly never using proper language, other times quite short, dominated by real words, all nouns. Most words invented by parents have a logical meaning, although the nonverbal sounds are usually completely meaningless and just fit the speech together.
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infants learn the language. Researchers at
Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Wisconsin found that using basic “baby talk” may support babies in picking up words faster. Infants pay more attention when parents use CDS, which has a slower and more repetitive tone than used in regular conversation.
429:, 1992) that CDL exists universally across all cultures and is a species-specific adaptation. Other researchers contend that it is not universal among the world's cultures, and argue that its role in helping children learn grammar has been overestimated, pointing out that in some societies (such as certain
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Through this interaction, infants are able to determine who positive and encouraging caregivers will be in their development. When infants use CDS as a determinant of acceptable caregivers, their cognitive development seems to thrive because they are being encouraged by adults who are invested in the
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CDS may promote processing of word forms, allowing infants to remember words when asked to recall them in the future. As words are repeated through CDS, infants begin to create mental representations of each word. As a result, infants who experience CDS are able to recall words more effectively than
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CDS can also serve as a priming tool for infants to notice the faces of their caregivers. Infants are more sensitive to the pitch and emphasized qualities of this method. Therefore, when caregivers use CDS, they expand the possibility for their infants to observe and process facial expressions. This
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As noted above, baby talk often involves shortening and simplifying words, with the possible addition of slurred words and nonverbal utterances, and can invoke a vocabulary of its own. Some utterances are invented by parents within a particular family unit, or are passed down from parent to parent
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to communicate with others, especially if they have a hearing problem, although this is not always understood by people, as some signs in sign language may be difficult to interpret by some people, especially if gestures have different meanings from place to place, so they may use a baby talk-like
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A significant difference is that CDL contains many more sentences about specific bits of information, such as "This cup is red," because they are intended to teach children about language and the environment. Pet-speech contains perhaps half the sentences of this form, as, rather than instructive,
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Studies have shown that from birth, infants prefer to listen to CDS, which is more effective than regular speech in getting and holding an infant's attention. Some researchers believe that CDS is an important part of the emotional bonding process between the parents and their child, and helps the
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Baby talk, language regardless, usually consists of a muddle of words, including names for family members, names for animals, eating and meals, bodily functions and genitals, sleeping, pain, possibly including important objects such as diaper, blanket, pacifier, bottle, etc., and may be sprinkled
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has been found to influence the development of vocabulary and language skills. Lower-status groups tend to be behind the development of children in higher-status families. This finding is thought to be due to the amount of time parents spend with the child and the ways they interact; mothers from
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mothers, who do not regularly use CDS, display delayed language development. Even when depressed mothers provide their infants with positive faces, infants do not respond to their attempts at CDS, and in turn do not benefit from this important route for language acquisition. Infants are unable to
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A key visual aspect of CDS is the movement of the lips. One characteristic is the wider opening of the mouth present in those using CDS versus adult-directed speech, particularly in vowels. Research suggests that with the larger opening of the lips during CDS, infants are better able to grasp the
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Many people speak to their dogs as if they were another human being. These actions are not providing communication with the dog, but social interactions for the speaker, usually in order to solve some problem. The speaking style people use when talking to dogs is very similar to CDL and has been
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CDS is a clear and simplified strategy for communicating to younger children, used by adults and by older children. The vocabulary is limited, speech is slowed with a greater number of pauses, and the sentences are short and grammatically simplified, often repeated. Although CDS features marked
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subject-verb, verb-direct object and verb-indirect object that young children are presented with, are constructed with native verbs. The Anglo-Saxon verb vocabulary consists of short verbs, but its grammar is relatively complex. Syntactic patterns specific to this sub-vocabulary in present-day
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The extent to which caregivers rely on and use CDS differs based on cultural differences. Mothers in regions that display predominately introverted cultures are less likely to display a great deal of CDS, although it is still used. Further, the personality of each child experiencing CDS from a
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The use of baby talk is not limited to interactions between adults and infants, as it may be used among adults, or by people to animals. In these instances, the outward style of the language may be that of baby talk, but is not considered actual "parentese", as it serves a different linguistic
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CDS aids infants in bonding to caregivers. Although infants have a range of social cues available to them regarding who will provide adequate care, CDS serves as an additional indicator as to which caregivers will provide developmental support. When adults engage in CDS with infants, they are
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Children that learn the fastest are those who receive the most acknowledgement and encouragement of what they say, are given time and attention to speak and share, and who are questioned. Infants are able to apply this to larger words and sentences as they learn to process language.
