365:
420:
34:
223:
195:
216:
209:
202:
188:
230:
112:
The simple
Babylonian vocalization system was created between the 6th and 7th centuries, while the complex system developed later. There is evidence that Babylonian Hebrew had emerged as a distinct dialect by the end of the 9th century. Babylonian Hebrew reached its peak in the 8th to 9th centuries,
352:
systems. The former, unlike the latter, "has special signs for each kind of syllable and uses them consistently." It marks allophones of /a e i u/, consonant gemination, distinguishes vocalic and consonantal א and ה, and marks shva mobile and quiescens with a single grapheme. The perfect system is
20:
360:
A number of manuscripts with features intermediate between
Tiberian and Babylonian also exist. Later Yemenite manuscripts, using both simple and complex systems, show Yemenite features such as confusion between patah and shva and between tsere and holam.
145:
because they place the vowel graphemes above the consonant letters, rather than both above and below as in the
Tiberian system. As in the Palestinian vocalization, only the most important vowels are indicated.
95:
to indicate the proper pronunciation of words (vowel quality), reflecting the Hebrew of
Babylon. The Babylonian notation is no longer in use in any Jewish community, having been supplanted by the sublinear
385:, while later manuscripts do. In the simple system there are only eight types of pause, and they are denoted by small Hebrew letters written after the word, in much the same way as the punctuation of the
121:
is thought to be the descendant of a variety of
Babylonian Hebrew, as represented in the Babylonian system. The first example of the Babylonian vocalization to become known to modern scholars was a
381:
similarly to the
Tiberian system. The oldest manuscripts (which use the simple system) mark only disjunctive accents (pauses), do not write the accent over the stressed syllable, and do not mark
1443:
113:
being used from Persia to Yemen. Under Muslim hegemony in the 10th century, the main academies disappeared and the
Babylonian vocalization was replaced by the
689:
1398:
364:
1465:
620:
727:
658:
639:
354:
122:
1354:
1349:
722:
682:
1429:
1359:
874:
100:. However, the Babylonian pronunciation as reflected in that notation appears to be the ancestor of that used by
1470:
1393:
1071:
840:
675:
403:
138:
1436:
1415:
1378:
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736:
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325:
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1301:
1061:
915:
398:
114:
97:
1181:
910:
595:
1308:
1214:
1018:
419:
378:
1382:
1323:
1318:
1196:
1133:
1374:
1271:
1204:
1169:
1165:
1118:
654:
635:
616:
1422:
827:
795:
762:
1369:
1333:
1296:
1288:
1261:
1239:
1175:
1153:
930:
832:
822:
800:
774:
769:
757:
717:
712:
698:
413:
118:
64:
1186:
905:
895:
810:
805:
1459:
1143:
1038:
779:
101:
1313:
1229:
1161:
1003:
963:
943:
890:
92:
88:
42:
27:
33:
19:
596:
Jewish
Encyclopedia, treats on subject of Babylonian punctuation, or vocalization
1388:
1234:
958:
900:
815:
608:
368:
Section of
Yemenite Siddur, with Babylonian supralinear punctuation (Pirke Avot)
126:
38:
1278:
1253:
1224:
80:
72:
1328:
920:
741:
177:) system. The following vowel graphemes were used in the simple system:
222:
194:
84:
23:
341:, though not used identically. Shva quiescens (shva nah) is unmarked.
215:
208:
201:
187:
1219:
1128:
1123:
1108:
1103:
1053:
1008:
993:
408:
382:
334:
277:
272:
252:
76:
1423:
Gesenius' Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
229:
1364:
1209:
1113:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1023:
968:
953:
948:
938:
667:
418:
386:
363:
267:
262:
257:
247:
242:
32:
26:
34:22-25, from a manuscript with Babylonian vocalization from the
1138:
1083:
1033:
1028:
1013:
988:
983:
978:
973:
338:
282:
671:
423:
Yemenite Siddur written with Babylonian supralinear punctuation
79:) and vowel symbols assigned above the text and devised by the
1043:
998:
333:
The simple system also has signs corresponding to Tiberian
37:
A verse-by-verse interlinear Hebrew-Aramaic text of
1407:
1342:
1287:
1252:
1195:
1152:
1052:
929:
883:
867:
860:
788:
750:
705:
1444:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
580:
565:
550:
529:
514:
490:
478:
466:
451:
439:
41:14:4-19 with Babylonian vocalization from the
683:
149:Two Babylonian systems developed: an earlier
8:
168:
154:
137:The Babylonian vocalization, along with the
613:Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew
864:
690:
676:
668:
576:
574:
344:The complex system may be subdivided into
16:Historical system of diacritics for Hebrew
179:
123:codex of the Prophets discovered in 1839
18:
525:
523:
432:
561:
559:
462:
460:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
185:
615:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
7:
653:. J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung.