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The younger the child, the more exaggerated the adult's CDS is. The attention of infants is held more readily by CDS over normal speech, as with adults. The more expressive CDS is, the more likely infants are to respond to this method of communication by adults.
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tribes), adults do not speak to their children at all until the children reach a certain age. Furthermore, even where baby-talk is used, it has many complicated grammatical constructions, and mispronounced or non-standard words.
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sound at the end, usually written and spelled as ‹ie›, ‹y›, or ‹ey›, is a common way to form a diminutive which is often used as part of baby talk. Many languages have their own unique form of diminutive suffix (see
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effect could in part be due to infants associating CDS with positive facial expressions such as smiling, being more likely to respond to CDS if they expect to receive a positive response from their caregiver.
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in which one partner speaks and behaves childishly, while the other acts motherly or fatherly, responding in "parentese". One or both partners might perform the child role. Terms of endearment, such as
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modifications to the interactions between parents and infants. Parents use CDS not only to promote language development but to foster a positive relationship with their infants.
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Kaplan, Peter S.; Dungan, Jessica K.; Zinser, Michael C. (2004). "Infants of
Chronically Depressed Mothers Learn in Response to Male, But Not Female, Infant-Directed Speech".
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English include periphrastic constructions for tense, aspect, questioning and negation, and phrasal lexemes functioning as complex predicates, all of which occur also in CDS.
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Lam, C; Kitamura, C (2010). "Maternal interactions with a hearing and hearing impaired twin: similarities in pitch exaggeration but differences in vowel hyperarticulation".
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as it helps teach the child the basic function and structure of language. Studies have found that responding to an infant's babble with meaningless babble aids the infant's
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Kaplan, Peter S.; Jung, Paula C.; Ryther, Jennifer S.; Zarlengo-Strouse, Patricia (1996). "Infant-directed versus adult-directed speech as signals for faces".
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auditory characteristics, other factors aid in development of language. Three types of modifications occur to adult-directed speech in the production of CDS:
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When addressing a listener not skilled in the speaker's language, people may simplify their spoken language in an attempt to improve understanding. Some use
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Lieven, Elena V. M. (1994). "Crosslinguistic and crosscultural aspects of language addressed to children". In
Gallaway, Clare; Richards, Brian J. (eds.).
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Hoff, Erika (October 2003). "The
Specificity of Environmental Influence: Socioeconomic Status Affects Early Vocabulary Development Via Maternal Speech".
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between sexual or romantic partners. In this instance, the baby talk may be an expression of tender intimacy, and may perhaps form part of affectionate
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can also refer to
English spoken in a higher, gentler manner, which is otherwise correct English, as opposed to the non-standard, shortened word forms.
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Grieser, DiAnne L.; Kuhl, Patricia K. (1988). "Maternal speech to infants in a tonal language: Support for universal prosodic features in motherese".
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development of the given infants. Because the process is interactive, caregivers are able to make significant progress through the use of CDS.
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Singh, Leher; Nestor, Sarah; Parikh, Chandni; Yull, Ashley (November 2009). "Influences of Infant-Directed Speech on Early Word
Recognition".
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578:) meaning the same thing. While this is understood by English-speaking toddlers, it is not applicable with Dutch toddlers as they learn that
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Goldstein, Michael H.; Schwade, Jennifer A. (May 2008). "Social
Feedback to Infants' Babbling Facilitates Rapid Phonological Learning".
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its primary purpose is as a social function for humans; whether the dog learns anything does not seem to be a major concern. However,
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McLeod, Peter J. (1993). "What studies of communication with infants ask us about psychology: Baby-talk and other speech registers".
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With respect to
English-speaking parents, it is well-established that Anglo-Saxon or Germanic words tend to predominate in informal
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As well as the raised vocal pitch, pet-speech strongly emphasizes intonations and emotional phrasing. There are diminutives such as
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Cooper, Robin
Panneton; Aslin, Richard N. (October 1990). "Preference for Infant-Directed Speech in the First Month after Birth".
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Kaznatcheev, Artem (27 May 2010). "A Connectionist Study on the
Interplay of Nouns and Pronouns in Personal Pronoun Acquisition".
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Singh, Leher; Morgan, James L.; Best, Catherine T. (1 July 2002). "Infants' Listening Preferences: Baby Talk or Happy Talk?".
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Other evidence suggests that baby talk is not a universal phenomenon: for example Schieffelin & Ochs (1983) describe the
759:"Does child-directed speech really facilitate the emergence of phonological structure? The case of gemination in Arabic CDS"
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Ninio, A. (2011). Syntactic development, its input and output. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Introduction accessible at
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Phillips, Juliet R. (March 1973). "Syntax and Vocabulary of Mothers' Speech to Young Children: Age and Sex Comparisons".
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Schachner, Adena; Hannon, Erin E. (2011). "Infant-directed speech drives social preferences in 5-month-old infants".
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who do not typically employ CDS. Language acquisition in Kaluli children was not found to be significantly impaired.
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language to communicate, skipping out small words and possibly using demonstratives instead of pronouns, for example
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for bedtime, and are considered standard or traditional words, possibly differing in meaning from place to place.
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higher-status groups are found to say more to their children, use more variety, and speak in longer sentences.
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and responding accordingly, which means that some information can be transmitted when a human talks to a dog.
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Burnham, D; Kitamura, C; Vollmer-Conna, U (2002). "What's New, Pussycat? On Talking to Babies and Animals".
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Green, Jordan R.; Nip, Ignatius S. B.; Wilson, Erin M.; Mefferd, Antje S.; Yunusova, Yana (December 2010).
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that differentiates it from the more monotone style used with other adults e.g., CDS has higher and wider
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Lam, C; Kitamura, C (2012). "Mommy, speak clearly: induced hearing loss shapes vowel hyperarticulation".
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Bryant, Gregory A.; Barrett, H. Clark (6 May 2016). "Recognizing Intentions in Infant-Directed Speech".
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717:"Maternal touch and maternal child-directed speech: effects of depressed mood in the postnatal period"
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Matychuk, Paul (May 2005). "The role of child-directed speech in language acquisition: a case study".
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developmental psychologists refer to this kind of language to young children as child-directed speech
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is a type of speech associated with an older person speaking to a child or infant. It is also called
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Who Asked the First Question: The Origins of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech
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Purposes and benefits of CDS include support the ability of infants to bond with their caregivers.
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Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy; Treiman, Rebecca (26 September 2008). "Doggerel: motherese in a new context".
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Moreover, many words can be derived into baby talk following certain rules of transformation. In
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caregiver deeply impacts the extent to which a caregiver will use this method of communication.
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This article is about speech directed at babies. For speech-like sounds produced by babies, see
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over generations, while others are quite widely known and used within most families, such as
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Fernald, Anne; Mazzie, Claudia (1991). "Prosody and focus in speech to infants and adults".
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Still other transformations, but not in all languages, include elongated vowels, such as
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Researchers Bryant and Barrett (2007) have suggested (as have others before them, e.g.,
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Baby talk and imitations of it may be used by one non-infant to another as a form of
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providing positive emotion and attention, signaling to infants that they are valued.
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Fernald, Anne (April 1985). "Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese".
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modifications to attention-gaining strategies, providing visual cues through
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348:), may be used for the same purpose in communication between the partners.
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1860:"Human maternal vocalizations to infants as biologically relevant signals"
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Infants can pick up on the vocal cues of CDS and will often pattern their
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by Naomi S. Baron of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics
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The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture
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Sometimes baby talk words are used in adult vocabulary, for example
41:"Whoopsie daisy" redirects here. For the song by Terri Walker, see
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Type of speech associated with an older person speaking to a child
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Herrera, Eisquel; Reissland, Nadja; Shepherd, John (July 2004).
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How to Speak Dog: Mastering the Art of Dog-human Communication
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1862:. In Barkow, Jerome H.; Cosmides, Leda; Tooby, John (eds.).
1017:; Gleitman, L. (1977). C.E. Snow & C.A. Ferguson (ed.).
650:. In KarlĂk, Petr; Nekula, Marek; Pleskalová, Jana (eds.).
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Child-directed speech and its role in language acquisition
1223:"Lip Movement Exaggerations During Infant-Directed Speech"
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message being conveyed due to the heightened visual cues.