502:
54:Babylonian supralinear punctuation
14:
632:A History of the Hebrew Language
355:Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus
228:
221:
214:
207:
200:
193:
186:
634:. Cambridge University Press.
630:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993).
1:
353:most notably employed by the
1466:Language of the Hebrew Bible
377:The Babylonian system uses
1487:
733:Transliteration to English
143:supralinear vocalizations
68:
1416:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
404:Palestinian vocalization
139:Palestinian vocalization
117:. However, contemporary
71:) is a system of
50:Babylonian vocalization
424:
369:
169:
163:) system, and a later
155:
45:
30:
422:
399:Tiberian vocalization
367:
115:Tiberian vocalization
98:Tiberian vocalization
36:
22:
1437:Strong's Concordance
728:Ancient inscriptions
651:Masoreten des Ostens
649:Kahle, Paul (1913).
581:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
566:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
551:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
530:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
515:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
491:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
479:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
467:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
452:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
440:Sáenz-Badillos (1993
1430:Brown–Driver–Briggs
141:, are known as the
58:Babylonian pointing
1279:Law of attenuation
789:Reading traditions
425:
370:
46:
31:
1453:
1452:
1309:Verbal morphology
1248:
1247:
766:
622:978-1-57506-129-0
331:
330:
62:Babylonian niqqud
1478:
1399:Unicode and HTML
865:
853:
845:
837:
818:
763:northern dialect
760:
692:
685:
678:
669:
664:
645:
626:
584:
578:
569:
563:
554:
548:
533:
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70:
69:נִקּוּד בָּבְלִי
52:, also known as
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1471:Hebrew alphabet
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1408:Reference works
1403:
1338:
1334:Vav-consecutive
1283:
1262:Biblical Hebrew
1244:
1191:
1176:Mater lectionis
1148:
1048:
925:
879:
856:
851:
843:
835:
814:
784:
746:
701:
699:Hebrew language
696:
661:
648:
642:
629:
623:
607:
604:
592:
587:
579:
572:
564:
557:
549:
536:
528:
521:
513:
509:
501:
497:
489:
485:
477:
473:
465:
458:
450:
446:
438:
434:
430:
414:Yemenite Hebrew
395:
375:
286:
276:
246:
238:
135:
119:Yemenite Hebrew
110:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1458:
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1396:
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1386:
1383:modern Israeli
1372:
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1272:Philippi's law
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1237:
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1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1187:Plene scriptum
1184:
1179:
1172:
1158:
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1126:
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1116:
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1096:
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1079:
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1021:
1016:
1011:
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996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
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935:
933:
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869:
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790:
786:
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783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
754:
752:
748:
747:
745:
744:
739:
730:
725:
720:
715:
709:
707:
703:
702:
697:
695:
694:
687:
680:
672:
666:
665:
659:
646:
640:
627:
621:
603:
600:
599:
598:
591:
590:External links
588:
586:
585:
570:
555:
534:
519:
507:
495:
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329:
328:
323:
318:
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308:
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298:
293:
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270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
240:
234:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
183:niqqud with ב
134:
131:
109:
106:
87:to add to the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
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1410:
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1345:
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1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Semitic roots
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:Modern Hebrew
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
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1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:Abbreviations
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
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1140:
1137:
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1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Kubutz/shuruk
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
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1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
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1045:
1042:
1040:
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1030:
1027:
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1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
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1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
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992:
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987:
985:
982:
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977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
928:
922:
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917:
914:
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907:
904:
902:
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863:
859:
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831:
829:
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821:
817:
812:
809:
807:
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802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
787:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
764:
759:
756:
755:
753:
749:
743:
740:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
708:
704:
700:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
673:
670:
662:
660:3-487-01248-0
656:
652:
647:
643:
641:0-521-55634-1
637:
633:
628:
624:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
601:
597:
594:
593:
589:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
508:
504:
499:
496:
492:
487:
484:
480:
475:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
445:
441:
436:
433:
427:
421:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
372:
366:
362:
358:
356:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
291:
290:
284:
281:
279:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
244:
241:
236:
235:
231:
224:
217:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
181:
178:
176:
171:
166:
162:
157:
152:
147:
144:
140:
132:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
107:
105:
103:
102:Yemenite Jews
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
35:
29:
25:
21:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1230:Inverted nun
1215:Cantillation
1174:
1144:Sin/Shin dot
1066:
916:Paleo-Hebrew
848:
737:from English
650:
631:
612:
609:Blau, Joshua
602:Bibliography
510:
498:
486:
474:
447:
435:
379:cantillation
376:
373:Cantillation
359:
349:
345:
343:
332:
174:
164:
160:
150:
148:
142:
136:
111:
93:Hebrew Bible
91:text of the
61:
57:
53:
49:
47:
43:Cairo Geniza
28:Cairo Geniza
1235:Shekel sign
1197:Punctuation
1162:with Niqqud
1072:Palestinian
861:Orthography
841:Palestinian
170:kompliziert
133:Description
127:Chufut-Kale
89:consonantal
39:Deuteronomy
1460:Categories
1385:literature
1205:Diacritics
1067:Babylonian
849:Babylonian
503:Blau (2010
428:References
287:(shva na)
73:diacritics
1254:Phonology
1225:Gershayim
1077:Samaritan
852:(extinct)
844:(extinct)
836:(extinct)
828:Samaritan
796:Ashkenazi
706:Overviews
583::100–101)
350:imperfect
239:analogue
81:Masoretes
1394:Surnames
1370:Keyboard
1343:Academic
1329:Segolate
1324:Suffixes
1319:Prefixes
1297:Biblical
1240:Numerals
1154:Spelling
1062:Tiberian
931:Alphabet
921:Solitreo
911:Crowning
875:Biblical
833:Tiberian
823:Yemenite
801:Sephardi
775:Medieval
770:Mishnaic
758:Biblical
742:Gematria
718:Alphabet
713:Language
611:(2010).
393:See also
237:Tiberian
1379:ancient
1355:Academy
1350:Revival
1289:Grammar
1166:missing
906:Cursive
896:Braille
884:Scripts
811:Mizrahi
806:Italian
723:History
532::97–98)
346:perfect
165:complex
156:einfach
108:History
85:Babylon
24:Ezekiel
1375:Hebrew
1302:Modern
1220:Geresh
1129:Mappiq
1124:Dagesh
1109:Kamatz
1054:Niqqud
1009:Samech
901:Ashuri
816:Syrian
780:Modern
657:
638:
619:
409:Niqqud
383:mappiq
335:dagesh
292:value
285:mobile
278:shuruq
273:qubutz
253:qamatz
151:simple
77:niqqud
65:Hebrew
1389:Names
1365:Ulpan
1360:Study
1210:Meteg
1134:Maqaf
1114:Holam
1104:Pataḥ
1099:Segol
1094:Tzere
1089:Hiriq
1024:Tsadi
994:Lamed
969:Zayin
954:Dalet
949:Gimel
891:Rashi
517::118)
481::104)
469::103)
387:Quran
268:holam
263:hiriq
258:tzere
248:segol
243:patah
56:, or
1170:full
1139:Rafe
1084:Shva
1039:Shin
1034:Resh
1014:Ayin
939:Alef
868:Eras
751:Eras
655:ISBN
636:ISBN
617:ISBN
568::99)
553::97)
493::95)
454::94)
442::98)
348:and
339:rafe
337:and
283:shva
167:(or
153:(or
48:The
1044:Tav
1029:Kuf
1019:Pei
1004:Nun
999:Mem
989:Kaf
984:Yud
979:Tet
974:Ḥet
964:Vav
959:Hei
944:Bet
505::7)
326:/ə/
321:/u/
316:/o/
311:/i/
306:/e/
301:/ɔ/
296:/a/
125:at
83:of
60:or
1462::
1381:/
1377:/
1168:/
1164:/
735:/
573:^
558:^
537:^
522:^
459:^
389:.
357:.
173:,
159:,
129:.
104:.
67::
819:)
813:(
765:)
761:(
691:e
684:t
677:v
663:.
644:.
625:.
275:,
245:,
175:K
161:E
75:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