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Rethinking the brain: New insights into early development
983:"Speaking and writing: Distinct patterns of word choice"
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Kathy L. Reschke, Ph.D. (2002), Ohio State University,
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CDS has been observed in languages other than English.
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The Language Instinct: How The Mind Creates Language
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617:– the early sounds or words commonly used by babies
594:– sounds that babies make before they learn to talk
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Creole language § Foreigner talk and baby talk
1079:Talking the Talk: Language, Psychology and Science
2131:"Native Language Governs Toddlers' Speech Sounds"
1227:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
920:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
286:Shore and others believe that CDS contributes to
94:CDS is characterized by a "sing song" pattern of
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1605:Language Acquisition: A Linguistic Introduction
537:for "children's nurse" or "nursery governess".
2133:. therapytimes.com. 2007-10-23. Archived from
1425:Waterson, Natalie; Snow, Catherine E. (1978).
369:dogs are capable of recognizing specific words
175:) is also used. The terms are interchangeable.
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2689:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
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1988:Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition
1866:. Oxford University Press. pp. 391–428.
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694:"Gender Differences in Child-Directed Speech"
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1914:Ochs, Elinor; Schieffelin, Bambi B. (2009).
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2069:Foley, W. A.; Van Valin, R. D. Jr. (1984).
1922:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 296–328.
1799:Pidginization and Creolization of Languages
1705:"The Real Reason Why Couples Use Baby Talk"
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1370:"Baby Talk May Help Infants Learn Faster"
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2073:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1358:. New York: Families and Work Institute.
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421:Universality and differences by region
2021:The linguist and the English language
111:The first documented use of the word
7:
2304:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
652:NovĂ˝ encyklopedickĂ˝ slovnĂk ÄŤeštiny
526:with nonverbal utterances, such as
331:Baby talk may be used as a form of
3656:Parents Against Child Exploitation
311:Patronizing / derogatory baby talk
25:
3626:Mothers Apart from Their Children
1920:Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader
1368:Boyles, Salynn (March 16, 2005).
1918:. In Duranti, Alessandro (ed.).
1826:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01970.x
1491:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02117.x
1427:The development of communication
851:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01118.x
600:– toddlers talking to themselves
3484:Management of domestic violence
3330:Corporal punishment in the home
2239:Breastfeeding and mental health
1239:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0005)
981:Phayes, Donald (October 1988).
932:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0126)
809:Infant Behavior and Development
556:list of diminutives by language
3641:National Fatherhood Initiative
2023:. London: Arnold. p. 138.
987:Journal of Memory and Language
786:. Harper Collins. p. 28.
724:Journal of Affective Disorders
692:Berey, Adam (March 18, 2005).
1:
3682:Language varieties and styles
3646:National Parents Organization
3371:Adverse childhood experiences
2234:Breastfeeding and medications
1793:Ferguson, Charles A. (1971).
1083:. Psychology Press. pp.
821:10.1016/s0163-6383(85)80005-9
679:10.1016/j.langsci.2004.04.004
558:for international examples).
3411:Effects of domestic violence
3053:Social emotional development
2796:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
2417:Infant cognitive development
2314:Neonatal intensive care unit
1996:10.1017/CBO9780511620690.005
1703:Leon F Seltzer Ph.D (2013).
1000:10.1016/0749-596X(88)90027-7
954:"Talk to Me...in Parentese!"
282:Aid to cognitive development
131:are more precise terms than
43:L.O.V.E (Terri Walker album)
3227:Identification (psychology)
2720:Supplemental nursing system
1689:Green, Alison (May, 2018)
1429:. Wiley. pp. 199–216.
1273:(Report). 2016. p. 15.
582:reference different words.
3703:
3651:Parent–teacher association
3426:Parental abuse by children
3307:Positive Parenting Program
3257:Parent management training
3252:Normative social influence
2472:Prenatal development table
2412:Irritant diaper dermatitis
1534:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.140
1464:10.1037/0012-1649.32.5.880
1328:November 22, 2006, at the
1154:10.1037/0012-1649.27.2.209
1036:Parenthood in America: A-M
397:
139:professionals. Critics of
40:
36:Baby talk (disambiguation)
29:
3636:National Childbirth Trust
3431:Stress in early childhood
3151:Taking children seriously
2983:Applied behavior analysis
2791:Prenatal cocaine exposure
2579:Infant care and equipment
2496:Socialization and Culture
2407:Infant visual development
2274:Infant and toddler safety
1901:10.1037/0012-1649.24.1.14
1764:10.1017/s0305000900003731
1752:Journal of Child Language
1663:Jordania, Joseph (2006).
1642:10.1007/s12559-010-9050-7
1404:10.1080/15250000903263973
1191:10.1207/s15327078in0303_5
961:earlyliteracylearning.org
736:10.1016/j.jad.2003.07.001
118:Oxford English Dictionary
3292:The talk (sex education)
3003:Developmental psychology
2801:Parental child abduction
2324:Oral rehydration therapy
1889:Developmental Psychology
1797:. In Hymes, Dell (ed.).
1603:Goodluck, Helen (1991).
1522:Developmental Psychology
1452:Developmental Psychology
1289:Developmental Psychology
1142:Developmental Psychology
604:Developmental psychology
484:Vocabulary and structure
226:Purpose and implications
3499:Parental responsibility
3459:Cost of raising a child
2806:Parental responsibility
2319:Newborn care and safety
1725:Coren, Stanley (2000).
1579:10.1111/1467-8624.00612
1075:Harley, Trevor (2010).
889:10.1126/science.1069587
782:Pinker, Steven (2010).
646:KubanĂk, Pavel (2017).
73:child-directed language
2550:Grandparent visitation
169:Infant-directed speech
57:infant-directed speech
34:. For other uses, see
3621:Families Need Fathers
3182:After-school activity
3106:Concerted cultivation
3101:Buddha-like parenting
3033:Nature versus nurture
2998:Cognitive development
2309:Infant sleep training
2158:The Uses of Baby Talk
1814:Psychological Science
1630:Cognitive Computation
1479:Psychological Science
1354:Shore, Rima. (1997).
839:Developmental Science
771:on November 27, 2006.
499:grammatical relations
411:Do not cross the road
327:Flirtatious baby talk
159:Child-directed speech
65:child-directed speech
3479:Right to family life
3406:Dysfunctional family
3116:Free-range parenting
3091:Attachment parenting
3081:Achievement ideology
2467:Prenatal development
2367:Attachment parenting
2341:Shaken baby syndrome
1340:(November 22, 2006).
549:, adding a terminal
298:Use with non-infants
275:Socioeconomic status
258:infants who do not.
3494:Parental alienation
3421:Narcissistic parent
3345:Positive discipline
3166:Work at home parent
3146:Strict father model
3131:Nurturant parenting
3038:Parental investment
2873:Kinship terminology
2781:Infant ear piercing
1801:. pp. 141–150.
1338:Library of Congress
1330:Library of Congress
1115:Canadian Psychology
1021:. pp. 109–150.
698:Lawrence University
353:Baby talk with pets
344:(or, indicatively,
141:gender stereotyping
115:, according to the
3540:T. Berry Brazelton
3277:Social integration
3013:Identity formation
2289:Infant food safety
1990:. pp. 56–73.
337:sexual roleplaying
288:mental development
181:is sometimes used.
179:Caregiver language
81:caregiver register
3677:Psycholinguistics
3664:
3663:
3474:Family disruption
3396:Cinderella effect
3376:Child abandonment
3350:Tactical ignoring
3247:Moral development
3126:Helicopter parent
3121:Gatekeeper parent
3086:Atlas personality
3063:Social psychology
3008:Human development
2993:Child development
2978:Attachment theory
2831:
2830:
2691:
2528:Children's rights
2442:Object permanence
2264:Failure to thrive
2036:Child Development
2019:Quirk, R (1974).
2005:978-0-521-43725-7
1945:Child Development
1929:978-1-4051-2633-5
1873:978-0-19-510107-2
1736:978-0-684-86534-8
1676:978-99940-31-81-8
1614:978-0-631-17386-1
1557:Child Development
1436:978-0-471-99628-6
1094:978-1-84169-339-2
1055:978-1-57607-213-4
793:978-0-06-203252-2
667:Language Sciences
137:child development
16:(Redirected from
3694:
3514:Shared parenting
3325:Blanket training
3317:Child discipline
2957:In loco parentis
2936:Shared parenting
2858:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2687:
2372:Baby-led weaning
2188:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2091:. Archived from
2090:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1572:
1563:(5): 1368–1378.
1552:
1546:
1545:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1341:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1301:10.1037/a0020740
1284:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1233:(6): 1529–1542.
1218:
1203:
1202:
1184:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1127:10.1037/h0078828
1110:
1099:
1098:
1082:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1039:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
958:
950:
944:
943:
915:
909:
908:
872:
863:
862:
834:
825:
824:
804:
798:
797:
779:
773:
772:
770:
764:. Archived from
763:
754:
748:
747:
721:
712:
706:
705:
700:. Archived from
689:
683:
682:
662:
656:
655:
643:
580:elongated vowels
577:
552:
495:speech registers
470:American English
354:
231:Use with infants
53:caretaker speech
21:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3609:
3590:Matthew Sanders
3545:Rudolf Dreikurs
3518:
3504:Parents' rights
3464:Deadbeat parent
3441:
3435:
3359:
3311:
3287:The talk (race)
3170:
3161:Tiger parenting
3067:
2962:
2911:Extended family
2867:
2862:
2832:
2827:
2821:Paternity fraud
2771:Closed adoption
2744:
2700:Infant clothing
2675:Haberman Feeder
2645:Car seat safety
2574:
2555:Infant swimming
2533:UN Child rights
2491:
2402:Gestational age
2355:
2198:
2192:
2154:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:"Archived copy"
2084:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2048:10.2307/1127699
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1957:10.2307/1130766
1942:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:"Ask a Manager"
1688:
1684:
1677:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1570:10.1.1.324.4930
1554:
1553:
1549:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1320:
1316:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1220:
1219:
1206:
1182:10.1.1.511.8150
1166:
1165:
1161:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1056:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
980:
979:
975:
965:
963:
956:
952:
951:
947:
917:
916:
912:
874:
873:
866:
836:
835:
828:
806:
805:
801:
794:
781:
780:
776:
768:
761:
757:Ghada Khattab.
756:
755:
751:
719:
714:
713:
709:
691:
690:
686:
664:
663:
659:
645:
644:
640:
636:
588:
564:
543:
518:for bottle, or
491:
486:
466:British English
441:tribe of Papua
423:
402:
396:
359:referred to as
356:
352:
329:
313:
300:
284:
233:
228:
188:
186:Characteristics
108:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3700:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Mothers' Union
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3605:Benjamin Spock
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Penelope Leach
3582:
3580:Annette Lareau
3577:
3572:
3570:Alan E. Kazdin
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3530:Mary Ainsworth
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3442:social aspects
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Dishabituation
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Slow parenting
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2967:Theories
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2946:Blended family
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Nuclear family
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2811:Parenting plan
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:Infant carrier
2692:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Baby transport
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:Infant massage
2296:
2294:Infant formula
2291:
2286:
2284:Infant feeding
2281:
2279:Infant bathing
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:Bottle feeding
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2197:and their care
2193:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:External links
2150:
2148:
2147:
2122:
2076:
2061:
2042:(1): 182–185.
2026:
2011:
2004:
1978:
1951:(5): 1584–95.
1935:
1928:
1906:
1879:
1872:
1847:
1820:(8): 746–751.
1804:
1785:
1758:(1): 229–237.
1742:
1735:
1729:. Free Press.
1714:
1695:
1682:
1675:
1655:
1636:(4): 280–284.
1620:
1613:
1592:
1547:
1528:(2): 140–148.
1512:
1485:(5): 515–523.
1469:
1458:(5): 880–891.
1442:
1435:
1417:
1398:(6): 654–666.
1379:
1360:
1342:
1332:Web Archives
1314:
1276:
1262:
1204:
1175:(3): 365–394.
1159:
1148:(2): 209–221.
1132:
1121:(3): 282–292.
1100:
1093:
1064:
1054:
1024:
1006:
993:(5): 572–585.
973:
945:
910:
883:(5572): 1435.
864:
845:(2): 212–221.
826:
815:(2): 181–195.
799:
792:
774:
749:
707:
704:on 2017-08-08.
684:
673:(3): 301–379.
657:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
601:
595:
587:
584:
574:, (emphasized
563:
560:
542:
539:
490:
487:
485:
482:
422:
419:
398:Main article:
395:
394:Foreigner talk
392:
355:
350:
328:
325:
312:
309:
303:function (see
299:
296:
283:
280:
232:
229:
227:
224:
211:
210:
207:
200:
187:
184:
183:
182:
176:
166:
156:
122:
121:, was in 1836.
107:
104:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3699:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:Organizations
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:B. F. Skinner
3598:
3596:
3595:William Sears
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Thomas Gordon
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Child support
3452:
3450:
3449:Child custody
3447:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Child neglect
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
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3248:
3245:
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3240:
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3235:
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3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Homeschooling
3220:
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3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
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3200:
3198:
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3193:
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3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Socialization
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Paternal bond
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Maternal bond
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
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3009:
3006:
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2999:
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2944:
2942:
2941:Single parent
2939:
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2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Alloparenting
2899:
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2799:
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2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Open adoption
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Child neglect
2764:
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2759:
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2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Hidden camera
2597:
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2523:Child custody
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2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Nursery rhyme
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Kangaroo care
2425:
2423:
2422:Infant crying
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
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2403:
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2336:Preterm birth
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2229:Breastfeeding
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2137:on 2008-02-02
2136:
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2098:on 2012-11-01
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2015:
2012:
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1856:Fernald, Anne
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1334:Archived copy
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1015:Newport, E.L.
1010:
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528:goo goo ga ga
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415:No cross road
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406:sign language
401:
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3550:David Elkind
3401:Codependency
3386:Child labour
3242:Latchkey kid
3232:Introjection
3095:
3018:Introjection
2968:
2955:
2921:Noncustodial
2749:Other topics
2688:
2655:Cradle board
2650:Cloth diaper
2610:Baby shampoo
2596:Baby monitor
2586:Baby bouncer
2540:Circumcision
2387:Birth defect
2376:
2269:Immunization
2219:Birth weight
2139:. Retrieved
2135:the original
2125:
2100:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2079:
2070:
2064:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2020:
2014:
1987:
1981:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1919:
1909:
1895:(1): 14–20.
1892:
1888:
1882:
1863:
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1817:
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1373:
1363:
1355:
1317:
1295:(1): 19–25.
1292:
1288:
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1172:
1168:
1162:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1118:
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1027:
1018:
1009:
990:
986:
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964:. Retrieved
960:
948:
923:
919:
913:
880:
876:
842:
838:
812:
808:
802:
783:
777:
766:the original
752:
730:(1): 29–39.
727:
723:
710:
702:the original
687:
670:
666:
660:
651:
641:
571:
567:
565:
562:Duplications
544:
534:
532:
527:
524:
519:
515:
514:for a meal,
511:
507:
504:
492:
451:
447:
436:
424:
414:
410:
403:
387:
383:
379:
375:
373:
365:
360:
357:
345:
341:
330:
317:verbal abuse
314:
301:
285:
268:Children of
267:
260:
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244:
241:
238:
234:
220:
216:
212:
189:
178:
172:
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158:
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148:
147:to the term
144:
143:also prefer
132:
128:
124:
116:
112:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
3560:Haim Ginott
3535:John Bowlby
3381:Child abuse
3301:educational
3217:Habituation
3202:Co-sleeping
2988:Behaviorism
2916:Foster care
2906:Coparenting
2761:Babywearing
2756:Baby shower
2730:Swim diaper
2620:Baby walker
2605:Baby powder
2545:Foster care
2513:Child abuse
2508:Babysitting
2360:Development
2346:Soy formula
2224:Breast pump
1323:"Baby Talk"
654:(in Czech).
648:"BABY TALK"
541:Diminutives
510:for water,
292:development
106:Terminology
3671:Categories
3575:Truby King
3469:Disownment
3282:Television
3272:Role model
3197:Child care
3175:Techniques
3141:Soccer mom
3111:Enmeshment
3048:Pediatrics
2740:Travel cot
2685:Infant bed
2680:High chair
2670:Baby wipes
2665:Diaper bag
2630:Baby swing
2518:Child care
2503:Attachment
2392:Childbirth
2254:Cradle cap
2205:Pediatrics
2141:2007-11-02
2102:2012-07-15
1044:. p.
634:References
627:Hypocorism
609:Elderspeak
489:Vocabulary
443:New Guinea
333:flirtation
305:pragmatics
265:after it.
96:intonation
3509:Paternity
3440:Legal and
3340:Grounding
3237:Kommune 1
3212:Education
3187:Allowance
3096:Baby talk
2951:Surrogacy
2865:Parenting
2816:Paternity
2725:Swaddling
2591:Baby gate
2570:Wet nurse
2560:Milk bank
2452:Parenting
2377:Baby talk
2329:Pedialyte
2259:Esotropia
2214:Baby food
1669:. Logos.
1607:. Wiley.
1565:CiteSeerX
1177:CiteSeerX
598:Crib talk
520:beddy-bye
413:becoming
270:depressed
153:Motherese
149:motherese
145:parentese
133:baby talk
129:parentese
125:Motherese
113:baby-talk
89:motherese
85:parentese
49:Baby talk
18:Baby Talk
3555:Jo Frost
3489:Marriage
3355:Time-out
2931:Orphaned
2896:Adoptive
2776:Cry room
2715:Stroller
2705:Pacifier
2640:Bassinet
2615:Baby toy
2477:Teething
2457:Peekaboo
2397:Crawling
2382:Babbling
2203:Health (
2111:cite web
1858:(1992).
1842:14371346
1834:17680948
1780:43212598
1650:24218139
1587:14552403
1542:14979756
1507:17373701
1499:18466414
1412:32693515
1326:Archived
1309:20873920
1257:20699342
1199:33451217
1042:ABC-CLIO
966:18 April
940:20220028
905:27313730
897:12029126
859:22356177
744:15183597
592:Babbling
586:See also
572:kiiiitty
462:Mandarin
454:Japanese
361:Doggerel
321:bullying
263:babbling
32:babbling
3687:Infancy
3523:Experts
3299: (
3264: (
3192:Bedtime
3156:Theybie
2735:Teether
2710:Playpen
2487:Weaning
2482:Walking
2195:Infants
2056:1127699
1973:2245748
1965:1130766
1772:7061632
1392:Infancy
1336:at the
1248:3548446
1169:Infancy
877:Science
621:Girneys
547:English
512:num-num
458:Italian
427:Fernald
197:prosody
3416:Incest
3335:Curfew
3073:Styles
2891:Father
2886:Mother
2881:Parent
2660:Diaper
2447:Parent
2432:Mother
2054:
2002:
1971:
1963:
1926:
1870:
1840:
1832:
1778:
1770:
1733:
1673:
1648:
1611:
1585:
1567:
1540:
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1307:
1255:
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1197:
1179:
1091:
1052:
938:
903:
895:
857:
790:
742:
478:German
476:, and
474:French
439:Kaluli
431:Samoan
384:bathie
376:walkie
342:poppet
3364:Abuse
2971:Areas
2565:Nanny
2249:Colic
2096:(PDF)
2089:(PDF)
2052:JSTOR
1961:JSTOR
1838:S2CID
1776:S2CID
1646:S2CID
1503:S2CID
1374:WebMD
1087:–62.
957:(PDF)
901:S2CID
769:(PDF)
762:(PDF)
720:(PDF)
568:kitty
535:nanny
516:ba-ba
100:pitch
87:, or
3266:date
3262:Play
3023:Love
2462:Play
2351:SIDS
2117:link
2000:ISBN
1969:PMID
1924:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1830:PMID
1768:PMID
1731:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1583:PMID
1538:PMID
1495:PMID
1431:ISBN
1408:PMID
1305:PMID
1253:PMID
1195:PMID
1089:ISBN
1050:ISBN
968:2023
936:PMID
893:PMID
855:PMID
788:ISBN
740:PMID
570:and
508:wawa
388:bath
386:for
382:and
380:walk
378:for
346:baby
127:and
3297:Toy
2625:Bib
2044:doi
1992:doi
1953:doi
1897:doi
1822:doi
1760:doi
1638:doi
1575:doi
1530:doi
1487:doi
1460:doi
1400:doi
1297:doi
1243:PMC
1235:doi
1187:doi
1150:doi
1123:doi
995:doi
928:doi
885:doi
881:296
847:doi
817:doi
732:doi
675:doi
576:/i/
551:/i/
307:).
173:IDS
163:CDS
79:),
77:CDL
71:),
69:CDS
63:),
61:IDS
3673::
2113:}}
2109:{{
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2040:44
2038:.
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1967:.
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1949:61
1947:.
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